adapted by David Barry illustrated by Donna Perrone Oe a gitnumed Chand ned ins Sllge nnd, Chana ved pant She also loved numbers. So of course she loved all numbers to do with elephants: two tusks to polish on each elephant, eigh- teen toenails to clean, a hundred scrubs on a side at each bath. Chandra had many chances to think about elephant numbers because she had a special job: She was the bather of the Rajah’s elephants. Chandra liked other numbers, too. As she walked past rice paddies, muddy after the harvest, she counted the snowy egrets, that flew above her. She passed through the marketplace at the edge of the village and stopped to help the spice peddler count change. When she joined her friends where they stood watching the Rajah’s elephants parade through the town square, she remembered every elephart number she knew. Then she started thinking about rice. Tewas rent collection day, and bags bulging with rice hung from the sides of the elephants, No wonder the people looked sad. The Rajah had taken so much rice for himself that the whole village would be hungry. But this was the way ithad always been, For thousands of years, the villagers had. farmed the Rajah’s land. For thousands of years, he had come with his elephants to take most of the rice harvest. ‘The whole thing made Chandra angry, but what could she do? ‘On the elephants’ next bath day, Chandra packed up her equipment and walked over the fields tothe palace. She was about to enter the gates when the guard stopped her.ee ea Pema ee err eee en eas eee eee rd Sve her elephants lying on the ground as ee een eee ts Seen ant ee Tee ea CO ee eee ee oe) Ree seen ss Pee Coe ec eee eS ear cee enc rsny es eee oe eae ns Pastries, ten chickpea dumplings, and eee een ete rer Peres er eke at Peer eet Ree ee eee eect the nightin the elephant yard chanting and eee ee ees eter! aoe See econ eencR ang eee ees Crease es walk in the gardens to find Chandra at the eee eae os ees a eer eee eae ete Tee ease ak as Tener feo eee “Go ahead and try,” he said. “I need those Pea ae eC es to carry the rice to market on market day renee sae oe sarty es The guard opened the gates, and err eee cre knees ene see ee Re Seen es ee ee etn et ae ee ee ee ee eer eee ea a eee ora eee ree eee Renta nea ee eas Sener a net Ee eee te crt Se same. So were the ears of the other ele phants. Chandra cleaned their ears, sang eee eer eee io Ree See oR aed ee eee eee Pere isc saeet te) hor with joyful trumpetingSee cerca cern) 2 festiv:I cay and invited everyone in the aa ss bese os ere ene reeny Sete eee led Chandra to the ceremony Sree eer cin pphires and Ere ena eer ee teen eee The guests began lo arrive, and soon the ceremony room was erowded with villagers. Neos ene ea Ses Chandra looked at the beautifal jewels one re eae es ey erent pat rice ther carried away from the village each nd the hundreds Serene eo Ne aes aon ety Sen es “The villagers are hun began Re cree Sete toe ce Ue areca eres ne en Sone ote ee eee eee it Tea eee ce ee ey fete ones ne eee er eee Pee eer ae nee ery aro seat eae requiust”he boomed to his Servants, Leen Se een) ee rene arene tats ie om the first square of the board, They placed four grains on the second square Cer er ern ani Pree Tren eee rere Ree Tee eee ea eee square, and finally 2 mie tee Senge are Several servants snickered at Chandra’s foolishness, for although the 256 grains filled the eighth square completely, they ero eee nto enc terge At the first square of the second row, the Rene eee were Nan asa een ee eeaieneee eats 512, but that was too high to count quickly re tafit on one square of the chessboard Cae eee ence snivean st eee cea mate ee re Ere eet ese " he ordered. "You don't need to eee Tees the Fi St eae ee Sea ene eee See eee rare Rae cs eer amen rere een ee ana ets ee er eer ee See sre see Peer} On th Eri saestt eu Sree ones See eee Peres es ree ed takes two bowls of tice, You don’t need to Ronn eon ents Sere teSe ee ar) eee ee een open an a eres eee Eee et ee et? eeere ere ett Seo re Meurer See st Perec en ty Preece eae Va Sone eee esr So eoe mrt Senter) around hin, “Shall we bring rice from your royal storehousvs?” they asked or ae ee re ee een ea ete tien eo eer es ers reenter eee Sn ne) Proiemey hhim ith palm fronds, the servants started ae nn ee ee they swere emptying entire storehouses recctnnci? Rene Cee een ane Reece ene Breen eee the gardens beyond. By the middle of the COR Re eet es Dae ie SOM eet nore ee te eee en Rene en ene emery omnis Fun out of rice rasan See ree Oe ee nae) Soe eer ee] otter eeu (Tasik thor alt aren sirens cee ees an eee) eee! The Rajah gazedlat the mountains of rice Cee reer ee een eee ee as he could Pease a ee econ eae eee sera et Sree Brenna preteen Sen en ane eee short walh, Chandra?” he asked ee nen eee eee eto Peer nee eae en or the Rajah spoke er ee ero Sr ce ee eee re ee eee eae eee Tee ee et) cere aa Rea Pere ee nee renee eee ce sean ena Response Corner @ Inthe beginning, why was the Rajah secretly delighted with what Chandra chose as he’ reward? © imagine that you live in the same Drovince as this Rajah, Write a lt Chandra, teling her how you fe ‘the deal she ma‘© Regions la which present. day countries was th indus Valley located? ivilizaton| The Indian Subcontinent ‘The present-day countries of Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh make up what ‘was ancient India, on the Indian subcon- tinent. A subsontinent isa large area of land separated from the rest of a continent by geographic features. The Himalayas (hihemuh+LaY-uhz), the tallest mountains in the world, separate the Indian sub- continent from the rest of Asia. ‘The Indian subcontinent can be divided §nto two regions—the northern plains and ‘he Deccan (DEH+kuhn. Inthe north is the flat, low land of the northern plains with its ‘ertile soll. To the south lies the high, hilly and of the plateau known as the Deccan: ‘The two great rivers of the Indian sub- continent, the Indus River and the Ganges (Gansjeez) River, lie in the northern plains region. Both rivers have their source in the snowy peaks of the Himalayas. ‘The Indus and Ganges have carved ‘wide river plains. The Indus River valley includes the Punjab Plain. The Ganges River valley inciudes the Ganges Plain. ‘The Indus River valley offers the best conditions for agriculture on the Indian. subcontinent. Its fertile plains are ideal for growing crops and raising anima's, | eacing southern Asia’s first civilization to form there. ‘SCOMPARE AND CONTRAST How do the northern pains andthe Deccan dtr? Chapter 10 © 375People today stil use traditional forming metho ‘Embanlrantshave boon bil Importance of Floods Agriculture began in ancient India in ‘the Indus River valley around 4000 8.c. ‘Each year for thousands of years, the Indus River Hooded, leaving silt along its banks. Early farmers grew such crops as rice, peas, and barley in this fertile soil and raised livestock, including sheep, goats, and cattle. ‘The Indus River and other rivers often flood during the summer monsoon, or seasonal wind. This wind from the Indian (Ocean blows moist air over the Indian subcontinent, binging heavy rains. In the ‘winter, the winds reverse direction. The ‘winter wind brings little rain, because it ‘comes from dry inland areas of Asi When the summer monsoon arrived, the rains it brought could last for months. All ‘over the Indian subcontinent, heavy rains 376 © Unit 5 ng tho Indus River valley. the Indus Rive but this does ot prevent ‘caused rivers to flow over their banks and flood the surrounding lands. Flooding brought advantages and dis- advantages to ancient India. The rushing waters could ruin crops, drown livestock and people, and destroy villages. Yet these floods deposited fresh silt on the land, ‘making the soil mere fertile for crops. ‘The early farmers ofthe Indus River valley made good use of the yearly floods by planting cotton and sesame seeds just before the monsoon began. By the time the rain stopped and the Indus River shrank to its normal level, the crops were ready to be harvested. Otten, the ground stayed. ‘moist enough to grow winter crops, such as barley and whest. ED ‘Why was flooding bath bad and good in ancient Ania?Well-Planned Cities PSD zone. EEA dus river valley ‘The people ofthe Indus River valley built thee farming vilages on the tops of large mounds made from mud and stones. ‘They took tis action ‘o keep the villages above the flood level ofthe Indus River. Overtime, some farming villages inthe Indus Rivervale grew into cites, and the most powerful cites became city-states. By 2500 B., these city-states had devel- oped an early civilization, covering parts of what ae today Pakistan and western India. Three ofthe largestand most impor- | tant cities were Harappa (huheRAspuh), Lothal, and Mohenjo-Daro (moh HENjoh DAR‘oh). Harappa is town in Pakistan where archaeologists found the first evidence ofthe civilization. As a result, Archaeolgits hav uncovered many pat lhe ancien city of Hara. Including his dreigipe. the Indus River valley civilization is often called the Harappan civilization. Harappa, Lothal, and Mohenj-Daro ‘were well-planned cities, with many com- mon features. Each city had streets laid ‘out ina grid. The grid divided the city into blocks of brick buildings. Each city also had a eitadel, a fortiike structure. Inside the walls were government buildings, palaces, religious buildings, and granaties, or places for storing grain In addition, the people of these cities used the same script, or writingsystem, although it has not been deciphered. They also used the same units for measuring length and weight. These similarities have led some scholars to suggest that the cities ‘were united under a central goverment. lame “Th ancient ty of Hrappa Is beled ave boon ebuit atest ites Ga ae LeHarappan Trade “Much about the social and politcal fe of the early indus River valley people remains 1 mystery Historians do know that trade ‘was important to Harappan cites. Hiarappan workers in craft workshops produced mony useful nd decorative tems, Weavers made cloth fom the eotton plant. Potters shaped cay into figurines, Pethaps for usein elgiou ceremonies, find pots. Metavorkers made sver and eld jewelry and copper and bronze tols Trader carried these Harappan products to faraway places and returned with tim- ber grain and mets, They marked their goods wit stone seals engraved with writ ing and drawings of animals. Harappan stone seals have ben found in central Asia, Mesopotamia, and along the Persian Gul ‘What did the Harappors tra Mohenjo-Daro Arctaoologits believe that mor thn 25000 ‘onl may have Tied in Manno-Dare ‘The ciel had argo public betouse, The streets ware aid out ina i system. Artisons made items for everday ue ad for fecorton.| “Tho poopl stored te called gronaries People oten mt ouside the cit trade for ain in argo buildings © Wy do you think the people oes mt ous ‘the ey tne or goods trom oer places Mohenjo-Daro Mohenjo-Daro is probably the best enown Inds city. In its time, the city ‘was a model of thoughtful planning. The fact that Mohenjo-Daro was so carefully planned shows that it musthave had a strong government, Archaeologists believe that more than 35,000 people lived in Mohenjo-Daro. Most people lived in small huts in surrounding villages. Inside the city wal, wealthy {families lived in brick houses, some of ‘which were two or three stories high. ‘Nearly every city home in Mohenjo-Daro had separate rooms for cooking, sleeping, and bathing. People bathed by emptying, jugs of fresh water over themselves. The water drained into brick pipes that carried the water to other pipes under the streets. Mohenjo-Daro’s citadel was the center of the city’s economic, political, and religious.life. It stood above the city on a brick platform near the Indus River. Mohenjo-Daro and the Harappan civ lization declined sometime after 1780 B.C. “Archaeologists have found evidence that invaders, floods, or earthquakes may have driven people from the city How did homes in Mohonjo-Dara differ? ‘Tre ancient peoples of the Indian subcon- tinent lived with drought, rain, and floods. Inthe Indus River valley, the Harappan people found fertile soil and traded as far ‘away as Mesopotamia. The three largest cities were Harappa, Lothal, and Mohenjo- aro. Thousands of people lived in these city-states before the Harappar cvilzation ended. ia ena How did the physical setting of the Indus River valley maka Tt Possible for euliztion ta form thera? 2. Explain the function ofa eitadel 3. In which ragion isthe Indus River loceted, the northorn plains or the Deccan? 4. How do we know that Harappan products were traded to pl Mesopotamia? CRITICAL THINKING 55. Why do you think Harappan civilization developed in northern India instead of in the Deecen? Hl What ara thros questions you have about life in Mohenjo-Daro? Write jm down, and share them with your classmates. Discuss possible answers fr ways to find answers. Imagine a single mere tetra Spacer ean eae 8 Ona separate sheat of paper, copy and complete the graphic organizer below.D> WHY IT MATTERS Often it is easier to understand a pro- cess, such as how something is made, fit is shown ona flowchart. A flowehart is a graphic organizer that shows the sequence, or order, ofthe steps ina process. Flow- charts can help you understand how or ‘why something happens. Flowcharts can also help show cause-and-effect relation- ships clearly. 3 WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ‘You have just read about the Indus ‘Valley civilization. The flowchart on page 381 shows how the Harappan people made lay bricks for building. Like most flow- charts, itis made up of boxes containing text. Arrows connect related boxes to show the steps in the process. Flowcharts can be arranged in a lineor in a circle, or they can branch out like a tree. The arrangement of Thousands of clay bricks wore used to build PETC MC US CLL Follow a Flowchart the chart depends on the information it contains. Follow these steps to read the flowchart on page 381. Read the title ofthe flowchart. Ittells you the subject of the chart or the process that is explained. Identify the stops. Brief descrip tions ofthe steps in a process usually appear in boxes or ovals. Follow the arrows between the steps. They show how the steps are related in time, Most flow- charts “low' from left to right ‘or from top to bottom, Look for “i-then” situations. A step may be followed by more than one possible next step. ‘Two or more arrows leading to the possible next steps show the cheices.Tenens arappan workers colet iby foe a 4 | | Theclay in checked {or puroness. Worker gether more “The bricks arated in i, checkitforpureness, |aap> or oven nfl they become dota into bets. har dry an tay for wee. cc) = = c 4 c = o D PRACTICE THE SKILL D APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED (Gil Now use the flowchart above to (EB Using the ibrary and reliable answer the following questions. Intemet sources, make a cause-and-effect © What process does this flow chart flowchart that shows why and how show? something happened. Your subject © What happens ifthe bricks are not the | Should be about ancient India, For ‘right size or weight? example, you might explain how © What do the Harappans do with the | uddhiom was founded and how i became a popular religion. Or you bricks after they are baked? { right show how the Gupta Empire © wich event cones first coleting | oueto power clay or buildinghouses? | Chapter 10 © $812 chu: — Ines ie ay “| Te +7 and 10ys Modes, marbies, masks, and other recreational ejects have been ound in esr oun the ancent Indus Vey tes Te artlacs you saxon thee pages va al in epee MaRaae Dao a They were made etreen 1008 and 000 ne Ai paar Bar aE A por a dake regis a oe enter sox lignes ee Rares oy ag moe fd yer agp kly hd to remind te en 0 ea) eat os Cad wy ass bral ‘The garre of chess began in India ‘Boards today are much lighter inAnalyze Artifacts © wnat conctusiors can be drawn about childhood in the Indus Valley long ago? Chapter 10 » 383The Aryan Migrations About 1500 8, after the Harappan civi- lization collapsed, people known as Arya (aiR+ee+uhnz) began waves of migrations to the Indian subcontinent. Originally from. the dry plains near the Black and Caspian ‘Seas, the Aryans brought their influence to the Punjab and Ganges Plains. It is still unknown just who the Aryans were. Their name simply meant “noble,” bbut experts believe they were both herders and warriors. The reason they left their homeland is also unknown. Perhaps over- Population drove them to look for new lands on which to live and raise their herds of goats and sheep. From the north, the Aryans moved south into Mesopotamia. They traveled across Persia with their horses and chariots and continued east, After crossing a range of ‘mountains known as the Hindu Kush, the ‘Aryans began settling on the Punjab Plain, ‘which today is part of Pakistan. Th Aryans ay have migrte the Indian subcontinent ram north bordorbetweon Europe ond ‘Asia below) Posibe rots ee shown athe night. At first, the Aryans kept their traditional ‘way of life. They continued to keep herds and live in family tribes, which were ruled. by warrior chiefs. In time, their life began to change, ard they became farmers, grow- ing barley and wheat. Also, the organiza- tion of their tribes changed. Geography and place became more important than family tes. By the time the Aryan migrations ended, ‘anew civilization had developed across the Punjab and Ganges Plains. However, not ‘everyone believes that the Aryans migrated Into India. Some experts believe that the Aryan culture developed directly from the Harappan culture while others claim that the Aryans invaded the region. In any case, ‘some elements of this Indian civilization that resulted were a blend of both Aryan ‘culture and ancient Indian culture. Other ‘elements were completely Aryan. Tr ow hau life in ancient inéia changed by the time ‘he Aryan migrations ended? TR, me — paseiinras ~%Influences on Indian Culture Many traces of Aryan culture can still be found in India today. For example, the ‘Aryans brought their language, Sanskit (GAN ksi) to ancient India. Many Indian languages of today have their roots in Sanskrit. These include Hindi, the most ‘commonly spoken language in India. The Aryans also influenced Indian eul- ture through Sanskrit iterature known as the Vedas (VAY*duhz). The word Veda means “knowledge” in Sanskrit. The Vedas formed the four dation ofthe Aryan religion. They are some ofthe eldest religious tex's inthe world. ‘Compiled between 1500 BC. and 800 8C, the Vedas are based ‘on oral traditions thathad been ppassed down for huncreds of years. ‘There ae four Vedas, Each is made > Indian god Vishow A Selection From The The Bhagavad Gita, or Song of the Lord, 4s part of the larger ancient Indian poem ‘called the Mahabharata. In this selection, ‘the Hindu deity Vishnu speaks to Arjuna, 4 character the poem: ‘rt Et ah Me a up of hymns, tales, lessons, and even battle songs. ‘A story called the Mahabharata (mah-huh-BaHeruhstuh) was written soon after the Vedas. More than 200,000 lines long, its the longest epic poem ‘ever written. The best-known part of the Mahabharata is the Bhagevad Gita (GAH+guh-vahd GEE*tuh). The Bhagavad Gita describes a discussion between Krishna and Arjuna about the importance of following established duties. ‘later addition to the Vedas are the Brakmanas, or “priestly books,” which describe important practices. In one practice, the priests, or Brahmans (BRAH+muhn2), ‘bumed offerings of food or plants to honor the deities. The Vedas are the earliest textual source for the religion that became Hinduism. ‘SUMMARIZE ow did the Vedas afect nd “Thereis no doubt that you will know me in my total being when you persist In discipline and rely on me, and when your thoughts cling to me. Listen. ‘Without holding back anything, { shall teach you ‘wisdom, and explain how it can be attained, ‘Knowing which there is nothing left tobe known, One oi of thousands nay srve or success, ic ven of there ony few may know meas realy am"(GBB Analyze Documents as created athe AD 150, © This Sans th language a which he poan was wien. (© Tho Padoas and Kaaewes fought ‘ver cot © tnvwhat ways isthe page Hk ‘8 eoryook page toda? India’s Classes ‘The Aryans who fist settled in India lived in tribes. A warrior chief called a aj, or aja a ruling council, and a chief priest ‘governed each tribe. The people were divided into two classes—nobles and com- ‘mone. In ime, a third socal class came about that was made up ofthe descendants ofthe ancient people of Inia. By 1000.8, Indian society came to include four main classes. The Indians believed that society worked the way a hhuman body does. Different groups of people made up the different parts of society's body. The head was the highest class, the Brahmans. They were the priests and scholars. The arms were the Kshatriyas (ks#aH+treeeuhz), who were the rulers and warriors. The body and legs were the Vaisyas (VySHeyuhz), who were the farm- ers, traders, and merchants. Last came the feet, the Sudras (600+drukz). They were the servants and laborers. In Indian society, castes existed within these four classes. A ease, ot jl, a group of people in a particular social cass. The caste a person belonged to determined how he or she could live, People from different castes ha litle contact with one another. ‘Ao, a person could not change from the caste into which he or she was born. ‘The people at the very bottom of the social order, outside and beneath the caste system, were called untouchables. These people were regarded as unclean and did the most undesirable work in order to sur vive. They were forbidden to have contact with anyone but other untouchables. They could not even let their shadows touch the shadows of members ofthe upper castes. Discrimination against people because of their castes illegal in present-day India. Yet some of the features ofthe old caste system stil exist. ‘ScomPARe AND CONTRAST How di the tnians compar their scien tothe ‘human body? Chapter 10» 387Classes in BODY AND LEGS Tei ee indui: ‘The Upanishads (oo-PaHtsnih-shahdz) Ideas of Hinduism pas esas ancien Hier ae Hinduism evolved, or developed, from Hindus based these spiritual writings ‘the Aryans’ religious beliefs and those of _on the teachings ofthe Vedas. the ancent people of India. Hindus believe In Hinduism, what people do ard in many deities. The most important Hindu | how they act toward other living things deties are Brahma the Creator, Vishnu the __is important. One of the basic beliefs of Preserver, and Shiva the Destroyer. Hinduism is that both people and animals have a soul, or atman, that is reborn intoother beings after death. This rebirth is, called reincarnation. ‘Hindus believe that people have a posi- tion in a caste system. Dharma, or religious duty, and karma, or actions, determine the caste into which a person will be reborn. ‘Those who follow their dharma and have ‘good karma will be rewarded, advancing to a higher caste in their next life. Those who. do not follow their religious duty and have bad karma will be reincarnated into a lower position. In Hinduism, only those who have achieved spiritual purity, or moksha, can escape this cycle of death and rebirth. What are the basic beliefs of Hinduism? The Aryan migrations changed the way people lived in ancient India. Aryan customs and religion spread throughout the In subcontinent. Social classes developed into 2 strict caste system. The ancient language, Sanskrit, isthe basis of many languages of ‘the people of india. Aryan religious prac tices, based on the Vedas, developed into Hinduism, How did Hinduism affect india's society? 22. haem and Kaus sound similar, but they ‘meen very diferent things. Write a short description for each, 3. How would you describe the structure of ancient India's caste systom? 4. Why was the indus River valley @ good place for the Aryans to settle? CRITICAL THINKING 5. Ell For thousands of years, the caste .2 good way to organize a society? Why oF ‘why not? ‘Study the map on page 385. Why do ‘you think the Aryans chosa the routes they ‘did as they migrated from their homeland? XN Picture a fermer — tving in ancient india. Deserina the aval ofthe Aryans inthe indus Fiver ‘valley from the point of view of the ant ‘farmer. el about some ofthe now ideas she Aryans are introducing to Indi ‘culture, Also, describe how the migration ofthe Aryan people has affected the ‘farmer's ‘On a soparate shest of paper, copy and ‘complete the graphic organizer below. Cee One}