Massage – a procedure that involves manipulating soft parts of the body for therapeutic or relaxation

purpose.

Massage Therapist- a person trained and licensed to perform a massage therapy. A massage therapist
should have the proper training given the complexity of the practice.

Therapeutic Massage – a remedial and rehabilitative type of massage used for physical injury recovery
or for relieving muscle soreness and pain from minor injury.

Relaxation Massage – a preventive, hygienic and rejuvenating type of massage which is used for general
health wellness. It provides pleasurable indulgence to remove the results of stress of daily life.

Massage Spa or Massage Clinic – a licensed and equipped establishment where massage therapy is
offered.

Contradictions – condition which make massage potentially inadvisable due to the harm .

Local Contradiction
Absolute or Total Contradiction

Total / Absolute Contraindication – massage should not be performed at all.

Local Contradiction - massage can be performed but not over the affected or contraindicated area.

Physician’s Clearance – which requires a medical clearance from a licensed physician to determine
whether massage is indicated or contraindicated.

Indications – condition when a massage may be able to influence the client effectively.

Endangerment Sites – part of the body that can be massage with minimal pressure or with precaution.

Directional Terms – used to indicate the location of body parts.

Superior – above another and especially a corresponding part.

Inferior - below another especially similar part of an upright body.
Anterior – to the front side or toward the front of the body.

Posterior- toward the back of a part.

Medial - toward the middle
Lateral – directed toward coming from or relating to the side
Proximal – nearest to the central point of the body
Distal- away from the central point in the body

History and Governing Laws on Massage Therapy

History of Massage
The word massage came from the Ancient greek word "massin” which means “to knead” and the
Arabic word "mass” or the Hebrew "mashesh” (to press). The first documented practice of massage is
from China in 3000 BC. Its first form was called Anma which is similar to Tui Na, a traditional Chinese
manipulative therapy. The practice of Anma spread throughout the world with different cultures
adopting it.

Thai massage came from the ancient healing art - Nuad Boran. It combines pressure, rubbing, and
stretches with techniques that worked on the energy lines of the body.

In Japan, “Amma” massage of pressing, rubbing, wringing and stretches was traditionally practiced by
blind practitioners. Shiatsu combines this with pressure techniques on acupuncture points.

In the early 1800s, another form of massage was developed - Swedish Massage, which later on became
a medical profession in the West.

Governing Laws
Massage spa/clinic owners employ massage therapists that are not only skilled but are also equipped
with holistic knowledge of massage therapy. Thus, knowing the legal basis of the job and the different
rules and regulations governing the profession is a plus to your employability and entrepreneurial skills.

The following list highlights the key legislation pertaining to the practice of Massage Therapy in the
Philippines.

Presidential Decree No. 856 Chapter XIII - Sanitation Code of the Philippines

Chapter 13 of the Presidential Decree No. 856 serves as guidelines for massage establishments and
therapists as well. It governs the Massage Therapy profession.
Read more:
http://portal.doh.gov.ph/sites/default/files/Chapter%2013.%20Massage%20Clinics%20and%20Sauna
%20Bath%20Establishments.pdf

Republic Act No. 7796 - Technical Education and Skills Development Authority Act of 1994

Republic Act No. 7796 is the act that created TESDA. TESDA provides the Filipino people with relevant,
accessible, high quality, and efficient technical education and skills development training. TESDA also has
the authority to assess and give certification to trainees. For massage therapists, TESDA provides the
Massage Therapy National Certification (NC) Level II.
Read more: http://www.tesda.gov.ph/uploads/File/REPUBLIC%20ACT%20NO.%207796.pdf

Republic Act No. 8423 - Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997

Republic Act No. 8423 is created to improve the quality and delivery of health care services to the
Filipino people through the development of traditional and alternative health care and its integration
into the national health care delivery system. It also seeks to legalize the indigenous societies’
knowledge of traditional medicine.
Read more: http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra1997/ra_8423_1997.html

Republic Act No. 9003 - Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000
Republic Act No. 9003 mandates the citizens to practice a systematic, comprehensive, and ecological
solid waste management program.
Read more: http://emb.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2015/09/RA-9003.pdf

Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) Occupational Safety and Health Standards (OSH)

OSH Standards is created to ensure the workers social and economic well being as well as his/her
physical safety and health.

DOLE Rule 1070 - Occupational Health and Environmental Control

This rule establishes the Threshold Limit Value (TLV) for toxic and carcinogenic substances and physical
agents, which may be present in the atmosphere of the work environment. TLV is the acceptable
airborne concentration of substances that will not create adverse effects on workers.

DOLE Rule 1040 - Health and Safety Committee

This rule requires all place of employment to have a health and safety committee. The Health and Safety
Committee serves as the planning and policymaking group in all matters pertaining to safety and health.

DOLE Rule 1090 - Hazardous Materials

This rule is intended for workplaces manufacturing, using, or generating hazardous substances in solid,
liquid, or gaseous form. It requires the workplaces to regulate the use and ensure the safety of the
workers.
Read more: http://www.oshc.dole.gov.ph/images/Files/OSH%20Standards%202017.pdf

Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Spa Services Standards 2016

The ASEAN Spa Services Standards 2016 is a unified spa industry agreement across ASEAN members
states. The standard tackles the certification process which will increase the quality of human resources,
services, and facilities in the ASEAN spa industry.
Read more: http://www.asean.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/ASEAN-Spa-Services-Standard-1.pdf

Republic Act No. 9262 - Anti-Violence Against Women and Their Children Act of 2004

Republic Act No. 9262 is the law established to protect the right of women and their children against all
forms of abuse. This law defines the forms of abused women and their children are vulnerable to, the
sanctions and penalties that might be faced by the abusers and protection orders to ensure the
protection of the well-being and the rights of women and their children.
Read more: http://pcw.gov.ph/law/republic-act-9262

Presidential Decree No. 442 - Labor Code of the Philippines

Promulgated in 1974 and renumbered in 2015, the Labor Code of the Philippines serves as the supreme
law when it comes to labor and employment. This code consists seven books encompassing all aspects
in the field of employment from pre-employment to post-employment. The last book in this document
includes transitory and final revisions.
Read more: https://www.dole.gov.ph/labor_codes
Republic Act No. 3720 - Food, Drug and Devices and Cosmetics Act

Republic Act No. 3720 is enacted to ensure the safety of products being subjected to the consumption of
the Filipino people. This law includes the establishment of the Food and Drug Administration, the
government body mandated ensure that all products being sold are safe for consumption depending on
the standards of the FDA.
Read more: http://www.fda.gov.ph/attachments/article/29032/RA%203720.pdf

DOH Administrative Order 2010-0034 - Revised Implementing Rules and Regulations Governing
Massage Clinics and Sauna Establishments

This administrative order enacted by the Department of Health (DOH) aims to institutionalize and
professionalize massage practice in the Philippines. This body of law imposes that only qualified
practitioners who have undergone training and were licensed under the programs of the DOH are the
only ones who are authorized to perform massage procedures. DOH AO 2010-0034 also aims to
incorporate modern and traditional massage practices.
Read more: http://myhomespa.ph/ao2010-34faq.pdf

Republic Act No. 9514 - Revised Fire Code of the Philippines of 2008

Republic Act No. 9514 intends to provide rules and guidelines to ensure the safety of the general public
from all forms of fire hazard. This law involves provisions that mandate the Bureau of Fire Protection as
the authorized entity to conduct and evaluate the fire safety of buildings and Filipino communities in
general.
Read more: http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2008/ra_9514_2008.html

Lesson 1: Massage Therapy as a Profession

A massage therapist is a person trained, certified and licensed to perform different manipulations to a
client/customer. A massage therapist is expected to do the following:
 Develop massage practice
 Consult with the client/customer
 Perform body massage
 Organize and maintain tools, equipment and supplies in the work area

A massage therapist must undergo a competency-based training and must complete 160 hours of on-
the-job training. These two trainings are required before taking the National Assessment from TESDA,
the only governing body/agency which issues national certification (NC) for massage therapy. Those
who pass the TESDA assessment shall be issued the TESDA National Certificate for Massage Therapy.

Although certified, massage therapists are not considered as medical practitioners. One should refuse
to diagnose possible medical conditions, and instead refer the client/customer to a physician for a
proper assessment.
Advantages and Challenges of Working as a Massage Therapist

Working as a massage therapist has the following advantages:

Flexible work schedule or control over one’s schedule thus giving one the time to do other activities or
get a second job.

Mobility or the opportunity to build one’s clientèle base and later on put up one’s own massage clinic;
or choose to work in other industries such as personal services or health care.

Earning power increases as a massage therapist builds his/her reputation and gain experience.
Additional earnings may also come from tips of satisfied clients/customers.

Challenges of being a massage therapist as a practitioner:

Physical demands - Performing a full-body massage strains the massage therapist’s body especially
when the clients/customers are lined up and the therapist have no time to take a break. It is advisable to
take breaks to rest and to appropriately perform the correct body mechanics to avoid strains.

Money - Performing massage as a business is client-based. Your earnings depend on the number of
clients/customers you build. Less clients/customers would mean less earnings. When working on your
own, practicing different modalities also gives you the freedom to set your own reasonable rates.

Unrealistic client expectations - Clients/customers might expect that the pain in their body will be
totally gone after a massage, so it is important to explain to them the post factual effects of the massage
prior to a session.

Negative misconceptions - Massage therapy involves close interactions with clients/customers and
sometimes lead to negative connotations towards massage therapists as sex workers.
Lesson 2: Qualities of a Massage Therapist

Practice Professionalism
One of the challenges that a massage therapist face is the diversity of his/her clients/customers. Some might demand more
than what you can give. Others might find your littlest faults. When faced with these kinds of situations, a massage therapist
must act professionally. Stay firm and know his/her rights as a client/customer and rights as a worker.

Keep in mind that a massage therapist should practice professionalism on the following (but not limited to): 1.)
when performing a massage, 2.) in business dealings and 3.) when interacting with clients.

Listed are the guidelines you must follow to effectively practice professionalism:

When performing a massage:

 Provide the highest quality massage to clients/customers

 Use only the accepted techniques and manipulations
 Be punctual and well-groomed
 Inform the client/customer regarding your massage plan
 Perform proper client/customer draping
 Refuse to perform massage to a client/customer with contraindicated conditions

In business dealings:

 Perform massage to clients/customers when they ask regardless of their ethnicity

 Provide a safe environment for clients/customers
 Maintain client/customer’s records
 Keep the records confidential unless when the law requires you to expose them
 Speak only the truth especially when advertising products or talking about your credentials
 Do not get involved in illegal activities
 Observe national laws
 Refrain from telling negative things about other therapists or massage spa/clinics
 Respect employers and co-workers

When interacting with clients/customers:

 Safeguard the reputation of the massage profession

 Respect a client/customer’s privacy
 Do not engage in any sexual relations with a client/customer
 Refuse gifts from clients/customers with malice

Communicate Effectively

Communication is a vital component of an efficient workplace because people need to communicate with each other in order
to perform their jobs. It ensures unity, sharing, professionalism and good output. In a spa/clinic, you communicate with two
groups of people - your workmates and your clients/customers.

Listening is a crucial aspect of an effective communication in a workplace. As a massage therapist, you should always
listen. Listen to the management, your workmates and client/customer’s request. Listen for sudden complaint of pain while
massaging a client/customer. Often, people misunderstand each other because they neglect the importance of listening.
Aside from listening, another important skill is verbal communication. Massage therapist should have the skill of
expressing himself/herself either when talking to the client/customer or his/her co-practitioners.

On the next topic, we will study further six (6) effective communication tips that would help enhance your communication
skills. This includes Pay Attention, Defer Judgement, Clarify, Take Down Notes, Entertain All
Clients/Customers and Communicate Professionally with Clients/Customers.
Effective Communication Tip No. 1 - Pay Attention

As a therapist, you must be sensitive to the reaction of your client/customer as you perform massage. Have you heard of the
terminology 'non-verbal cue'?

A non-verbal cue is a form of communication without the use of verbal speech. It could be in form of body movement, facial
expression, the tone of voice, details of dress, etc. Enhance your skills in paying attention to the non-verbal cues. It cannot
be done in one sitting but you may practice it in your everyday activities.

Here are examples of situation you may encounter in the workplace:

Situation No. 1:
Is your customer irritated? Is he/she sad?
When you pay attention to their non-verbal cues, you’ll have an initial idea on how to communicate with them. Regardless of
his/her mood, always talk to them gently and calmly.

Situation No. 2:

Your non-verbal cues also matter. Avoid crossing your arms on your chest when someone is talking. This might give a
negative impression that you are closed minded or not open to the ideas of others

Effective Communication Tip No. 2 - Defer Judgment

At first sight, some clients/customers might appear like someone with a negative attitude. When in this situation, always give
them the benefit of the doubt.

Defer judgment means the therapist would put off or delay his/her opinion of the client/customer. In doing so, it will ensure
smooth flow of communication process. Clear your mind from prejudices or unreasonable attitude or feelings and treat
clients/customers equally.

Effective Communication Tip No. 3 - Clarify

To ensure the delivery of correct services, a therapist must also learn how to clarify instructions and requests from
clients/customers. Repeat their instructions to them (if necessary) to validate if you understood well the message conveyed.

Effective Communication Tip No. 4 - Take Down Notes

You can only remember 20-30% of what you hear. Taking down notes is very important especially when you want to
remember details or when you are receiving instructions.

Effective Communication Tip No. 5 - Entertain All Clients/Customers

When a client/customer inquires about a massage session, always be available to answer their queries.
Effective Communication Tip No. 6 - Communicate Professionally with Clients/Customers

Communicate professionally with clients/customers. How will you do it? You must:

 Perform the consultation during first meeting to get information and document what is needed before the session;
 During massage, be able to ask client/customer if the pressure is okay; and
 After the massage, remind the client/customer of further instructions.

Dealing with Language Barriers

It is possible to meet clients/customers who do not speak your language. If there is a language barrier between you as the
massage therapist and the client/customer, you may do the following:

1. Use body charts or Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). VAS is a measurement tool used to rate attitude, characteristics
or values that cannot be measured easily (e.g. pain). An example of VAS can be seen at this
link: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/specialarticles/jcn_10_706.pdf.
2. Ask the client to invite a relative or friend to translate for him/her especially if the language barrier is too great.
3. Refer the client/customer to a therapist who could speak the same language/dialect.

Lesson 3: Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) for Massage Therapists

Health, safety, and hygiene are of paramount importance in the workplace. A massage therapist needs to adhere to
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards to avoid workplace illness and injury.

Occupational Safety and Health is concerned with enabling an individual practice his/her occupation while ensuring he/she
is not sacrificing his/health. It deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary
prevention of hazards.

This lesson discusses the several health and safety concerns for both the massage therapist and the client/customer.

Introduction
Health, safety, and hygiene are of paramount importance in the workplace. A massage therapist needs to adhere to
Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) standards to avoid workplace illness and injury.

Occupational Safety and Health is concerned with enabling an individual practice his/her occupation while ensuring he/she
is not sacrificing his/health. It deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary
prevention of hazards.

This lesson discusses the several health and safety concerns for both the massage therapist and the client/customer.

Personal Hygiene and Sanitation

Personal Protective Equipment

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are used especially when:

 The client/customer and/or therapist has symptoms of contagious conditions which can be spread by contact or
inhalation;
 The client/customer and/or therapist has open or healing wound/s.

The PPE includes:

 Mask
  Gloves
 Goggles
 Hair Net
 Face mask/shield
 Comfortable loose clothes/scrubs

However, the use of these PPE always depends on the situation. Commonly, a massage therapist has required the following
attire:

 Scrub suit or spa uniform

 Tied up hair
 None or minimal make up
 No accessories in the hands and feet

To control the spread of pathogenic microorganisms make sure to:

1. Wash and disinfect your hands before and after performing a massage;
2. Use new linens for every massage session;
3. Wear a clean uniform each day; and
4. Use a closed oil or lotion dispenser.

Hazards
There can possibly be various hazards or risks in a massage spa/clinic. This includes physical hazards, biological
hazards, chemical hazards, and ergonomics. Specific examples of these hazards or risks are:

Physical Hazards

 Impact
 Illumination
 Pressure
 Noise
 Vibration
 Temperature
 Radiation

Biological Hazards

Bacteria, virus, plants, parasites, mites, molds, fungi, insects

Chemical hazards

Dust, fibers, mists, fumes, smoke, gas, vapor

Ergonomics

 Psychological factors- monotony, personal relationship, work out cycle

 Physiological factors- overexertion/excessive force, awkward/static positions, fatigue, direct pressure, varying
metabolic cycles

Precautionary Measures Inside the Spa/Clinic

Precautionary measure refers to the action taken in advance to protect yourself as well as your client/customer in any
impending injury, accident or danger. A therapist must keep in mind that precautionary measures must be done and is part
of the OSH standards.

The following are the precautionary measures inside the spa/clinic:

 Make sure the massage bed and chairs are in good condition to avoid accidents.
  Eliminate anything that may cause the client/customer to slip or fall off the floor, e.g. liquid, cords, robes, linens,
etc.
 Make sure all electrical appliances and electrical sockets are well-maintained.
 Have a fire extinguisher ready.

Reporting about Sexual Harassment

Sexual harassment refers to any act that involves unwelcome sexual advance or demand. This is a sensitive issue that must
be addressed immediately. As a therapist, you need to know the forms of sexual harassment and on ways to prevent it.

What are the forms of sexual harassment?

There are different forms of sexual harassment including:

1. Physical (e.g. malicious touching, overt sexual advances, lewd gestures)

2. Verbal (e.g. requests or demands for sexual favors, malicious remarks)
3. Use of objects, pictures or graphics, or written notes with sexual meanings or invitations

How could we prevent such occurrence?

 For massage therapist performing home service:

If possible, have someone to accompany you as your work. If not, update someone close to you on your whereabouts. Also
have a cellphone which you can use to call anytime.

 For massage therapists working inside the spa/clinic:

If harassment took place during a massage session, immediately stop the session and report to the spa’s/ clinic’s
management. Continuing the session can invite the offender to continue his/her harassment.

 For massage therapists working for spa/clinics but performs home-servicing:

As much as possible, make sure you and your client/customer are not the only ones in the room. Stay on-guard for overt
moves like locking the door, brushing his/her hands on your body parts, and malicious words. Update the spa/clinic
management on your whereabouts and make sure you have a phone you can use for calling.

 For the spa/clinic management:

Monitor all your massage therapists especially those that do home-service. Assign someone to call and check on them from
time to time.

Emergency Related Drills and Training

To be fully capable of addressing emergencies in a spa/clinic, a therapist must at least have experience (if not all, most) in
these emergency-related drills and training such as:
Tips on Ensuring Use of Quality Products

Another criteria for the Occupational Safety and Health Standards for Massage Therapist is the use of quality products. This
will prevent or hinder occurrence of any physical or chemical hazard to yourself, your clients/customers and your co-
workers.

Here are some tips on ensuring use of quality products as anchored to the ASEAN standards:

1. Create an inventory and label your items. Creating an inventory of the items in a spa/clinic helps you to:

 Track the usage of consumable materials

 Monitor the lifespan of items
 Take note of the expiry dates
 Identify the items that need to be replaced

2. Use products that have gone through quality control and approved by a certification body (e.g. Food and Drugs
Authority).

3. Use massage-appropriate products such as non-mineral based oil.

Proper Disposal of Wastes

Massage spa/clinics have a lot of daily wastes. These include tissue papers, pieces of cotton, containers and packaging,
and other disposable materials. A massage establishment should practice segregation and proper waste disposal. Wastes
that may possibly be contaminated shall be separated from normal wastes. All sewage and liquid wastes generated by a
spa/clinic must be segregated in compliance with the provisions of Chapter 17 of Presidential Decree 856 - Code on
Sanitation of the Philippines.

Garbage generated by a massage clinic/spa must be kept in containers which are easy to clean and well-maintained and
should be disposed of in a sanitary manner.
Lesson 1: The Massage Spa/Clinic
This lesson discusses the requirements on the set-up and sanitation of the massage spa/clinic and the
benefits of maintaining a good workplace.

Location and Environment

The spa and or clinic shall be situated in a safe and reputable location with a clean, calm and relaxing
environment. The areas which can be seen in the massage workplace are:

Reception Area refers to the place that a client/customer will see upon entering the clinic/spa. A
reception area must have a receiving counter where receptionist/s will be accommodating
clients/customers and a waiting lounge where clients/customers can wait for their session. Massage
clinics/spa should be accessible and with amenities for PWDs or Person with Disability.

The washroom is a room with washing and toilet facility. There should be clean and adequate public
washroom for male and female provided with running water and adequate toiletries.

Treatment Area is the place where the actual massage treatment is done. The set-up of the area varies
depending on the type of massage. A treatment area should not have locks.

Sanitary Requirements

Maintaining the workplace is as important as maintaining personal hygiene. Listed below are the
important sanitary requirements to be done or maintained in the massage spa/clinic:

The reception and office rooms shall be properly lighted and ventilated.

 Massage rooms shall be adequately ventilated, provided with a sliding curtain at the entrance
and equipped with a suitable and clean massage table.

 Sanitary and adequate hand washing, bath and toilet facilities shall be available.

 Customers shall be provided with soap, clean towels and sanitized rubber or disposable slippers.
They shall be required to take a thorough bath before the massage.

 The massage therapist shall wash his/her hands with soap and water before and after massaging
a client/customer.

 The establishment and its premises shall be maintained clean and sanitized at all times.

Benefits of a Well-Maintained Massage Workplace

Maintaining the massage workplace is not a task done in only one sitting. Implementing the sanitary
requirements in a spa/clinic is essential in keeping its therapeutic ambiance and in the long run maintain
workplace facilities. Doing so will ensure a well-maintained massage workplace with the following
benefits:
 Invites new clients/customers;
 Develops regular clients/customers;
 Provides efficient working environment for massage therapists;
 Ensures a harmonious ambiance for clients/customers; and
 Provides a holistic pleasing massage experience.

Lesson 2: Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) in a Massage Spa/Clinic

OPs in a Massage Spa/Clinic

This lesson discusses the standard operating procedures to carry out a massage spa/clinic business.

What do we mean by 'Standard Operating Procedures' (SOP)? SOPs are written documented procedures
or processes that are followed routinely to ensure delivery of quality output/service.

A therapist, regardless of being a practitioner, entrepreneur or both, should be knowledgeable on the

basic SOPs in the workplace. These are as follows:

File/Record

All clients/customers shall be required to register and fill-up consultation forms prior to treatment by
the therapist to determine any contraindication or special condition. The spa/clinic shall also maintain
an updated client/customer file. Files or records are necessary to back-track the patient's medical
condition or history.

Maintenance

Maintenance refers to action taken to keep or conserve the condition of the facility. Maintenance of all
sections of the spa/clinic establishment shall be on a continuing basis taking into consideration the
quality of equipment and supplies. This could be done by conducting a scheduled inventory inspection
of tools and equipment for the spa/clinic.

Sanitation

Sanitation measures like cleaning of equipment, sterilization of tools and sanitizing of robes, sheets,
blankets, pillowcase, towels or other materials which may come in direct contact with the client’s body
shall be adopted in accordance with the standards prescribed under Presidential Decree No. 856,
otherwise known as the Sanitation Code of 1976.

Sanitation and maintenance are both necessary for promoting the safety of a client/customer.
Policy Related to Occupational Safety and Health

Aside to the basic SOPs previously discussed, another important policy is the existence or availability of
the facilities and supplies related to Occupational Safety and Health (OSH). To fully implement OSH in
the workplace, you must be aware of this policy by the spa/clinic.

Examples of facilities and or supplies related to OSH are as follows:

Fire-Fighting Supplies. Fire-fighting facilities and supplies shall be provided in accordance with
Presidential Decree 1185, otherwise known as the Fire Code of 1978.

Signboards. Appropriate signboards shall be conspicuously displayed outside the establishment showing
clearly the name of the spa/clinic while safety signage shall be prominently posted in strategic locations
inside the spa/clinic.

Non-Smoking Facility. The entire spa/clinic be a no smoking facility as overall wellness of a

client/customer is a spa/clinic’s primary ambition.

LESSON 1 : ANATOMY

Anatomy - study of the structure of the human body.

Skeletal System - composed of bones, cartilage and joints.

- it provides the shape and form of the human body.

Cartilage - covers the ends of the bones inside the joints.

Muscular System - consist of muscle tissues, it helps in the transport of materials through bbody.

Types of Muscle

1. Skeletal Muscle

- voluntary muscle attached to the bones.

2. Smooth Muscle

- involuntary muscles that are found in hollow organs like small intestines and blood vessels.

3. Cardiac Muscle

- involuntary muscles that are found in the heart.

Types of Muscles Injuries

1. Fatigued Induced Muscle Disorder

- can be caused by intense muscle movement and can result to a low level pain to muscle

2. Delayed Onset of Muscle Soreness

- can be caused by sudden exchange in the movement of muscle (Pain usually last 2-3 days)

3. Spine Related Neuromuscular Disorder

- an increase in the muscle tension due to spinal or pelvic disorder

4. Muscle Related Neuromuscular Disorder

- an increase in the muscle tension due to weakness of other muscles

5. Minor Partial Tear

- tear in the muscles about 1 cm or less

6. Moderate Partial Tear

- 1.1- 3cm

7. Total Muscle Tear

- complete separation of the fibers of the muscle

8. Contusion

- a damage in the tissue. It can be mild bruise or severe.

Integumentary System

-skin, hair, nails and sweat glands

Skin layer and components

Epidermis- upper layer of the consist. (keratin and melanin)

Dermis - lower, thicker part of the skin ( blood vessels, sensory nerve endings and receptors, sebaceous
glands, adipose cells and tiny veins and arteries)
Cardiovascular System

-composed of the heart, blood and blood vessels and lymphatics.

Cranium

-A part of the skull that encloses the brain

Mandible

-A lower jaw consisting of a single bone or completely fused bones.

Clavicle

A bone in the pectoral girdle serving to link the scapula and sternum, commonly known as collarbone.

Manubrium

The uppermost segment of the sternum of humans and many other mammals.

Scapula

Either of the pair of large triangular bones lying on each dorsolateral part of the thorax, commonly
known as shoulder blade.
Sternum

A compound ventral bone or cartilage that connects the ribs or the shoulder girdle in humans commonly
known as breastbone.

Ribs

Any of the paired curved bones or partly cartilaginous rods that stiffen the walls of the body and protect
the viscera.

Cervical Vertebrae

The superior part of the vertebral column comprised of seven (7) vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae

The inferior part of the cervical vertebrae and the superior part of the lumbar vertebrae comprised of 12
vertebrae.

Lumbar Vertebrae

The inferior part of the thoracic vertebrae and the superior part of te sacral vertebrae comprised of 5
vertebrae.

Sacrum

The five (5) bones located below the lumbar vertebrae that fuses into one as an individual reaches the
peak of adolescence.

Coccyx

The small bone at the end of the spine.

Pelvis

The wide curved bones between the spine and leg bones.

Humerus

The long bone of the upper arm between the shoulder and the elbow.

Ulna

A long bone found in the forearm aligned with the smallest finger and found on the medial side of the
forearm when in anatomical position.

Radius

The bone in the lower part of the arm and can be found alongside the thumb. When in anatomical
position, the radius can be found on the lateral side of the forearm.
Carpals

Eight small bones that make up the wrist (or carpus) and connects the metacarpals to the forearm.

Metacarpals

The intermediate part of the skeletal hand located between the phalanges of the fingers and the carpal
bones of the wrist.

Phalanges (Phalanx)

The bones in the fingers of hands and feet

Femur

The long bone in the upper part of the leg

Patella

A thick flat triangular bone that forms the anterior point of the knee and protects the front of the joint,
commonly known as kneecap.

Tibia

A long bone found in the medial side of the leg. Tibia is also known as the "shin bone."

Fibula

A long bone found in the lateral side of the leg. The fibula is also known as the "calf bone."

Tarsals

A cluster of seven bones in each foot situated between the lower end of tibia and fibula and the
metatarsals.

Metatarsals

A group of five long bones in the foot, located between the tarsal bones and the phalanges.
Lesson 3: Indications and Contraindications
Lesson 4: Endangerment Sites
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