sty people found thal they could not always depend on inating end gathering fr food. Fora teady supply of food, ome people began lo prodece tel own fod by growing rope and Jang ental arang stemento darted to develop ta what ten clled the Middle East—the regions of southwestern Asia and atnasster Aare! Vina ut ire sous farmers by Sang this tional newspaper about fein ancient tes NEW-FANGLED -ceecrc & aa ae ee on Uhatnstend folowing the herd ie ie theres ey were ving mG { pice tjsthad ogo and investigate Vien ace oe ofthe women | offers show me aroul 01 | rs speci. aero tetprines_|afredtoshow me sound Seok © inet00nc bot tanto of, mati ateen whee Mann |\ story of recent times. In it, ourMiddle | P" ie ers a | Eastreporter descrnesa new way of | prreoelaeal hem as wheat oe and thr food tat was developed rng thle cose together before. ere cen Core | Usually you fin just one or two small Se illustrated by Sharif Tarabayillustrated by : Emily Hare and Mike White THEY SAY THAT experience is the best teacher! So why not learn some. handy hints from Granny, our food ‘expert, who has been feeding a wungry family for many a year. "TP'STHE SAME every fal—piles Of food all ripening at once and not enough time to eat them. But there ‘are ways to make food lastlonger. ‘Try some of these: += Drying is a good way to make sure you have a stock of fruits and vegeta~ bles forthe winter, . : Cut them into small pieces and put them on flat stones or wooden platters - ina clean, airy place. Make sure the | __ pieces ¢on't touch one another—they _| dry much more quickly if the air can flow allaround them. Ifthe weather's ~*You can dry fish and meat, too. Cut | the flesh into thin strips. Most people. “leave them to dry outside, but prefer | tohang them overafire,sincethe strips dry more quickly and the smoke seems to give them a pleasant taste, = When all your food has dried, store it on some grass mats or in baskets raised above the ground. Try to keep everything very dry. S « And do remember to put aside some | grains, such as wheat, barley,and | maize, to see you through the winter." Its soimportant to have a properly balanced diet. Store them in baskets beside your stock of dried foods. Eat |illustrated by Sue Shields EVERYONE CAN GET fed up with ‘wearing old clothes. Ifyou're in one of those moods, here’s how to jazz up your image without sewing a thing, Jewelry, colorful face paint, and a "really good hairstyle will make all the difference in your appearance. If you want a change, wear bright bead neck- | laces to liven up your clothing. And if ‘your tunic’s gotten baggy, try usingan | old belt that’s been newly decorated with shells. Plant seeds, animal teeth, various seashells, and even fish scales can make interesting necklaces. Drill a "hole in each of the pieces and then thread them onto strings. The strings ‘must be strong, s0 use either twisted ~ plant fibers or strips of tough hide. ‘Most men are happy to le their hair and beards grow as nature intended, | but women prefer to createnew styles. Nowadays, the fashion is for shoulder- length hair with bangs. Many women with this style braid their hairto keep it off their face when they“re working cette eaten or eon eee fof fod in ancient times and today.Farming demeneiomany trom frtrase pec rou he wont aes Producing ope a Food row Pee ey ARE) 1 9,500 ae ene Sere iy el, 2.200 ye 200. YoU ete or eee wandered about and fed on grass all day. Now the animals are huddied together, ready to settle down for the night, You'll rest, too, but you'll remain watchful. eet ‘There is always the chance that a goat might stray from om the herd or a predator might try to attack the herd. The night is peaceful, but you know that you can Dead Re eat at aieel Veoniter er ne Teer aoe 2T jou're st jul jou have an important job to PLACES ery eviche Cn eg OT Tae is ee =r SRE nee ss a ea a : Speen eee Be el PeaAdapting to Change Before 10,000 years ago, all humans were hunters and gatherers. Then, the end of the last lee Age brought about climate changes that afected i ‘environments around the world. To ‘survive, some people learned to adapt, ‘or modify, their physical environment In mary places, warmer temperatures allowed people, animals, and plants to spread farther north and south from the equator. People began to see animals and plants they had never seen before. This ‘meant additional food sources, and where food was plentiful, populations grew. While some animals flourished, others did not. Eis stil a mystery why many large Ice Age animals became extinct. Peshaps ‘warmer temperatures, loss of habitat, or overhunting killed off the huge mammals. ‘Whatever the reason, their disappearance "meant the loss ofan important source of, meat for some people. feasr cr rs nt one tes ret Heya (belo wire pope fst eamed ta gomeogs sch as ent The actual st ofAby Hua has 1 ‘on under watrin Lake Assad since the Tbqe Dam | was put into operation in 173 To lean abut Ay ure, ereaclits ato calet materials quickly | ‘rom ne stab it was Hodes For a time, the climate of south- ‘western Asia and other places grew ier, causing long periods with litte or no rain, These droughts ‘caused food shortages in those areas, Different groups of people around the world faced challenges in feeding. therrselves. With growing popula- tions, animal extinctions, or droughts, people found a variety of new ways to survive. Some people became better at storing food, and others developed new ‘weapons for hunting smaller prey. In southwestern Asia, gatherers, ‘who were usually women, tried plant- ing the seeds of wild grasses. Already familiar with the life cycles of plants, they successfully planted and grew rye. barley, and a wheat called einkorn. (WNekawmn). They became the world’s first farmers, id people faces Eats\ {mous ocr awraneriea. Agricultural Revolution ‘About 10,000 years ago, some people in southwestern Asia became the first to domesticate plants and animals. Facing {ood shortages, they learned to adapt, plants and to tame animals for their own uses. People at Abu Hureyra and Jericho developed atthe same tine? and were among the first to practice the domes- tication of wild plants and animals. ‘These early people in southwestern Asia learned to plant seeds from wild plants so that new plants would grow. They care- fully chose the seeds to plant, which made it possible for them to grow better and bet- | ter crops each season.‘Before this time, people had tamed wild dogs to help them in hunting. Now, the [people of southwestern Asia began to cap- ture wild sheep and goats and keep them in pens. By doing this, they could be sure of their meat supplies during droughts. (Over time, these penned animals became tame, and people could herd them in pastures. Soon, livestock, or domesticated animals that provide resources, became the main source of meat for many people. By 8,000 years ago, people in nosthem. Arica, southern Asia, eastern Asia,and the Andes region of South America had ‘changed from hunters and gatherers to food producers without having leamed about farming from others. From these regions, the knowledge of farming and herding spread around the world. Before agriculture, or the knowledge of raising plants and animals, most people lived their lives as nomads. Some people settled where water, wild plants, and wild animals were plentiful. However those ‘who learned about agriculture and began {o farm built longer-lasting shelters in ‘permanent settlements. > By adapting Physical environment to thelr needs, peple were able 0 domesticate ‘plents and animal nd toe in permanent setlements, suchas Abu Marya. ‘Along the Euphrates River, Abu Hureyra began inthis way. Hunters and gatherers found wild grasses and herds of migrating gazelle inthe area, s0 they returned to the area each year for these food supplies. In time, they built a permanent settlement and began farming, At irs, the people of Abu Hureyra lived in pits dug into the ground and covered with reeds. Later, they built houses of mud bricks. Each house had several rooms and provided living space for an entire faenily. Narrow pathways separated the houses and offered routes to nearby farm fields. | Because agriculture completely changed. _most people's lives, its beginnings are often referred to asthe agricultural revolution, ‘Agriculture allowed people to produce larger food supplies in one place, so more and more people began to lve together in permanent settlements. Soon people in permanent settlements began to work together to organize, and to develop rules | fr thr community | In which regions around the werd i faring tevelpintepenemty?Leaded wit nowy harvested cops, ‘oa donkeys ole down astrest toa ‘markt in whats today Babylon, reg. ‘The peopl fis region have practiced farming Tor 1020 yours Farming as a Way of Life | Agriculture brought a steady source of food, yel it was often more work than hunt ing and gathering. Land had to be cleared, and seeds had to be planted and cared for. | Livestock also needed care. People developed new roles in early agricultural societies. Men cleared the land, protected crops and herds, and hunted. Women and children planted, cared for, and harvested the crops and prepared and stored food, Farmers searched for fertile soil in which. to plant crops. In southwestern Asia and in other places, they often planted crops in river Valleys. Farmers in areas of thick forests used slash-ane:-burn farming to prepare the soil for planting. This farming ‘method required them to clear the trees, and brush from the land, burn the trees 52 © Unit 1 and mix the ashes with the soi to fertilize it-and plant their crops. In each farming settlement, a group of related families owned the land, passing, on the ownership ofthe land to the next generation. The people of farming settle- ‘ments worshipped their ancestors because people believed that the spirits of their dead ancestors guarded the lan. ‘When they could, farmers grew enough crops to give them a surplus, or extra sup- ply, of seeds. They could use the surplus to plant during the next season. They could also use surplus grain as food in seasons ‘when plants were not plentiful Often, people would lend surplus food to other settlements, sometimes develop- {ng fendships among, communities. Some people presented surplus food as gifts to their dead ancestors to show respect to themIn time, people began to exchange their murplus food forgoces net ound nics | (QCMMMUCOM CGE et teat lcalaress Tey exchanged sup food | RT font for othe foods, home-bullding materia, | am Glothing oro this way, supa e0l | ay helped people develop trade, Over tine, fn acu tata ed tod come cm setdeenenennnetts advanced societies. B= S0000 People ‘SMAIN IDEA AND DETAILS: GB Anulyce Graphs The population a the world ‘tn whut ways did people use surplus food? grow dramatically because of the introduction of ‘ster Wa spot to blo! ephedra cae mre TC Mitesh wis orton 8 an ant ‘After the last Ice Age, people developed agriculture. By growing erops and keeping livestock, people created surplus food. With ‘extra food, groups of people could stay in ‘one place and support more people. They could also share food with other groups. They could evan trade for goods not found near their settlements, This tra important step toward building larger, more advanced societies. How did changes in the world's 7. SU take Sequence Cards Hake a set of cate atthe en ofthe ltt ee Ago s0qUence cards about how climate sttet the way people got thet fod? ctimge led eerty farming inte eara 2. Uso he 0 Sa 0 foreach important event. xchange cards describe how early farmers in forested with a classmate, and put each other's ‘areas changed their environment. cards in the correct order, 3. How did early people domesticate © animale? 8. mam nea ano vetans ‘On eseperte sheet of paper, copy and a wee ee ee ee ae ‘complet the graphic organizer below, Com ‘CRTICAL THINKING ‘5, ERG What might have happened to the ‘discovery of agriculture ifthe last ice Ago ‘ended 1,000 years later than it did? 6, Make It Relevant How is mode-n farming 10 and different from early farming? Chapter 2 « 53Chart and Graph Skills Read Parallel Time Lines 2D WHY IT MATTERS and ends at 4.0, 2000, Each is divided into Just as maps help you understand where | periods of 2000 years. ‘something happened, time lines help you 1G. stands for “Before Christ.” A.D. Cndertand wher someting happened. | San orem Demi an pase ‘Time lines show events in the order, meaning “inthe year of the Lord.” The co sequence, in which they happened. ‘number that follows the abbreviation A.D. ‘A parallel timeline is made up of two or tells how many years have passed since ieee time ines, Each Hime line covers the the Year in which, according to what some same period of time, but fora diferent people believe, Jesus Christ was bor. person or place. In the case of B.C. dates, the bigger the ‘number, the longer ago it was that an event ‘> WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW took place. For example, something that ‘The development of agriculture was happened in 2000 8. took place 500 years a key event inthe history of many early before something that happened in 1500 cultures. The parallel time line on the BC. Remember that 8. always comes after following page helps you compare when | @ date and A.D. always comes before a dat, different cultures developed agriculture. ‘You will find that some time lines are ‘Time lines usually show specific dates labeled B.C-E. and CE. instead of B.C. and for events. However, no one knows exactly | D. The abbreviation BCE. stands for when some events happened long ago. “before the Common Era,” and CE, stands ‘Therefore, time line dates for prehistoric for “Common Era.” These abbreviations events are often approximate, or not exact. ‘fer to the same years as BC. and A.D. Approximate dates are often shown after the Latin word cirea or after its abbrevia- ton, c. The word circa means “about.” ‘When you look closely at the parallel ‘ime line on the following page, you can see that each time line covers the same period of time. Each begins at 8000 B.C. > Atarmor ia Bivae “e000 BL. {7500 BC oes mt. & Z| @ s cc) s| = Gi bmi Gi p= : ca} PRACTICE THE SKILL APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED: ‘about parallel time lines to answer the early people, such as new tools for hunt- following questions. ing or farming. Use encyclopedias, reli- © Wren did agriculture begin in Africa? | able Internet sources, and information 7 ‘you have read in this chapter to construct © Which part of Africa developed ' parallel time line of early people's Now use what you have leamed | Think about other developments of ee et developments. Make atime line for exch © Where else in the word did agricul- Contest you include on your pera ture develop at about the same time timeline, and make sure that each time as in northern Aftica? line covers the same span of time. Wite © Where did people first develop three questions for a classmate to answer agriculture? by using your parallel time tine Chapter2 » 55chet Forming Complex Peer Societies Be yo dried some round clay pots, and for the first time, she yeful—you don't want to drop the pot tha nolding. Your mother has shaped and is going to let you decorate one. Tree itis $500 €.c., and you live in a village near a river in subsist jntral Europe. You and your friends usually help with oa work in the field leem to tend the animals. Safe cca) enn inside your village walls, you also find time to play. For now, however, you must focus on the pot in your hands as you apply the first stroke of paint. (na) > Making pots required technology and si The clay had to bo ined, shaped, nd baked bear i could bo decorated. Was bP Ta7es martyhow one ofthe world’ earliest farming People seeder 60 years ao, herding gost ad growing whet ond barley. Farming Villages ‘The earliest farming settlements were small, consisting of only a few families. Most people in these communities lived. from one harvest to the next, and hunget ‘was a constant threat: Bad weather, such as drought, storms, or extreme cold or heat, affected them seriously. It killed crops and livestock, making life difficult. When they could, farming communities {grew surplus food to carry them through harsh times. In some places, water was plentiful, the soil was good, and the climate was mild. There, early farming communi- ties were highly successful, Farmers raised many kinds of crops, including grains, root vegetables, and plants they could use as. ‘medicines. They learned fo use some plants as new sources of materials for making ‘clothing and for building shelters, They also kept many kinds of animals, from ‘oxen and camels to dogs and guinea pigs. Some farming communities not only just Subsisted or survived, but also produced enough surplus food for more and more people. These settlements grew into vile lage with up to ceveral hundred people. ‘By 7000 BC, farming villages had spread across southwestern Asia, and the early settlements of Abu Hlureyra and Jericho grew into farming villages. The nearby village of Jam had more than 25 houses. Dozens of farming villages grew up in what is now Turkey. Some of them, such a5 Gatal Hiyik (chafTAHL hoo*YOOK), were rebuilt many times because the baked clay bricks ofthe houses crumbled over time. Gatal iiyik also writen Gatalhdyik or Catalhiyk, was an advanced commu nity ts people decorated their homes with paintings and carvings of women, bulls, and other images. ‘SMAIN IDEA AND DETANS Neat wiatresoares dd highysucessa farming Chapter 2» 57Farming Communities Spread By 6000 BC, agriculture had spread to urope—frst to what is now Greece and later across southeastern Europe. People in these areas grew wheat, barley, and other ‘grains and kept cattle, sheep, and pigs. They built homes using wood, straw, or ‘other materials they found nearby. By 5500 8c, people of the Bandkeramik (BAHND+keherahemik) culture had estab- lished farming communities across much of Burope. The name Bandizramik comes from their pottery, which they carved with lines. Farming communities spread in Asia at about the same time. People grew grains ‘and other crops and herded cattle, water buffalo, and other animals in what are now India and Pakistan, By 5000 8.C, many communities n Asia as Mehrgath (MaIRegat), west ofthe Indus River, people grew cotton to weave into cloth. They used the cloth to fashion into clothing and sell for trade. In whats today northern China, the ‘Yangshao (yahng-SHOH) farming culture hhad developed by 4800 BC. The Yangshao people built most oftheir villages on te- races overlooking rver valleys and their fields. They formed the terraces by cutting steps of flat land into the sides of hills ‘and mountains. This made more flat land available for farming and protected the village from destructive floods. ‘Archaeologists have found few artifacts from early farming along the Nile River in northern Aftica because, over thousands ‘of years, Nile doods buried most artifacts. Experts believe that farming flourished along the Nile River by atleast 5000 BC. or ‘Wat wo advantages did terraces provide forthe Jhad mastered agriculture. In villages such __Yangshao people?Changes in Technology ‘The earliest farming tools were simple— early farmers used sticks to dig up r00ts and to make holes to plant seeds. Later, they developed the hoe, and farmers used the hoe's wooden or stone blade to break ‘up and tur over sil for planting. They also use it to dig out rocks and tre roots, People in southwestern Asia developed the plow around 6000 B.C. This tool could cut lift and tur over soi. Farmers sharp- ened one end of a large forked branch and used the sharpened end to dig rows in the soil. Farmers could then place seeds or ‘young plants in these rows In time, farmers replaced the stick plow ‘with one that had a wooden or stone blade. This plow could cut through the ground faster than the stick plow. Later, farmers used strong animals, such as cattle to pull plows Plows allowed fewer people io Plant larger crops. Farmers used plows to prepare land that they had not been able to farm before. In Europe, the soil was too hard and rocky to dig by hand with justa stick. With plows, such soil became usable for growing crops. Early farmers also discovered ierigation, ‘or ways to move water to land, These farm- ers had depended on rain to water their ‘crops, but the crops failed if rains did not ‘come. To solve their problem, the farmers dug ditches from rivers to their fields to bring water to their crops when there was no rain, Farmers in southwestern Asia discovered irrigation in about 6000 B.C., and later so did others around the world. SMAIN IDEA AND DETAILS ‘What benofits did the development ofthe plow ting? Early Farming Village ‘The rising of plants and animals caused the first faring communities o develop soutwoser Asa, (© Oxon and eter animals puted worden plows. ‘The sharp ends of he plows loved th sil otha stods could be planted. © Enty armors dg iigation ctces. © Early formers harvested wheat, baroy, and ter crops that ould oad erg populations.Economic and Social Change Successful farming villages produced ‘more than enough food for their people. Some farming villages also had surpluses of valuable resources, such as stones for toolmaking, Others had surpluses of goods, such as art objects or pottery. With these economic surpluses, trade began to grow. Before the development of money, people ‘would barter for the things they wanted. By trading with each other, they could gain these items, The practice of bartering began 1a far back as 30,000 years ago. ‘When farming communities spread, villagers began to use their local resources to barter for things they did not have. village with extra food but few clay ‘pots might trade with a village that had ‘many clay pots but little food. ‘The people of Catal Hiyk developed, a trading center for obsidian, a volcanic glass, found nearby. Archaeologists have found tools made from obsidian through- out the region. In Jarmo, archaeologists have discovered obsidian, seashells, and other valuable materials brought there by traders. ‘As trade between villages grew, so did a need for leadership. Members of the most important family group within a village often became community leaders. These leaders controlled trade. ‘Leaders also had other responsibilities such as resolving conflicts. People within a village might have had disagreements. Neighboring villages might have argued ‘over who owned land or a resource. ‘Sometimes a strong leader united several ‘settlements with a common culture. As the umber of people under a leader grew, so did the leader's power. > Early people found many uses for obsidian low). Stiled hands le ehipped and shaped pieces ol pons, at objects ight bid‘Cave painters fom an sort pastoral society ‘orthor Acs lot behind a see ef that ive there. Some early people did not settle down to village life. In pastoral societies, people continued to live as nomads with herds of animals. They raised gosts, sheep, horses, and cattle, which provided milk, hides, and bones for tools. As needed, they moved on to new pastures with their herds. ‘Sometimes pastoral people came across farming villages where they traded their surplus meat and hides for grains and other supplies. In places such as northern, and easter Africa, groups of pastoral ‘people continued to live this way for thousands of years. Une ‘What resources di pastral people get from their animals? Changes in agriculture that began before 7000 8., caused dramatis changes in societies. Surplus food allowed farming settlements to grow into villages. Surpluses of food and other resources led to trade. With trade, people developed more compiex soci ‘and economies Why did earty people kegin to live together in villages? 2. What is a pastoral satiety? How do people in a pastoral society live? 3. How did tving in village way of life? change people's: CRITICAL THING 4, EBD in what ways would irrigation require cooperation among peopl in a farming ‘settlement? 5. EBB How do archaeologists know that th village of Jarmo traded wth other vilages? 6. ¥ Drawa picture of an erly farming vilge and it tore that surroundings. Include thes people fived in as well as thelr felds oF Pastures. Add captions to explain how the vilagers changed theit environment. 7. On a separate sheet of paper, copy and complate the graphic organizer below. Chapter2 61Map and Globe Skills Use Relief and Elevation Maps D WHY IT MATTERS: | ‘To find the heights of physical features ina region, you would look at an land in relation to sea level. To get an idea of the physical features ofa region, you ‘would look at a relief map. A relief map shows differences in the height or depth of hills, valleys, and other physical features. Itcan help you picture the different lands that early people adapted to. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ‘On an elevation map (Map B), the land is ‘measured from sea level. The elevation of land at sea level is 0 feet. Find sea level on Drawing A in the Reading Centour Lines diagram. The lines that drcle the hill are contour ines, They connect ll points ‘oF equal elevation. On Drawing A, the 100-fot contour line connects al points that are 100 feet above ses level. ‘Ona relief map (Map A), shading is often used. Heavy shading shows step rises and drops in the land, Light shading. {is used where the land rises or falls gent. No shading shows land that is mainly Hat. ‘The red and green lines on Drawings A and B show how sharply theland rises and. falls. Drawing B shows the hill from above. (On the steeper side of the hill, the contour lines are closer together. On the gently | sloping side, the lines are farther apart. Git eens 62 © Unitaaed Cin cue nn ‘On Drawing C, the color between ‘contour lines shows elevation. The land ‘shown in green is between sea level and 100 feet. Drawing C, however, does not show exact elevations. Instead, the key, cor legend, shows the range of elevations that each color stands for. D PRACTICE THE SKILL (Gi Use the maps above t answer the following questions. © How can you tell that Lanzhou has a higher elevation than Chongsing? © Which city has a lower elevation, ‘Changchun or Harbin? © How would you describe most of the land in eastern China? APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED El Waite a paragraph describing the ele- vations that you would cross on a journey from Chongging to Lanzhou, Practice your map and ‘lobe skile with the ‘GeoSkills CD-ROM, Chapter 2» 63. UTE) eS LSIn ancient days, hunters and gatherers lived together in small groups ‘made up of several related families. For the most part, all the people in the group had equal rights. Early people cooperated with and were < loyal to their family members. Afterall, they were dependent ‘on one another for their survival. Being a good citizen and 7% being a good family member were the same. = This changed as people began to settle in farming Sie, communities. Instead of living as family units, unrelated ‘people lived in the same village. People became loyal 3 not only to family but also to friends and neighbors. The people fe oni ton of Gut! Hayak lt) wore loyal te her famles, ‘ends and nagsbors, The runs of Catal HOyik can be sen elow,People can show ter loyalty to that sonmunty by Aoking oat forthe safety of others. At this time, division of labor began. A few people became community leaders. Others became traders, craft- ‘workers, farmers, or even servants within the community, Instead of living as equals, people began to live within social classes and divisions. ‘These new ways of life brought about the need for good citizens. People had to obey their community's laws rather than just their famuly’s traditions, They became loyal to both, their community and their leaders. They defended their community and built its economy. They also paid taxes to ‘support their government. In these ways, they became more like citizens of countries today. ‘Think About Ie! How do citizens show loyalty to their country oF community today?