Corre)+ ALE INA DAY'S) WORK | > ATHLETES ————« AND} ACTORS AND OTHER JOBS FOR ANCIENT GREEKS PEUTIC) Ganeri ference Prien ee eee een entity Prete Nes rer eee? Seen een eae the most provertul eity-states Pee er Ren een Sonar ny Sra Pome Pore rn) Pree Pre nieainy ere ere ancient Greeks had emanate SeReen er nny Sree Eee ce Watcome to Ancient Greece! You've gone back in time almost 2,500 Years and arrived in Athens during its “Golden Age.” At this time, Greece is divided into lots of city-states, each with its own rulers and laws. ‘Athens is the greatest of these, ‘with Sparta close behind. Take ~ stroll through the city and "see how the people spend 7 their days. A merchentis loading his wares or to his ship in the port. A teacher scolds a lazy pupil. In the the theater, the actors are busy rehearing for tonight's performance. Will you find the job for you?sd HORE ORARILLE Taide eee! ‘The ancient Greeks were very keen ‘on education and being a teacher was 2 g0od job to have. There were three types of school. You might run a general school, where you taught the three Rs—reading, writing, and aritnmetc. You might run a music ) school, teaching ¢ singing, poetry, and playing the lyre. Or You might run a sports school, training boysto run, wreste, | and use weapons. It | depended on what 4 yout were good at. Your pupils were | boys from wealthy | homes. Poor families couldn't afford the fees. They started school at seven years old, and left at 18 to start their military training, GREECE NEEDS YOU! « SACHITECTS FAMERS Mtr arni neata ‘The ancient Greeks loved going to the theater. The most popular plays ‘were tragedies: the gloomier, the better. Open-air theaters sprung up all over Greece. The audience sat ina circle. he best seats were in the front row. These "were reserved for important officials and visitors Ifyou liked dressing up, had a strong voice, and dicin’t get stage-fright, you right have become an actor. You needed. 1 good memory for learning lines, and lots of energy—some plays lasted all day. And you had to be a man. Ifyou were really good, you might be cast in a starring role. Ifnot, ou could still be part of the chorus. A wealthy Greek paid forthe play and gave you your wages. ‘Top actors were in demand. SSUES CD a DD dD sD ddCoe ee ee Ee aa It helped to have friends in high places. When Pericles ruled Athens, he hired a leading architec, called Ictinus, Being an architect was a very good S ery to design a magnificent temple on the job. The Greeks liked their buildings a grand and graceful. You werekepthard Acropolis Nil dedicated fo Athena at work designing theaters, temples, M4 called the Parthenon. It took ten schools, and public buildings, some of _Ye2t8 to complete from 447-438 B.C. ‘which sil stand today.You were paid The temple was built of huge slabs of by thestate or by rich citizen who marble, ragged up the hill by ox-cart, wanted to make his mark. Many ‘They were hauled into place with ropes architects started out as masons or and pulleys, and fixed with metal pegs. carpenters and worked their way up The outside was decorated with col- from tere orful painted statues and carvings. Tes DD TTTPEI eee eae aaa Response Corner Seo aoe eee : eee se Orso eae ec Rei tcs cae MELE eee ee Or ‘grew food for their families and a bit jb yu thnk. you woud ey mos. SERED pe bee! Se ee ea eres Soe acaeee ere Se ee Se ee ees ere re ee eae Senna a cea aa ac ee = 313 UD ne en nd49080. ‘The Gocke dette Persone at Maron on Pra Ear cuiS ‘mcerin AneThe Persian Wars For centuries, the Greek city-states, fought each other over land and trade. ‘Then, in the 400s B.C, the Greek people united to face a common enemy—Persia. PPersia had built an enormous empire that stretched from what is now India in the cast to Egypt in the west. It had also gained control over the Greek cities along the coast of Asia Minor. In about 499 B.,, the people of Greek city-states in Asia Minor rebelled against Persia. During the uprising, they burned Sardis, the western capital of the Persian Empire. Athens sent a small fleet of ships to help the rebelling Greeks, but the Persians crushed the rebellion. ‘These events angered Darius I, the leader of the Persian Empire. For some time, Darius had wanted to expand his empire by conquering the Greek city-states. He was not willing to give up his dream of victory over the Greeks. 1h.492.n¢, Darius sent a huge army across land and sea to conquer the Greeks. His forces were stopped short when a storm wrecked the Persian feet. Even so, the Persian Wars had begun. ‘Two years later, Darius attacked again, with his forces landing safely near the plain ‘of Marathon, just 26 miles north of Athens Darius's soldiers outnumbered the Greek troops two to one. With eason to worry. the Athenians sent word to Sparta to send help. Fearing that the Spartans would arrive too late the Athenian general took a chance. The general ordered the hoplites to Hine up facing the invaders as usual, but he packed the wings, or the far ends ofthe line, tightly with soldiers. ‘As the Athenian general had predicted, the Persians attacked the middle ofthe line and pushed forward. The Greek wings then ‘moved into surround the Persians. In this ‘way, the much smaller Greek fore trapped the mighty Persian and defeated them. What caused the Gros citysatos to unite? ere A Grek legendas aout a messenger running al he way om Martin o Athans ‘to ropat the Grose itary cur ha Prins ‘ter conplting the 2-nie runt Ans,eet ‘nthe Batt of Salamis, © Regions Who conroted the land ‘where Groaks won vctoies? Greek Victories Persian emperor Xerxes (ZERK+s0e2), Darius's son, came close to conquering the Greeks In 480 B.C, Xerxes led an expedi- tion of about 200,000 soldiers and more than 600 shups to conquer Greek territory. ‘The Greeks prepared for the Persians’ return. At sea, Athens's navy had 200 ships, while on land, Sparta led the Peloponnesian League's army. Even so, the Persians greatly outnumbered the Greeks. Assrall Greek force fought Xerxes’ army ata mcuntain pass called Thermopylae (therMAHPeuhslee). The Greeks defended 316 © Unit 4 the pass until their last soldier fell In the end, the Persians broke through, captured Athens, and set the city on fire. ‘Meanwhile, the Athenian navy with- drew to a narrow strait between the Greek coastline and the island of Salamis (sAsluhemuhs). The Battle of Salamis was about to begin. ‘The Persian ships that sailed into the strait far outnumbered the Greek ships. Fortunately for the Greeks, the Persian ships were too large to turn quickly in the narrow strait, The lighter, faster Greek ships rammed into the Persian ships and sank them. By the battle’s end, the Greekshad destroyed about 200 ships. Defeated, Xerxes retuned to Asia Minor with his army and his remaining ships. ‘On land, the Spartans led the Greek army to victory in the Battle of Plataea (pluh-TeE~uh), Although an official peace agreement would notbe made for another ‘90 years, the Persian threat to mainland ‘Greece had been quieted. “After the Persian Wars began, Athens and about 150 city-stetes formed a new alliance called the Delian (DEE*Ieeuhn) League. They vowed to fight the Persians and free the Greek lands still under Persian srule: The league's members also agreed to eee Peer end pay tribute to Athens in the form of money or ships, In return, Athens promised to pro- tect the city-states with its powerful navy. The Delian League won many victories. In 467 RC, at the battle of the Eurymedon (yoorRuH+muhsdahn) River, the league freed several Greek city-states, pushing, the Persians away from the Aegean. ‘Together, Athens and Sparta had played their roles to win the Persian ‘Wars. However, the victory set the stage for conflict between the two city-states. (ERIUIGEIED compart AND conTaAsT ow were the roles af Athens ané Sparta in the Persian Wars alike and diferent? Chapter 9» 317Democracy in Athens Earlier, in bout 508 8.C, a leader named Cleisthenes (KLYS+thuhneez) made reforms that helped Athens form an early democracy: Now, citizens—not a king, a tyrant, or an oligarchy-could make decisions about their government Ceisthenes’ reforms crested an Athen jam democracy that was a direct democracy. This gave every Athenian who was a free Pericles, 4958-4986, Greet nd peer “Jusingheppnes to beste fut ol fendon for ine Secs Cesar Chavez, 1827-128, cil igs lender {or migrant werkors "We re engaged in another srg fr he freedom. Sutitmustbe nonce sti. Iceni Neer El Analyze Points of View ‘urna each pesor view abost cies. Thon explain the reasons each psn mghthave fortaling tat view 318 © Unit 4 sale over 18 years of oge an equal vo the assembly. Women and slaves were not allowed to vote. A councl proposed laws fo the assombly, which would accept or veto them by majority rule, To veto some- thing means to reject it In this way, many ‘Athenian citizens began to make decisions directly about thelr government Tn contrst a fepresentative democracy isa democracy in which cizens elect other people to make decsione fr them. The fovernment ofthe United States isa representative democracy. Direct and representative democracies have other key diferences too. All tizens living in small communities, such a a cty- state, could take part in a direct democracy. Tce, populations of most democracies are too large todo thi, soa representative ‘democracy is more practical. Als, in a direct democracy, citizen all met in tne place. This snot posible forthe citizens of today’s democracies. 1nd61 BC, anew leader named Pericles (PAIR-uh-kleez) made more democratic reforms. He believed tat al tizens, rich td poe, should beable to serve equally in government. Peices explained, “No ‘one . .. is barred [refused] because of poverty or humble origins Pericles’ reforms laid a foundation for fare democracies. Many Americang, such as Cesar Chavez, have worked to see that all citizens ae treated equally In the 1960s, Chavez worked for equal rights and justice for poor farmworkers, most of whom were Mexican American He formed a group that ‘ould become the United Farm Workers of Ameria, This group used nonviolent actions to get higher wages and better ‘working conditions for farmworkers. COMPARE AND CONTRAST What arte kay diflerencesbatwoon a dect dncececy ead topoocutees domecrey?co Eber be ~ baeree. cel ‘ere hers Democracy in Aone developed aver tine. © When ddan The Golden Age With the Persian Wars behind them, the Athenians began rebuilding their city-state. They felt a sense of great pride because they had defeated the strong Persian army. Also, Athens continued to receive tribute from members of the Delian League. This, tribute gave Athens the money it needed to rebuild. In addition, Athens had strong leadership, especially that of Pericles. ‘All this gave rise toa time of great cul- tural achievement in Athens. This period, now known as the Golden Age of Athens, lasted from 479 B.. to 431 B.C. Pericles’ goal was to make Athens an ‘example to all of Greece. Pericles wanted to rebuild Athens as the model for respected political, economic, and social structures. He also set out to make Athens a center for art and learning. He hired the best architects and artists that the Greek ‘world had to offer. smscracybogin in Athens? Architects designed new government buildings, schools, temples, and theaters. ‘Hundreds of builders made the designs a reality. They used gleaming white marble dug from a nearby mountain. Artists decorated the buildings with murals. Soon, Athenian officials dedicated new buildings to the public in a celebration of Athenian democracy and culture. ‘Throughout Athens, the Athenians built many open-air theaters out of stone and ‘wood. One theater held more than 17,000 people. Athenians loved plays, and often every seat was filled for a performance. Athenian playwrights were considered the best in Greece, Every spring, a theater contest in Athens honored the Greek god Dionysus, the god (of wine. On the day of the festival, each playwright produced four plays, one after the other. The top prize was awarded, {in democratic fashion, by the decision of ten judges according to majority rule. Chapter 9» 319toscher in ancient Gree insructe ie students onthe subject of ssanomy tice that the While the great architects, artists, and playwrights contributed to the Golden Age of Athens, 0 did others. Greeks advanced art, poetry, education, philosophy, science, ‘mathematics, and medicine. Today, more than 2,000 years later, people are still influenced by these contributions. MAIN IDEA AND DETAILS ‘What contbuted tothe rise of the Golden Age of Athens? what peopk city-state of Use the torm dveet demoeraey in 8 sentence about Athenian democracy. - How did the Greek forces win the battle ‘against the Persians at Marathon? [CRITICAL THINKING 4, ED what parts of Athens's democracy ‘might be considered unfair today? '5. What problems might ocur when a country changes from one form ‘of government to another? (GE Mako It Relevant How do you think rly Greek democracy affects American democracy today? 320 © Unit 4 Greok sty-states united to fight the Persian Empire in the Persian Wars. Greek Victories led to atime of growth and wealth for Athens and its early democracy. Thi began a period of cultural achievement called the Golden Age of Athens. These enduring contributions continue to influence people. 7. X Conduct an interview Imagine thet ‘a newspaper reporter. Write ‘Questions about early 2. © cause aw eresr On @ separate sheet of paper, copy and complete the graphic organizer bolow.Pericles “Our constitution does not copy the laws of neighboring states; we are rather a pattern to others than imitators oursetves.”* Paricesbetieved that citizens should participate in and take an interest inthe democratic process. Under his leadership, the assembly became the central power ofthe city-state of Athens All free-bor male citizens had the right-and the responsibilty to serve inthe assembly Prices began his political carer at an early age. Coming from a well-known, aristocratic family, he received a classical Greek education. Pericles died politic, debate, public peeking, and ethics, or the study of right and wrong, Pericles led Athens for 40 years. Under his leadership, Athens grew tobe a great city-state, He had many new buildings constructed, including the Parthenon, a temple ofthe cty-state's paton goddess, ‘Athena, Theaters, baths, and other build. ings were built and opened tothe publi. Pericles also hired artists to tell Athens's history in paintings, statues, plays, and poetry. This period, with ts lowering of culture and building, i known as the Golden Age of Athens. Some have also called it the Age of Pericles. 8 wee Percles bezames Construction dalversthe shasder ‘onthe Parthenon Funeral inathens begins Oration Interactive Multimedia Biographies PUT as ee Respect Responsitily a Crd Why Character ‘Counts © How do Pericles? words expres his love of the city-state ‘of Athens? Chepter 9» 321D WHY IT MATTERS, Suppose you wanted to show in a simple, clear way how the population of Greece was divided during the time of Pericles. You could make a circle graph. A cirele graph shows information on circle that is divided into parts. Circle ‘graphs are often called pie chats, because they look ik pies with different-sized slices. The larger a slice i, the greater the percent it stands for. > WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW ‘The circle graph on the next page shows the population of Athens in about 430 B.C. ‘The graph’s parts are the various groups eee M ee) NCL Read a Circle Graph ‘of people that made up the city-state’s population. ‘The slices of every circle graph add up | to 100 percent: The size of each slice rep- resents part of the whole 100 percent. For cxample, a alice that takes up exactly half of the graph stands for 50 percent. It is not always easy to know exactly what percent a slice shows just by looking at it, 50 slices are often labeled with their percents. (One of the most useful features of circle ‘graphs is their ability to show information ata glance. For example, just by glancing, at the Population of Athens graph, you can tell that the families of male citizens made up about one-third ofthe population. A group of colorly dressed Athenian cizon enjoy 8 dy the tester.> PRACTICE THE SKILL em ucaee Study the ciel graph to answer the pteerts following questions. | Neciemeit Fuse © Wien goup made up the target part toe etcean of the population of Athens? | a © When group made up the smallest part of the population? {© What percent ofthe population did male citizens make up? © Together, what percent of the popula- tion was made up of male citizens and their families? APPLY WHAT YOU LEARNED: With a partner, think of other kinds ‘make your own cirde graph. Next, write of information that could be shown ona | questions that could be answered by circle graph. Choote one kind of informa- | looking at your circle graph. Ask other tion, and locate figures for iton reliable students to take your circle graph quiz Internet sites or in other sources. Then while you and your partner take theirs.Orr Te roe carey an ec ray Pere a 335 nc. asta pan the ‘jeaumin ansArt and Architecture ‘The history of ancient Greece is filled with Greek figures, or important people, who made enduring contributions in the arts and sciences. In architecture, {for example, Pericles directed archi- tects and builders to create many beautiful structures. People use these same designs for moder buildings. In the center of the Acropolis, of Athens, Pericles oversaw the building ofa magnificent temple, 1, the Parthenon, which honored the ‘goddess Athena, Completed in 438 B.C, the Parthenon took9 years“ to build and required more than 22,000 tons of white marble. Its architecture expresses balance and simplicity, qualities valued by the Greeks. Many modem build- ings, such as the United States Supreme ‘Court Building in Washington, D.C, use > Doce highly pated and adorned with owes, ‘is tate stood inside the Reropolis of Athens designs based on the architecture of Greek temples. Statues of Greek gods and of people decorated Greek buildings, both inside and outside. Never before had statues been created to lok s lifelike. Greek painters took the same care to portray people and scenes realistically. Artists decorated build- ings with murals, or wall paintings, showing lifelike scenes from Athens's history and from Greek myths. Paintings on ancient vases provide evidence ofthe sil of Greek artists. Using black or red paint, artists decorated the vases with cenes from Greek mythology and from their own daily life. By carefully bservng these vases, we can see how peo- ple dressed, how they wore their har, and even what they ate. ‘cause ann EFFECT ‘What tect did rook mythology have ona nd architect? > Even today the ns ofthe Pahasan ia Athan reveal oe ofthe inst examples of classicalLiterature and Theater Ancient Greek writers left a treasure chest of literature, which included new stylee of writing. They created the founda- tion for literature in many later Western cultures. Even today, Greek literature ‘permeates our literature and language. In the 700s BC, one of the earliest Greek epic poets, Hesiod, wrote down the myths and legends that had long been ‘old in Greek mythology. In other poems, Hesiod > A Closer LOOK {Greek Theater ‘Tho ancient Gross bit their thostors ot hillsides so tht everne in th aionca hed 4 goed view. Acar wore mas [blow] with “xoggerated foes 50 tat the sudence could ‘deny characte: and ematins frm « stance. ‘udionces ied the seats of theaters Judges, wha acide onthe best pleys ‘alin pocial eat ‘Allplays hed a chores who helped explain ‘what wes happening om stage, described the difficulties of everyday life in ancient Greece. His poems have provided ‘modern historians with useful information about early Greek culture. Homer Iliad and Ofyscey became the later Roman culture's firs literature. The ‘main themes of the Odyssey—adventure and returning home—continue to be used in iterature as well as in movies. ‘The stories of Aesop's Fables still teach ‘moral lessons to children and adults alike. Among Aesop's best-known fables are “The Shepherd Boy and the Wolf” and “The Hare and the Tortoise.” ‘Many words in the English language ‘come from Greek literature. For example, ‘we call a book of maps an atlas, after the Greek god Atlas. Atlas was said to carry on his shoulders the columns that sepa- rated the heavens and the earth. Another example is the saying Achilles” heel, which is sometimes used to describe a person's || weak spot. Tt comes from the myth about Achilles (uh*KiHsleez), a Greek hero of the Trojan War,‘Through theater, plays became an impor- tant part of Greek literature. Even the ‘word theater comes from a Greek word that ‘means “a place to see.” During the Golden ‘Age, Athens was known throughout Greece for its fine theaters and skilled playwrights. ‘One of the most famous playwrights was Sophocles (SAH1+funekleez), whose works are still performed today. Sophocles’ plays are tragedies, serious plays in which the ‘main characters come to an unhappy end. In Sophocles’ tragedies, heroes always struggle to do the right thing. In one play, a young woman named Antigone (an-TiFi-guhvnee) faces a terrible choice. Ifshe chooses to do the right thing, she ‘ill break an unfair law. The punishment for breaking the law is death. Antigone chooses to do the right thing and accepss the consequences. By contrast, Greek comedies always end happily for the main characters. A comedy is a humorous play, and Greek comedies often poke fun at people and ideas. ‘Aristophanes (ar-uh*STAH+fuheneez) ‘was the master of Greek comedies. In his ‘comedies, he used humor to make serious statements about political and social life. Greek theater was different from theater today. First, a trip to the theater in ancient times was an all-day outdoor event. Also, ‘only men could appear on stage, so men nad to play women's roles. Since the cast often included only a few people, the actors. took on many different parts. This fact made costumes important. All actors wore ‘masks designed to represent different char- acters and emotions. ‘Theater in the Golden Age was a place for both popular entertainment and ideas. Plays dealt with issues ranging from polit- ‘cal and religious conticts to problems of ‘everyday life. Since every generation faces {issues such as these, Greek plays continue to influence our literature. ow does the Greek literature of Homer influence ‘ur literature and movies today? - x eeScience, Mathematics, and History Even before theGolden Age of Athens, the Greeks had begun questioning old ‘ways of thinking. Their ideas led to the dawn of rational, or logical, thought in science, mathematics, history, and philosophy. Some ancient Greek thinkers doubted that gods and goddesses caused events In nature, as many other Greeks believed. Instead, these thirkers sought to under stand the world by studying it carefully. ‘Ancient Greek scientists worked in much the same way thal modem scientists do. ‘They used scientific methods to develop theories. This led 1o new discoveries that changed the way people saw the world. ‘About 600 BC., the Greek mathematician Pythagoras (puh-THA-guhruhs) believed 328 © Unit 4 that everything in the universe could be understood by using rumbers. Today, Pythagoras is best remembered for his theorem, or formula, that expresses the relationship among the lengths of the sides ofa right triangle, This formula is called the Pythagorean theorem. Hippocrates (hih-PaHkruhsteez),a Greek doctor, changed the way people thought about medicine. Many people believed that illnesses were punishments from the gods. Hippocrates knew that illnesses had natural causes. He carefully studied his patients and their illnesses tw find and treat the causes. In modern ‘medicine, most doctors use this method. Hippocrates’ name 's associated with, the Hippocratic oath, a pledge of duties and responsible actiors made by doctors. ‘Today, doctors still promise to follow these rules when they graduate from ‘medical school.that he wrote about he Pasian Wats, ‘The Golden Age scientist Democritus (¢iteaHiskruhetuhs) explained that all matter is made up of building blocks called atoms. He believed that people could understand nature by earning about the movement of atoms, His ideas even- tually Ted to such branches cf science as chemistry. Other Greek figures contrbuted tothe importance of historical recs. Heradnus (hihRaHeduhetuhs) was Greece's fist historian. His books about the Persian Wars included not only facts but also differing views about the wars and ther causes Herodotus’ method of collecting data and drawing conclusions fom ithas influenced historical writing over the centuries. ‘The Greek historian Thucydides (thoorsitieduhedeer) wrote about another war. During his lifetime, the rivalry between Athens and Sparta ied toa period cof war. Thucydides witnessed the war Thucydides was, core, Hs deta sive usa glimpse fie in nce Groece. Socrates was one of the ‘rook pilsopher boat his ides fom the wtiings oth tien Plata, wigs from beginning to end and wrote about the war as it unfolded. His writings also have provided modem historians with valuable information about Greek political, economic, and social structures, “Thucydides served asa general in the Athenian army. Athenian leaders exiled ‘Thucydides from Athens after he accepted the blame for losing a batte. Thucydides spent several years in lance allied! with Sparta. This experience helped him write about the war from the points of view of both the Athenians and the Spartans. “Thucydides is credited with creating a method in which historians write about historical events without including their personal opinions, He wanted “the accu- racy of the report being always trie by the most severe and detailed tests possibl."* ‘What conrbutions di Herodotus and Thcyides ima othe recording of isto? ™ Chapter 9» 329id Th Schoa of Athens wos pointed in shout 0. 1510 bythe aan att Rape. Th to Fgura inthe conto Philosophy and Teaching | During and after the Golden Age, many thinkers and teachers called Athens home. ‘They often disagreed with each other, but these philosophers, or “lovers of wisdom,” were united in a search for knowledge and truth. Three ancient Greek philosophers laid the foundation for many ideas of later Wester civilizations. ‘Socrates was one of the city-state’s most brilliant philosophers and teachers. His teachings focused on morals, knowing tight from wrong, Socrates taught by asking his, students questions. This required them to think for themselves. His way of teaching, called the Socratic method, continues to be a model for debating ideas. 330 © Unit 4 ‘Many people disliked Socrates because he openly criticized the leaders of Athens’s ‘democracy. Socrates felt that the lead~ cers were morally weak. Such criticism ‘would have been fine in Pericles’ day, but it angered the leaders of Athens, Socrates hoped that his criticisms would convince the Athenians to change their government. ‘The Athenian leaders arrested Socrates and put him on tral. In 399 B.C, an ‘Athenian court found him guilty of teach- ing dangerous ideas. The court ordered Socrates to end his own life by drinking poison. Socrates’ friends and family wanted hhim to leave the city to escape punishment, ‘but Socrates refused. Believing that all citizens should obey the law, he drank the poison.Tie amwork show Ait “Persian students The writing shown is Persian. ‘The philosopher Plato (PLAY=toh) was one of Socrates’ most gifted students. ‘Alter his teacher's death, Plato started a new school called the Academy in Athens. “There, he taught philosophy, law, and ‘science. Plato's writings on politics justice, religion, and education are still ead today. One of Plate’ students in the Academy ‘was Aristotle (AReuhsstahetuhl). In his _quest for knowledge, Aristotle collected, “organized, and classified information, a method important to modem science, He studied astronomy, law, and economics and | was a pioneer in zoology—the study of ani- | tmals—and in botany-—the study of plants. | 19335 8C, Aristotle opened his own school, called the Lyceum (ly*SEE*uhm). ‘ScAUSE AND EFFECT | “Why did Atenian leaders disticeSocetes? HEY Whatenduring contibutions tothe arts and sciences did the ancient Greets make? Explain how a tragedy and a comedy are alike and how they are different. - Which ancient Greek philosophers laid the ‘foundation for many idess of later Western cluilanions? CcITICAL THINKING 4, EE Do you think Socrates was right to criticize Athenian le rot? 5. How did the ancient Greek thinkers challenge the religious beli's held by ‘most Greeks? “6. Make It Relevant Do you think it hatter {or news to be reported without personat opirion? Why or why ‘The ancient Greeks made many lasting contributions. Greek iterature, incluging mythology, poety, and plays, continues to influence our literature and language today. ‘Tho Greeks also challenged the ideas of their times in science, history, medicine, mathematics, and philosophy. Meke a Table Croste a matrix of time and place table that shows the enduring contributions of Greek figures ‘from this lesson. Then, in a group, research ‘one contibutlor further. Make @ poster ‘that presents your findings. © cause aoerect ‘On a separate sheet of paper, copy and ‘out issue hat all generations ten ‘Chapter 9» 331t. 2%. Lan ys Greek Architecture ‘The ancient Greeks built magnificent stone temples and publie Se ee a ea eg ee va see ee See sma ee a oon bee scent Dei ine nd Canin Les ae sna nade en Ore ae sag fen gee , teg avon es eb Capital, or wp, of ‘Capital of an ‘Doric coluran, ‘onic column {ADoric temple bult by the ancient GreetsIn Greek architecture, pediments are triangle shapes containing, sculptures found on the sides of temple roofs. Shown here is part ‘fa pediment with a sculpture of a three-headed creature with a snake's tall Ato wed by Pid, tvaous Grtk talpor ‘These caryatids (karveesAtuhd), ‘or columns in the shape of human Figures, support the roof of an, ancient Greek temple in Athens. Analyze Artifacts © whet can you tell about the role of raligion in Greok sacety from the temples that Greeks Bul ‘other gods? @ How do you think Phidias’s tool was used? © why do you think architects chose to borrow ‘rom the architecture ofthe ancient Greeks for ‘the most important buildings of the United States government? Visit PRIMARY SOURCES at Je wwmharcourtschoolcon/hss