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Mathematics Unit-4 - Engg.
Mathematics Unit-4 - Engg.
MATHEMATICS
(CLASS-XII)
MATHEMATICS
(UNIT-IV)
Contents
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1. Matrices 1.1 – 1.75
Chapter Assignment 1.37 – 1.44
Previous Year Questions,
Competitive Examinations Questions 1.45 – 1.63
Chapter Test 1.64 – 1.67
Answers and Hints 1.68 – 1.75
2023
1
MATRICES
1.0. INTRODUCTION
A set of mn numbers, real or complex, arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and n
columns, written as :
C1 C2 Cn
R1 a11 a12 ..... a1n
..... a2 n
R2 a21 a22
..... ..... ..... .....
Rm am1 am2 .....
amn mn
A matrix, in compact form, is represented by [aij]m×n, where aij is the element of the ith row and
jth column i.e. (i, j)th element.
Matrices are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. and their elements by the
corresponding small letters.
2 1 1
Ex. A = is a matrix having two rows and three columns and so it is a matrix of order
3 4 5
2 × 3 such that a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = –1, a21 = 3, a22 = –4, a23 = 5.
Note:
The difference between a determinant and a matrix is that while a determinant has a certain
value, the matrix has none. Matrix is an arrangement of certain quantities.
a11 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5,
a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
Similarly,
a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12, a33 = 15, a34 = 18
5 8 11 14
A = 7 10 13 16
9 12 15 18
Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Ex. A = [1 2 4 5] is row matrix.
Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.
1
2
Ex. A = is column matrix.
4
5
Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of columns, is called a
square matrix. A square matrix containing n rows and n columns is said to be square matrix of
order n.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements, except those in the leading diagonal,
are zero is known as a diagonal matrix i.e. aij = 0, for all i j.
5 0 0
Ex. A = 0 4 0 is diagonal matrix also written as diag.[5, 4, –3].
0 0 3
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.
0, i j
For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a scalar matrix aij = , where m 0.
m, i j
2 0 0
Ex. A = 0 2 0 is scalar.
0 0 2
Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix having diagonal elements as unity is called an Identity or
unit matrix.
1 0 0
1 0 0
I2 = , I3 = 1 0 , are unit matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
0 1 0 0 1
Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is known as Null matrix.
0 0 0 0 0
Ex. , are null matrices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively.
0 0 0 0 0
Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an Upper triangular matrix if
aij = 0 for all i > j
1 2 4 3
0 5 1 2
Ex. A = is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 3 5
0 0 0 7
Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called a Lower triangular matrix if
aij = 0 for all i < j
5 0 0
Ex. A = 2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 9 5
A Triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a strictly triangular matrix if aii = 0 for all
i = 1, 2, ..., n.
0 2 5
Ex. A = 0 0 3 is strictly triangular.
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
Ex. Matrices and are not equal because their orders are not same.
0 0 0 0 0
Sample Problem 1:
x y 2 x z 1 5
If = , find x, y, z, w.
3x y 3z 4w 5 25
Solution: Since, in equal matrices, corresponding elements are equal, therefore
x – y = –1,
2x + z = 5
3x + y = 5
3z + 4w = 25
Solving these equations, we get
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4.
Sample Problem 2:
x 3 2 y x 0 7
Find x, y, z and a for which
z 1 4a 6 3 2a
x 3 2 y x 0 7
Solution: Given,
z 1 4 a 6 3 2a
x 3 0 2 y x 7
z 1 3 4a 6 2 a
x = –3, z = 4, y = –2, a = 3.
1 2 4 5 5 3 1 9 8
then A + B = =
2 1 3 4 7 2 1 7 9
1 4 3 2 4
Ex. If A = , B = then matrices A and B can not be added, because A and B
2 5 1 5 9
are not of the same order.
Properties of Addition :
i.e. A + B = B + A.
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii) The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition.
i.e. A+O=A=O+A
(iv) For every matrix A = [aij]m × n, there exists a matrix [–aij]m × n, denoted by –A such that
A + (–A) = 0 = (–A) + A.
1 4 3
then –A = .
2 5 7
i.e. The matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by
k.
1 4 2
Ex. If A=
3 1 5
4 16 8
then 4A = .
12 4 20
(vii) kA = Ak
Note :
If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
For AB and BA both to be defined, both should be square matrices of same order.
3 4 1
Ex. If A = 2 3 2
1 2 0
2 1
& B = 3 2
1 3
then A is a 3 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore A and B are comformable for the product
AB and it is of order 3 × 2 such that
2
(AB)11 = [3 4 1] 3 = 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 1 × 1 = 19.
1
1
(AB)12 = [3 4 1] 2 = 3 × (–1) + 4 × 2 + 1 × (–3) = 2.
3
2
(AB)21 = [2 –3 2] 3 = 2 × 2 + (–3) × 3 + 2 × 1 = –3.
1
(AB)31 = 4
and (AB)32 = 5
19 2
AB = 3 14
4 5
But BA is not defined, because the number of columns in B the number of rows in A.
(v) The product of two matrices can be null matrix while neither of them is null.
AB = 0 A = 0 or B = 0
0 2 1 2
Ex. If A= and B = 0 0
0 0
0 0
then AB = , while neither A nor B is null matrix.
0 0
(vi) The product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix
Properties of Transpose :
(i) (A) = A
(iv) (AB) = BA, A and B being conformable for the product AB.
Generalisation :
(ABC) = CBA.
i.e. the transpose of the product is the product of the transposes taken in the reverse order.
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of
A i.e. tr(A).
Thus if A = [aij]n×n
n
Then, tr ( A) aii a11 a22 ... ann
i 1
(i) tr(A) = tr(A) (ii) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA)
Sample Problem 3:
cos sin 1 n
If A =
sin cos , then find lim
n n
A .
cos n sin n
Solution: An =
sin n cos n
cos n sin n
1 n n n
A
n sin n cos n
n n
But –1 cos n, sin n 1
cos n sin n
lim 0 , lim 0
n n n n
1 0 0
lim An
n n
0 0
Matrix polynomial
Let f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1x + an be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix of
order n. Then
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ... + an–1A + an In is called a matrix polynomial
A2 – 4A + 3I is a matrix polynomial.
1. A square matrix A = [aij] in which aij = 0 for i j and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
(a) unit matrix (b) scalar matrix (c) null matrix (d) diagonal matrix
2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of zeros is
n(n 1) n(n 1) 2n(n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2
i 0 4n
3. If A = , n N, then A equals
0 i
1 0 i 0 0 i 0 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 0 i i 0 0 0
cos sin 0
4. Let F() = sin cos 0 . Then F(). F() is equal to
0 0 1
2 0 1
Let A = 2 1 3 and f (x) = x – 5x + 6I3. Find f(A)
2
5.
1 1 0
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
(a) 7 1 10 (b) 7 1 10 (c) 7 1 10 (d) none of these
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2
1 3
1 2 3 1 0 . Then (AB)T =
6. If A = and B =
4 2 5 2 4
9 4 9 15 9 8
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
15 8 4 8 15 4
0 tan / 2
7. Let A = and I is the identity matrix of order 2. Then (I –A) ×
tan / 2 0
cos sin
sin cos is equal to
5 0 a b
8. If A = and B = , then AB =
0 5 c d
5
(a) B (b) 5B (c) B (d) 5A
x 1 0 2 5
2
3 x 2 4 1
9. If the trace of the matrix A = is 0, then x is equal to
1 2 x3 1
2 0 4 x 2 6
(a) {2, 3} (b) {–2, –3} (c) {–3, 2} (d) {1, 2}
4 6 1 2 4 3
10. Consider the matrices A = 3 0 2 ,B 0 1 ,C 1 out of the given matrix products
1 2 5 1 2 2
T T T T T T
(i) (AB) C (ii) C C (AB) (iii) C AB (iv) A ABB C
(a) exactly one is defined (b) exactly two are defined
(c) exactly three are defined (d) all four are defined
1. (b): When aij = 0 for i j and aij for constant for i = j then the matrix [aij]n × n is called a scalar matrix
2. (a): As we know a square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
i 0 i 0 1 0 4 1 0 1 0 1 0
3. (a): A2 = 2 2 4 n n
0 i 0 1 , A = A , A = 0 1 0 1 = I; (A ) = I = I = 0 1
0 i
1 3
1 2 3
6. (b): AB =
4 2 5 1 0 .
2 4
1(1) 1( 2) 2(3) 1( 4) 1(2) 2(5) 9 15
3(1) 0(2) 4(3) 3( 4) 0(2) 4(5) = 4 8
1 tan 2 2 2 tan
2 1 t sin = 2 2t
7. (d): cos = 2
(where t = tan )
1 t 1 t2 2
1 tan 2 1 tan 2
2 2
1 t 1 t
Now, I + A = , I–A=
t 1 t 1
2
cos sin 1 t 1 t 2t 1
Now, (I –A)
2 2
sin cos t 1 2t 1 t 1 t
1 t
= =I+A
t 1
2x2 + 2x – 12 = 0
x2 + x – 6 = 0; (x + 3) (x –2) = 0
x = {–3, 2}
10. (c): A3 × 3, B3 × 2, C3 × 1
(i) (AB)3×2 (AB)T2×3 ((AB)TC)2×1 i.e. it is defined.
(ii) (CTC)1×1 (CTC)1×1(AB)T2×3 it is not defined
(iii) (CT)1×3 A3×3 B3 ×2 it is defined
(iv) (ATA)3×3 B3×2 BT2×3 C3 × 1 it is defined
Note : A is symmetric A = A
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A Square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric matrix if aij = –aji, for all i, j.
(ii) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-
symmetric matrix
1 1
A = ( A A) ( A A)
2 2
= B + C, where B is symmetric and C is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is symmetric iff AB = BA, i.e. A & B commute.
If AT = A & BT = B
(AB)T = BTAT
(AB)T = BA
(AB)T = AB
AB is symmetric
Converse also true.
i.e., if (AB)T = AB
AB = BA
(iv) The matrix BAB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric.
(v) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
(vi) Positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric and positive
even integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.
Sample Problem 4:
Let A & B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then show that
(i) A + B is symmetric
(ii) AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) AB + BA is symmetric
(i) (A + B) = A + B
=A+B
A + B is symmetric
(ii) (AB – BA)= (AB) – (BA)
= BA – AB [by reversal law]
= BA – AB [ A = A, B = B]
AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) (AB + BA) = (AB) + (BA)
= BA + AB
= BA + AB
= AB + BA
AB + BA is symmetric
i.e. A is singular | A | = 0
A is non-singular | A | 0
2 2 4
Ex.: The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A A. A 1 3 4 . 1 3 4 1 3 4 A
2
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a positive integer m such that
Am = O. If m is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the nilpotent
matrix A.
Sample Problem 5:
1 1 3
Show that the matrix 5 2 6 is nilpotent matrix of index 3
2 1 3
1 1 3 0 0 0
Solution: Let A 5 2 6 A 3 3
2
9
2 1 3 1 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
A A . A 3 3 9 5
3 2
2 6 0 0 0
1 1 3 2 1 3 0 0 0
A3 = 0. i.e. Ak = 0
Here k = 3
Hence A is nilpotent matrix of index 3
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.3:
0 5 7
1. The matrix 5 0 11 is known as
7 11 0
(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix
(c) Symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix.
1 2 2
1
2. The matrix A = 2 1 2 is
3
2 2 1
2 n
3. Matrix A is such that A = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix. Then for n 2, A =
n –1 n–1
(a) nA – (n –1) I (b) nA – I (c) 2 A –(n –1)I
(d) 2 A–I
4 2 3
4. Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A = 1 3 6 , then
5 0 7
symmetric matrix is
4 3 / 2 4 1 1/ 2 1
(a) 3 / 2 3 3 (b) 1 / 2 2 3
4 3 7 4 3 3
0 3/ 2 1
(c) 1 / 2 2 3 (d) none of these
4 3 3
l1 m1 n1
5.
If A = l2 m2 n 2 , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction
l3 m3 n 3
0 1 1 1
6. For the matrix A = , A2 = –I. Then the 16th power of the matrix is
1 0 1 1
128 0
(a) (b) 256 I2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
0 128
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew symmetric (c) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
9. Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. (|A| 0)?
–1
(a) If A is a diagonal matrix, A will also be a diagonal matrix.
–1
(b) If A is a symmetric matrix, A will also be a symmetric matrix.
–1
(c) If A = A A is an idempotent matrix.
–1
(d) If A = A A is an involutory matrix.
1 2 0
10. Let A + 2B = 6 3 3 ,
5 3 1
2 1 5
2A– B = 2 1 6 , then Tr(A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
0 1 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
1 2 2
1
2. (a): Since for given A = 2 1 2 . For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3).
3
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 0 0
1 1
AAT = 2 1 2 2 1 2 0 9 0 = I, Similarly AT A = I.
9 9
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 9
8 3 8 0 1 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2A = 3 6 6 1 0 6
8 6 14 2 6 0
4 3 / 2 4 0 1/ 2 1
A= 3 / 2 3 3 1 / 2 0 3
4 3 7 1 3 0
Symmetric matrix Skew symmetric matrix
5. (b): Since < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction cosines of three mutually
perpendicular straight lines
l12 m12 n12 1, l22 + m22 + n22 = 1 and l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3
We have A = l2 m2 n2 A m1
m2 m3 .
l3 m3 n3 n1 n2 n3
1 0 0
0 1 0 I
0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
6. (b): A 2 I
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
Let B = =A+I
1 1 1 0 0 1
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = –I, B2 = 2A
1 0 256 0
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (–I)4 = 28 .
0 1 0 256
7. (a): AT = A, BT = B
i.e. the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of the corresponding elements in the given
matrix, is called the adjoint matrix of A and is denoted by adj(A).
a11 a12 ... a1n
a a22 ... a2 n
Thus, if A 21
... ... ... ...
an1 an 2 ... ann
A11 A21 ... An1
A A22 ... An 2
adj( A) [ A ji ]
12
then
... ... ... ...
A1n A2 n ... Ann
1 2 3
Ex. Let A 1 3 4
1 4 3
1 2
A23 2
1 4
2 3
A31 1
3 4
1 3
A32 1
1 4
1 2
A33 1
1 3
7 6 1
adj A 1 0 1
1 2 1
Proof :-
We have A(adj A) = | A | In
| A| 0 0 ... 0
0 | A | 0 ... 0
| A || adj A |
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... | A |
| A | | adj A | = | A |n
| adj A | = | A |n–1
(v) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix, i.e. (adj A) = adj A.
(vi) The adjoint of the transpose is equal to the transpose of the adjoint matrix
(viii) If A is non-singular
adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A
Sample Problem 6:
1 4 5
Compute the adjoint of the matrix A = 3 2 6 and verify that A(adj A) = |A| I = (adj A)A
0 1 0
1 4 5
Solution: We have |A| = 3 2 6 = 1(0 – 6) – 4(0 – 0) + 5(3 – 0) = 9
0 1 0
Let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the cofactors of elements of A are given by
2 6
C11 = = –6,
1 0
3 6
C12 = – = 0,
0 0
3 2
C13 = = 3,
0 1
4 5
C21 = – = 5,
1 0
1 5
C22 = = 0,
0 0
1 4
C23 = – = –1
0 1
4 5
C31 = = 14,
2 6
1 5
C32 = – = 9,
3 6
1 4
C33 = = –10
3 2
T
6 0 3 6 5 14
adj A = 5 0 1 0 0
9
14 9 10 3 1 10
1 4 5 6 5 14 9 0 0 1 0 0
Now, A(adj A) = 3 2 6 0 0 9 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
0 1 0 3 1 10 0 0 9 0 0 1
6 5 14 1 4 5 9 0 0 1 0 0
and (adj A)A = 0 0 9 3 2 6 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
3 1 10 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 1
Hence, A(adj A) = |A|I = (adj A)A.
Sample Problem 7:
1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
Given A = 2 4 1 , B = 3 4 . Find P such that BPA = 0 1 0
2 3 1
Solution: Given:
1 0 1
BPA =
0 1 0
Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1
1 0 1
B–1BPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
IPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
PA = B–1 ....(1)
0 1 0
To find B–1,
2 3
B =
3 4
2 3
|B| = = 8 – 9 = –1 0
3 4
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |B|
C11 C12
C=
C21 C22
C11 = 4 C12 = –3 C21 = –3 C22 = 2
C=
adj B C 4 3 4 3
B–1 = = = – C = – =
|B| 1 3 2 3 2
Now from (1),
4 3 1 0 1
PA = ×
3 2 0 1 0
4 3 4
PA =
3 2 3
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
4 3 4 –1
PAA–1 = A
3 2 3
4 3 4 –1
PI = A
3 2 3
4 3 4 –1
P= A .....(2)
3 2 3
To find A–1,
1 1 1
Since A = 2 4 1
2 3 1
1 2 3
Adj A = 0 1 1
2 1 2
Adj A
A–1 = = – Adj, A
| A|
1 2 3
= 0 1 1
2 1 2
From (2),
1 2 3
4 3 4
P=
3 2 3 × 0 1 1
2 1 2
4 08 8 3 4 12 3 8
=
3 0 6 6 2 3 9 2 6
4 7 7
P= .
3 5 5
If A is square matrix of order n and if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = BA = In, then B is called the reciprocal or inverse of A and is denoted by A–1.
So AA–1 = A–1A = I
adj A
Inverse of A is given by A 1 , provided | A | 0
| A|
Sample Problem 8:
1 2 2
Let A = 2 1 2 , prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0, hence obtain A–1.
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 8 8
Solution: A2 = A.A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 = 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 8 8 9
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
Now A2 – 4A – 5I = 8 9 8 – 8 4 8 – 0 5 0
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
9 4 5 8 8 0 8 8 0 0 0 0
= 8 8 0 9 4 5 8 8 0 = 0 0 0 = O
8 8 0 8 8 0 9 4 5 0 0 0
3 2 2 3 / 5 2 / 5 2 / 5
1
A–1 = 2 3 2 = 2 / 5 3 / 5 2 / 5
5
2 2 3 2 / 5 2 / 5 3 / 5
(ii) (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, the AB is invertible and
(AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
In general, If A, B, C, ... are invertible matrices then (ABC...)–1 = ....C–1B–1A–1.
(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (A T)–1 = (A–1)T.
(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary row
(column) transformations.
If ith row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it will be denoted by
Ri Rj(Ci Cj).
2 1 3 2 1 3
For example: A = 1 2 1 , then by applying R2 R3, we get B = 3 2 4
3 2 4 1 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
If A = 0 1 2 , then by applying R2 3R2, we obtain B = 0 3 6
1 2 3 1 2 3
(iii) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row
(column) multiplied by any scalar k. If k times the elements of jth row (column) are added to
the corresponding elements of the ith row (column), it will be denoted by Ri Ri+ kRj (Ci
Ci + kCj).
2 1 3 1
If A = 1 1 0 2 , then the application of elementary operation R3 R3 + 2R1 gives the
0 1 3 1
matrix
2 1 3 1
B = 1 1 0 2 , If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more elementary
4 3 9 3
transformations, then A and B are said to be equivalent matrices and we write A ~ B.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Let A = 2 1 4 3 , then A ~ 1 1 1 1 , Applying R R + (–1)R .
2 2 1
3 1 2 4 3 1 2 4
Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation
(transformation) is called an elementary matrix.
1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
For Example: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 are elementary matrices obtained from I3 by
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
subjecting it to the elementary transformations R1 R1 + 3 R2, C1 C3 and R2 R3
respectively.
Theorem 1 : Every elementary row (column) transformation of an m × n matrix (not identity
matrix) can be obtained by pre-multiplication (post multiplication) with the corresponding
elementary matrix obtained from the identity matrix Im (In) by subjecting it to the same elementary
row (column) transformation.
Theorem 2 : Let C = AB be a product of two matrices. Any elementary row (column)
transformation of AB can be obtained by subjecting the pre-factor A(post factor B) to the same
elementary row (column) transformation.
Method of finding the inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations: Let A be a non-
singular matrix of order n. Then A can be reduced to the identity matrix In by a finite sequence of
elementary transformation only. As we have discussed every elementary row transformation of a
matrix is equivalent to pre-multiplication by the corresponding elementary matrix. Therefore there
exist elementary matrices E1, E2 ..... Ek such that
(EkEk –1....E2E1) A = In
(EkEk –1 ... E2E1)AA–1 = InA–1 (post multiplying by A–1)
(EkEk –1 ... E2E1)In = A–1 (InA–1 = A–1 and AA–1 = In) A–1 = (EkEk –1 .... E2E1)In
Algorithm for find the inverse of a non singular matrix by elementary row transformations:
Let A be non-singular matrix of order n.
Step I: Write A = InA
Step II : Perform a sequence of elementary row operations successively on A on the LHS and pre
factor In on the RHS till we obtain the result In = BA.
Where a’s and b’s are numbers (real or complex) and x1, x2, x3 are unknown quantities.
If the system of equations has a solution, they are said to be consistent, otherwise inconsistent.
(i) If A is non-singular i.e. | A | 0, A–1 exists and the system of equations AX = B has a unique
solution given by X = A–1B
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B 0, then the system is inconsistent and has no solutions.
(ii) If | A | = 0, then the system has infinite solutions which include 1 trivial solution (0, 0, 0) and
other non-trivial solutions.
Sample Problem 9:
Solve the following equtions:
2x – 3y + z = 9
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
We have,
A11 = 2, A12 = 0, A13 = –2
A21 = 2, A22 = 1, A23 = –1
A31 = –4, A32 = –1, A33 = 5
2 2 4
adj. A 0 1 1
2 1 5
2 3 1
| A | 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 2 × 2 – (–3) × 0 + 1 × (–2)
=20
The system has a unique solution given by X = A–1B
2 2 4
1
A1 0 1 1
2
2 1 5
2 2 4 9
1
X= A–1B = 0 1 1 6
2
2 1 5 2
22 11
1
= 4 = 2
2
14 7
or AX = O,
Where,
2 3 1 x 0
A = 1 1 2 , X = y and O =
0
3 1 3 z 0
Now,
2 3 1
| A | 1 1 2
3 1 3
= 2(–3 + 2) – 3(3 + 6) – 1(1 + 3)
= – 2 –27 – 4 = –33 0
Thus | A | 0. So the given system has only the trivial solution given by x = y = z = 0
1
So, A–1 = adj A
| A|
1 1 2
A–1 =
3 1 1
Now X = A–1B
K
x 1 1 2 K 3
=
y 3 1 1 K 2 K
3
K 2K
x= ,y=
3 3
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.
K 2K
Hence x = ,y= and z = K, where K is any real number, satisfy the given system of
3 3
equations.
5 1 3 1 1 2
Solution: AB = 7 1 5 3 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
5 3 6 5 2 3 10 1 9
= 7 3 10 7 2 5 14 1 15
1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3
4 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 4 0 = 4 0 1 0 = 4I
3 (1)
0 0 4 0 0 1
5 / 4 1 / 4 3/ 4
A
B–1 = = 7 / 4 1 / 4 5 / 4
4
1 / 4 1 / 4 1/ 4
5 7 6
4 4 4
x 5 / 4 1 / 4 3/ 4 2
y 7 7 10
–1
= X = B C = 7 / 4 1 / 4 5 / 4 = = 1
4 4 4
z 1 / 4 1 / 4 1 / 4 1
1 7 2
4 4 4
x = 2, y = 1, z = –1.
3 2 4
1
If matrix A = 1 2 1 and A = adj(A), then K is
–1
1.
K
0 1 1
cos sin 0
–1
2. Let f () = sin cos 0 , where R, then [f()] is equal to
0 0 1
–1
(a) f () (b) f( ) (c) f (2) (d) none of these
3 1 x 2
3.
For how many value(s) of x in the closed interval [–4, –1] is the matrix 3 1 x 2
x 3 1 2
singular
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1
4. Inverse of diagonal matrix (if it exists) is a
(a) Skew-symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix
(c) Non invertible matrix (d) none of these
3 1 2
5. Using elementary row transformation, the inverse of the matrix A = 2 0 1 is
3 5 0
5 5 1
8 4 5
5 5 1 5 5 1
3 3 1
(a) (b) 3 6 1
(c) 3 6 1 (d) none of these
8 4 8
10 12 2 10 12 2
5 3 1
4 2 4
–1 2
6. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A BA, then (A + B) =
2 2 2 2
(a) 2(A+ B) (b) A + B (c) A + B (d) A – B
1 2 2
7. If A = 2 1 2 , where I and O are the unit matrix and the null matrix of order 3 respectively,
2 2 1
then A2 is equal to
2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0
0 0 1
= f (–)
3 1 x 2
3. (d): 3 1 x2 = 0
x3 1 2
0 x x 0 x x
3 1 x 2 = 0 [R1 R1 – R2], x 0 x = 0 [R2 R2 – R3]
x 3 1 2 x 3 1 2
0 0 x
x x x = 0 [C2 C2 + C3]
x3 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying (R1 R1 – R2) 2 0 1 0 1 0 A.
3 5 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying R2 R2 – 2R1 and R3 R3 – 3 R1, 0 2 1 2 3 0 A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying R2 R2 /2 0 2 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
1 0 1 / 2 0 1 / 2 0
Applying R1 R1 + R2 and R3 R3 + 2 R2, 0 1 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
00 4 5 6 1
1 0 1 / 2 0 1 / 2 0
Applying R3 R3/4, 0 1 1 / 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
0 0 1 5 / 4 6 / 4 1 / 4
5 5 1
1 0 0 8 4 5
1 1 3 3 1
Applying R1 R1 + R3 and R2 R2 – R3, 0 1 0 A
2 2 8 4 8
0 0 1 5 3 1
4 2 4
5 5 1
8 4 5
3 3 1
A–1 =
8 4 8
5 3 1
4 2 4
AB + BA = 0 ....(i)
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0 =
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
or A2 = 4A + 5I
1 tan x
8. (d): A
tan x 1
1 1 tan x cos 2 x sin 2 x
A1 2 tan x , AA1
1 tan x 1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
|AA–1| = 1
2 3k 3k 4 x
9. (b): The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A = 1 k 4 4k 2 and X = y .
1 2k 2 3k 4 z
Now | A | = 0 k = ±2
Hence if k ±2, then | A | 0 the given system has only trivial solution
i.e., x = y = z = 0.
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
a b c q b y
5. If A x y z , B p a x and if A is invertible, then which of the following is not true?
p q r r c z
(a) | A | = | B | (b) | A | = – |B |
(c) | adj A | = | adj B | (d) A is invertible if the only if B is invertible
6. For a square matrix A and a non-singular matrix B of the same order, value of determinant of
B–1AB is
(a) |A| (b) |B| (c) |B–1| (d) |A–1|
a 1 n 6
n
7. If a = ( a 1) 2 2n 2 4n 2 , then a is equal to
a 1
( a 1)3 3n 3 3n 2 3n
n( n 1) aa 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
2 2
1 1
8. For two unimodular complex numbers z1 and z2, z1 z2 z1 z2 is equal to
z2 z1 z2 z1
1 2 2 1 1
10. If A 2 1 , B 2 1 and C where is the complex cube root of 1, then
2 1 2 1 2
(A+ B) C is equal to
0 1 0 0 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 0 (d) 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 | adj B |
11. If A 0 2 3 , B ( adjA) and C = 5A, then is equal to
2 1 0 |C |
12. Let p be a on-singular matrix I + p + p2 + ... + pn = 0 (O denotes the null matrix), then p–1 is
(a) pn (b) –pn (c) –(I + p + ...+ pn) (d) none of these
14. A and B are square matrices and A is non-singular matrix (A–1 BA)n, n I+ is equal to
(a) A–n Bn An (b) An Bn A–n (c) A–1 Bn A (d) A–n BAn
(a) a + b + c + d = 0 (b) ab + cd = 0
(c) ab(c + d) + cd (a + b) = 0 (d) for any a, b, c, d
1 0 0 0
16. If A = , B= then
2 0 0 12
(a) AB = 0, BA = 0 (b) AB = 0, BA 0 (c) AB 0, BA = 0 (d) AB 0, BA 0
3 3 4
17. If A = 2 3 4 , then A–1 =
0 1 1
(a) A (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4
1
1 3
18. =
3 10
10 3 10 3 1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 3 1 3 10 3 10
4 5 6 x
5 6 7 y
19. x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A =
6 7 8 z
x y z 0
31. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to
(a) adj (B) adj (A) (b) |B| || A| B–1 A–1 (c) |B| |A| A–1 B–1 (d) |A| |B| (AB)–1
32. Let and A cos sin , then B = A +A2 + A3 + A4 is
5 sin cos
Comprehension-2
r is called the rank of matrix A if there exists at least one non-zero minor of order r and every minor
of order r + 1 of the matrix equal zero. Again if A is a square matrix and I is the unit matrix of the
same order then the equation | A – xI | = 0 is called the characteristic equation and roots of the
8 6 2
characteristic equation are called eigen values of matrix A. Let A = 6 7 4 B =
2 4 3
4 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
5 0 0 1
a 0 n 1
a 0
42. Let ak = nCk for 0 k n and Ak = k 1 and B = Ak ·Ak 1 =
0 ak k 1 0 b
2 n 2n
A. a (p) ( Cn) – 2n
n 1
B. a–b (q) 0
2n
C. a+b (r) Cn +1 – n
a
D. (s) 1
b
45. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. If n is the number of such matrices, then n/2 is
cos sin 1 0
46. If A =
sin cos and A(adj A) = 0 1 , then is
ab b2 0 0
47. If A = and An = , then minimum value of n is
a 2 ab 0 0
1 2 2
1
48. If A = 2 1 2 is orthogonal matrix, then y– x is
3
x 2 y
128
49. If A is a 4 × 4 matrix such that |A| = 4 and |adj A| , then value of k is
k
50. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 and A8 = aA + bI. If a.k = 5060. Then value of k is
1 2 3
51. A 1 2 3 , then A is a nilpotent matrix of index
1 2 3
1 2 0 2 1 5
52. Let A + 2B 6 3 3 , and 2A – B 2 1 6 , then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to
5 3 1 0 1 2
1 1 1 4 2 2
53. Let A 2 1 3 and 10 B 5 0 , if B is the inverse of matrix A, then is equal to
1 1 1 1 2 3
1 2 2 1 1 0
2 = 0 .
54. Show that 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 2 0
0 1 n n n–1
55. Let A = . Show that (aI + bA) = a I + na bA, where I is the identity matrix of order 2 and n
0 0
is a positive integer.
1 2 4
56. Express the following matrix as the sum of a symmetric and skew-symmetric matrix 6 8 1 .
3 5 7
k
cos 2 / 3 sin 2 / 3 1 0
57. If = , then find the least value of k (k 0).
sin 2 / 3 cos 2 / 3 0 1
2 0 1
59. If A = 5 1 0 prove that A–1 = A2 – 6A + 11I.
0 1 3
1 0 1
60. Find the adjoint of the matrix A = 3 4 5 and verify that A(adj A) = |A|I3 = (adj A).A.
0 6 7
a b c
63. If matrix A = b c a where a,b, c ae real positive number. abc = 1 and ATA = I then find the
c a b
value of a3 + b3 + c3.
a 0 1 a 1 1 f a2
65. A = 1 c b , B = 0
c d , U = g , V = 0 . If there is vector matrix X, such that
1 d b f g h h 0
AX = U has infinitely many solutions, then prove that BX = V cannot have a unique solution. If
afd 0 then prove that BX = V has no solution.
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 2
66. A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 =
6 ( A c A d I , then find the value of c and d.
0 –2 4 0 0 1
3 1
67. If P = 2 2 , A 1 1 and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q2005P, then find the value of x.
0 1
1 3
2 2
a b
1. If A = and A2 = , then [AIEEE-2003]
b a
(a) = 2 ab, = a2 + b2 (b) = a2 + b2, = ab
(c) = a2 + b2 , = 2ab (d) = a2 + b2, = a2 – b2
1 0 1 0
3. If A and I , then which one of the following holds for all n 1, by the principle
1 1 0 1
of mathematical induction [AIEEE-2005]
(a) An = nA + (n – 1)I (b) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1)I
(c) An = nA – (n – 1)I (d) An = 2n–1A – (n – 1)I
4. If A and B square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the
following will be always true? [AIEEE-2006]
(a) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (b) A = B
(c) AB = BA (d) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
1 2 a 0
5. Let A and B , a, b N. Then [AIEEE-2006]
3 4 0 b
(a) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
(b) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
(c) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB = BA
(d) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
6. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum
of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I. (AIEEE 2008)
Statement-1: If A I and A –I, then det A = –1.
Statement-2: If A I and A –I, then tr(A) 0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
7. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(AIEEE 2010)
(a) at least 7 (b) less than 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
8. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. (AIEEE 2010)
Statement - 1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement - 2 : |A| = 1.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
11. The number of values of k for which the linear equations (AIEEE 2011)
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0, possess a non-zero solution is:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) zero
1 0 0 1 0
12. Let A 2 1 0 . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 0 and Au2 1 ,
3 2 1 0 0
then u1 + u2 is equal to (AIEEE 2012)
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
0 1 0 1
13. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is
equal to (AIEEE 2012)
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –1
1 3
15. If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
2 4 4
16. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = AA and B = A–1 A, then BB equals
[JEE-Mains 2014]
–1
(a) 1 + B (b) 1 (c) B (d) (B–1)
1 2 2
17. If A = 2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9 I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix,
a 2 b
5a b T
19. If A and A adj A = A A , then 5a + b is equal to [JEE-Mains 2016]
3 2
2 3 2
20. If A , then adj (3A + 12A) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2017]
4 1
72 63 72 84 51 63 51 84
(a) 84 51 (b) 63 51 (c) 84 72 (d) 63 72
1 0 0
q q 31
21. Let P = 3 1 0 and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such that Q – P5 = I3. Then 21 is equal
q 32
9 3 1
to [JEE-Mains 2019]
22. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3 × 3. If det(ABAT) = 8 and det(AB–1) = 8, then det
(BA–1 BT) is equal to :- [JEE-Mains 2019]
1 1
(a) 16 (b) (c) (d) 1
16 4
0 2q r
23. Let A = p q r . It AAT = I3, then |p| is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
p q r
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 6 3
2 b 1
det(A)
24. Let A = b b 1 b where b > 0. Then the minimum value of
2
is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
b
1 b 2
et e t cos t e t sin t
t t t t
26. If A = et e cos t e sin t e sin t e cos t . Then A is [JEE-Mains 2019]
et 2e t sin t 2e t cos t
2 2 1 0
29. If A and I , then 10 A is equal to
–1
[JEE-Mains 2020]
9 4 0 1
(a) 4I – A (b) A – 6 I (c) 6 I – A (d) A – 4I
1 1 2
|adjB|
30. If the matrices A 1 3 4 , B = adj A and C = 3A, then is equal to:
|C|
1 1 3
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 72 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 16
31. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from {0, 1} and |A| 0. Consider the following two
statements : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(P) If A 2, then |A| = –1 (Q) If |A| = 1, then tr(A) = 2,
where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr(A) denotes the sum of the diagonal entries of A. Then:
(a) (P) is true and (Q) is false (b) Both (P) and (Q) are false
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true (d) (P) is false and (Q) is true
a b c
3 3 3
32. Let a, b, c R be all non-zero and satisfy a + b + c = 2. If the matrix A b c a satisfies
c a b
ATA = I, then a value of abc can be : [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 3 3
1 2 1
33. Let A = {X = (x, y, z) : PX = 0 and x + y + z = 1} where P 2 3 4 , then the set A :
T 2 2 2
1 9 1
(a) is a singleton (b) contains exactly two elements
(c) contains more than two elements (d) is an empty set
x 1 4
34. Let A =
1 0 , x R and A = [aij]. If a11 = 109, then a22 is equal to _______ . [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 1 1
35. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that adj A = 1 0 2 and B = adj (adj A). If |A| = and
1 2 1
|(B–1)T| = µ, then the ordered pair, (|µ|, µ) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 1 1
(a) 9, (b) (3, 81) (c) 9, (d) 3,
81 9 81
cos i sin a b
36. If A , and A 5 , where i 1 , then which one of the
i sin cos 24 c d
following is not true? [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) 0 a + b 1 (b) a – c = 1 (c) a – b = 1/2 (d) a2 – d2 = 0
cos sin 4
37. Let and A . If B = A +A , then det(B): [JEE-Mains 2020]
5 sin cos
(a) is one (b) lies in (1, 2) (c) is zero (d) lies in (2, 3)
38. The system of linear equations
3x – 2y – kz = 10
2x – 4y – 2z = 6
x + 2y – z = 5m [JEE-Mains 2021]
4 4 4
(a) k 3, m (b) k 3, m R (c) k 3, m (d) k 3, m
5 5 5
3 1 2
39. Let P 2 0 , where R . Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix satisfying PQ = kI3 for
3 5 0
k k3
some non-zero k R. If q 23 and |Q| then 2 + k2 is equal to. [JEE-Mains 2021]
8 2
40. Let A and B be 3 × 3 real matrices such that A is symmetric matrix and B is skew-symmetric
matrix. Then the system of linear equations (A2B2 – B2A2)X = O, where X is a 3 × 1 column
matrix of unknown variables and O is a 3 × l null matrix, has : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) no solution (b) exactly two solutions
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) a unique solution
41. For the system of linear equations :
x – 2y = l, x – y + kz = –2, ky + 4z = 6, k R, consider the following statements :
(A) The system has unique solution if k 2, k – 2.
(B) The system has unique solution if k = – 2.
(C) The system has unique solution if k = 2.
(D) The system has no-solution if k = 2.
(E) The system has infinite number of solutions if k –2.
Which of the following statements are correct ? [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (C) and (D) only (b) (B) and (E) only
(c) (A) and (E) only (d) (A) and (D) only
42. The total number of 3 × 3 matrices A having entries from the set (0, 1, 2, 3) such that the
sum of all the diagonal entries of AAT is 9, is equal to _____. [JEE-Mains 2021]
2
30 20 56 2 7
1 i 3
43. Let P 90 140 112 and A 1 1 where , and I3 be the
2
120 60 14 0 1
identity matrix of order 3. If the determinant of the matrix (P–1AP – I3)2 is 2, then the
value of a is equal to ______ . [JEE-Mains 2021]
i i x 8
44. Let A , i 1. Then, the system of linear equations A8 has :
i i y 64
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) A unique solution (b) Infinitely many solutions
(c) No solution (d) Exactly two solutions
a b
45. Let A 1 and B 1 be two 2 × 1 matrices with real entries such that A = XB, where
a2 b2
1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
X , and k R. If a1 a2 3 ( b1 b2 ) and ( k 1)b2 2 b1 b2 , then the value of k
3 1 k
is _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
46. The system of equations kx + y + z = 1, x + ky + z = k and x + y + zk = k2 has no solution if k is
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) –2
0 sin 2 1
47. If A and det A I 0, then a possible value of is [JEE-Mains 2021]
sin 0 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 4 6
2 3
48. If A , then the value of det(A ) + det (A - (Adj(2A)) ) is equal to.[JEE-Mains 2021]
4 10 10
0 1
18
49. If 1, log10(4x – 2) and log 10 4 x are in arithmetic progression for a real number x, then
5
1
2 x x 1 x2
2
the value of the determinant 1 0 x is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
x 1 0
a b 0
50. Let A and B such that AB = B and a + d = 2021, then the value of ad – bc
c d 0
is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 2 0 2 1 5
51. Let A 2 B 6 3 3 and 2 A B 2 1 6 . If Tr(A) denotes the sum of all diagonal
5 3 1 0 1 2
elements of the matrix A, then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3
2 2 2
1 sin x sin x sin x
2 2
52. The solutions of the equation cos x 1 cos x cos 2 x 0,(0 x ), are
4 sin 2 x 4sin 2 x 1 4sin 2 x
[JEE-Mains 2021]
5 5 7 7 11
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
12 6 6 6 12 12 12 12
53. Let , , be the real roots of the equation, x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0, (a, b, c R and a, b 0). If
the system of equations (in, u, v, w) given by u + v + w = 0, u + v + w = 0; u + v +
a2
w = 0 has non-trivial solution, then the value of is [JEE-Mains 2021]
b
(a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 1 (d) 0
54. Let the system of linear equations
4x + y + 2z = 0
2x – y + z = 0
μx + 2y + 3z = 0, l, μ R.
has a non-trivial solution. Then which of the following is true ? [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) µ = 6, R (b) = 2, μ R (c) = 3, μ R (d) µ = –6, R
2 1
55. Let I be an identity matrix of order 2 × 2 and P . Then the value of n N for
5 3
which Pn = 5I – 8P is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
1/2 n
x
56. Let J n ,m m
dx , n m and n, m N. Consider a matrix A =[aij]3 × 3 where
0
x 1
J J i 3, 3 , i j
aij 6 i , 3 . Then |adjA–1| is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 , i j
(a) (15)2 × 242 (b) (15)2 × 234 (c) (105)2 × 238 (d) (105)2 × 236
a b
57. The number of elements in the set A : a , b , d { 1,0, 1} and ( I A )
3
I A 3 where I
0 d
is 2 × 2 identity matrix, is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 2
58. If the matrix A satisfies A(A3 + 3I) = 2I, then the value of K is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
K 1
1 1
(a) (b) (c) –1 (d) 1
2 2
59. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix. If det(2Adj(2 Adj(Adj(2A)))) = 241, then the value of det(A2)
equal _____. [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 0 0
60. Let A 0 1 1 . Then A2025 – A2020 is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 0 0
(a) A6 – A (b) A5 (c) A5 – A
(d) A6
1 2
5 5 1 0
61. If , , i 1, and Q = ATBA, then the inverse of the matrix A Q2021 AT is
2 1 i 1
5 5
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
1
2021
5 1 0 1 0 1 2021i
(a) (2) (c) (d)
1 2021i 1 2021i 1 0 1
2021
5
1 1 1
62. If A 0 1 1 and M = A + A2 +A3 +…..+A20, then the sum of all the elements of the
0 0 1
matrix M is equal to______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 2
63. Let A . If A–1 = I + , , R, I is a 2 × 2 identity matrix, then 4( – ) is
1 4
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 5 (b) 8/3 (c) 2 (d) 4
64. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A –B ) is invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and
2 2
A3B2 = A2B3, then the value of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 1 (d) 0
1 0
65. If P , then P50 is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 / 2 1
1 0 1 50 1 25 1 0
(a) 25 1 (b) (c) 0 1 (d)
0 1 50 1
n
0 i a b a b
66. Let S
n N a , b , c , d R where i 1 . Then the number of
1 0 c d c d
2–digit numbers in the set S is ______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
a b
67. Let M A : a , b , c , d {3, 2, 1, 0} Define f : M Z, as f(A) = det(A), for all
c d
A M, where Z is set of all integers. Then the number of A M such that f(A) = 15 is equal
to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 1 0
68. Let A 1 0 0 . Then the number of 3 × 3 matrices B with entries from the set
0 0 1
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and satisfying AB = BA is _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
69. Let A = [aij ] be a real matrix of order 3 × 3, such that ai1 + ai2 + ai3 = 1, for i = 1, 2, 3. Then, the
sum of all the entries of the matrix A3 is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 9
(1) j 1 if i j ,
70. Let A={aij } be a 3 × 3 matrix, where aij 2 if i j , then det (3Adj(2A–1)) is equal
( 1)i j if i j ,
to ______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
2 3
71. Let A = , a R be written as P + Q where P is a symmetric matrix and Q is skew
a 0
symmetric matrix. If det(Q) = 9, then the modulus of the sum of all possible values of
determinant of P is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 36 (b) 24 (c) 45 (d) 18
1 1 0
72. Let A 0 1 1 and B = 7A20 – 20A7 +2I where I is an identity matrix of order 3 × 3.
0 0 1
If B = [bij], then b13 is equal to………. [JEE-Mains 2021]
0 49
73. Let M , where is a non-zero real number an N M 2 k . If (I – M2)N = –2I, then
0 k1
2 1
74. Let A . If B = I – 5C1 (adjA) + 5C2 (adjA)2 – ...– 5 C5 (adjA)5, then the sum of all
0 2
elements of the matrix B is: [JEE-Mains 2022]
75. Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order 3 such that aij = 2j - i, for all i, j = 1, 2, 3. Then, the
matrix A2 + A3 + ….. + A10 is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
3 10 3 3 10 1 3 10 1 3 10 3
(a) 2 A (b) A (c) 2 A (d) A
2 2
2x + y – z = 7
x – 3y + 2z = 1
x + 4y + z = k, where , k ∈ R has infinitely many solutions, then + k is equal to:
78. Let A be a matrix of order 3 × 3 and det (A) = 2. Then det (det (A) adj (5 adj (A3))) is equal to
____. [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 512 × 106 (b) 256 × 106 (c) 1024 × 106 (d) 256 × 1011
79. Let A be a matrix of order 2 × 2, whose entries are from the set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the sum of
all the entries of A is a prime number p, 2 < p < 8, then the number of such matrices A is :
[JEE-Mains 2022]
1
80. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 matrices such that AB= I and =| A| then |adj(Badj(2A)) is equal
8
to [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 1 0
82. Let X 0 0 1 , Y = I + X + X2 and Z=2I – X + (2 – )X2, , , R. If Y–1
0 0 0
1 2 1
5 5 5
1 2
0 , then ( – + )2 is equal to ____ . [JEE-Mains 2022]
5 5
1
0 0
5
83. Let A be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix. If |adj (24A)| = adj(3adj(2A))|, then |A|2 is equal to :
[JEE-Mains 2022]
85. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix having entries from the set {–1, 0, 1}. The number of all such
matrices A having sum of all the entries equal to 5, is _______ [JEE-Mains 2022]
0 2 10 10
86. Let A . If M and N are two matrices given by M A2 k and N A2 k 1 then
2 0 k 1 k1
1
[JEE-Mains 2022]
88. The number of matrices of order 3 × 3, whose entries are either 0 or 1 and the sum of all the
entries is a prime number, is______. [JEE-Mains 2022]
p! ( p 1)! ( p 2)!
89. Let p and p + 2 be prime numbers and let ( p 1)! ( p 2)! ( p 3)! . Then the sum of
( p 2)! ( p 3)! ( p 4)!
the maximum values of and , such that p and (p + 2) divide , is _________.
[JEE-Mains 2022]
90. Let A and B be two 3 ´ 3 non-zero real matrices such that AB is a zero matrix. Then
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
0 1 0 2
1. If A = and B = 5 1 , then value of for which A = B is [IIT Sc. 2003]
1 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) no real values
2 3
2. If A = and | A | = 125 then the value of is [IIT Sc. 2004]
2
(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±5
1 0 0 1 0 0
1
3. A = 0 1 1 , I = 0
1 0 and A–1 = ( A2 cA dI ) , then the value of c and d
6
0 –2 4 0 0 1
are [IIT Sc. 2005]
(a) –6, –11 (b) 6, 11 (c) –6, 11 (d) 6, –11
3 1
1 1
2 2
4. If P = , A T T 2005
and Q = PAP and x = P Q P, then x is equal to [IIT Sc. 2005]
1 3 0 1
2 2
1 2005 4 2005 3 6015
(a) 0 (b)
1 2005 4 – 2005 3
1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(c) (d)
4 1 2 3 4 2 3 2005
3
7. The value of 3 2 0 U 2 [IIT 2006]
0
5 3
(a) 5 (b) (c) 4 (d)
2 2
Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. [IIT 2009]
x 1
9. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A y 0
z 0
x 1
10. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A y 0
z 0
is inconsistent, is
(a) 0 (b) more than 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
11. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
x 1
A y 0 has exactly two distinct solutions, is [IIT 2010]
z 0
Paragraph
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.
a b
Tp A : a, b, c {0,1,2,... p 1} [IIT 2010]
c a
12. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A)
divisible by p is
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p – 1) (c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2p – 1
13. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
(a) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (b) p3 –(p – 1)2 (c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
14. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is
(a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
15. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M 2 N 2 ( M T N ) 1 ( MN 1 )T is equal to [IIT 2011]
(a) M2 (b) –N2 (c) –M2 (d) MN
16. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is [IIT 2011]
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6
17. Let be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im() > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value
3 1 3
of a b c is equal to [IIT 2011]
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –3
18. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If and are the roots of the quadratic equation
n
1 1
2
ax + bx + c = 0, then is [IIT 2011]
n 0
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 6/7 (d)
19. Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form
1 a b
1 c where each of a, b, and c is either or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the
2 1
set S is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8 [IIT 2011]
0 –1 1 1 1 0
20. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying M 1 2 , M –1 1 , and M 1 0 .
0 3 0 –1 1 12
21. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i + jaij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of
P is 2, then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT 2012]
22. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
x 0
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X y 0 such that [IIT 2012]
z 0
0
(a) PX 0 (b) PX = X (c) PX = 2X (d) PX = –X
0
23. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(b) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [JEE-ADV. 2013]
24. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, If M N and M = N4, then
2 2
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) 1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix.
25. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if [JEE-ADV. 2014]
26. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is(are) skew symmetric ?
[JEE-ADV. 2015]
(a) Y3Z4 – Z4Y3 (b) X44 + Y44 (c) X4Z3 – Z3X4 (d) X23 + Y23
1 3i ( z )r z 2s
27. Let z = , where i 1, and r, s {1, 2, 3}. Let P = 2 s and I be the identity
2 z zr
matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P2 = – I is [JEE-ADV. 2016]
1 0 0
28. Let P 4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q qif is a matrix such that
16 4 1
q q32
P 50 Q I , then 31 equals [JEE-ADV. 2016]
q21
(a) If a = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and
(b) If a –3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of and
30. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MTM is 5 ? [JEE-ADV. 2017]
31. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ?[JEE-ADV. 2017]
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(a) 0 1 0 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 0 1 0 (d) 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 2 x 1
32. For a real number , if the system 1 y 1
2 1 z 1
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 + 2 = [JEE-ADV. 2017]
b1
33. Let S be the set of all column matrices b2 such that b1, b2, b3 R and the system of equations (in
b3
real variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x –2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at
b1
least one solution for each b2 S ? [JEE-ADV. 2018]
b3
(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(c) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
sin 4 1 sin 2 1
34. Let M 2 4 I M , where = () and = () are real number,
1 cos cos
and I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If * is the minimum of the set {() : [0, 2)} and * is
the minimum of the set {() : [0, 2)}, then the value of * + * is [JEE-ADV. 2019]
37 29 31 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 16 16
0 1 a 1 1 1
35. Let M 1 2 3 and adj M 8 6 2 where a and b area real numbers. Which of
3 b 1 5 3 1
36. Let S be the sample space of all 3 × 3 matrices with entries from the set {0, 1}. Let the events
E1 and E2 be given by
E1 = {A S : det A = 0} and E2 = {A S : sum of entries of A is 7}
If a matrix is chosen at random from S, then the conditional probability P(E1/E2) equals
_____ [JEE-ADV. 2019]
1 1 1 2 x x
37. Let x R and let P 0 2 2 , Q 0 4 0 and R = PQP–1. Then which of the following
0 0 3 x x 6
1 1
(a) For x = 0, if R a 6 a , then a + b = 5
b b
0
(b) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector iˆ ˆj kˆ for which R 0
0
2 x x
(c) det R = det 0 4 0 8 , for all x R.
x x 5
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
38. Let P1 = I = 0 1 0 , P2 = 0
0 1 3 , P = 1 0 0 , P =
4
0 0 1 , P = 1 0 0 ,
5
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 6
2 1 3
P6 = 0 1 0 and X Pk 1 0 2 PkT , where PkT denotes the transpose of the matrix
k 1
1 0 0 3 2 1
Pk. Then which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]
1 1
(c) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18 (d) If X 1 1 , then = 30
1 1
39. Let be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
If −1=adj (adj ), then which of the following statements is/are ALWAYS TRUE?
[JEE-Advanced 2020]
40. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its diagonal entries. If is a 2 × 2
matrix such that the trace of is 3 and the trace of 3 is −18, then the value of the
determinant of is _____ [JEE-Advanced 2020]
41. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant of M. Let
1 2 3 1 0 0 1 3 2
E = 2 3 4 , P = 0 0 1 and F = 8 18 13
8 13 18 0 1 0 2 4 3
1 0 0
(a) F = PEP and P = 0 1 0
2
0 0 1
5 3
2 , then which of the following matrices is equal to M2022 ? [JEE-Advanced 2022]
44. If 2
3 1
2 2
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
cos 2 cos sin
1. If E() = 2 and , differ by an odd multiple of , then E().E() is a
cos sin sin 2
(a) null matrix (b) unit matrix (c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these
1 3 2 1
2. The value of x, so that 1 x 1 0 5 1 1 0 , is
0 3 2 x
7 35 9 53
(a) (b) (c) ± 2 (d) 0
2 2
2 1 3 4 3 4 ABC A(BC) 2
3. Let A = , B = 2 3 , C = 2 3 then tr(A) + tr tr + ......
4 1 2 4
1 2 r 1 3 1 2r 1 1 k
4. If A = , then the value of is equal to then k =
0 1
12 0 1
0 1
r 1
3 4 4
5. If A = 1 2 4 and A satisfies the equation A3 –4A2 + A + kI = 0, then the value of k is
1 1 3
6. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then which of the following are not true?
0 2
7. If the matrix is orthogonal then
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
2 3 6
8. Let An be an n × n matrix, all of whose elements are n, except diagonal elements, given aii = 1 for i =
1, 2, 3, ...., n then
(a) det An = n. det An –1 (b) det An = – n . det An –1
(c) det An = (–1)n n! (d) det An = (–1)n + 1n!
0 0 1
9. If A = 0 1 0 , then
1 0 0
0 0 1
(a) Adj A is a zero matrix (b) Adj A = 0 1 0
1 0 0
sin cos 0
10. If A = cos sin 0 , then which of the following are true?
0 0 1
(a) |AT| = 1 (b) |A–1| = 1 (c) A–1 = adj A (d) |AAT| = 101
For a given square matrix A, if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is called
inverse of A. Energy non-singular square matrix possess inverse and it exists if |A| 0
adj(A)
A–1 = or adj (A) = |A| A–1
det (A)
2 3
11. Let a matrix A = , then it will satisfy the equation
1 2
(a) A2 – 4A + I = 0 (b) A2 + 4A + I = 0 (c) A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 (d) A2 – 4A + 5I = 0
2 3 –1
12. Let a matrix A = , then A will be
1 2
2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3
(a) 1 2 (b) (c) (d)
2 1 2 3 1 2
3 2 4b
13. Let matrix A = 2
satisfies the equation A + aA + bI = 0, then the value of x3 cos xdx
1 1 a
equals
ab a 2b a 4b a 4b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ab a b 4a b 4a b
1 tan x
14. Let A =
tan x 1
1 tan x
A. A– 1 (p)
tan x 1
1 tan x
B. (adj A) – 1 (q) 2
tan x 1
1 1 cos 2 x sin x
C. adj (adj A) (r) sin x
2 1 cos 2 x
1 cos x sin 2 x
D. adj (2A) (s)
sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
a b c
15. If matrix A = b c a , where a, b, c are real p ositive number, abc = 1 and A T A = I,
c a b
1 2 6
16. If A = and if A = 11 kA – 205 I, then the value of k is?
1 3
0 1 1
17. Let x b e the solution set of the equation A = I where A = 4 3 4
x
and I with
3 3 4
corresponding unit matrix and x N, then the minimum value of (cos x + sin x ),
R.
4 4 8 4
18. If 1 A 1 2 1 , then the sum of the elements of matrix A is?
3 3 6 3
1 1 3
19. The matrix A = 5 2 6 is a nilpotent matrix of index.
2 1 3
1 0 1 0 2
20. If A = and I = then the value of k for which A = 8A – k I is true.
1 7 0 1
8 6 2
21. If A = 6 7 4 is a singular matrix, then is?
2 4
0 1 2 1 / 2 1 / 2 1 / 2
22. If A = 1 2 3 and A = 4
–1
3 1 , then the value of A is?
3 a 1 5 / 2 3 / 2 1 / 2
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)
26. (a,b,c,d) 27. (b,d) 28. (a,b,d) 29. (a,b) 30. (a,c)
31. (a,b,d) 32. (b) 33. (a,b,c) 34. (a,b) 35. (a,c)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s) 43. A-(r),(s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s)
44. (1) 45. (6) 46. (1) 47. (2) 48. (1)
49. (2) 50. (4) 51. (2) 52. (2) 53. (5)
57. k=3
58. k = 1, x = 1 + 5a, y = –3a, z = a, k = 2, x = 5a – 1, y = 1 – 3a, z = a; a R
2 6 4
21 7 8 1 1
60. 61. i) a –3 ii) a = –3, b iii) a = –3, b =
3 3
18 6 4
7 16 k k3
62. x= ,y= , z = k, k R 63. –2
11 11
1 2005
66. c = – 6, d = 11 67. 0
1
a – b = –1, c – d = 2
– a + 2b = 1, – c + 2d = 0
b = 0, a = –1, d = 2, c = 4
a+b+c+d=5
2. (c): AB = B BAB = B2 or AB = B2 B2 = B
also, ABA = A2 BA = A2 A2 = A
A2 + B2 = B + A.
5. (a): Evaluate |A| and |B| and use |adj (A)| = |A|n –1
6. (a): If C and D are square matrices then |CD| = |C| |D| = |D||C| = |DC|
n
(a 1) n 6 ( n 1) n
n 6
a 1 2
n n
2 ( n 1)(n 1 1)(2(n 1) 1)
7. (a): (a 1)
n 2n2 4n 2 = 2n 2 4n 2
a 1 a 1 6
n 2
( n 1)n
(a 1) 3
3n 3 2
3n 3n 3n3 3n 2 3n
a 1 2
1 n 6
n(n 1) (2n 1)
= 2n 2 4n 2 = 0; (as C3 6 C1)
2 3
n(n 1)
3n3 3n 2 3n
2
1
a b 1 d b
8. (c): Use and |z1| = 1 = |z2|
c d ( ad bc ) c a
1 2 2 1 1
10. (a): (A + B)C = 2 2 1 1
2
1
2
1 2
1 2 3 4 2 0
= 2 3 2 3 0
2 3 3 2
0
19. (a): Assume the terms in A.P., then put these values in matrices then evaluate determinant value.
1
21. (b): Apply A1 adjoint A.
det A
26. (a,b,c,d):
A2 + A + 2In
A + I + 2A–1 = 0
1
A–1 = (A + I)
2
1 1 3 2
27. (b,d): Let [A : B] = 2 1 1 4
1 2 3
Applying R2 R2 – 2R1 ; R3 R3 – R1
1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
0 1 5
0 ~ 0 1 5 0
0 1 3 1 0 0 8 1
28. (a,b,d):
1 2 2 9 8 8
A = 2 1 2 8
2
9 8
2 2 1 8 8 9
5 0 0
A – 4A = 0 5 0
2
= 5I3
0 0 5
41 42 42
Also |A | 0 and A = 42 41 42 |A3| 0
2 3
42 42 41
1 0 0 a1 b1 c1
30. (a,c): D = 0 2 0 , A = a b c
2 2 2
0 0 3 a3 b3 c3
a11 b1 2 c1 3 a11 b11 c11
AD = a2 1 b2 2 c2 3 , DA = a2 2 b2 2
c2 2
a31 b3 2 c3 3 a3 3 b3 3 c3 3
AD DA
Also, if 1 = 2 = 3 = k 0
|D| = k3
31. (a,b,d):
A(adj A) = |A|In
adj A = |A|A–1
Also, adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)
cos n sin n
32. (b): Use An =
sin n cos n
33. (a,b,c):
f ( x 2) f ( x 5) f ( x 2)
34. (a,b): 5 4 5 0
10 12 30
2 1 1 a 1 2 1 b
35. (a,c): [A : B] = 1 2 1 b ~ 2 1 1 a ; (R3 R1)
1 1 2 c 1 1 2 c
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ; R2 R2 + 2R,; R3 R3 – R2
0 3 3 c b
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ; R3 R3 + R2
0 0 0 a b c
36. (c): AB = A, BA = B A2 = A, B2 = B
= 32 (A + B)2 = 64 (A + B)
= (A2 + 2A + I) (A2 + 2A + I) (A + I)
= (3A + I) (3A + I) (A + I)
= (15A + I) (A + I)
rank = 2
8 x 6 2
40. (a): 6 7 x 4 0
2 4 3 x
– x3 + 18x2 –45x = 0
1 1 1 3
~ 0 1 2 3 R3 R3 – 2R2
0 0 5 m 9
Unique solution for 5, m 9
a a ' a ''
45. (6): Observe a ' b a '''
a '' a ''' c
we each off diagonal elements are repeated twice and if upper off diagonal elements are fixed
then automatically lower of f-diagonal elements are fixed. So no. of symmetric matrices
depends on the no. of ways to arrange a, a and a and a, b, c.
ab b 2 a 2b 2 a 2 b 2 ab3 ab 3
47. (2): A2 = = O2×2
2
a ab a 3b a 3b a 2 b 2 a 2b 2
k=2
4 2 2
1
53. (5): –1
Find A and use A = 5 0
–1
10
1 2 3
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (672.00) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (10) 35. (d)
36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (17) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. (766) 43. (36) 44. (c) 45. (1)
46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (16) 49. (2) 50. (2020)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (6)
56. (c) 57. (8) 58. (a) 59. (4) 60. (a)
61. (b) 62. (2020) 63 (d) 64. (d) 65. (a)
66. (11) 67. (16) 68. (3125) 69. (c) 70. (108)
71. (a) 72. (910) 73. (1) 74. (c) 75. (a)
76. (b) 77. (25) 78. (a) 79. (180) 80. (c)
81. (14) 82. (100) 83. (c) 84. (1) 85. (414)
86. (a) 87. (b) 88. (282) 89. (4) 90. (b)
91. (24)
IIT/JEE-ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (9)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (c,d)
26. (c,d) 27. (1) 28. (b) 29. (b,c,d) 30. (b)
31. (a,d) 32. (1) 33. (a,c,d) 34. (b) 35. (a,b,d)
36. (0.50) 37. (a,c) 38. (b,c,d) 39. (b,c,d) 40. (5)
41. (a,b,d) 42. (a,b,c) 43. (3) 44. (a)
Chapter Test
1.(a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6.(a,d) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (b,d) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (4) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (3)
20. (7) 21. (3) 22. (1)
where R1 = ( a11, a12, a13), R2 = (a21, a22, a23), R3 = (a31, a32, a33) are its rows, and
a11 a12 a13
C1 = a21 , C2 = a ,
22 C3 = a23 are its columns.
a31 a32 a33
C1 C2 C3
R1 a11 a12 a13
= R2 a21 a22 a23
R3 a31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a a23 a a22
= a11 a12 21 a13 21
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
Minor and Cofactors: The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is called
a a23 a a23
the minor of element aij and is denoted by Mij. E.g. M11 22 , M 12 21 and
a32 a33 a31 a33
a21 a22
M13 .
a31 a32
The co-factor of the element aij is denoted by Cij and is given by (–1)i+j Mij. If we apply the
appropriate sign to the minor of an element, we get its cofactor ; these signs (for 3rd order
determinant) are
The determinant can be expanded along any of the rows R1, R2 or R3 or along any of the columns
C1, C2 or C3.
= aijCij
along any line
Similarly determinant can be expanded along any row or any column. Expanding along any row or
any column gives same value of the determinant.
Determinants have some properties that are useful as they permit to generate equal determinants
with different and simpler configurations of entries (elements).
2.1.1.
Reflection Property: The determinant remains unaltered if its rows are changed into columns and
the columns into rows.
a1 b1 c 1 a1 a2 a3
i.e., a2 b2 c 2 b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
Proof: expand first determinant along 1 st row and 2nd determinant along 1 st column, you get the
same determinant value.
2.1.2.
If all elements in a row or column are zero, then the value of determinant is zero.
0 0 0 0 1 2
i.e., a1 b1 c1 0 1 2 = 0. Here all elements in a row or column are zero.
a2 b2 c2 0 1 2
Proof: expand along the line (row or column) containing all zeroes.
2.1.3.
If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplied by a non-zero constant, then
the determinant gets multiplied by the same constant
2 a1 2b1 2 c1 a1 b1 c1
i.e., a2 b2 c 2 2 a2 b2 c2 .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
2 a1 2b1 2c 1 a1 b1 c1
Hence 3a2 3b2 3c 2 2 3 4 a2 b2 c2
4 a3 4b3 4c 3 a3 b3 c3
2.1.4.
If the elements of a row (column) are proportional or identical to the elements of some other row
(column), then the determinant is zero.
a1 a2 a3
Example: ka1 ka2 ka3 0
b1 b2 b3
2.1.5.
The interchange of any two adjacent rows (columns) of the determinant changes its sign.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
i.e., a2 b2 c 2 a1 b1 c1 .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
further if we interchange any two rows or any two columns, determinant changes its sign.
If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is written as the sum of two or more terms,
then the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinants
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 b1 c1 d1
Example: a2 b2 c2 d 2 a2 c2 d 2 b2 c2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 b3 c3 d3
Ri Ri R j Rk j, k i.
Sample Problem 1:
a2 1 ab ac
2
Prove that ab b 1 bc = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2.
ac bc c2 1
Solution: Multiply columns 1st, 2nd and 3rd by a, b, c respectively and divide the whole determinant
by product of a, b and c:
a 3 a ab 2 ac 2
1
= a 2 b b3 b bc 2
abc
a2c b 2 c c3 c
a2 1 b2 c2
abc
= a2 b2 1 c2
abc
a2 b2 c2 1
[by taking a, b, c common from first, second and third rows respectively]
a2 b2 c2 1 b2 c2
= a2 b2 c 2 1 b2 1 c2 ; [C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
a2 b2 c2 1 b2 c2 1
1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 1 b 2 1 c 2
1 b2 c2 1
1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 0 1 0 ; (R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1)
0 0 1
Sample Problem 2:
a b 2c a b
Show that c b c 2a b = 2 (a + b + c)3
c a c a 2b
2(a b c) a b
Solution: = 2(a b c) b c 2 a b by C1 C1 + C2 + C3
2(a b c) a c a 2b
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b c 2a b
1 a c a 2b
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 0 b c a 0 [by R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1]
0 0 ca b
Sample Problem 3:
a b a b
If = b c b c 0 and a, b, c are distinct, show that either is a root of ax2
a b b c 0
+ 2bx + c = 0, or a, b, c are in G.P.
Sample Problem 4:
1 bc bc(b c)
Prove that the value of 1 ca ca( a c) is independent of a, b, c.
1 ab ab( a b )
= 0.
Hence value of the determinant is independent of a, b, c.
Sample Problem 5:
If (ar, br), r = 1, 2, 3, be the vertices of a triangle, prove that
a2 a3 b2 b3 a1 ( a2 a3 ) b1 (b2 b3 )
= a3 a1 b3 b1 a2 (a3 a1 ) b2 (b3 b1 ) 0 ...(i)
a1 a2 b1 b2 a3 ( a1 a2 ) b3 (b1 b2 )
A(a1, b1)
Solution: Applying R1 R1 + R2 + R3
0 0 0
= a3 a1 b3 b1 a2 ( a3 a1 ) b2 (b3 b1 ) F E
a1 a2 b1 b2 a3 (a1 a2 ) b3 (b1 b2 )
a2 a3
Eq. of altitude AD is y b1 ( x a1 ) :
b2 b3
Altitudes (ii), (iii), (iv) are concurrent, since the determinant given by L.H.S of (i) is zero.
Sample Problem 6:
n! ( n 1)! (n 2)!
For a fixed positive integer n, if ( n 1)! ( n 2)! (n 3) ! then show that 3
4 is
( n 2)! ( n 3)! (n 4)! (n !)
divisible by n.
1 n 1 (n 2)( n 1)
3
Solution: = (n !) n 1 ( n 2)(n 1) ( n 3)( n 2)(n 1)
(n 2)(n 1) (n 3)(n 2)( n 1) ( n 4)( n 3)(n 2)(n 1)
3
4 = 2n3 + 8n2 + 10n
( n !)
Sample Problem 7:
x x x x x 1 x2
Cr Cr 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
y y y y y 1 y2
Show that Cr Cr 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
z z z z z 1 z 2
Cr Cr 1 Cr 2 Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
On applying C3 C3 + C2 we get
x x 1 x2
Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
y y 1 y 2
L.H.S. = Cr Cr 1 Cr 2 = R.H.S.
z z 1 z2
Cr Cr 1 Cr 2
Sample Problem 8:
bc b 2 bc c 2 bc
Prove that = a 2 ac ac c 2 ac (bc ca ab)3 .
a 2 ab b 2 ab ab
Solution: Multiply R1, R2, R3 by a, b, c respectively and divide the determinant by abc; then,
abc ab 2 abc ac 2 abc
1
= a 2 b abc abc bc 2 abc
abc 2 2
a c abc b c abc abc
Applying C2 C2 – C1 and C3 C3 – C1
1 0 0
= (ab + bc + ca) ab bc (ac bc ab) 0
ac bc 0 ( ab ac bc)
then 12= |pij| where pij denotes element of ith row and jth column of the product determinant and
pij is obtained by multiplying ith row of 1 and jth column of 2.
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
Thus 1 2 = a2 b2 c2 x2 y2 z2
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
a1 x1 b1 x2 c1 x3 a1 y1 b1 y2 c1 y3 a1 z1 b1 z 2 c1 z3
a2 x1 b2 x2 c2 x3 a2 y1 b2 y2 c2 y3 a2 z1 b2 z2 c2 z3
a3 x1 b3 x2 c3 x3 a3 y1 b3 y2 c3 y3 a3 z1 b3 z 2 c3 z3
i.e., To get element of ith row and jth column, you can multiply ith row of first determinant with jth
column of second determinant or ith row of first determinant with jth row of second determinant or
ith column of first determinant with jth row of second determinant or ith column of first determinant
with jth column of second determinant.
2.2.3. Integration of determinant: For above (x),(x)dx can be obtained by evaluating (x) first and
then integrating, in general.
If x is in either a column or row only, then (x) can be integrated by integrating individual element
of the column or row. (involving x)
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
i.e., if (x) = a b c
d e f
where a, b, c, d, e, f are constants with respect to r i.e., are not functions of r and f (r), g(r) and
h(r) are functions of r.
n n n
f (r ) g( r ) h(r )
n r 1 r1 r 1
Then r a b c
r 1
d e f
Sample Problem 9:
For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R, show that
cos( A P ) cos( A Q) cos( A R )
= cos( B P ) cos( B Q) cos( B R ) = 0
cos(C P ) cos(C Q ) cos(C R)
Solution: The given determinant can be written as product of two determinants as follows :
cos A cos P sin A sin P cos A cos Q sin A sin Q cos A cos R sin A sin R
= cos B cos P sin B sin P cos B cos Q sin B sin Q cos B cos R sin B sin R
cos C cos P sin C sin P cos C cos Q sin C sin Q cos C cos R sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R
= cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R = (0) (0) = 0.
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0
bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2 a2 c2 2ac b 2
Show that ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 2 ab c 2 b2 a2
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 b2 2bc a 2 c2
a b c
Solution: Let = b c a
c a b
(1 x) a b1 1
(1 x ) a b 1 2
(1 x) a b
1 3
If f (x) = (1 x) a b 2 1
(1 x) a b 2 2
(1 x )a b2 3
(where ai’s and bj’s N), find the coefficient of x
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x ) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b3 3
Also f (x) = (1 x) a b 2 1
(1 x) a b 2 2
(1 x) a b 2 3
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b 3 3
(1 x) a b
1 1
(1 x) a b
1 2
(1 x) a b
1 3
a2b1 1 a2 b2 1
+ a2 b1 (1 x) a2 b2 (1 x ) a2 b3 (1 x) a b 1
2 3
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b
3 3
(1 x ) a b
1 1
(1 x) a b
1 2
(1 x) a b
1 3
a2b1 a2 b2 a2 b3
+ (1 x) (1 x) (1 x )
a3b1 (1 x) a b 1 3 1
a3b2 (1 x ) a b 13 2
a3b3 (1 x) a b 1
3 3
=0+0+0=0
1 1 1
x 2 x 2
1. x
The value of (2 2 ) x
(3 3 ) (5 5 x ) 2
x
(2 x 2 x ) 2 (3x 3 x ) 2 (5 x 5 x ) 2
x –x
(a) 0 (b) 30 (c) 30 (d) none of these
2. If x, y, z are integers in A.P. lying between 1 and 9 and x51, y41 and z 31 are three digit numbers,
5 4 3
then the value of x51 y 41 z 31 is
x y z
n 1 5
N
2
6. The value of U .if U
n 1
n n n 2 N 1 2 N 1 is
3
n 3 N2 3N
6 3 2
(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) none of these
1 cos x 1 cos x
/2
8. If (x) = 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x , then ( x)dx is equal to
0
sin x sin x 1
is
2
(a) p (b) q (c) p – 2q (d) 0
2
x 1 x 2 x( x 1)
6 5 4 3 2
10. If x( x 1) x 1 x( x 2 2) = p0x + p1x + p2 x + p3x + p4x + p5x + p6, then (p5, p6)=
x2 2 x ( x 1) x 1
(a) (–3, –9) (b) (–5, –9) (c) (–3, –5) (d) (3, –9)
1. (a): Applying R2 R2 – R3
1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
2.2 .2.2 2.3 .2.3 2.5 .2.5 4 1 1 1 0
(2 x 2 x ) 2 (3x 3 x ) 2 (5 x 5 x ) 2 (2 x 2 x ) 2 (3x 3 x ) 2 (5 x 5 x ) 2
[ R1 and R2 are identical]
Applying R3 R2 – 100 R3 – 10 R1
5 4 3
1 1 1 = x – 2y + z.
x y z
= 0
3. (b): The elements in the leading diagonal are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. On one side of the leading diagonal all the
elements are zero.
The value of the determinant
= The product of the elements in the leading diagonal = 1.2.3.4.5 = 5!
a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
4. (b): We know that = a2 b2 c2 . A 2 B2 C2
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
a1 A1 0 0 0 0
= 0 a2 A 2 0 0 0 3
0 0 a3 A 3 0 0
= 2.
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log8 3 log 512 log 3 log8 log 3 log 4 log 3 log 4
5. (b):
log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4 log 3 log 4 log 3 log 2 log 3 log8 log 3
N(N+1)
1 5
2 6 1 5
N
N(N+1)(2 N+1) N(N+1)
6. (a):
n 1
Un
6
2 N 1 2 N 1
12
4 N+ 2 2 N+1 2 N+1
2 3 N(N+1) 3 N 2 3N
N(N+1) 2
3N 3N
2
6 1 6
N(N+1)
(Applying C3 C3 + C2) = 4 N+ 2 2 N+1 4 N+1 0
12 2
3 N(N+1) 3 N 3 N(N+1)
Taking – m5 common from R3, R1 and R3 becomes identical. Hence the value of determinant is
zero.
8. (d): Applying C3 C2 + C2 – C1
1 cos x 0
( x) 1 sin x cos x 0 cos x cos x(1 sin x ) sin x cos x
sin x sin x 1
/2
/2 1 /2 1 cos 2 x 1 1
0
( x )dx
2
0
sin 2 xdx
2 2 0
(cos cos 0)
4 2
where x, y, z are obtained by replacing first, second and third columns of respectively,
d1
by column d 2 ,
d 3
We discuss four cases :
If 0 the system has a unique solution, which is given by Cramer’s Rule :
x= x, y y , z z
If 0 and x = y = z = 0 , then the system has a trivial solution ; (x = y = z = 0)
If = 0 and at least one of the determinants x, y, z is non-zero, then the system is
inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
If = 0 and x = y = z = 0, then the system has infinite number of solutions.
For this system of equations, x = y = z = 0; therefore, the system can be divided into only
2 cases :
Non-Trivial Solutions : The system (2) has non-trivial solutions (i.e. at least one of x, y, z is
different from zero) only if = 0.
2 1 3
Solution: Here = 1 1 1 = 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 – 1) + 3 (–1 – 1) = –2,
1 1 1
9 1 3
x = 6 1 1 = 9( 1 + 1) + 1(6 – 2) + 3(–6 –2) = –2
2 1 1
2 9 3
y = 1 6 1 = 2(6 – 2) – 9(1 – 1) + 3(2 – 6) = – 4
1 2 1
2 1 9
z = 1 1 6 = 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 – 6) + 9(–1 –1) = –6
1 1 2
By Cramer’s Rule
x = x = 1, y = y = 2, z = z = 3
a p q a 0 0 a 0 0
2. = 0 b r p b 0 0 b 0 abc
0 0 c q r c 0 0 c
1 a a2 1 bc bc
2
3. = 1 b b 1 ca c a = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
2 1 ab a b
1 c c
0 b c
4. The determinant of any skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero i.e., b 0 a =0
c a 0
a h g
5. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2
g f c
2. If arx + bry + cr = 0, (r = 1, 2, 3) are the sides of a triangle, then the area of the triangle is given
by
a1 b1 c1
1
a2 b2 c2 , where C1 = a2b3 – a3b2, C2 = a3b1 – a1b3, C3 = a1b2 – a2b1 are the
2C1C2C3
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
cofactors of the elements c1, c2, c3 respectively in the determinant a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
x y 1
3. The equation of a straight line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 0
x2 y2 1
a1 b1 c1
4. If three lines arx + bry + cr = 0; (r = 1, 2, 3) are concurrent if a2 b2 c2 0
a3 b3 c3
5. If ax2 +2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines, then
a h g
2 2 2
abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch = 0 = h b f
g f c
6. The equation of circle through three non-collinear points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) is
x2 y2 x y 1
x12 y12 x1 y1 1
=0
x22 y22 x2 y2 1
x32 y32 x3 y3 1
4. Let and be real. The set of all values of and for which the system of linear equations
x + (sin)y + (cos)z = 0
x + (cos)y + (sin)z = 0
–x + (sin)y – (cos)z = 0
has a non – trivial solution, is
(a) | | 2, R (b) [ 2, 2], R (c) R, R (d) none of these
5. For what value of k do the following homogenous system of equations posses a non-trivial solution:
x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0
(a) 33 (b) 11/3 (c) 33/2 (d) 2
7. For what value of m does the system of equations 3x + my = m and 2x – 5y = 20 has a solution
satisfying, the conditions x > 0, y > 0.
(a) m < 30, or m > –15/2 (b) m > 30, or m < –15/2
(c) m = 30, –15/2 (d) none of these
2 2 2
8. Given x = cy + bz; y = az + cx; z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not all zero. Then a + b + c + 2abc
2 3 3
c2 c4 c6 =0
(c 2) 2 (c 4) 2 (c 6) 2
2 3 0
c2 c4 2 =0
(c 2) 2 (c 4) 2 4(c 5)
Solving, we get c2 + 10 c = 0
or c = 0, –10 ...(i)
If c = 0, the system of equations becomes
2 x 3 y 3
x = –3, y = 3 ...(ii)
2 x 4 y 6
Which satisfies
x + 4y = 9
If c = –10, the system of equations becomes
2 x 3 y 3
x = –1/2, y = 4/3 ...(iii)
–8 x – 6 y – 4
Which satisfies
16x + 9y = 4
R ; | | 2
2 p 6
6. (a): = 1 2 q = 2(6 – q) – p(3 – q) + 6(1 – 2)
1 1 3
= 12 – 2q – 3p + pq – 6 = pq – 2q – 3p + 6 = (p –2)(q –3)
8 p 6
1 = 5 2 q = 8(6 – q) – p(15 – 49) + 6(5 – 8)
4 1 3
= 48 – 8q – 15p + 4pq –18 = 4pq – 8q – 15p + 30 = 4q(p – 2) – 15(p – 2) = (4q - 15)(p –2)
2 8 6
2 = 1 5 q = 2(15 – 4q) – 8(3 – q) + 6(4 – 5) = 0
1 4 3
2 p 8
and 3 = 1 2 5 = 2(8 – 5) – p(4 – 5) + 8(1 – 2) = p – 2
1 1 4
Case -I: When 0, i.e. p 2, q 3.given system of equation has unique solution.
Case-II: When = 0, i.e. p = 2, or q = 3
When p = 2, = 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 = 0
given system of equation has infinitely many solutions.
m m 3 m
x 25m, y 60 2m
20 5 2 20
1 2 3 1 2 3
9. (a): = 2 3 4 = 1 1 1 ; (R2 R2 – R1; R3 R3 – R1)
3 4 5 2 2 2
=0
similarly x = y = z = 0
the system has infinitely many solutions.
1 1 1
10. (c): = 1 2 2
1 2
no solution.
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
e 2iA e iC e iB
1. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then the value of e iC e 2 iB e iA is
e iB e iA e 2iC
a b 2c f 2d e
2. Given A = d e 2 f and B = 2n 4l 2 m then
l m 2n c 2a b
x 3 7
3. If 7 and 2 are roots of the equation 2 x 2 = 0, then the third root is
7 6 x
1 1 1
4. If f (x, y) = 1 1 x 1 , then f (x, y) is
1 1 1 y
1 x x 1
7. If f (x) = 2x x( x 1) ( x 1) x then f (100) is equal to
3 x( x 1) x( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) x( x 1)
8. If fr(x), gr(x), hr(x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that fr(a) = gr(a) = hr(a) r = 1, 2, 3 and
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f3 ( x)
F ( x) g1 ( x) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x) then F(a) =
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)
x3 sin x cos x
d3
9. Let f (x) = 6 1 0 where p is a constant, then [ f ( x)] at x = 0, is
dx 3
p p2 p3
cos x 1 0
2
x 1 x 2 x
11. x 2 x 3 x 0 (where , , are in A.P), is
x3 x4 x
(c) an equation with only one real root. (d) none of these.
in the expansion is
x b b
x b
13. If 1 = a x b and 2 = are the given determinants, then
a x
a a x
(a) 1 = 3(2)2 (b) (d/dx)1 = 32 (c) (d/dx)1 = 3 (2)2 (d) 1 = 323/2
14. If f (x) and g(x) are functions such that f (x + y) = f (x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then
f () g ( ) f ( )
f () g () f ( ) is independent of
f ( ) g ( ) f ( )
15. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number under consideration, and
[ x] 1 [ y ] [z]
–1 x < 0, 0 y < 1, 1 z < 2, then the value of the determinant [ x ] [ y] 1 [ z ] is
[ x] [ y] [ z] 1
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) a, b, c are in G.P. (c) a, b, c are in H.P. (d) none of these
0 xa xb
18. If a b c, one value of x which satisfies the equation xa 0 xc = 0 is given
xb xc 0
by
(a) x = a (b) x = b (c) x = c (d) x = 0
1 a a 2 bc
19. The value of the determinant 1 b b 2 ca is
1 c c 2 ab
ka k 2 a 2 1
22. The value of the determinant kb k 2 b 2 1 is
kc k 2 c 2 1
n(n 1)(2 n 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
6
x3 x4 3x 2
d 3 f ( x)
29. f (x) = 1 6 4 Here p is a constant then is
dx3
p p2 p3
ax e x log e a x2
30. If g(x) = a 3 x e3 x log e a x 4 , then
a 5 x e5 x log e a 1
(a) graphs of g(x) is symmetrical about the origin (b) graphs of g(x) is symmetrical about the y-axis
d 4 g ( x) ax
(c) 4
0 (d) f (x) = g(x) × log is an odd function
dx x 0
a x
cos sin 1
32. If () = sin cos 1 , then
cos( ) sin( ) 1
(a) (300, 200) = (400, 200) (b) (200, 400) = (200, 600)
(c) (100, 200) = (200, 200) (d) none of these
a2 x ab ac
2
33. The determinant = ab b x bc is divisible by
ac bc c2 x
x2 4 x 3 2x 4 13
2
34. If (x) = 2 x 5 x 9 4x 5 26 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
8 x 2 6 x 1 16 x 6 104
a 1 0
35. If f (x) = ax a 1 , then f (2x) – f (x) is divisible by
ax 2 ax a
x n1 n1
Cr Cr Cr 1
x 1 n n
36. The root of the equation Cr Cr Cr 1 0 are
x 2 n 1 n 1
Cr Cr Cr 1
n n 1 n2
n n1 n 2
37. Let f (n) = Pn Pn 1 Pn 2 , where the symbols have their usual meanings. Then f(n) is
n n1 n 2
Cn Cn1 Cn 2
divisible by
(a) n2 + n + 1 (b) (n + 1)! (c) n! (d) none of these
a a2 0
39. = 1 2 a b ( a b) is divisible by
0 1 2a 3b
Comprehension-1
(i) If A is non singular matrix (i.e. |A| 0), then X = A–1 B gives unique solution for system.
(ii) If A is singular matrix (i.e. |A| = 0) then system will have no unique solution, if (adj. A) B = 0
(iii) If (adj A) B 0 but matrix is singular, the system has no solution i.e. it is inconsistent.
40. If the system of equation x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution then
the possible values of k are
(a) many solution (b) no solution (c) unique solution (d) none of these
Comprehension-2
A set of vector {(a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3), (c1, c2, c3)} is said to be linearly independent if and only if
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 0
c1 c2 c3
otherwise the set is said to be linearly dependent. A similar result holds for {(a1, a2), (b1, b2)}.
44. If (a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3) and (c1, c2, c3) are linearly independent and
x (a1, a2, a3) + y(b1, b2, b3) + z (c1, c2, c3) = 0, then
45. If (1, a, a2), (1, b, b2) and (1, c, c2) are linearly independent, then
(a) a + b + c 0 (b) (b – a) (c – b) 0
46. If a, b, c are distinct and (a, a2, a3 + 1), (b, b2, b3 + 1), (c, c2, c3 + 1) are linearly dependent, then value
of abc is
a b
47. If A = (a 0) then A–1 = µI – kA, where I is the identity matrix of order 2, then match
c 1 bc
a
the following
A. det (A) (p) a + 2
B. (q) 1
C. µ (r) a2 + bc + 1
D. k+2 (s) a
xa x2 1 1
2
C. If a, b, c are in A.P. and f ( x) x b 2 x 1 1 , then f ´(0) is (r) –12
x c 3x 2 2 1
x 2 x
D. If 1 x 6 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0, then a0 is (s) –2
x x x 1
1 x x2 x3 1 0 x x4
50. If x x2 1 3 , find the value of 0 x x4 x3 1 .
x2 1 x x x4 x3 1 0
abc 2a 2a
51. If 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c)m, then m is.
2c 2c c a b
53. Maximum value of a second order determinant whose each entry is either zero or one is equal to.
a1 a2 a3
54. If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P., and D = 5 4 a6 , then the value of [D] is (where [.]
a7 a8 a9
represents the greatest integer function).
x 2 2x 3 3x 4
55. Absolute value of sum of roots of the equation 2 x 3 3 x 4 4 x 5 0 is
3 x 5 5 x 8 10 x 17
57. The sum of values of p for which the equations x + y + z = 1, x + 2y + 4z = p, and x + 4y + 10z = p2
have a solution is
x x y x yz
58. If = 2 x 3 x 2 y 4 x 3 y 2 z 64, then the real value of x is.
3x 6 x 3 y 10 x 6 y 3 z
1x a a2
61. Show that a a2 x a3 x 2 (1 a2 a 4 ) x 3
a2 a3 a4 x
containing x.
x x x
C1 C2 C3
y y y
63. Evaluate C1 C2 C3
z z z
C1 C2 C3
1 1 1
a a( a d ) ( a d) ( a 2 d )
1 1 1 1
68. Let a > 0, d > 0. Find the value of
ad ( a d ) ( a 2 d) ( a 2 d ) ( a 3d )
1 1 1
a 2d ( a 2 d) ( a 3d) ( a 3d ) ( a 4 d )
2
69. Prove that 2( ) ( ) 0
2
70. If (x1 – x2 )2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2, (x2 – x3)2 + (y2 – y3)2 = b2, (x1 – x3)2 + (y1 – y3)2 = c2 then prove that
2
x1 y1 1
4 x2 y2 1 = (a + b + c) (a + b – c) (a – b + c) (–a + b + c).
x3 y3 1
cosec x 1 0
71. Prove that 1 2 cosec x 1 1 for all x (0, ).
0 1 2 cosec x
sin x sin ( x h ) sin ( x 2 h )
72. Let sin ( x 2 h ) sin x sin( x h ) . Evaluate lim 2 .
h0
h
sin ( x h ) sin ( x 2 h ) sin x
ax + hy + g = 0
hx + by + f = 0
where a, b are some constants. Determine the constants a, b, and the function f (x)
xn sin x cos x
n n dn
78. If f (x) = n ! sin cos then find the value of [f (x)] at x = 0.
2 2 dx n
2
a a a3
1 a 2 x (1 b 2 ) x (1 c 2 ) x
1. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and then f(x) f ( x) (1 a 2 ) x 1 b 2 x (1 c 2 ) x , is a polynomial of
(1 a 2 ) x (1 b 2 ) x 1 c 2 x
degree [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
5 5
3. Let A = 0 5 . If | A2 | = 25, then | | equals (AIEEE 2007)
0 0 5
a a 2 1 a3
5. If b b 2 1 b 3 0 and vectors (1, a, a2), (1, b, b2) and (1, c, c2) are non-coplanar, then the
c c 2 1 c3
log l p 1
6. l, m, n are the pth, qth and rth terms of a G. P. all positive, then log m q 1 equals [AIEEE-2002]
log n r 1
a b ax b
7. If a > 0 and discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c is –ve, then b c bx c is equal
ax b bx c 0
to [AIEEE-2002]
(a) positive (b) (ac – b2) (ax2 +2bx + c)
(c) negative (d) 0
1 1 1
8. If D = 1 1 x 1 for x 0, y 0 then D is [AIEEE 2007]
1 1 1 y
(a) divisible by x but not y (b) divisible by y but not x
(c) divisible by neither x nor y (d) divisible by both x and y
9. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true?
(a) If det A ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are non-integers
(b) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are integers
(c) If det A = ±1, then A–1 need not exist
(d) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers [AIEEE 2008]
12. The set of all values of for which the system of linear equations:
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
14. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following system of linear equations
x+y+z=1
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
has no solution, then S is [JEE-Mains 2017]
(a) a singleton
(b) an empty set
(c) an infinite set
(d) a finite set containing two or more elements
1 1 1
15. Let be a complex number such that 2 + 1 = z where z 3. If 1 1 2 3k, then k is
2
1 2 7
x4 2x 2x
17. If 2x x 4 2 x ( A Bx)( x A) 2 , then the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to
2x 2x x 4
[JEE-Mains 2018]
1 sin 1
3 5
18. If A = sin 1 sin ; then for all , , det (A) lies in the interval:
4 4
1 sin 1
[JEE-Mains 2019]
5 3 3 5
(a) 2 ,4 (b) , 3 (c) 0, (d) 1,
2 2 2
19. The set of all values of .. for which the system of linear equations.
x – 2y – 2z = x
x + 2y + z = y
–x – y = z
has a non-trivial solution. [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) contains more than two elements (b) is a singleton
(c) is an empty set (d) contains exactly two elements
abc 2a 2a
21. If 2b bca 2b = (a + b + c) (x + a + b + c)2, x 0 and a + b + c 0, then x is
2c 2c cab
equal to [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) –(a + b + c) (b) 2(a + b + c) (c) abc (d) –2(a + b + c)
23. The number of values of (0, ) for which the system of linear equations
x + 3y + 7z = 0
–x + 4y + 7z = 0
(sin 3)x + (cos 2) y + 2z = 0
has a non-trivial solution, is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) One (b) Three (c) Four (d) Two
2 4d (sin ) 2
27. Let d R, and A = 1 (sin ) 2 d , [0, 2]. If the minimum value of det
5 (2sin ) d ( sin ) 2 2 d
(A) is 8, [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) –7 (b) 2( 2 2) (c) –5 (d) 2( 2 1)
28. Let a1, a2, a3, ...., a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for i = 1, 2,...., 10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k), r kN
loge a1r a2k loge a2r a3k log e a3r a4k
(the set of natural numbers) for which loge a4r a5k loge a5r a6k log e a6r a7k 0 . Then the number of
loge a7r a8r log e a8r a9k log e a9r log10 k
30. Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that bij = (3)(i + j – 2)aji, where i, j = 1, 2,
3. If the determinant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/81 (d) 1/9
32. For which of the following ordered pairs (, ), the system of linear equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
3x + 4y + 5z = µ
4x + 4y + 4z =
is inconsistent ? [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (1, 0) (b) (4, 6) (c) (3, 4) (d) (4, 3)
34. If for some and in R, the intersection of the following three planes
x + 4y – 2z = 1
x + 7y – 5z =
x + 5y + z = 5
is a line in R3, then + is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 10 (b) –10 (c) 2 (d) 0
to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 3
(a) (b) 4 (c) 2 (d)
2 2
43. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function f : , R, defined by :
4 2
sin 2 1 sin 2 1
f () cos 2 1 cos 2 1
12 10 2
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (0, 4) (b) (–4, 4) (c) (0, 2 2 ) (d) (–4, 0)
44. Let R. The system of linear equations
2x1 – 4x2 + x3 = 1
x1 – 6x2 + x3 = 2
x1 – 10x2 + 4x3 = 3 is inconsistent for : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) exactly one negative value of . (b) exactly one positive value of .
(c) every value of . (d) exactly two values of .
45. If the system of linear equations
x + y + 3z = 0
x + 3y + k2z = 0
3x + y + 3z = 0
y
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z) for some k R, then x is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
z
(a) 9 (b) – 3 (c) – 9 (d) 3
46. If a + x = b + y = c + z + 1, where a, b, c, x, y, z are non-zero distinct real numbers, then
x a y xa
y b y y b is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
z cy zc
(a) 0 (b) y(a – b) (c) y(b – a) (d) y(a – c)
47. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum values of
2 2
cos x 1 sin x sin 2 x
2 2
1 cos x sin x sin 2 x . Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to – [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 2
cos x sin x 1 sin 2 x
(a) (–3, –1) (b) (1, 3) (c) (–3, 3) (d) (–4, –1)
48. The values of and µ for which the system of linear equations
x+y+z=2
x + 2y + 3z = 5
x + 3y + z = µ
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 5 and 8 (b) 5 and 7 (c) 4 and 9 (d) 6 and 8
49. The sum of distinct values of for which the system of equations
( – 1)x + (3 + 1)y + 2z = 0
(– 1)x + (4 – 2)y + ( + 3)z = 0
2x + (3 + 1)y + 3( – 1)z = 0,
has non-zero solutions, is ___________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
[ x 1] [ x 2] [ x 3]
56. Let A [ x ] [ x 3] [ x 3] , where [t] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
[ x] [ x 2] [ x 4]
t. If det(A) = 192, then the set of values of x is the interval: [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) [68, 69) (b) [62, 63) (c) [65, 66) (d) [60, 61)
57. If the system of linear equations
2x + y – z = 3
x–y–z=a
3x + 3y + bz = 3
has infinitely many solution, then + – is equal to _________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
58. Let 0, . If the system of linear equations
2
(1 + cos2 )x + sin2 y + 4 sin3 z = 0
cos2 x + (1 + sin2 ) y + 4 sin3 z = 0
cos2 x + sin2y + (1 + 4 sin3 ) z = 0
has a non–trivial solution, then the value of is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
4 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
9 18 18 18
59. For real numbers and , consider the following system of linear equations : x + y – z = 2, x
+ 2y + z = 1, 2x – y + z = . If the system has infinite solutions, then is equal to
________ [JEE-Mains 2021]
2 2
sin x 2 cos x cos 2 x
60. Let f ( x ) 2 sin 2 x 2
cos x cos 2 x , x [0, ]
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
64. The value of k R, for which the following system of linear equations
3x – y + 4z = 3,
x + 2y – 3z = – 2,
6x + 5y + kz = – 3,
has infinitely many solutions, is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (1, –3) (b) (–1, 3) (c) (1, 3) (d) (–1, –3)
70. The ordered pair (a, b), for which the system of linear equations
3x – 2y + z = b
5x – 8y + 9z = 3
2x + y + az = –1
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
xp y x y
1. The determinant py z y z 0 if [IIT 1997]
0 xp y yp z
(a) x, y, z are in A.P. (b) x, y, z are in G.P.
(c) x, y, z are in H.P. (d) xy, yz, zx are in A.P.
1 a a2
2. The parameter on which the value of the determinant cos( p d ) x cos px cos( p d ) x does not
sin( p d ) x sin px sin( p d ) x
depend upon [IIT 1997]
(a) a (b) p (c) r (d) x
6i 3i 1
3. If 4 3i 1 = x + iy, then [IIT 1998]
20 3 i
(a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 3 (c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0
1 x x 1
4. If f (x) = 2x x( x 1) ( x 1) x , then f (100) is equal to [IIT 1999]
3 x ( x 1) x( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) x( x 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) –100
x – 2y + 3z = –1
–x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1.
STATEMENT-1: The system of equations has no solution for k 3.
1 3 1
STATEMENT-2: The determinant 1 2 k 0, for k 3.
1 4 1
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
–3x + 2y + z = 0
Then the number of such points for which x2 + y2 + z2 100 is [IIT 2009]
1 4 4
12. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7 , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
1 1 3
(are)
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 [IIT 2012]
(1 ) 2 (1 2) 2 (1 3) 2
13. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation (2 ) 2 (2 2) 2 (2 3) 2 648 ?
(3 ) 2 (3 2) 2 (3 3 )2
x x2 1 x3
15. The total number of distinct x R for which 2 x 4 x 2 1 8 x3 10 is [JEE-Advance 2016]
3 x 9 x 2 1 27 x3
17. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE-Advance 2018]
Let P be the plane containing all those (, , ) for which the above system of linear equations is
consistent, and D be the square of the distance of the point (0, 1, 0) from the plane P.
18. The value of |M| is __________.
19. The value of D is __________.
20. Let | | denote the determinant of a square matrix . Let g : 0, → ℝ be the function
2
defined by g() f () 1 f 1 where
2
sin cos tan
4 4
1 sin 1
1 4
f ( ) sin 1 sin sin cos log e
2 4 2
1 sin 1
cot log e tan
4 4
Let ( ) be a quadratic polynomial whose roots are the maximum and minimum values of
the function ( ), and (2) = 2 2 . Then, which of the following is/are TRUE ?
[JEE-Advance 2022]
3 2 13 2
(a) p 0 (b) p 0
4 4
5 2 1 5 2
(c) p 0 (d) p 0
4 4
21. Let , , be nonzero real numbers that are, respectively, the 10 ℎ, 100 ℎ and 1000 ℎ terms of
a harmonic progression. Consider the system of linear equations
+ + =1
10 + 100 + 1000 = 0
+ + = 0.
List-I List-II
q 10 1
(I) If 10, then the system of linear equation has (P) x = 0, y , z as a
r 9 9
solution
p 10 1
(II) If 100, then the system of linear equation has (Q) x ,y , z 0 as a
r 9 9
solution
p (S) no solution
(IV) If 10, then the system of linear equation has
q
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
a2 a 1
1. The value of the determinant cos( nx ) cos (n 1) x cos( n 2) x is independent of :
sin (nx) sin (n 1) x sin ( n 2) x
1 a 1 1
2. If a, b, c are all different from zero & 1 1 b 1 = 0 , then the value of a 1+ b1 + c1
1 1 1 c
is
(a) abc (b) a1 b 1 c1 (c) a b c (d) 1
3. The value of a for which the system of equations a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0
a 1 a 2 a p
4. If a 2 a 3 a q = 0 , then p, q, r are in :
a 3 a 4 ar
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.
7. Let {1, 2, 3, ..., k} be the set of third order determinants that can be made with the distinct non
zero real numbers a1, a2, a3, ....., an, then
k
(a) k = 4! (b) k = 9! (c)
i1
i 0 (d) at least one i = 0
n (n 1) ( n 2)
n n 1 n 2
8. Let f (n) = Pn Pn 1 Pn 2 , where symbols have their usual meanings. Then f (x) is
n n 1 n2
Cn Cn 1 Cn 2
divisible by
1
f ( x) f f ( x)
1 x
9. If f (x) is a polynomial satisfying f (x) = and f (2) = 17, then f (5)
2 1
1 f
x
a a2 0
10. Let = 1 2 a b (a b ) 2 then
0 1 2 a 3b
a1 b1 c1
If we expand the determinant = a2 b2 c2 , then is a sum of 6 terms which are of the type ai b j
a3 b3 c3
ck (i j k) i.e., 3!. Half of it will be positive and other half will be negative.
12. If A. Adj (A) = |A|In where A be a square matrix of order n × n, then |adj A| is
13. Given a n × n matrix A with real entries such that A2 = – I, then |A| must be
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these
sec2 x 1 1
14. Let (x) = cos x cos x cosec2 x
2 2
1 cos2 x cot 2 x
3
A. Period of (x) (p)
32
B. Maximum value of (x) (q)
/ 4 1
C. f ( x)dx (r) 1
0 4
D. Minimum value of f (x) (s) 0
(t) 2
x 1 x2 2 x2 x
15. Let ax 7 + bx 6 + cx 5 + dx 4 + cx 3 + fx 2 + gx + h = x 2 x x 2 1 x2 2 then the value of
2 2
x 2 x x x 1
h is?
0 1 1
16. Let x be th e solution set of the equation A = I wh ere A = 4 3 4
x
and I with
3 3 4
corresponding unit matrix and x N, then th e minimum value of (cos x + sin x ),
R.
28 25 38
19. Let N = 42 38 65 , then the number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two
56 47 83
1 2 1
20. The number of positive integral solutions 3 2 = 0 is ?
2 2 1
x 1 ( x 1) 2 x3
21. If f (x) = x 1 x2 ( x 1)3 then the coefficient of x is f (x) is?
x ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6 (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a,c)
31. (b,d) 32. (a,c) 33. (a,b) 34. (b,c) 35. (a,b,c)
36. (a,c) 37. (a,c) 38. (a,d) 39. (a,d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. A-(q); B-(s); C-(r); D-(p) 48. A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)
49. (6) 50. (9) 51. (3) 52. (3) 53. (1)
54. (2) 55. (4) 56. (2) 57. (3) 58. (4)
2
xyz (b – 4 ac )
63. (x – y)(y – z)(z – x) 64. ( a b c )2 65. 2
12 a4
4d 4
68. 72. 9 sin x cos2 x
a( a d) ( a 2 d)3 ( a 3d)2 ( a 4d )
2
1 5 x2 5
77. a , b , f (x) = x 2 78. 0 and independent of a.
4 4 4 4
1. (d): e2i A (e2i (B + C) – e–2i(A) – e–iC (eiC – e–i(A + B)) + e–iB(e–i(C + A) – eiB)
= e2i (A + B + C) – 1 – 1 + e– i(A + B + C) + e–i(B + C + A) –1
= 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 = – 4. ( A + B + C = )
1 1 1
7. (a): f (x) = x (x + 1) (x – 1) 2 x x 1 x
3x x 2 x
1 0 0
= x (x + 1) (x –1) 2 x x 1 x = 0
3 x 2 x 2 2 x
6 cos x sin x
d 3 ( f ( x))
9. (d): 6 1 0
dx3 2
p p p3
d3
at x = 0, ( f (0)) 0
dx 3
11. (b): 2µ = + v
R1 + R 3
By applying R2 R2 –
2
x 1 x2 x
( x 1 x 3) x2 x4 x x
( x 2) ( x 3) x
2 2 2
x3 x4 x
x 1 x 2 x
0 0 0 0
x3 x4 x
Identity in x
1 0 1
constant terms = 0 1 1 = 1 (1 – 1) + 1 (0 –1) = –1
1 1 1
1 0 0 x b b x b b
d
13. (b): First evaluate (1 ) a x b 0 1 0 a x b
dx
a a x a a x 0 0 1
= x2 – ab + x2 – ab + x2 – a b
= 3(x2 – ab) = 32.
a x ax x2
30. (a,c): g (x) = a 3 x a3 x x4
a 5 x a5 x 1
31. (b,d): = cos {sin cos cos2 + sin cos sin2} + sin {sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 }
n (n 1) ( n 2) n ( n 1) (n 2)
37. (a,c): f (x) = n ! n 1! n 2! n ! 1 ( n 1) ( n 2)(n 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
n 1 2
f (x) = n! 1 n (n 1)( n 1) 1
1 0 0
= n! {n2 + 3n + 2 – 1 – 2n}
= n! {n2 + n + 1}
38. (a,d): Use |A| = 0
39. (a,d): Evaluate and factorise it.
40. (d): Use |A| = 0.
41. (a): Use |A| 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
42. (a): |A| = 2 3 4 0 1 2 0
3 4 5 0 2 4
1 2 1 4 0
Now, (adj A) B = 2 4 2 5 0
1 2 1 6 0
1 a a2
45. (c): 1 b b2 0
1 c c2
1 a a2
0 b a b2 a2 0
0 c a c2 a 2
1 a a2
(b –a) (c –a) 0 1 b a 0
0 1 ca
(b –a) (c –a) (c + a – b – a) 0
(a –b) (b –c) (c – a) 0
a a2 a3 1
46. (a): b b2 b3 1 0
c c2 c3 1
1 a a2 a a2 1
abc 1 b b 2 b b 2 1 0
1 c c2 c c2 1
(abc + 1) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) = 0
f (x) = 0
D. Evaluate the determinant and compare the coefficients.
52. (3): 4x – 4 = 0 x = 1
3
y=
2
a–b=3
1 0
53. (1): Consider, =1
0 1
1 1 1
54. (2): Common difference of A.P. =
4 5 20
1 a 3
5 a1 20
1 1
a1 = 20
a1 20
1 1 1
a2 = 10
a2 20 20
1 1 1 20
a3
a3 10 20 3
1 1 1 10
a6
a6 4 20 3
1 3 1 20
a7
a7 10 20 7
20 20
similarly a8 = a9
8 9
20 10 20 / 3 2 1 2/3
D= 5 4 10 / 2 = 50 5 4 10 / 3
20 / 7 5 / 2 20 / 9 4 / 7 1/ 2 4 / 9
16 10 20 40 2 5 16
50 2
9 6 9 21 3 2 7
12 10 40 5 32
50 2.4
9 6 21 3 21
[D] = 2
x2 2x 3 3x 4 x2 2x 3 3x 4
55. (4): 1 x 2 2 x 3 0 1 x 2 2 x 3 0
1 x 1 x5 0 1 3x 8
56. (2): Solve |A| = 0 and find and verify (adj A)B 0 for that .
for a solution p2 – 3p + 2 = 0 p = 1, 2.
58. (4):
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (13.00) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (8) 40. (5)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b)
46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (3.00) 50. (c)
51. (c) 52. (b) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (a)
56. (b) 57. (5) 58. (b) 59. (5) 60. (6)
61. (b) 62. (a) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (1)
66. (b) 67. (c) 68. (d) 69. (c) 70. (c)
71. (d) 72. (c) 73. (b)
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (7)
11. (4) 12. (a,d) 13. (b,d) 14. (b,c) 15. (2)
16. (b,c) 17. (4) 18. (1.00) 19. (1.50) 20. (a,c)
21. (b)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a,c) 7. (b,c) 8. (a,d) 9. (a,c,d) 10 (a,c)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s)
15. (0) 16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (8)
20. (3) 21. (5) 22. (2)
Examples:
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
Function Function
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
Let us consider some other examples to make the above mentioned concepts clear.
(i) Let f : R+ R where y2 = x. This can't be considered a function as each
x R+ would have two images namely y = x . Thus it would be a relation.
(ii) Let f : [–2, 2] R, where x2 + y2 = 4. Here y = 4 x2 , that means for every x [–2, 2] we
would have two values of y (except when x = ±2). Hence it does not represent a function.
(iii) Let f : R R where y = x3. Here for each x R we would have a unique value of y in the set
R (as cube of any two distinct real numbers are distinct). Hence it would represent a function.
Distinction between a relation and a function can be easily made by drawing the graph of y = f(x).
f(x)
f(x) L
y = f(x)
C y = f(x)
y2 y3
y2 B
y1
y1
A
x2
x1 x3 x
x0 x
Fig. (a) Fig . (b)
Sample Problem 1:
1 x f ( x). f ( x 2 ) 1
If f(x) = , show that .
1 x 1 [ f ( x)]2 2
1 x2 1 x2
Solution: f(x2) =
1 x2 (1 x)(1 x )
1 x 1 x2 1 x2
f ( x). f ( x 2 )
1 x 1 x 1 x
1 x 2
1 x2
1
1 [ f ( x)]2 2
1 x 1 x 2 1 x 2 2 2 x2 2
1
1 x 2 1 x 2
3.2. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION:
Let f : A B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is known as co-domain of f.
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f. Thus:
Domain of f = {a|a A, (a, f (a)) f }
Range of f = {f(a)| a A, (f (a) B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.
Sample Problem 2:
Find the domain of the following functions:
1 1
(i) f ( x) 2sin x x 2 (ii) f(x) = sin-1 4 x2
log10 x 1
Sample Problem 3:
Find the range of the following functions:
1
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5
8 3sin x
(iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4))
1
Solution: (i) f(x) = . We know that –1 sin x 1
8 3sin x
1 1
– 3 3 sin x 3 5 8 – 3 sin x 11 Range (f) = ,
11 5
2
7 29 29
2
(ii) f(x) = x – 7x + 5 f(x) = x Range (f) = ,
2 4 4
(a) (–, –3) (b) (–, –3)(–1, ) (c) (–1, ) (d) (–3, –1)
1
3. The domain of function f (x) = is
| x | x
x2 2x 9
4. The range of the function f (x) = is
x2 2 x 9
(a) [1/2, 2] (b) [2, ) (c) (–, 1/2] (d) none of these
2
x e
5. If f(x) = ln 2 , then range of f(x) is
x 1
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1] (c) [0, 1) (d) {0, 1}
1
6. The domain of f ( x) log is
| sin x |
x2
7. The range of the function f ( x) is
x4 1
1 1
(a) 0, 2 (b) 0, 2 (c) [0, [ (d) [0, 2]
e x
9. The range of f ( x) ; x 0 is
[ x] 1
10. Let f ( x) sin and Dx = {x : f (x) > 0}, then Dx contains
x
1 1 1 1 1
(a) , 3 (b) , (c) 1, (d) ,
3 5 4 4 2
6 x is defined only if 6 – x 0
Domain of f is = [1, 6]
f is defined if x2 + 4x + 3 > 0
If x 0, then | x | = x
Domain of f = {x : x < 0}
x2 2x 9
4. (a): The domain of f is R. Let y0 R ; y0 belongs to the range if the equation y0 = has
x2 2x 9
a solution lying in the domain.
y0(x2 + 2x + 9) = x2 – 2x + 9
x2(y0 – 1) + 2x(y0 + 1) + 9(y0 – 1) = 0
6. (c): |sin x| 0
7. (b): Let x2 = t.
10. (b): Net . sin > 0 4 < < 5.
x
Sample Problem 4:
1
If f(x) = x2 +1, g(x) = , then find (fog) (x) and (gof) (x).
x 1
1
Solution: Given, f(x) = x2 + 1 .....(1) g(x) = .....(2)
x 1
1 1
Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f = f(z), where z =
x 1 x 1
= z2 + 1 [ f (x) = x2 + 1]
2
1 1
= 1 1
x 1 ( x 1) 2
Sample Problem 5:
2 x, if x 0
If f(x) = , then find (fof) (x).
2 x, if x 0
2 f ( x), f ( x) 0
Solution: (fof) (x) = f{f(x)} =
2 f ( x), f ( x) 0
2 2 x, 2x0 and x0 4 x, x 0
2 (2 x),
2x0 and x0 x, x
= =
2 2 x, 2 x0 and x0 4 x, x 0
2 (2 x), 2 x0 and x0 x, x
4 x, x0
Hence (fof) (x) =
4 x, x0
Sample Problem 6:
Determine the nature of the following function for even and odd:
ax 1
(i) f(x) = log x x 2 1 (ii) f(x) = x x
a 1
Sample Problem 7:
If f is an even function defined in the interval (– 5, 5), find four real values of x satisfying the
x 1
equation f(x) = f .
x2
x2 + x – 1 = 0 or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
3 5 3 5
x= or x = .
2 2
(iii) A constant function is periodic but does not have a fundamental period.
(iv) If g is periodic then fog will always be a periodic function. Period of fog may or may not be the
period of g.
While taking LCM we should always remember,
LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity.
LCM of rational with rational is possible
a c e LCM of ( a, c, e)
Example : LCM of , ,
b d f HCFof (b, d , f )
Where a, b, c, d, e, f I with b, d, f 0
LCM of irrational with irrational is possible if there irrational part is same.
But LCM of rational and irrational is not possible.
e.g., LCM of (2, 1, 6) is not possible as 2, 6 are irrational and 1 is rational.
Note : All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the domain as
the same pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain.
Sample Problem 8:
Find the period of f(x) = |sin x| + | cos x|
Solution: |sin x| has period , |cos x| has period
Hence, according to the rule of LCM, period of f(x) must be .
But | sin x | = |cos x| and | cos ( x) | = |sin x|
2 2
Since, , period of f(x) is
2 2
Sample Problem 9:
If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is a rational number.
2 2
Solution: Period of sin x = 2 = and period of cos ax =
1 a
2 2
Period of sin x + cos ax = L.C.M of and
1 a
LCM of 2 and 2 2
= = where is the H.C.F. of 1 and a.
HCFof 1and a
1 a
Since is the H.C.F of 1 and a, and should be both integers.
a
1 a n
Suppose = m and = n, then , where n, m I i.e., a = n/m.
1 m
Hence, a is rational number with period = 2
Sample Problem-10:
2 x (sin x tan x)
Prove that: f ( x) is an odd function where [.] denote the greatest integer
x 2
2 3
function.
2 x(sin x tan x ) 2 x(sin x tan x) x(sin x tan x)
Solution: Given f ( x)
x 2 x x 1
2 3 2 1 2
x (sin x tan x)
f ( x )
x 1
2
x x
Case-I: If x = n, n I then and numerator of f(–x) is zero.
f(–x) = 0
Case-II: If x n , n I
x x
f ( x) 1
x(sin x tan x)
f ( x) f ( x)
x 1
1
2
3. The period of the following function f (x) = x – [x] + | cos x | + | cos 2x | + ... + | cos nx | is
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
(a) periodic (b) even function (c) odd function (d) none of these
1
5. If f(x) = cos (log x), then f ( x ). f ( y ) f ( x / y ) f ( xy ) is equal to
2
f ( x)
6. If f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all real x, y and f (0) 0, then the function F ( x ) is
1 ( f ( x)) 2
(a) even (b) odd (c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these.
7. If f (x) + g(x) = e–x where f (x) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function, then f (x) and g(x)
must be
ex e x e x e x e x e2 x e2 x e x
(a) f ( x) , g ( x) (b) f ( x) , g ( x)
2 2 2 2
x x
8. If f ( x) 1 , then f (x) must be
2 ex 1
(a) odd (b) even (c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these
sin x sin 3 x sin 5 x sin 7 x
9. If f ( x) , then period of f (x) is
cos x cos3 x cos5 x cos 7 x
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
4 2
sin nx
10. If f ( x) , nI, has period 4, then n =
sin ( x / n)
1 1 1
3. (c): l.c.m. 1, 1, , , ... , = 1
2 3 n
1
6. (a): f (0) = 1 and f ( x) .
f ( x)
2
10. (a): L.C.M. , 2n 4
n
e.g. f : R R+ given by y = ex
g : R R, g(x) = 3x – 7
are one - one functions.
or, f : A B is one - one
a b f(a) f(b) for all a, b A
f(a) = f(b) a = b for all a, b A
If a continuous function f(x) which has either local minima or local maxima or both
then
f(x) will be Many - One
Every even function is Many - One
Every periodic function is Many - One
x12 8 x1 18 x22 8 x2 18
Now f(x1) = f(x2)
x12 4 x1 30 x22 4 x2 30
12x12x2 – 12x1x22 + 12x12– 12 x22 – 8x2 + 18
(x1 – x2){12x1 x2 + 12 (x1+ x2) – 312} = 0
26 x 2
x1 = x2 or x1 = f(x) is not one-one.
1 x2
(ii) f : , [–1, 1] f – 1: [–1, 1] ,
2 2 2 2
2x 3
f ( x) 2
0 x [1, 3]
( x 3 x 1)
Which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the
given function f(x) is invertible.
3 9 4.1(1 e x ) 3 (5 4e x )
f 1 ( x )
2 2
3 (5 4e x )
f–1(x) (as f –1(x) [1,3])
2
3 (5 4e x )
Hence f–1(x)
2
x, x 1
2
Solution: Given f(x) = x , 1 x 4
8 x , x4
If a > 0, a 1 then the function defined by f(x) = ax , x R is called an Exponential Function with
base a.
Y
–x
–x y = 4 y = 10
–x
x
y=2 y = 10x y = 4 y = 2x
Domain : R
a>1 Range : R+
Nature : one-one
0<a<1
X
O
3.8.2. Logarithmic Function: If a > 0, a 1, then the function y = loga x, x R+(set of positive real
numbers) is called the logarithmic Function with base a.
[x] = n n x < n + 1
[x] n x n, n I
[x] n x < n + 1, n I
3.9.3. Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y| 0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x) 0, |y| = f(x) would give
y = f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) 0 and will be
reflected about x–axis only in those regions. Regions where f(x) < 0 will be neglected.
Full lines show the graph of |y| = f(x) and dotted lines depict the corresponding graph of y = f(x).
3.9.4. Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a R from the known graph of y = f(x)
y = f(x)
f(x + a) respectively. As such for a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply by translating the
graph of f(x) in the negative x–direction through a distance ‘a’ units. If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can
be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in the positive x–direction through a distance a units.
Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the
positive y–axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y–axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance |b|
units.
3.9.5. Drawing the graph of y = a f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
y = a f(x), a > 1 y = f(x)
It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x coordinates) would have their ordinates
in the ratio of 1 : a.
3.9.6. Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known graph of y = f(x)
x
Let us take any point x0 domain of f(x). Let ax = x0 or x = 0
a
Clearly if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against y–axis, and if a > 1, x <
x0, then f(x) will compress by ‘a’ units against y–axis.
3.9.7. Drawing the graph of y = f–1 (x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Y
For drawing the graph of y = f–1(x) we have to
first of all find the interval in which the function (1, / 2)
(0, /2)
is bijective (invertible). Then take the reflection y=x
(iii) |y| = sin x, x [– 2, 2] (iv) |y| = –sin x, x [– 2, 2]
1 1
Solution: (i) O 2 (ii) 2 O 2
-1
1 1
(iii) 2 O 2 (iv) O 2
-1 2 -1
Sample Problem-16:
3x 4
Check whether the function f : R R given by f (x) = is one-one or not
x2 1
Sample Problem-17:
If f (x) = (2 + (x – 3)3)1/3, find f –1
Solution: y = [2 + (x – 3)3]1/3
y3 = 2 + (x – 3)3
(x – 3)3 = y3 – 2
x – 3 = (y3 – 2)1/3
x = 3 + (y3 – 2)1/3
g(y) = x = 3 + (y3 – 2)1/3 is the inverse function
10 x 10 x
1. The inverse of the function y is
10 x 10 x
x 1 x
(a) y log10 (b) y log10
2 x 2 2 x
1 x
(c) y log10 (d) none of these
2 1 x
x2 x
3. If f(x) : R R such that f ( x) is onto function then
x 2 x 1
(a) [1, ) (b) (–, –2] (c) [–2, 0] (d) [0, 2]
e x e x
4. The inverse of f ( x)
e x e x
1 1 y 1 y 1 1 1 y 1 y 1
(a) ln (b) ln (c) ln (d) ln
2 1 y 2 y 1 2 1 y 2 y 1
5. Which of the following function (s) from f : A A are invertible, where A [–1, 1]?
x x
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = sin (c) f(x) = |x| (d) f(x) = x2
2 2
2
6. Let f: , [0, 4] be a function defined as f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2. Then f –1 (x) is given by
3 3
x2 x2 2 x2
(a) sin–1 (b) sin–1 (c) cos 1 (d) none of these
2 6 2 6 3 2
e| x | e x
7. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = . Then
e x e x
(a) f is both one-one and onto (b) f is one-one but not onto
(c) f is onto but not one-one (d) f is neither one-one nor onto.
10 2 x 1
1. (d): Let y = . Find x in terms of y.
10 2 x 1
x2 x
3. (c): Let y = form quadratic in x and use D 0.
x 2 x 1
e2 x 1
4. (b): Let y = find x in terms of y.
e2 x 1
5. (b): Clearly ‘c’ and ‘d’ are ruled out as these are many–one. Also f(x) = (x/2) is one–one but not
x
onto. g(x)= sin is both one–one and onto.
2
6. (b): f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin x + 2 . Since f(x) is one–one and onto, f is invertible.
6
x
Now fof–1 (x) = x 2 sin f 1 ( x) +2 = x sin f 1 ( x) 1
6 6 2
x
f–1 (x) = sin–1 1
2 6
x
Because 1 1 for all x [0, 4].
2
7. (d): f is not one-one as f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = 0. f is also not onto a for y = 1 there is no x R such that
f(x) = 1. If there is such an x R, then e|x| – e–x = ex + e–x .Clearly x 0. For x > 0, this equation gives
e2 x 1
e–x = 0 which is not possible and for x < 0, 0 , which is also not possible.
ex
2x
8. (b): Let y = 2 x , taking log.
e x e x , x0
10. (d): y = . Clearly y is neither one-one nor onto.
0, x0
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
x; when x is rational
1. If f(x) = , then fof (x) is given as
1 x; when x is irrational
(a) 1 (b) x (c) 1 + x (d) None of these
cos x
3. f(x) = , where x is not an integral multiple of and [] denote the greatest integer function, is
x 1
2
4. Let f : [– 10, 10] R, where f(x) = sin x + [x2/a] and [.] denotes the greatest integer function be an
odd function. Then set of values of parameter ‘a’ is / are
(a) (–10, 10) – {0} (b) (0, 10) (c) [100, ) (d) (100, )
5. If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1) for every real x then f(5) is
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 1 (d) 5
6. If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then f(3) – f(2) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
| x | 3 1
8. The function f ( x) cos 1 log(4 x) is defined for
2
(a) [–1, 0][1, 5] (b) [–5, –1][1, 4] (c) [–5, –1][1, 4) – {3} (d) [1, 4) – {3}
x
9. The domain of f ( x) cot 1 for all xR is ( [·] denotes greatest integer function)
x 2 [ x 2 ]
2090
{x r}
10. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x, then [ x ]
r 1 2090
is
x
(a) x (b) 2090 x (c) (d) x + 2090
2090
1 1
11. If f ( x) x and g ( x) x 4 4 if f (k) = 5. Then g(k) is
x x
12. Let f (x) = x + 1 and (x) = x – 2. Then the value of x satisfying | f (x) + (x) | = | f (x) | + | (x) | are
(a) (–, 1] (b) [2, ) (c) (–, –2] (d) [1, )
sin nx cos nx
13. If f ( x) where n I has period 8 then n =
sin x / n
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) none of these
2
x
14. The domain of f ( x) x cos 1 (| x | 4) =
log( x 2)
(a) (3, 5] (b) (2, ) ( 2, 0 ) (c) (2, ) (d) (–2, 0)
2 2)
e x ln x 5( x ( x 2 7 x 10)
15. The range of the function f(x) = is
2 x 2 11x 12
3 3
(a) (–,) (b) [0, ) (c) , (d) , 4
2 2
16. If f (x) = cos[2] x + cos[–2]x where [x] is the greatest integer function, then which one is correct?
18. If the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to [–1, 1] selected those which are not bijective
2 1
(a) sin (sin–1 x) (b) sin (sin x) (c) (sgn( x))ln(e x ) (d) x 3 (sgn ( x ))
x
19. Let f be a real valued function defined on the interval (–1, 1) such that e x f ( x) 2 t 4 1 dt for
0
–1
all x (–1, 1) and let f be the inverse function of f then
(a) the value of f(0) = 2 (b) the value of f ´(0) = 3
–1
(c) the value of f (2) = 0 (d) the value of f–1(2) = 1
1 2x
20. Let f : (0, 1) R be defined by f ( x) then
2x
(a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
1
(b) f : (0, 1) 1, is invertible and f = f–1
2
1
(c) f : (0, 1) , 2 is invertible and f = f–1
2
1 1 1
(d) f : (0, 1) 1, is invertible and f
2 2 f (0)
1
21. If the function f : 1, , is defined by f(x) = 3x(x – 2), then
3
(a) f –1(x) is not possible (b) f –1(x) = 1 1 log 3 x
(c) f –1(x) = 1 1 log 3x (d) f –1(x) = f(x) will have one solution
22. Let f : R R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + y x, y R and f(1) = 2 then
(a) f–1(2) = 3 (b) f–1(2) = 1 (c) f–1(4) = 3 (d) f–1(4) = 2
( x a )( x b)
23. Consider the function f ( x) where a, b and c are real numbers
( x c)
25. A function ‘f’ from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by
n 1
, when n is odd
f ( x) 2 is
n , when n is even
2
(a) one-one (b) many-one (c) onto (d) into
Comprehension-1
(a) f (–64x, –64y) (b) f (212x, 212y) (c) f (–218x, –218y) (d) none of these
27. g(x) is
(a) a periodic function with period 6 (b) a periodic function with period 12
Comprehension-2
For x 0, 1, define
1 1 x 1 x
f1(x) = x1, f2(x) = , f (x) = 1 – x, f4(x) = , f (x) = , f6(x) =
x 3 1 x 5 x x 1
This family of functions is closed under composition, that is the composition of any two of these
1
33. A. The domain of the function f ( x) (p) {–2}
| tan x | tan x
tan 2 x
B. The domain of the function f ( x) is (q) n , n , n I
6 cos x 2sin 2 x 2
R (2n 1) ; n I
2
C. The domain of the function f ( x) sin x cos x 7 x x 2 6 (r)
(2 n 1) ; n I
4
D. The set of real value(s) of ‘p’ for which
5 5 3 7
px 2 (1 ) x sin 1 x 2 x cos 1 x 2 x 0 (s) 1, , 6
4 4 4 4
40. If range of the function [|sin x| + |cos x| + 1], where [] is g.i.f. is {a}, then value of ‘a’ is
1 4 x 9
41. Find the number of solutions of the equation x 2 x 2 , where x –1.
2
x2 e x2 e
42. The only integer inside the range of the function y sin ln 2 cos ln 2 is
x 1 x 1
1
(i) y = (ii) y = log 3 (cos (sin x ))
2
log 1 ( x – 7 x 13)
2
2
1 (x – 2)
(iii) y = (iv) y = 4x 8 3 – 13 – 2 2( x – 1)
x – [ x]
1 2 1
(iii) y = |sin x| + |cos x|, 0 x (iv) y = sin –1 x 2 cos–1 x – 2
2
x1 , x1 x 2 , –1 x 2
45. If f(x) = and g(x) = . Find fog and gof.
2x 1 , 1 x 2 x 2 , 2 x 3
{ x} , x0
46. Is the function f (x) = (where {.} denotes fractional part of x) even ?
{–x} , x0
(i) f (x) = cos (cos x) + cos (sin x) (ii) f (x) = x + cos ( x) – [x]
|sin x cos x|
(iii) f (x) = eln (sin x) + tan3 x – cosec (3x – 5) (iv) f (x) =
|sin x||cos x|
48. A real valued function, y = f (x), has its graph symmetrical about the lines x = a and x = b, where a <
b. Prove that f is periodic, given that its domain is R.
x|x| , x–1
49. Check whether the function f (x) = [1 x ] [1 – x ] , –1 x 1 is even, odd or neither.
– x|x| , x1
51. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of
the following statements are true and the remaining two are false. f (x) = 1, f (y) 1, f (z) 2.
Determine the function f.
52. Consider the real vlaued function satisfying 2f (sinx) + f(cosx) = x. Find the domain and Range of
f(x).
53. Let f be a real valued function defined for all real number x such that 0 f(x) 1/2 and for some
fixed a > 0, f(x + a) = ½ – f ( x) { f ( x)}2 x R . Show that the function f(x) is periodic.
54. Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x}, [x] and {x} denote the integral and fractional parts of x
respectively.
g(x) = 2 – |x + 1|, –2 x 2,
56. If f is an even function defined on the interval (–5, 5), then find four values of x satisfying the
x1
equation f (x) = f .
x2
57. Show that the mapping f : R R given by f (x) = x3 + ax2 + bx + c is a bijection if and only
if a2 3b.
3. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then [AIEEE-2004]
(a) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (b) f (x) = – f (–x)
(c) f (x) = f (–x) (d) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
sin 1 ( x 3)
4. The domain of the function f (x) = is [AIEEE-2004]
9 x2
(a) [2, 3] (b) [1, 2) (c) [1, 2] (d) [2, 3)
5. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional equation f(x – y) = f(x)f(y) – f(a – x)f(a + y), where
a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [AIEEE-2005]
3
8. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = + log10 (x3 – x) is [AIEEE-2003]
4 x2
(a) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (b) (1, 2) (2, ) (c) (–1, 0)(1, 2)(2, ) (d) (1, 2)
9. The largest interval lying in , for which the function [f (x) = 4–x2 + cos–1(x/2 – 1) + log(cos
2 2
x)] is defined, is (AIEEE 2007)
(a) 4 , 2 (b) 0, 2 (c) [0, ] (d) ,
2 2
(c) f is neither one-one nor onto R (d) f is one-one but not onto R
1
12. The domain of the function f ( x) is : (AIEEE 2011)
| x | x
1
13. If g is the inverse of a function f and f '( x ) , then g(x) is equal to (JEE-Mains 2014)
1 x5
1
(a) 1+ x5 (b) 5x4 (c) (d) 1 + {g(x)}5
1 {g ( x)}5
1
14. If f ( x) 2 f 3 x, x 0 and S {x R : f ( x) f ( x)} ; then S : (JEE-Mains 2016)
x
(a) contains more than two elements (b) is an empty set
(c) contains exactly one element (d) contains exactly two elements
1 1 x
15. The function f : R , defined as f ( x ) , is (JEE-Mains 2017)
2 2 1 x2
1
16. Let a function f : (0, ) (0, ) be defined by f(x) = 1 . Then f is :- (JEE-Mains 2019)
x
x
17. Let f : R R be defined by f ( x ) , x R. Then the range of f is: (JEE-Mains 2019)
1 x2
1 1 1 1
(a) (–1, 1) –{0} (b) 2 , 2 (c) R , (d) R –[–1,1]
2 2
1 1
18. For x R – {0, 1}, let f1(x) = , f 2 ( x) 1 x and f3 ( x) be three given functions. If a
x 1 x
function, J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1) (x) = f3(x), then J(x) is equal to: (JEE-Mains 2019)
1
(a) f3(x) (b) f3 ( x ) (c) f2(x) (d) f1(x)
x
2x
19. Let A={x R : x is not a positive integer} Define a function f :A R as f(x) , then f is
x 1
(JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) injective but not surjective (b) not injective
(c) surjective but not injective (d) neither injective nor surjective
20. Let f : RR be a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2f '(1) + xf ''(2) + f '''(3), xR. Then f(2) equal :
(JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) 8 (b) –2 (c) –4 (d) 30
21. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f,g : NN such that :
n 1
if n isodd
f ( n) 2 and g(n) = n–(–1)n. The fog is : (JEE-Mains 2019)
n if n iseven
2
(a) Both one-one and onto (b) One-one but not onto
(c) Neither one-one nor onto (d) Onto but not one-one
5
22. If g (x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 – 10 x + 5, then f is equal to (JEE-Mains 2020)
4
(a) 3/2 (b) –1/2 (c) –3/2 (d) 1/2
2x 2 x
8 8
23. The inverse function of f ( x ) 2 x , x ( 1,1), is (JEE-Mains 2020)
8 8 2 x
1 1x 1 1x
(a) (log 8 e )log e (b) log e
4 1 x 4 1x
1 1 x 1 1x
(c) (log 8 e )log e (d) log e
4 1x 4 1x
x[ x ]
24. Let ƒ : (1,3) R be a function defined by f ( x ) , where [x] denotes the greatest
1 x2
integer x. Then the range of ƒ is (JEE-Mains 2020)
3 4 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 1 3 4
(a) , (b) , , (c) , (d) , ,
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5
25. If R = {(x, y) : x, y Z, x2 + 3y3 8} is a relation on the set of integers Z, then the domain of
R–1 is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) {–2, –1, 1, 2} (b) {–1, 0, 1} (c) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (d) {0, 1}
|x|5
26. The domain of the function f (x) = sin 1 2 is (–, –a] [a, ). Then a is equal to:
x 1
[JEE-Mains 2020]
1 17 1 17 17 17
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 2 2 2
27. Let f : R R be a function which satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) x, yR. If f (1) = 2 and g(n)
( n 1)
k 1
f ( k ), n N, then the value of n, for which g(n) = 20, is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
each elements of the set T is an element of exactly 20 of sets Xi 's and exactly 6 of sets Yi 's,
then n is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 30 (b) 15 (c) 50 (d) 45
33. A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an office like coffee, whereas 65% like
tea. If x denotes the percentage of them, who like both coffee and tea, then x cannot be:
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 63 (b) 38 (c) 54 (d) 36
34. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of elements in the set C = {f : A B|2
f(A) and f is not one-one} is ________ . [JEE-Mains 2020]
35. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and f ( x) 2, x , y N, where N is the set of all natural numbers, then
x 1
f (4)
the value of [JEE-Mains 2020]
f (2)
1 2 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 9
36. Set A has m elements and set B has n elements. If the total number of subsets of A is 112
more than the total number of subsets of B, then the value of m.n is _________
[JEE-Mains 2020]
ax
37. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f : R – {a} R be defined by f(x) = .
ax
1
Further suppose that for any real number x –a and f(x) –a, (fof)(x) = x. Then f is
2
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) –3 (d)
3 3
1
x
38. Let f : R R be defined as f(x) = 2x – 1 and g : R . {1} R be defined as f ( x ) 2 . Then
x1
the composition function f(g(x)) is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) onto but not one-one (b) both one-one and onto
(c) one-one but not onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
1
39. If a + = 1, b + = 2 and af ( x ) f bx , x 0, then the value of expression
x
x
1
f ( x) f
x is _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
1
x
x
40. Let f be a twice differentiable function defined on R such that f(0) = 1, f '(0) = 2 and
f ( x ) f '( x )
f '(x) 0 for all x R. If 0, for all x R, then the value of f(1) lies in the
f '( x ) f ''( x )
x a, x 0
43. Let f : R R and g : R R be defined as f (x ) and
|x 1|, x 0
x 1, x0
g( x ) 2
where a, b are non-negative real numbers. If (gof)(x) is continuous
( x 1) b , x 0
for all x R, then a + b is equal to ___________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
44. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5, .... , 30} and '' be an equivalence relation on A × A, defined by (a, b) (c,
d), if and only if ad = bc. Then the number of ordered pairs which satisfy this equivalence
relation with ordered pair (4, 3) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 8 (d) 7
45. The inverse of y = 5log x is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
1 1
log 5
(a) x = 5logy (b) x = ylog5 (c) xy (d) x 5 log y
cosec 1 x
46. The real valued function f ( x ) , where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or
x [x ]
equal to x, is defined for all x belonging to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) all reals except integers
(b) all non-integers except the interval [–1, 1]
(c) all integers except 0, –1, 1
(d) all reals except the Interval [–1, 1]
47. If the functions are defined as f ( x ) x and g( x ) 1 x , then what is the common
domain of the following functions : f + g, f – g, f/g, g/f, g – f where (f ± g) (x) =f(x) ± g(x),
f (x)
(f/g)(x) [JEE-Mains 2021]
g( x )
50. If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that the polynomial P(x) = ƒ(x3) + xg(x3) is divisible
52. Let f : N N be a function such that f(m + n) = f(m) + f(n) for every m, n N. If f(6) = 18,
54. Which of the following is not correct for relation R on the set of real numbers ?
B = {(x, y) Z × Z : x2 + y2 4} and
[JEE-Mains 2021]
57. Let the domain of the function f(x) = log4 (log5(log3(18x – x2 –77))) be (a, b). Then the value of
b
sin 3 x
the integral a (sin 3 x sin 3 ( a b x )) dx is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
58. Consider function f : A B and g : B C (A, B, C R) such that (gof )–1 exists, then:
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) f and g both are one-one (b) f and g both are onto
(c) f is one-one and g is onto (d) f is onto and g is one-one
( 1)n n
100
59. If [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x, then is equal to:
n 8 2
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 0 (b) 4 (c) –2 (d) 2
60. Let g : N N be defined as
g(3n + 1) = 3n + 2,
g(3n + 2) = 3n + 3,
g(3n + 3) = 3n + 1, for all n 0.
Then which of the following statements is true ? [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) There exists an onto function f : N N such that fog = f
(b) There exists a one–one function f: N N such that fog = f
(c) gogog = g
(d) There exists a function f : N N such that gof = f
cos 1 x 2 x 1
61. If the domain of the function f ( x ) is the interval (, ], then + is
2x 1
1
sin
2
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 3/2 (b) 2 (c) ½ (d) 1
5x 3
62. Let f : R – R be defined by f ( x ) . Then the value of a for which (fof)(x) = x,
6 6x
for all x R , is [JEE-Mains 2021]
6
(a) No such -exists (b) 5 (c) 8 (d) 6
63. Let [x] denote the greatest integer x, where x R. If the domain of the real valued
|[ x ]|2
function f ( x ) is (–, a) [b, c) [4, ), a < b < c, then the value of a + b + c is
|[ x ]|3
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) 8 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) –3
64. Let f(x) and g(x) be two real polynomials of degree 2 and 1 respectively. If f(g(x)) = 8x2 – 2x,
and g(f(x)) = 4x2 + 6x + 1, then the value of f(2) + g(2) is_____. [JEE-Mains 2022]
65. Let c, k ∈ R. If f(x) = (c + 1) x2 + (1 – c2 ) x + 2k and f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) – xy, for all x, y ∈ R,
then the value of |2(f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + ..+f(20))| is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2022]
1 1
2 sin 4x 2 1
66. The domain of the function cos1 is : [JEE-Mains 2022]
1 1
(a) R , (b) (−∞,−1]∪[1,∞)∪{0}
2 2
1 1 1 1
(c) , , {0} (d) , , {0}
2 2 2 2
67. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of elements in the set {f : S × S S : f is onto and f(a, b)
= f(b, a) a(a, b) S × S} is [JEE-Mains 2022]
68. Let a function f : N N be defined by
2n , n 2, 4,6,8,....
f ( n) n 1 , n 3,7,11,15,.....
n 1
, n 1,5,9,13,....
2
then, f is [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) neither one-one nor onto (d) one-one and onto
2 n, if n 1,2,3, 4, 5
69. Let S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}. Define f : S S as f (n)
2n 11, if n 6,7,8,9,10
n 1, if n is odd
Let g : S S be a function such that fog( n) ,
n 1, if n is even
Then g(10) ((g(1) + g(2) + g(3) + g(4) + g(5)) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2022]
2 e2 x
70. Let f : R R be a function defined f (x ) . Then
22x e
1 2 3 99
f f f ... f is equal to___________. [JEE-Mains 2022]
100 100 100 100
x2
71. Let f : R R be defined as f(x) = x–1 and g : R - {1, –1} be defined as g( x ) 2
. Then the
x 1
function fog is : [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) one-one but not onto function (b) onto but not one-one function
(c) both one-one and onto function (d) neither one-one nor onto function
72. Let f(x) = 2cos–1x + 4cot–1 x – 3x2 – 2x + 10, x [–1, 1]. If [a, b] is the range of the function
then 4a – b is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2022]
|x 3|, x 0
73. Let f, g : R R be two real valued functions defined as f ( x) x
and
e , x0
x 2 k1 x , x 0
g(x ) , where k1 and k2 are real constants. If (gof) is differentiable at x = 0,
4x k2 , x 0
then (gof) (–4) + (gof) (4) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
5
1. If f (x) = sin2x + sin2 x + cos x cos x and g = 1, then (gf) (x) is equal to
3 3 4
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 (IIT Sc. 1996)
2. If the functions f, g, h are defined from the set of real numbers R to R such that
f (x) = x2 – 1, g(x) = x2 1 ,
h(x) = 0 if x 0
= x if x 0,
then (hfg) (x) is (IIT Sc. 1997)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
x
4
3. Let f (x) = x
. Then f (x) + f (1 – x) is equal to (IIT Sc. 1998)
4 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these
5. If g(f (x)) = | sin x | and f (g(x)) = (sin x )2, then (IIT Sc. 1998)
2
(a) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = x (b) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = | x |
(c) f (x) = x2, g(x) = sin x (d) f and g cannot be determined
6. If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f (x) = 2x(x–1), then f –1(x) is (IIT Sc. 1999)
x ( x 1)
1 1
(a) 2 (b) (1 1 4 log 2 x )
2
1
(c) (1 1 4 log 2 x ) (d) not defined
2
7. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is (IIT Sc. 2000)
(a) 0 < x 1 (b) 0 x 1 (c) – < x 0 (d) – < x < 1
x
8. Let f (x) = , x 1. Then for what values of , is f (f (x)) = x? (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1
log 2 ( x 3)
9. The domain of definition of f (x) = is (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 2 3x 2
(a) R – {–1, –2} (b) (–2, ) (c) R – {–1, –2, –3} (d) (–3, ) –{–1, –2}
1, x 0
10. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) = 0, x 0 . Then for all x, f (g(x)) is equal to (IIT Sc. 2001)
1, x 0
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g(x)
11. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1)2 for x –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph
of f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals (IIT Sc. 2002)
1
(a) x – 1, x 0 (b) , x > –1 (c) x 1 , x –1 (d) x – 1, x 0
( x 1) 2
x
12. If f : [0, ) [0, ) and f (x) = , then f is (IIT Sc.2003)
1 x
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not on-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
2
x x2
13. Range of the function f (x) = ; x R is (IIT Sc. 2003)
x2 x 1
11 7 7
(a) (1, ) (b) 1, (c) 1, (d) 1,
7 3 5
14. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = sin 1 (2 x) for real valued x, is (IIT Sc. 2003)
6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 4 , (b) 2 , (c) , (d) 4 ,
2 2 2 9 4
15. Let f : R R be any function. Define g : R R by g(x) = | f (x) | for all x. Then g is (IIT Sc. 2000)
(a) onto if f is onto (b) one-one if f is one-one
(c) continuous if f is continuous (d) differentiable if f is differentiable
16. Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f )(x) = (g o g o
f )(x), where (f o g)(x) = f (g(x)), is [IIT 2011]
(a) n , n {0, 1, 2, …} (b) n , n {1, 2, …}
(c) 2n, n {, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …} (d) 2n, n {…, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …}
2
2
17. Let f : (–1, 1) IR be such that f (cos 4) for 0, , . Then the values(s)
2 sec 2 4 4 2
1
of f is (are) [IIT 2012]
3
3 3 2 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
2 2 3 3
π π
18. Let f : , R be given by f (x) = (log (sec x + tan x))3. Then [JEE-ADV. 2014]
2 2
(a) f (x) is an odd function (b) f (x) is one-one function
(c) f (x) is an onto function (d) f (x) is an even function
20. Let f ( x) sin sin sin x for all x R and g ( x) sin x for all x R. Let (fog)(x) denote
6 2 2
f(g(x)) and (gof )(x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of the following is (are) true ? [JEE-Adv. 2015]
1 1 1 1
(a) Range of f is , (b) Range of fog is ,
2 2 2 2
f ( x)
(c) lim (d) There is an x R such that (gof )(x) = 1
x 0 g ( x) 6
x x
21. Let E1 = {x R : x 1 and 0 } and E2 x E1 :sin 1 log e isa real number
x1 x 1
(here, the inverse trigonometric function sin–1x assumes values in , .) [JEE-Adv. 2018]
2 2
x
Let f : E1 R be the function defined by f (x) = loge
x1
x
and g : E2 R be the function defined by g (x) = sin 1 log e
x 1
LIST-I LIST-II
1 e
P. The range of f is 1. , ,
1 e e 1
Q. The range of g contains 2. (0, 1)
1 1
R. The domain of f contains 3. 2 , 2
S. The domaing of g is 4. (–, 0) (0, )
e
5. ,
e 1
1 e
6. (, 0) ,
2 e 1
The correct option is:
(a) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 1 (b) P3; Q 3; R 6; S 5
(c) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 6 (d) P 4; Q 3; R 6; S 5
x 5 5x 4 10 x 3 10 x 2 3x 1, x 0;
2
x x 1, 0 x 1;
2 3 8
22. Let f : R R by given by f (x)= x 4x 2 7 x ; 1 x 3;
3 3
10
( x 2)log e ( x 2) x ; x 3.
3
1 10 7 k 7 ( k 1) 3
23. The value of sec 1 sec sec in the interval 4 , 4 equals.....
4 k 0 12 2 12 2
[JEE-Advanced 2019]
Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information
given in the paragraph
Let f(x) = sin( cosx) and g(x) = cos(2 sin x) be two functions defined for x > 0. Define the
following sets whose elements are written in the increasing order:
X = {x : f(x) = 0}, Y = {x : f (x) = 0},
Z = {x : g(x) = 0}, W = {x : g(x) = 0}
List - I contains the set X, Y, Z and W. List -II contains some information regarding these
sets. [JEE-Advanced 2019]
List-I List-II
3
(I) X (P) , , 4 ,7
2 2
(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression
(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression
7 13
(IV) W (S) , ,
6 6 6
2
(T) , ,
3 3
3
(U) ,
6 4
26. If the function :ℝ⟶ℝ is defined by ( )=| |( −sin ), then which of the following
statements is TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
(A) is one-one, but NOT onto (B) is onto, but NOT one-one
(C) is BOTH one-one and onto (D) is NEITHER one-one NOR onto
4x
27. Let the function :[0,1]→ℝ be defined by f ( x) . Then the value of
4x 2
1 2 3 39 1
f f f ... f f is ____ [JEE-Advanced 2020]
40 40 40 40 2
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
|x|
1. Let f ( x ) , x 0 , then for 0 | f () – f (–)| is equal to
x
1
2. Range of the function f defined by f ( x) (where [x] and {.} respectively denote the
sin{x}
greatest integer and the fractional part function) is
1
5. The domain of the function f ( x ) 1 x x 2 is
( x x2 )
(a) (–, –2) (1, ) (b) (–, 0) (1, ) (c) (–, –1) (1, ) (d) (–, )
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.
6. If f ( x) cos 2 x cos 2 x cos x.cos x then
3 3
(a) f(x) is an even function (b) f f
8 4
7. D [–1, 1] is the domain of the following functions, state which of them are injective.
(a) f(x) = x2 (b) g(x) = x3 (c) h(x) = sin 2x (d) k(x) = sin (x/2)
8. Let f(x) = sec–1[1 + cos2x] where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
(a) the domain of f is R (b) the domain of f is [1, 2]
(c) the range of f is [1, 2] (d) the range of f is {sec–11, sec–12}
2
9. Let f ( x) 4 cos x 2 . Then
9
(a) the domain of f is , (b) the range of f is [–1, 1]
3
(c) the domain of f is , (d) the range of f is [–4, 4]
3 3
If a function x = f (x) : f : A B then the set A is called as domain of the function & B is called
co-domain of the function. For all x A, the values of y thus obtained comprise the set ‘C’ where C
is called as range of function
1
11. The domain of the function f x is where [.] indicates greatest integer function
ln cos 1 x
(c) [–1, cos 3) (cos 3, cos 4) (d) [–1, cos 3) (cos 3, cos 2)
12. The domain of the function f x cos sin x log x x where {.} indicates fractional part
function
(a) [1, ) (b) (0, 2) – [1, ) (c) 0, 1 (d) (0, 1)
2
(a) 0, 2 (b) 0, 3 (c) , (d) ,
3 2 6 2
relation f(x + y) = f(x).f(y) for all natural numbers x, y & further f(1) = 2.
cos 2 x sin 4 x
16. If f ( x) for, x R then f(2002) =
sin 2 x cos 4 x
sin nx
17. f ( x) has 4 as its period is
x
sin
n
19. The value of a parameter ||, for which the function f : R R given by f(x) = 1 + x, a 0, is the
inverse of itself is
1
20. If f ( x) , g ( x) f ( f ( x)) and h(x) = f (f (f (x)), then for x 0, 1 the value of |f (x) . g(x) .
1 x
h(x)| is
21. Let f be a real values function defined, xR such that for some fixed >0
1
f ( x ) f ( x) ( f ( x)) 2 for all x having period n, then find n.
2
x
5 21
22. The number of real roots of 2 x is.
13
13
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignments
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (a,c) 17. (a,c) 18. (b,c,d) 19. (a,b,c) 20. (a,b,d)
21. (b,d) 22. (b,c) 23. (a,b) 24. (b,c) 25. (a,c)
26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q) 33. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
34. (2) 35. (6) 36. (2) 37. (6) 38. (5)
39. (5) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (0)
43. (i) (3, 4) ; (ii) {n : n I} ; (iii) R ~ I ; (iv) [2, )
44. (i) (–, ) ; (ii) (1, ) ; (iii) [1, 2] ; (iv) {}
x 2 1 , –1 x 1 ( x 1)2 , –2 x 1
45. fog (x) = 2 ; gof (x) =
2 x 1 , 1 x 2 x 3 , x1
or simply (x + 1)2, –2 x 1.
46. Yes 47. (i) /2 ; (ii) 2 ; (iii) 2 ; (iv)
49. Even 50. No solution
2
51. f = {(x, 2), (y, 1), (z, 3)} 52. D f [1,1], R f ,
3 3
1
54. x
4
1 x 2 x 1
55. (fog) (x) = 1 x 1 x 0
x1 0x2
(gof) (x) = 1 + x, –1 x 1
= 3 – x, 1 x 3
1 1
56. (–1 5 ), (–3 5 )
2 2
5
0 sin x 1/2 x 2n, 2n 2n , (2n 1)
nI 6 6
cos x
= f ( x) f(x) is an odd function.
x 1
2
x2 x2
= 0 for all x [– 10, 10] 0 < 1 for all x [–10, 10]
a a
a > 100
7. (b):
Let y = log e x x 2 1
Find x in terms of y.
| x | 3
8. (c): 1 1 and 4 – x > 0 and 4 – x 1
2
1
11. (c): k 5 squaring twice.
k
2
13. (c): LCM of , 2n 8
n
2
x 0.
x
2
e x ln x 5( x 2) .( x 2) ( x 5)
15. (a): f (x) =
(2 x 3) ( x 4)
In the open interval (3/2,4) the function is continuous & takes up all real values from (– , )
1 2x
20. (a,b,d): Let y = , find x in terms of y.
2 x
2
2 x
21. (b,d): Let y = 3x
Put x = y = 1, then x = 2, y = 1.
71. (d) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (b) 75. (2)
76. (a) 77. (b) 78. (b)
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a,b) 18. (a,b,c) 19. (d) 20. (a,b,c)
21. (a) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (0.00) 24. (c) 25. (a)
26. (c) 27. (19.00)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(p); C-(q); D-(q)
15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (1)
Given two non-empty sets X and Y, let f : X Y be a function such that y = f (x). The set
X is called as the domain of f ; the set Y is called as the co-domain of f . The set { f (x): x X}, is
called as Range of f .
A map f : A B is said to be one-one or injective if, and only if, distinct elements of A have
distinct images in B, i.e if, and only if , x1 x2 f (x1) f (x2) for all x1, x2 A
Onto map or Surjective map : A map f : A B is said to be an onto map or surjective map if, and
only if, each element of B is the image of some element of A, i.e. if, and only if, Range of f = co-
domain of f.
Bijective map : A map f : A B is a Bijective map if and only if it is both one-one and onto.
If f : X Y is one-to-one and onto (i.e. f is bijective) then, we can define a unique function
g : Y X such that g(y) = x, where x X is such that y = f (x). Thus, the domain of g = range of f
and range of g = domain of f. The function g is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f–1.
If we define f : R [–1, 1] such that f (x) = sin x, then f is a many one (i.e. not one-one) and onto
function. f can be made one-one and onto by restricting its domain to ,
2 2
1
0
–2 – –/2 /2 3/2 2
–1
f : , [–1, 1] where y = f (x) = sin x is one-one and onto.
2 2
The inverse function is defined as
f –1 : [–1, 1] , ,
2 2
x = f –1 (y) = sin–1 y.
Domain of sin–1 is [–1, 1] and Range is , . Other inverse trigonometric functions may be
2 2
defined in a similar manner.
Function Domain Range (Principal value)
–1
y = sin x [–1, 1]
2 , 2
tan (tan–1 x) = x if x R
cot (cot–1 x) = x if x R
sin–1 (sin ) = if –
2 2
sec–1 (sec ) = if 0 < or <
2 2
5. sin–1 x = cos–1 1 x2 : 0 x 1
cos–1 x = sin–1 1 x2 : 0 x 1
x y
6. tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan 1 , if xy < 1, x > 0, y > 0
1 xy
x y
= tan 1 , if xy > 1, x > 0, y > 0
1 xy
x y
tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan 1 , if x > 0, y > 0.
1 xy
Sample Problem 1:
Solution: (a) tan–1 (–1) = as tan 4 = –1
4
3
(b) cot–1 (–1) = as cot = –1
4 4
3
(c) sin–1 = as sin =
2 3 3 2
Sample Problem 2:
Find the angle sin–1 (sin ).
Solution: sin–1 (sin ) , as ,
2 2
sin–1(sin ) = sin–1 sin 3
= sin–1sin ,= .
3 3
Sample Problem 3:
1
Find the value of cos [2 sin–1 x + cos–1 x] at x = .
5
= –sin (sin–1x)
= –x,
1
= .
5
Sample Problem 4:
1 1 2
Prove that tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1
7 13 9
1 1
1 1 1
1 1
Solution: tan tan tan 7 13 ,
1 1
7 . 13 1
7 13 1 1
91
20
= tan 1
90
2
= tan 1
9
Sample Problem 5:
x y x 2 2 xy y2
If cos 1 cos1 prove that 2 – cos 2 sin 2
a b a ab b
x y
Solution: cos 1 cos 1
a b
Taking cosine of both sides, we get
x y x y
cos cos –1 cos cos –1 – sin cos –1 sin cos –1 = cos
a b a b
xy x2 y2
1 2 1 2 = cos
ab a b
xy x2 y2
cos 1 2 1
ab a b2
Squaring both sides
2
xy x 2 y2
ab cos 1 a 2 1 b 2
x2 y 2 2 2 xy x2 y2 x2 y2
or cos cos 1
a 2 b2 ab a 2 b 2 a 2b2
x 2 y 2 2 xy
or cos 1 cos 2
a 2 b2 ab
x 2 2 xy y2
or cos sin 2
a 2 ab b2
Sample Problem 6:
Prove that sin (2 sin–1 x) = 2 x 1 x 2 .
Solution: Let 2 sin–1 x = where [–, ]; then, x = sin
2
sin (2 sin–1 x) = sin
= 2sin cos
2 2
= 2sin 1 sin 2
2 2
= 2x 1 x2
Sample Problem 7:
3
Find the angle (a) tan 1 tan ; (b) sin–1(sin5)
4
3
Solution: (a) tan 1 tan = tan 1 tan
4 4
= tan 1 tan
4
= tan 1 tan
4
4
(b) We know sin–1 (sin) = , , = [–1.57, 1.57]
2 2
5C , while 5 – 2 2 , 2
2 2
Sample Problem 8:
Squaring, we get
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz 1 x 2 y 2 x 2 y 2
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz 1 .
Sample Problem 9:
2x
Prove that f (x) = 2 tan–1 x + sin 1 is a constant for all x 1. Find this constant.
1 x2
For x 1,
2x
f (x) = 2 tan–1 x + sin 1
1 x2
1
= 2 tan–1x + 2 tan –1
x
= 2 [tan–1 x + cot–1 x]
= 2. = = constant.
2
1 x2 1 1
= 2 tan 1 cosec cosec 1 tan tan or
x x
1 x2 1
2 tan –1 cosec cosec –1 – tan tan –1
x x
depending on x > 0 or x<0
1 x2 1
= 2 tan 1
x x
1 x2 1
= 2 tan 1
x
Let tan–1x = – , ; then, x = tan ,
2 2
sec 1
R.H.S. = 2 tan 1 2 tan 1 tan
tan 2
= 2. = tan–1x
2
= L.H.S.
Solution: Case I A
4 2
0 < cot A < 1 and 0 < cot3 A < 1
cot A cot 3 A
tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A) = tan 1 4
1 cot A
cot A
= tan 1
1 cot A
2
sin 2 A
= tan 1
2 cos 2 A
1
= tan 1 tan 2 A
2
1
tan–1 tan 2 A + tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) = 0
2
Case II 0 < A <
4
cotA > 1 and cot3A > 1
cotA.cot3A > 1
cot A cot 3 A
Hence, tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) = tan 1 4
1 cot A
x y
[As tan–1 x + tan–1 y = + tan–1 if x > 0. y > 0 and xy > 1]
1 – xy
1
= tan 1 tan 2 A [From case 1 ]
2
1
tan–1 tan 2 A + tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) =
2
Tr = cot–1(2r2)
4r 2
= cot 1
2
1 4r 2 1
= cot 1
2
1 (2r 1)(2r 1) –1 (2 r 1) – (2 r – 1)
= cot 1 = tan
(2 r 1) (2r 1) 1 (2 r 1) (2r – 1)
= tan–1(2r + 1) – tan–1(2r – 1)
x1 = sin2
x1x2 = cos2
x1x2x3 = cos
x1x2x3x4 = –sin
x1 x1 x2 x3
tan[tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4] =
1 x1 x2 x1 x2 x3 x4
sin 2 cos
=
1 cos 2 sin
cos (2 sin 1)
=
sin (2 sin 1)
= cot
tan [tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4] = cot
= tan
2
tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4 = n + – , for some n I.
2
cos x = sin x ;
tan x = 1;
x = n + :nI
4
5 2
3. If (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 = , then x is equal to
8
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) –3
1 1 1 1
4. If tan 1 tan .... tan 1 tan 1 , then =
1 2 1 2.3 1 n ( n 1)
n n 1 n n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n 1 n2 n2 n2
1 x2 1 x2
5. It tan–1 , then x2 is equal to
2 2
1 x 1 x
(a) sin (b) cos 2 (c) cos (d) sin 2
2 x2 4
6. sin–1 sin 3 if
1 x2
(a) –1 x 0 (b) 0 x 1 (c) –1 x 1 (d) x > 1
x 1 1
7. The value of cos–1x + cos–1 3 3x 2 , 2 x 1 is equal to
2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
6 3
1 1 1
8. Two angles of a triangle are sin–1 and sin , then the third angle is
5 10
5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 6
x 2 x3 x2 x6
9. If sin–1 x ......... cos 1 x 2 ..... or 0 < |x| < 2 , then x =
2 4 2 4 2
1 1
(a) (b) –1 (c) +1 (d) –
2 2
3. (c): Put x = –1
1 1 n 1 n
4. (c): Use: tan 1 tan
1 n(n 1) 1 n( n 1)
2x2 4
6. (c): Put t
1 x2
8. (b): Use sin–1x + cos–1x = .
2
9. (d): Use sin–1x + cos–1x =
2
2 2
3
10. (c): sin 1
4 4
2
3 3 1
(sin–1x)3 + (cos–1x)3 = sin x
32 2 4
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
2n 2n
2. If sin 1 xi n , then xi is equal to
i 1 i 1
n( n 1)
(a) n (b) 2n (c) (d) none of these
2
(a) x [–1, 1] (b) n R (c) x (–, –1] [1, ) (d) none of these
x 3 1 2 x k
4. If A = tan 1 and B = tan , then the value of A – B is
2k x k 3
1 x
5. The smallest and the largest values of tan–1 , 0 x 1 are
1 x
(a) 0, (b) 0, (c) , (d) ,
4 4 4 4 2
1
6. If x + 2 , then the principal value of sin–1x is
x
3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2
n 1 2r 1
8. r 1
tan 2 r 1
is equal to
1 2
(a) tan–1 (2n) (b) tan–1(2n) – (c) tan–1 (2n+1) (d) tan–1(2n+1) –
4 4
9. If [cot–1 x] + [cos–1 x] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then the complete set of
values of x is
(a) (cos 1, 1] (b) (cos 1, cot 1) (c) (cot 1, 1] (d) none of these
10. The number of integral values of k for which the equation sin–1x + tan–1 x = 2k + 1 has a solution is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 2
12. If sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 x, , then x is equal to
3 3
4 5 4 2 5 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
9 9 6
2x 1 x2 2x
13. 3sin 1 2
4 cos 1 2
2 tan 1 2
, then x =
1 x 1 x 1 x 3
1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 1 (d) – 1
3
1
14. The value of cos(2cos–1x + sin–1 x) at x is
5
2 6
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d)
5
y 3
15. The number of the positive integral solutions of tan 1 x cos 1 sin 1 is
2
1 y 10
5
25. Let tan–1 tan , tan 1 tan , then
4 3
7
(a) (b) 43= 0 (c) (d) none of these
12
1 1 1
26. are three angles given by = tan–1 ( 2 1 ), = 3sin 1 sin 1 and = cos 1 ,
2 2 3
then
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 1 1 1 1
29. If a = sin 1 1
cos and b = tan 3 cot then
2 2 3
17 17 7
(a) a – b = (b) a + b = (c) a + b = – (d) a – b =
12 12 12 12
3
30. A solution of sin–1 tan sin 1 0 is
4 x 2 6
1
(a) x = 2 (b) x = 1 (c) x = 2 (d) x =
2
Comprehension-2
F(x) = sin {cot–1(x + 1)} – cos (tan–1x)
a = cos tan–1 sin cot–1x
b = cos (2cos–1x + sin–1x)
26
36. If a 2 , then b2 is equal to
51
1 24 25 50
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 51
1 4 29 x
39. If x = tan cos 1 sin 1 then 3 is equal to
5 2 17
1
40. If y = sin (cot–1x) and x = 99 then 9800 is equal to .
y2
y a
41. If cos–1x – cos–1 , then 400 (4x2 – 4xy cos + y2) + 328. sin2 = a sin2 , is equal to
2
1928
90 2r
42. If S = tan 1 2 4
then [cot S] is equal to.
r 1 2r r
2 2 4
44. If tan 1 x tan 1 x tan 1 , then [ x ] is
x
x x
1
45. tan–1x = 2 tan~1 , then –[x] is equal to
5 4
1 1
46. The value of cos cos 1 is equal to where [.] is G.I.F.
2 8
47. If 1 < x < 2 the number of solutions of the equation tan–1(x –1) + tan–1x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1(3x) is.
48. The integral root of the equation 17 x2 + 17x tan [2 tan–1 (1/5) – /4] – 10 = 0 is
51. Find all positive integral solutions of the equation tan–1 x + cot–1 y = tan–1 3.
52. Solve cos–1 (1 – x) – 2 cos–1 x =
2
1 a 1 a 2b
53. Prove that tan cos –1 tan – cos–1 .
4 2 b 4 2 b a
64. Consider the equation (sin 1 x)3 (cos 1 x)3 a3 . Find the values of parameter ‘a’ sot aht the
given equation has a solution.
65. Obtain the integral values of p for which the follownig system of equations passesses real
p 2 2
solutions. cos 1 x (sin 1 y ) and (cos 1 x)(sin 1 y ) 2 . Also find these solution.
4 16
x 5
3. If sin 1 cosec 1 , then a value of x is (AIEEE 2007)
5
4 2
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 3
5 2
4. The value of cot cosec 1 tan 1 is (AIEEE 2008)
3 3
3 4 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
1 sin x π
5. Consider f ( x) tan 1 , x 0, .
1 sin x 2
π
A normal to y = f(x) at x also passes through the point (JEE-Mains 2016)
6
π 2π π
(a) ,0 (b) (0, 0) (c) 0, (d) 6 ,0
4 3
7. All x satisfying the inequality (cot–1 x)2 – 7 (cot–1 x) + 10 > 0, lie in the interval:- (JEE-Mains 2019)
2 3 3
8. If cos 1 cos 1 x , then x is equal to: (JEE-Mains 2019)
3x 4x 2 4
145 145 146 145
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 10 12 11
19 n
10. The value of cot cot 1 1 2 p is: (JEE-Mains 2019)
n 1
p 1
22 23 21 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 22 19 21
dy 1 d
11. Let f (x) = (sin(tan–1x) + sin (cot–1x))2 –1, |x| > 1. If (sin 1 ( f ( x ))) and y( 3) ,
dx 2 dx 6
then (JEE-Mains 2020)
5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3
12. If f (x) = tan–1(sec x + tan x), x , and f (0) = 0, then f (1) is equal to:
2 2
(JEE-Mains 2020)
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
4 5 16
13. 2 sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 is equal to (JEE-Mains 2020)
5 13 65
3 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4
14. Is S is the sum of the first 10 terms of the series
1 1 1 1
tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 ....., then tan(S) is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2020)
3 7 13 21
5 6 10 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 5 11 6
n
1
15. lim tan tan 1 2
is equal to ____. (JEE-Mains 2021)
n
r 1 1 r r
1 63
16. A possible value of sin 1 is : (JEE-Mains 2021)
4 8
1 1
(a) (b) 2 7 1 (c) 7 1 (d)
7 2 2
k
6r
17. Let Sk tan 1 2 r 1 2r 1
. Then lim S k is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2021)
r 1 2 3 k
3 3
(a) tan 1 (b) (c) cot 1 (d) tan–1(3)
2 2 2
18. Given that the inverse trigonometric functions take principal values only. Then, the
3x 4x
number of real values of x which satisfy sin 1 sin 1 sin 1 x is equal to:
5 5
(JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
19. If cot–1() = cot–1 2 + cot–1 8 + cot–1 18 + cot–1 32 + ..... upto 100 terms, then is :
(JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 1.01 (b) 1.00 (c) 1.02 (d) 1.03
1 1 8
20. The sum of possible values of x for tan–1 (x + 1) cot 1 tan is :
x1 31
(JEE-Mains 2021)
32 31 30 33
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
1 2
21. The number of solutions of the equation sin 1 x 2 cos 1 x 2 x 2 , for x [–1, 1],
3 3
and [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x, is : (JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) Infinite
22. cos–1 (cos (–5)) + sin–1 (sin (6)) – tan–1 (tan (12)) is equal to : (The inverse trigonometric
functions take the principal values) (JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 3 – 11 (b) 4 – 9 (c) 4 – 11 (d) 3 + 1
23. If (sin x) – (cos x) = a; 0 < x < 1, a 0, then the value of 2x – 1 is :
–1 –1 2 2 (JEE-Mains 2021)
4a 2a 2a 4a
(a) cos (b) sin (c) cos (d) sin
1 x
24. Let f ( x ) cos 2 tan 1 sin cot 1 , 0 < x < 1. Then : (JEE-Mains 2021)
x
(a) (1 – x)2 f '(x) – 2(f(x))2 = 0 (b) (1 + x)2 f '(x) + 2(f(x))2 = 0
(c) (1 – x)2 f '(x) + 2(f(x))2 = 0 (d) (1 + x)2 f '(x) – 2(f(x))2 = 0
1
25. The number of real roots of the equation tan x( x 1) sin 1 x 2 x 1 is
4
(JEE-Mains 2021)
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 0
3 5
26. The value of tan 2 tan 1 sin 1 is equal to :. (JEE-Mains 2021)
5 13
181 220 291 151
(a) (b) (c) (d)
69 21 76 63
1 1 1
27. 50 tan 3tan 1 2 cos 1 4 2 tan tan (2 2 ) is equal to _____.(JEE-Mains 2022)
1
2
5 2
50 1
28. The value of cot tan 1 2 is (JEE-Mains 2022)
n 1 1 n n
26 25 50 52
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 26 51 51
2 1 7 1 3
29. sin 1 sin cos cos tan tan equal to : (JEE-Mains 2022)
3 6 4
11 17 31 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 12 12 4
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
2
1. The principal value of sin–1 sin is (IIT 86)
3
2 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
1
2. The numerical value of tan 2 tan 1 is (IIT 84)
5 4
7 7
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) –
17 17
x2 x3 x4 x6
4. If sin 1 x cos 1 x 2 . For 0 < | x | < 2 , then x equals
2 4 2 4 2
(IIT 2001)
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d) –1
2 2
5. The number of real solutions of tan 1 x( x 1) sin 1 x 2 x 1 is (IIT 99)
2
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) infinite
1 3
6. If A = 2 tan–1( 2 2 – 1) and B = 3 sin–1 + sin–1 , then (IIT 89)
3 5
(a) A > B (b) A < B (c) A = B (d) none of these
4 2
7. The value of tan cos1 tan 1 is (IIT 83)
5 3
6 7 16
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
17 16 7
3
8. 2 cot–17 + cos–1 is equal to (IIT 91)
5
44 125 44 44
(a) cot–1 (b) cosec–1 (c) tan–1 (d) cos–1
117 117 117 125
9. In a triangle ABC, let C = . If r is the in radius and R is the circum-radius of the triangle, then
2
2(r + R) is equal to (IIT 2002)
(a) a + b (b) b + c (c) c + a (d) a + b + c
10. The value of x for which sin(cot–1(1 + x)) = cos(tan–1x) is (IIT 2004)
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –
2 2
11. Let (x, y) be such that sin–1(ax) + cos–1(y) + cos–1(bxy) = .
2
Match the statements in Column I with statements in Column II and indicate your answer by
darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. (IIT 2007 (P-II))
Column-I Column-II
A. If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y) (p) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 1
B. If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y) (q) lies on (x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
C. If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x, y) (r) lies on y = x
D. If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x, y) (s) lies on (4x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
12. Let f : [0, 4] [0, ] be defined by f (x) = cos–1 (cos x). The number of points x [0, 4] satisfying
10 x
the equation f (x) = is [JEE-Advance 2014]
10
1
(c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan( f n ( x ))
x n
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec2 ( f n ( x)) 1
x
16. Considering only the principal values of the inverse trigonometric functions, the
3 2 1 2 2 2
value of cos 1 2
sin 1 2
tan 1 [JEE-Advance 2022]
2 2 4 2
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
a ( a b c) b( a b c ) c (a b c )
7. The value of tan 1 tan 1 tan 1 is equal to
bc ca ab
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
4 2
1 1 1
8. , and are the angles given by 2 tan 1 ( 2 1), 3sin 1 sin 2 and
2
1
cos1 , then
3
9. If the equation sin 1 ( x 2 x 1) cos1 (x 1) has exactly two solutions, then cannot have the
2
integral value
10. The value(s) of x satisfying the equation sin 1 | sin x | sin 1 | sin x | is/are given by (n is any integer)
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.
1 a 1 a
If x tan cos1 and y tan cos 1 , then
4 2 b 4 2 b
11. x+y=
2b 2a 2 a 2 b2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
a b b
12. x–y=
2b 2a 2 a 2 b2
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
a b b
13. xy =
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.
15. The value of sin–1(sin 12) + cos–1 (cos 12) is equal to.
16. The total number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying |y| = cos x and y = sin–1 (sin x) where x [–2, 3]
is equal to.
17. Total number of values of x in (–2, 2) and satisfying log|cos x||sin x| + log|sin x| |cos x| = 2 is equal to.
18. If x , , then cos [sin–1{cos(cos–1(cos x) + sin–1 (sin x)}] is
2
3
20. The solution of equation sin 1 (tan ) sin 1 0 is
4 x 6
2
2x 1 1 x 2x 1
21. If is the solution of 3sin 1 2 4cos 2
2 tan1 2
then 2 is
1 x 1 x 1 x 3
x2 y 2 z 2
22. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y + sin–1 z = 3 then is
2 xyz
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (a,b,c) 22. (b,c) 23. (a,b) 24. (a,b,d) 25. (b,c)
26. (b,c) 27. (a,c) 28. (b,d) 29. (a,c) 30. (a,c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c)
36. (b) 37. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s) 38. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(s)
39. (1) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (1) 43. (3)
tan A tan B
4. (d): Use formula tan(A – B) =
1 tan A tanB
1 x 1 1 1
5. (b): tan–1 tan (1) tan ( x) tan x
1 x 4
since 0 x 1 0 tan2x
4
0 tan 1 x
4
1
tan x 0
4 4
1
6. (b): x + 2 x = 1
x
so the principle value of sin–1x is
2
7. (c): Using the range of tan–1x, sin–1x, cot–1x, we get the result.
2r 1 2 r 2r 1
8. (b): tan 1 tan 1 = tan–1 2r – tan–1 2r –1.
1 2 2r 1 1 2 r .2 r 1
Now total r = 1, 2, 3, ....., n, we get the sum.
9. (c): 0 < cot–1x < [cot–1x] = 0, 1, 2, 3
0 cos–1x [cos–1x] = 0, 1, 2, 3
10. (b): sin 1 x
2 2
tan 1 x
2 2
0 < sin–1x + tan–1x < .
0 < 2k + 1 < and now find k.
11. (d): Domain of cosec–1x is (–, –1] [1, )
so cos x should be 1 or –1.
12. (b): Use sin–1x + sin–1y = sin–1 ( x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 )
1
17. (c): Convert tan–1(x) = cot–1
x
18. (c): Factual.
x2 1
19. (d): Convert cot–1x into sin 1
x
xy
20. (c): Apply tan–1x + tan–1y = tan 1 if xy < 1, x > 0, y > 0.
1 xy
21. (a,b,c): 1 – cos 2x + 1– cos22x = 2
cos 2x (cos 2x + 1) = 0
cos 2x = 0, –1
1
2x = x or (2x + 1)
2
or x = (2 x 1) ,(2 x 1)
4 2
put n = –2, –1, 1, 2
3 3 5 3 3 5
x = , , , , and , , , ,
4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
since – < n < .
3
x = , ,
4 2 4
22. (b,c): Direct formula.
23. (a,b): Direct formula.
24. (a,b,d): Use basic theory:
25. (b,c): tan 1 tan tan 1 tan
4 4 4
tan 1 tan tan 1 tan
3 3 3
26. (b,c): = 2tan–1(2 –1) = 2tan–1 tan
8
1
= 2 cos1
8 4 2
7
= 3
4 6 12
1 1
also
3 2
1 1
cos–1 cos 1
3 2
so , again cos–1 (1/3) belongs to the first quadrant and is in the second quadrant.
.
27. (a,c): Let cos–1x =y x = cos y.
y
2sin 1
1 x 1 cos y 2 sin y
2 2 2 2
1 x y 1 x
sin 1 2sin–1 y
2 2 2
y
2 cos 2
1 x 1 cos y 2 cos y
Also
2 2 2 2
1 x y 1 x
cos1 2 cos1 y
2 2 2
1 x 1 x
y = cos–1x = 2 sin 1 2cos1
2 2
1
28. (b,d): sin–1(x2 – 6x + 8.5) = x2 – 6x + 8.5 = sin =
6 6 2
2x2 –12x + 17 = 1 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
(x –2) (x – 4) = 0
x = 2, 4
2 2
29. (a,c): a = ,b=
4 3 3 3
7
a+ b=
3 4 12
2 2 17
a–b=
4 3 3 3 12
3
30. (a,c): sin–1(1) – sin–1
x 2 6 0
3
sin 1 2
2 6 x
3
sin 2
3 x
3 3
2 x2 = 2
2 x
31. (b): 32. (c): 33. (d):
4x
2 x 2
tan–1y = 4 tan–1x = 2 tan–1 2
= tan 1 1 x
2
1 x 1 4x
(1 x 2 ) 2
4 x(1 x 2 ) 2x
y 4 2
1
x 6x 1 1 x2
If x = tan tan 1 y 4 tan 1 x
6 2
y = x4– 6x2 + 1 = 0
n 2 10n 21.6
cot–1
6
n 2 10 n 21.6
cot {cot function is decreasing function}
17 6
(n – 5)2 < 3 + 3.4
5 3 3.4 n 5 3 3.4
3 5.5
3 3.4 8.9 2.9
2.1 < n < 7.9
n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 on n N
34. (a): 35. (c): 36. (b):
F(x) = 0 sin{cot–1(x + 1)} = cos(tan–1x)
1 1
sin 1 cos cos 1
1 ( x 1)2 1 x2
1 1
1+ x2 = x2 + 2x + 2
2
1 ( x 1) 1 x2
1 1
x so F(x) = 0 for x
2 2
a = cos tan–1 sin cot–1x = cos tan–1 sin where x = cot .
1 1
= cos tan 1 = cos . where tan =
2
1 x 1 x2
1 x2 1
1 x2 2
1 2
(1 x )
x2 1
5
a2 = 2
x 2 9
26 1
a2 = x=±
51 5
24 1
Similarly b2 = 1 – x2 = for x =
51 5
37. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s) :
sin (tan–1x) = sin where x = tan
tan x
=
2
1 tan 1 x2
1 1
cos (tan–1x) = cos =
1 tan 2 1 x2
cos (sin–1x) = sin where x = sin = 1 x 2
cos (2cos–1x) = cos (2) = 2cos–1 –1 = 2x2 –1 where (x = cos )
38. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(s):
1
A. take cos1 x
2
1tan tan
1
1 tan 1 tan
2 2
1 1 x = 2
cos 2 x
but x = 2, cos–1x is not defined so (A) has no solution.
1 1
(2 x 1) (4 x 1) 2 6x 2 2
B.
2
1
1 x 8x 6 x x2
2
(2 x 1)(4 x 1)
Either x = 0 or 6 x2 – 14x – 12 = 0
2
x = 0, 3, –
3
so (B) has three solution.
C. Can be written as
2 2 4
tan 1 x tan 1 x tan 1
x x x
2 2
x x 4
x x
2 1 x
1 x 2
x
4
x 4
4 x
1 x2 2
x
4
1 + x2 1
x2
x4 = 4 x = ± 2
C. has only two solution.
2
D. tan 1 2 tan 1 (2 x) x = 1 only one solution
x
1
39. (1): cos–1 tan 1 7
5 2
1 1
40. (2): y = sin sin 1
2
1 x 1 x2
y
41. (1): cos–1x = + cos1
2
y y2
x = (cos ) – sin 1
2 4
2 2 2
4x – 4xy cos + y = 4 sin .
2r (1 r r 2 ) (1 r r 2 )
42. (1):
2 r 2 r4 1 (1 r r 2 )(1 r r 2 )
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5 (c)
6. (a,d) 7. (c,d) 8. (b,c) 9. (a,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. A-(p); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s)
15. (2) 16. (5) 17. (8) 18. (0) 19. (1)
20. (4) 21. (3) 22. (3)
Sample Problem 1:
x2 4
Find lim
x2 x 2
x2 4
Solution: f (x) = is not defined at x = 2. Further, f (x) = x + 2 as x 2. As x moves closer to 2,
x2
x + 2 moves closer to 4. We say, f has the limit 4 as x 2.
A function f is said to have a limit L as x a if it has both, a left hand limit and a right hand limit
and they are equal. We write,
lim f ( x) L
x a
Sample Problem 2:
Does lim f ( x) exist, where f (x) = [x]
x2
R.H.L. = lim f ( x) 2
x2
5.1.2. Limits at infinity: A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x if | f (x) – l | can be made
arbitrarily small by taking x sufficiently large.
2 1
1
x2 2x 1 x x2 = 1
e.g.: Lt 2 = Lt
x x 2x 3 x 2 3
1
x x2
Infinite limits: A function f is said to tend to as x c if to any number G > 0, there exists a
number > 0 such that f (x) > G x ] c – , c + [ ~{c}.
1
e.g.: Lt
x 0 x2
5.1.3. Properties of limits: Let f and g be functions such that lim f ( x) l and lim g ( x) m (l, m are
xa xa
(i) lim( f g )( x) l m
xa
(ii) lim( f g )( x) l m
xa
f l
(iv) lim ( x) (if m 0 and g(x) does not vanish in at least a small interval around a,
xa
g m
except possibly at a)
sin
(i) lim 1
0
(ii) limcos 1
0
x
1
(iii) lim 1 e
x
x
xn an
(iv) lim na n 1 : n Q
xa xa
if |a| 1
2n
(v) lim a 1 if a 1, 1
x
0 if 1 a 1
log(1 x)
(vi) lim 1
x0 x
x3 x5 x7
(i) sin x = x ...
3! 5! 7!
x 2 x 4 x6
(ii) cos x = 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x 2 x3
(iii) ex = 1 x ...
2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(iv) log (1 + x) = x ... : –1 < x 1
2 3 4
5.1.6. Sandwich theorem : Let f , g and h be functions defined on an interval I except possibly at c I. If
f (x) g(x) h(x) x I ~ {c} and lim f ( x) lim h ( x) l , then lim g ( x ) l .
x c x c x c
Sample Problem-1:
esin x 1
(iii) lim
x0 x
xn a n
Solution: (i) lim = nan–1
x a xa
( x 2)5/ 3 (a 2)5/3
lim [Put x + 2 = y; a + 2 = b; then, y b as x a]
x a xa
y 5/3 b 5/ 3
= lim
yb y b
5 2/ 3
= .b
3
5
= .(a 2) 2/ 3
3
ax 1
(ii) lim = loge a
x 0 x
5x 1 4 x 1
x x
5 4 x x
lim x lim
x 0 4 3x x 0 4x 1 3x 1
x x
log e 5 log e 4
=
log e 4 log e 3
Sample Problem-2:
Evaluate
x tan x 1 x 1 x
(i) lim (ii) lim
x0 1 cos x x0 sin 1 x
x tan x x sin x 1
Solution: (i) lim = lim .
1 cos x x
2sin 2 cos x
x0 x0
2
x x
2sin cos
x 2 2
= lim . .
x 0 x x cos x
sin 2sin
2 2
x x
cos
= 2 lim 2 . 2
x0 x cos x
sin
2
x
x 2
lim cos 1 ; limcos x 1 ; lim 1
x0 2 x 0 x0 x
sin
2
Given limit = 2
1 x 1 x 0
(ii) lim 1 form
x0 sin x 0
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
= lim .
x0
1 x 1 x sin 1 x
2x 1
= lim 1
.
x0 sin x 1 x 1 x
lim 1 x 1 x 2 and
x0
x sin
= lim lim 1 (on putting x = sin : ,
x0 sin 1 x 0 2 2
Sample Problem-3:
Evaluate
2 1 x 2 3 3 1 x3
(i) lim
x
x 2 1 x2 1 (ii) lim
x 4
1 x4 5 1 x 4
1/ 2 1/3
1 1
2 1 2 3 1 3
x x
= lim
1/ 4
1/5
x
1 1 1
1 4 5
x x x
23
= 1
1 0
Sample Problem-4:
x x x x
Evaluate lim cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .........cos n
n
2 2 2 2
x x x
Solution: Sn = cos .cos 2 .........cos n
2 2 2
x x
2n sin n Sn = 2n–1sin n1 Sn–1
2 2
x
= 2n–2 sin n 2 Sn–2
2
................
................
x
= 2 sin S
2 1
= sin x
sin x
lim S n lim
n n
n x
2 sin
2n
x
sin x 2 n sin x
= lim . =
n x x x
sin n
2
Sample Problem-5:
ae x b cos x ce x
Find the constants a, b and c if lim 2
x0 x sin x
ae x b cos x ce x
lim exists and is finite. Consider the limit:
x0 x2
ae x b cos x ce x
lim
x0 x2
a–c=0 ...(ii)
abc
=2 ...(iii)
2
a = c, b = 2a and by (iii), a = 1. Hence c = 1 and b = 2
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.1:
1
1. lim sin [tan x] = l then { l } is equal to
x 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2
2 2 2
where [ ] and { } denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.
x cos(sin 1 x)
2. lim is
x 1 2 1 tan(sin 1 x )
1 1
(a) (b) – (c) 2 (d) – 2
2 2
3. The value of
cot 1 x a log a x (a > 1) is equal to
Limit
x
sec 1
a x
log x a
sin{x 10}
5. For lim (where { } denotes fractional part function)
x 8 {10 x}
(a) LHL exist but RHL does not exist
(b) RHL exist but LHL does not exist.
(c) neither LHL nor RHL does not exist
(d) both RHL and LHL exist and equals to 1
12 n 22 (n 1) 32 (n 2) ..... n 2 . 1
6. lim is equal to :
n 13 23 33 ...... n3
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 6
sin x
7. Limit where [ ] denotes greatest integer function , is
1
x
2 cos1 (3sin x sin 3 x)
4
2 4
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) does not exist
ln(3 x) ln(3 x)
8. If lim = k, the value of k is
x 0 x
2 1 2
(a) (b) – (c) – (d) 0
3 3 3
1
9. The value of the limit 1 n
n 2
2
is
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2
10. If lim (x3 sin 3x + ax2 + b) exists and is equal to zero then :
x 0
log x
cot 1 aa x
3. (a): Limit x ; as log a x 0 and a (using L’opital rule)
a
x ax x x log a x
sec1
log a x
/2
l= =1
/2
cos(2 x 4) 33 x 2 .4 | x 2 |
4. (b): lim f ( x ) 16 ; lim f ( x ) 4(4) 16
x 2 2 x 2 x2
By sandwich theorem lim f ( x) = –16
x2
sin{ x}
5. (b): lim = 0 as {I + x } = {x} ; as lim {x} 0 and lim { x} 1
x 8 { x} x I x I
sin{x}
lim as sin{x} sin(1) and {–x} 0
x8 { x}
12 n 2 2 (n 1) 32 ( n 2) ..... n 2 (n ( n 1))
6. (a): lim
n n 3
( n 1)n 2 n 3
= (n + 1) n2 – n3 l lim
n n 3
(n 1) n( n 1)(2 n 1)
lim 1
n 6 n(n 1) n( n 1)
4 1
1
3 3
sin x
7. (a): Limit 1
ax x /2, [sin3x] 0 and sin x 1
x
cos [sin 3 x]
2
2
l=
x x
ln 3 ln 1 ln 3 ln 1
ln(3 x) ln(3 x) 3 3
8. (a): Limit = Limit
x 0 x x 0 x
1/ x 1/ x
x x 1 x 1 x 1 1 2
= Limit ln 1 ln 1 = .
x 0 3 3 x 3 x 3 3 3 3
n2 1 n 1 n 1
9. (d):
n 2 n2
n 2 n
n 2 n
1
1
1·2·3........(n 1) 1 n 1 n 1
= · lim
2·3·4......( n 1)·n n 2 n 2 2
sin 3 x a sin 3 x ax bx 3
10. (a): lim b = lim
x0 x3 x2 x0 x3
sin 3 x
3 a bx 2
= lim 3 x for existence of limit 3 + a = 0 a = – 3
x0 x2
sin 3 x 3 x bx 3 sin t t
l = lim = 27. b = 0 (3x = t)
x0 x3 t3
27 9
= b =0 b=
6 2
OR use L' Hospital's rule
5.2. CONTINUITY
6 5 x if 1 x 3
f (x)
x 3 if x3
Sol.: L.H.L. = Lt f ( x) Lt (6 5 x) = –9
x 3 x 3
R.H.L. = Lt f ( x) Lt ( x 3) = 0
x 3 x 3
Let f : I R and g : I R be functions defined over an interval I and let f and g be continuous at
a I. Then,
(i) f + g is continuous at x = a
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = a
(iii) f . g is continuous at x = a
f
(iv) is continuous at x = a (provided g(x) does not vanish in a small interval around a)
g
Note: 1. The function f (x) = x can be easily seen to be continuous at every point of its domain. By the
above properties, we conclude that every polynomial function is continuous over R.
Let f be a function continuous on [a, b] and let k1 and k2 : k1 < k2 denote any two values assumed
by f. Then f assumes all values in the interval [k1, k2].
1
Example: Show that the equation f (x) = 0, where f (x) = x3 – sin x – , has a root in [0, 1].
2
1 1
Sol.: f (0) = – and f (1) = . Hence, f assumes, by intermediate value theorem, all values in the
2 2
1 1
interval , . In particular, f assumes the value 0 for some x ]0, 1[.
2 2
Sample Problem-6:
x if x0
x if 0 x 1
Discuss the continuity of the function f ( x)
2 x if 1 x 2
1 if x2
at x = 0, 1, 2
lim f ( x) = lim x 0
x 0 x 0
f is continuous at x = 0
(b) f (1) = 1
lim f ( x) = lim x 1
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x) = lim 2 x 1
x 1 x 1
f is continuous at x = 1
(c) f (2) = 0
lim f ( x) = lim 2 x 0
x 2 x 2
lim f ( x ) = lim 1 1
x 2 x 2
Sample Problem-7:
x2 2x 3
if x 1
Let f ( x) x 1 . If f is continuous at x = –1, find .
if x 1
Solution: f (–1) = ;
x2 2x 3
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1 x 1 x 1
( x 1)( x 3)
= lim
x 1 x 1
= –4
Sample Problem-8:
(i)
f ( x ) 1, if x is rational
0, if x is irrational
(Dirichlet’s function)
(ii) f ( x) x, if x is rational
1 x, if x isirrational
R. H. L = lim f ( x ) lim f (a h)
xa h 0
a
2
1
Thus if x , then lim f ( x) will not exist.
2 x a
1
Hence f(x) is discontinuous when a
2
1
Hence f(x) is continuous at x .
2
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.2:
1 cos 2 x
, x1
1 sin x 2
1
1. Let f (x) = p , x 1 . If f (x) is discontinuous at x = , then
2 2
2x 1
, x 1
4 2 x 1 2 2
1
(a) p R {4} (b) p R (c) p R0 (d) p R
4
1 p
if x q where p & q 0 are relatively prime integers
2. For x > 0, let h(x) = q
0 if x is irrational
then which one does not hold good?
(a) h(x) is discontinuous for all x in (0, )
(b) h(x) is continuous for each irrational in (0, )
(c) h(x) is discontinuous for each rational in (0, )
(d) h(x) is not derivable for all x in (0, ) .
x 2 bx 25
3. If f (x) = for x 5 and f is continuous at x = 5, then f (5) has the value equal to
x 2 7 x 10
4. Let [x] denote the integral part of x R. g(x) = x [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function with
2 x 23 x 6
if x 2
2 x 21 x
6. Let f (x) = , then
x2 4
if x2
x 3x 2
(a) f (2) = 8 f is continuous at x = 2 (b) f (2) = 16 f is continuous at x = 2
(c) f (2–) f (2+) f is discontinuous (d) f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2
1 1
( x 1) e |x| x ( x 0)
7. On the interval I = [ 2, 2], the function f(x) =
0 ( x 0)
then which one of the following does not hold good?
(a) is continuous for all values of x I
(b) is continuous for x I (0)
(c) assumes all intermediate values from f( 2) & f(2)
(d) has a maximum value equal to 3/e .
x
[ x] if 1 x 2
8. Consider the function f (x) = 1 if x2
6 x if 2 x 3
where [x] denotes step up function then at x = 2 function
(a) has missing point removable discontinuity
(b) has isolated point removable discontinuity
(c) has non removable discontinuity finite type
(d) is continuous
g ( x)
9. Let f (x) = , where g and h are contiuous functions on the open interval (a, b). Which of the
h ( x)
following statements is true for a < x < b?
(a) f is continuous at all x for which x is not zero.
(b) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) = 0
(c) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) is not equal to zero.
(d) f is continuous at all x for which h (x) is not equal to zero.
x m sin 1x x 0, m N
10. A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = . The least value of m for which f
0 if x0
(x) is continuous at x = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) none of these
5. (b):
8. (b): from the figure the function has an obvious removable isolated point discontinuous.
9. (d): By theorem, if g and h are continuous functions on the open interval (a, b), then g/h is also
continuous at all x in the open interval (a, b) where h (x) is not equal to zero.
1
h m sin
10. (c): f ' (0+) = lim x must exist
h 0 h
m>1
m 1 1 1
m x sin x m 2 cos x 0
for m > 1 h' (x) = x x
0 if x 0
1 1
now lim h( x) lim m h m 1 sin h m 2 cos
h 0 h 0 h h
limit exist if m > 2
m N m = 3
5.3. DIFFERENTIATION
Let f be a function defined on [a, b] and let c ]a, b[. f is said to be differentiable at x = c if
f ( c h) f ( c )
lim exists finitely. Its value is denoted by f (c).
h0 h
Note: f is said to be differentiable at x = c if and only if both f (c–) and f (c+) exist finitely and are equal.
2. If the functions f and g are differentiable in a certain neighbourhood of the point ‘a’ except, may
be, at the point ‘a’ itself and g(x) 0 and if
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 0
x a xa
or lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
xa xa
f ( x) f ( x)
then lim lim
xa g ( x) x a g ( x)
f ( x )
provided lim exists. The rule is called as L’Hospital’s rule. The point ‘a’ may be either finite
xa g ( x)
4. Indeterminate forms of the type 1, 0 or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0. by taking
logarithms or by the transformation.
=2
Sample Problem-9:
dy
(i) If y = (x sin x + cos x) (ex + x2 logx), find .
dx
dy
(ii) If y = ax sin x log x, find
dx
dy
(iii) Find if y = log (tan–1x).
dx
dy 1
Solution: (i) = (sin x + x cos x – sin x) (ex + x2 log x) + (x sin x + cos x) (ex + 2x log x + x2 )
dx x
Sample Problem-10:
dy
If y = (sin x)tan x + (cos x)sec x, find .
dx
Sample Problem-11:
d2y
If y = x + tan x, show that cos2 x – 2y + 2x = 0.
dx 2
dy
Solution: = 1 + sec2 x ;
dx
d2y
= 2 sec2 x tan x
dx 2
d2y
cos2 x – 2y = 2 tan x – 2(x + tan x)
dx 2
= –2x
2
d y
Hence cos2 x –2y + 2x = 0.
dx 2
Sample Problem-12:
g ( x ) f (a ) g ( a ) f ( x )
If f (a) = 2, f (a) = 1, g(a) = – 1, g(a) = 2, find lim
x a xa
g ( x ) f (a ) g ( a ) f ( x )
Solution: lim
x a xa
( g ( x) g (a )) f (a ) g ( a )( f ( x) f ( a ))
= lim
xa xa
g ( x) g ( a )
lim = g(a) = 2
xa xa
f ( x ) f (a )
lim = f (a) = 1
xa xa
=4+1=5
Sample Problem-13:
f (5 h) f (5)
Solution: lim
h0 h
f (5). f (h) f (5)
= lim
h0 h
f (h ) 1
= 2lim (f (0) = f (0 + 0) = f (0)2. If f (0) = 0 then ,
h0 h
x R, f (x) = f (x + 0) = f (x) . f (0) = 0)
f ( h) f (0)
= 2lim
h 0 h
= 2 . f (0)
=6
Sample Problem-14:
x 2 x 2 if x 1
Discuss continuity and differentiability of f ( x) 2
x x if x 1
Solution: f (x) is obviously continuous and differentiable for x < 1 and x > 1.
f(1) = 2; lim f ( x) 2 ; lim f ( x ) 0
x 1 x 1
Sample Problem-15:
1
x sin if x0
Discuss continuity and differentiability at x = 0 of the function f ( x) x
0 if x0
1
lim x sin 0
x0 x
f is continuous at x = 0
1
0
x sin
f ( x) f (0) x
lim = lim
x0 x0 x0 x
1
= limsin does not exist
x0 x
f (0) does not exist
Sample Problem-16:
Let f be a function satisfying f ( x y ) 6 f ( y ) f ( x ) f ( y ) and f (h) 6 as f 0
f ( x) lim f ( x) lim 6 f ( h)
h 0 h 0
f ( x).6 0 6 f ( x ) f ( x ) V .F
This shows that if f(x) 0, then f is discontinuous at x. If f(x) = 0, then f(x) is continuous at x.
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.3:
1. Let f(x) be a differentiable function which satisfies the equation f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) for all x > 0, y > 0
then f (x) is equal to
f '(1) 1
(a) (b) (c) f (1) (d) f (1).(ln x)
x x
2x 1 , x Q
2. The function f ( x) is
x 2 2 x 5 , x Q
(d) differentiable and continuous only at one point and discontinuous elsewhere
3. Let f be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b). Which of the following statements
must be true?
(a) I and II only (b) I and III only (c) II and III only (d) only III
5. Consider f(x) =
2 sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x
, x
for x (0, )
2 sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x
2
x f (3) 3 f ( x)
6. If f(3) = 6 & f (3) = 2, then Limit is given by :
x 3 x3
7. Which one of the following functions is continuous everywhere in its domain but has at least one
point where it is not differentiable?
| x|
(a) f (x) = x1/3 (b) f (x) = (c) f (x) = e–x (d) f (x) = tan x
x
f ( h ) f ( 2 h )
8. Let f be differentiable at x = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. Then lim =
h 0 h
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) – 1
x b, x 0
10. The function g (x) = can be made differentiable at x = 0.
cos x, x 0
(a) if b is equal to zero (b) if b is not equal to zero
(c) if b takes any real value (d) for no value of b
3. (d): I and II are false. The function f (x) = 1/x, 0 < x <1, is a counter example.
Statement III is true. Apply the intermediate value theorem to f on the closed interval [a1, b1]
f ( x h) f ( x) f (h ) | x | h xh 2
4. (b): f '(x) = lim lim
h 0 h h0 h
f (h) f (0)
f (0) = 0 f ' (x) = lim | x | xh
h 0 h
f ' (x) = f ' (0) + | x | = | x |
5. (a): In the immediate neighborhood of x = /2, sin x > sin3x |sin x – sin3x| = sin x – sin3x
2(sin x sin 3 x ) sin x sin 3 x 3sin x 3sin 3 x
Hence for x /2 , f (x) = = 3
3 3
2(sin x sin x ) sin x sin x sin x sin 3 x
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
sin 1 x tan 1 x
1. The value of lim is equal to
x 0
x3
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/4 (c) 4/7 (d) none of these
3. lim 2 x3/ 2 ( x3 1 x3 1)
x
nx
1 1x 1 1 1
5. lim a1 a2 x a3 x ..... an x ; a1, a2, ....... an are positive
x n
(a) a1 + a2 + ..... + an (b) a1a2 ..... an
a1a 2 ..... an
(c) e (d) none of these
1
x x
6. lim ; [x] represents greatest integer function, is
x 0
sin x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
(4 x 1) 2 (4 x 1) 2
7. Let f ( x ) , x 0. If lim = K(log 4)2, then K is equal to
x x x 0 x x
sin log 1 sin log 1
4 3 4 3
(a) 12 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9
8. If P(x) is a polynomial such that P(x2 + 1) = {P(x)}2 + 1 and P(0) = 0 then P(0) is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
sin x
sin x x sin x
9. lim =
x 0
x
1
(a) 1 (b) (c) e (d) none of these
e
e1/ x 1
1 , x0
10. Function f ( x ) e x 1 ; is
1 , x0
11. If f ( x) cos [ x ] x3 ,1 x 2 and [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then f ' 3 is
2 2
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 3(/2)2/3 (c) –3(/2)2/3 (d) –1/3/2
sin x , x 1
3
x , 1 x 1
12. For f ( x) 2
, points of discontinuity are
x x , 1 x 2
2 x 2 , x2
(a) –1, 1, 3 (b) –1, 1, 2 (c) 0, 1, 2 (d) none of these
1
2 2x
13. Given f ( x ) 2(1 tan x ) , x0 is continuous at x = 0, then A =
1/ 2
Ae , x0
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
2
14. If f (x) = [x] + [–x], [x] is greatest integer function and x is an integer, then for all x, f (x)
(a) is continuous (b) is discontinuous (c) is differentiable (d) none of these
1x
2 , x0
15. Given f ( x ) 1
. At x = 0, f (x) is
1 2 x
1 , x0
(a) continuous (b) discontinuous (c) derivative exists (d) none of these
e ax ebx
16. The value of lim is
x 0 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a – b (d) a + b
1 1 1
17. The value of lim is
n 1.3
3.5 (2 n 1)(2n 3)
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/5
f ( x) 1
18. If f (1) = 1 and f (1) = 4, then the value of lim is
x 1
x 1
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 1
ex
(1 x)1/ x e
19. lim 2 is equal to
x 0 x2
11e 11e e
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
24 24 24
20. If f (x) = logx (log x), then f (x) at x = e is
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) e
e 2
x : x0
21. If f (x) = 1 : x 0 , then lim f ( x)
x 0
x2 : x 0
x sin x
22. If f (x) = , then lim f ( x) is
x cos 2 x x
x 2, 1 x 2
23. The function f (x) = 4 , x 2 is continuous at
3 x 2, x2
(a) x = 2 only (b) x 2 (c) x > 2 (d) none of these
2sin 2 3 x
24. lim
x 0 x2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 18 (d) 36
e1/ x
25. lim
x 0 e1/ x 1
| 2 x 3 | .[ x], x 1
26. The function f (x) = x
sin 2 , x 1
(a) is continuous at x = 2 (b) is differentiable at x = 1
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (d) none of these
(27 2 x)1/ 3 3
27. The value of f (0) so that the function f (x) = (x 0) is continuous is
9 3(243 5 x)1/ 5
given by
(a) 2/3 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 4
1 x 4 (1 x 2 )
28. The value of Lt is equal to
x x2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) none of these.
tan x cot x
, x
4
x
29. Let f ( x) 4 the value of a so that f(x) is continuous at x , is
4
a x
4
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 1
32. F[x] = [sin x] is not continuous at ([x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x).
(a) x= (b) x = (c) x = 0 (d) x =
2 4
1
33. If a lim x (1 x )
b e 1 (a 0, b 0) , then
x 2
tan x log x
34. The set of all points of discontinuities of the function f (x) = contains
1 cos 4 x
n n
(a) ; n I (b) (–, 0) ; n N
2 2
n
(c) ;n Q (d) none of these
2
log(1 x 2 )
35. f (x) = , then
x 4 26 x 2 25
(a) f is continuous on [6, 10] (b) f is continuous [–2, 2]
(c) f is continuous on [–6, 6] (d) f is continuous on [2, 4]
x2
a a2 x 2
36. L = lim 4 , x 0 if L is finite, then
x0 x4
(a) a=2 (b) a = 2 (c) L = 1/64 (d) L = 1/32
1 2
5 (2 x 3) for x 1
37. f (x) = 6 5 x for 1 x 3 , then f is
x3 for 3 x
1 2
38. y= cos x is continuous at
2
3 5 7
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
4 4 4 4
x 2 if x Q
39. f (x) =
2
x if x Q c
Comprehension-1
Among various properties of continuous function we have if F is continuous function on [a, b] and
F(a)F(b) < 0, then there exists a point c such that F (x) = 0 equivalently if F is continuous on [a, b] and x
R is such that F(a) < x < F(b), then there is c (a, b) such that x = F (c). If follows from the above result
that the image of a closed interval under a continuous function is a closed interval.
41. The number of continuous function on R which satisfies (F(x))2 = x2 for all n R is
42. Suppose that F (1/2) = 1 and F is continuous on [0, 1] assuming only rational values in the entire
interval, the number of such function is
Comprehension-2
n x
The function are equivalent infinitesimals as x 0, this follows from the
1 x 1 and
n
Binomial theorem for rational indices. Taking advantage of this fact we can approximately calculate
the roots of the numbers.
46. 5
1080 is equal to
(a) 4.02 (b) 4.04 (c) 4.08 (d) 4.07
x sin x
B. F(x) = (q) F is continuous on R
x sin x
C. f (x) = x sin ; F (0) = 0 (r) lim F( x) 0
x x
1
D. F(x) = tan (s) lim F( x) does not exist.
x x 0
F(2) 12 x 2 y
49. Find the value of so that the function F(x) = , x 2 is continuous everywhere.
9 (4 2 x)1/3 2
64( x 4 2)
50. Find the value of F(0) – 8 for which F(x) = is continuous
sin 2 x
x x 2 .... x 99 99
51. lim lim 4950
n x 1 x 1
52. Let F be a continuous function and g a bounded function such that F(1) = 7 and find the value of
F( x)enx g ( x)
lim
x 1 enx 1
a x 1 if 0 x 3
53. Let g( x ) , if g(x) is differentiable on (0, 5) then (a + b) equals.
bx 2 if 3 x 5
x3 x 2 16 x 20
54. Let F(x) = if x 2. Find the value of F(2) so that F is continuous function.
( x 2) 2
1
tan x tan 1
56. Find the number of integral discontinuities of f (x) = ( x 1)
x( x 2)( x 4)
F(2) 2 x 8 1024
57. Find the value of so that f (x) = is continuous.
8 4 x 16
sin x 1
sin x x sin x
58. The value of e lim lim x x .
1
x0 x x 1
ax 2 bx c
59. If y = 1,
( x – a)( x – b) ( x – c ) ( x – b)( x – c ) x – c
y 1 a b c +
prove that where a, b, c R and x > a, b, c.
y x a – x b– x c – x
1/x
f ( x)
60. If lim 1 x e 3 , then find the function f (x) and also the coefficient of x2
x0
x
61. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) for all real x and y, f(x) 0 for any real x and f(0) = 2, find f(x).
62. If f: R R and f (x) = x3 + x2 f (1) + xf(2) + f(3) for all real x, prove that f (2) = f (1) – f (0).
63. Given f (x) = [cos x + sin x], 0 < x < 2 , where [x] is greatest integer x. Find points of
discontinuity of f (x).
64. Discuss continuity and differentiability of f(x) = min {|x|, |x – 1|, |x + 1|}
|x|(3 e 1/|x| 4)
, x0
f(x) = 2 – e 1/|x| at x = 0.
0 , x0
min f (t ) ; 0 t x 0 x
67. Let f(x) = cos x and g(x) = Discuss the continuity of g(x).
sin x – 1 x
–4 –4 x 0
68. Let f(x) = 2 Discuss the continuity and differentiability of g(x) = f (|x|) + |f (x)|
x – 4 0 x 4
69. Evaluate
(i) lim cos –1 [cot x ] , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
x
2
sin { x}
(ii) lim , where {x} is the fractional part function & I is any integer.
x 1 { x}
sec2
2 – bx
70. Evaluate : lim sin 2
x 0
2 – ax
a /|tan x|
(1 |tan x|) , –
4
x0
72. Let f (x) = b , x0
ecot 2 x /cot 3 x , 0x
4
x
f (x) = ,|x| 1
1 |x|
x
= ,|x| 1 .
1 –|x|
74. If f(x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + 2xy – 1 for all values of x and y. If f(0) = cos , then prove that
f (x) = x2 + x cos + 1 for all x R.
a[ x ] x
x0
f (x) = [ x ] x
log a x0
0 if x I
f (x) = [x] and g(x) = 2
x if x I
x 2 nx sin 3 x
78. Let f (x) = lim , show that f (x) is continuous at x = 0 and x = 1.
n 1 n sin 3 x
1 cos(ax 2 bx c)
5. Let and be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then lim is equal to
x ( x )2
[AIEEE-2005]
2 2
a 1 a
(a) ( ) 2 (b) ( ) 2 (c) ( )2 (d) 0
2 2 2
6. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying |f(x) – f(y)| (x – y)2, x, y R and f(0) = 0, then
f(a) equals [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 0
1
7. Suppose f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and lim f (1 h ) 5, then f (1) equals [AIEEE-2005]
h 0 h
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4
log(3 x ) log(3 x)
8. If lim k , then value of k is [AIEEE-2003]
x0 x
1 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
3 3 3
|1x| 1x
, x0
9. If f (x) = xe , then f (x) is [AIEEE-2003]
0 , x0
(a) continues xR, but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) neither differentiable nor continuous at x= 0
(c) discontinuous every where
(d) continuous as well as differentiable for all x
12. Let f (a) = g (a) = k and their nth derivatives f (a), g (a) exist and are not equal for some n further if
f ( a ) g ( x ) f ( a ) g ( a ) f ( x ) g (a )
lim 4 , then the value of k is [AIEEE-2003]
x a g ( x) f ( x)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4
x
13. The set of points where f ( x) is differentiable is [AIEEE-2006]
1| x|
(a) (0, ) (b) (–, 0) (0, ) (c) (–, –1) (–1, ) (d) (–, )
dy
14. If xm. yn = (x + y)m + n, then is [AIEEE-2006]
dx
x y x y
(a) (b) (c) (d) xy
y x xy
1 2
15. The function f : R \{0} R given by f (x) = 2x can be made continuous at x = 0 by
x e 1
defining f (0) as (AIEEE 2007)
1
( x 1)sin if x 1
16. Let f (x) = x 1 . Then which one of the following is true? (AIEEE 2008)
0 if x 1
1 cos{2( x 2)}
19. lim (AIEEE 2011)
x2 x2
1
(a) does not exist (b) equals 2 (c) equals – 2 (d) equals
2
sin( p 1) x sin x
, x0
x
20. The values of p and q for which the function f ( x) q , x 0 is continuous for all x
2
x x x ,x0
x 3/ 2
in R, are (AIEEE 2011)
1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3
(a) p ,q (b) p ,q (c) p ,q (d) p ,q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2x 1
21. If f : R R is a function defined by f ( x) | x | cos , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
2
function, then f is (AIEEE 2012)
(a) continuous for every real x
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0
(c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x
(d) continuous only at x = 0
22.
1 cos 2 x 3 cos x is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
lim
x0 x tan 4 x
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
4 2
sin( cos2 x)
23. lim is equal to [JEE-Mains 2014]
x 0 x2
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d)
2
24. For x R, f (x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f (f (x)), then : [JEE-Mains 2016]
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
4 2
cot x cos x
26. lim equals: [JEE-Mains 2017]
x
( 2 x )3
2
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 24 16 8
27. For each t R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then
1 2 15
lim x ...
x x x
x
28. Let S = {t R : f(x) = |x – |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| is not differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to
[JEE-Mains 2018]
(a) (0, ) (b) (an empty set) (c) {0} (d) {}
2 sin 1 x
29. lim is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
x 1
1x
1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
cos 3 x tan x
30. lim is [JEE-Mains 2019]
x /4
cos x
4
x cot(4 x )
31. lim is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
x0 sin 2 x cot 2 (2 x )
32. Let S be the set of all points in () at which the function, f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} is not
differentiable. Then S is a subset of which of the following? [JEE-Mains 2019]
3 3 3 3
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
(c) , , , (d) ,0,
2 4 4 2 2 4
33. Let K be the set of all real values of x where the function f(x) = sin |x| – |x| + 2(x – ) cos |x| is not
differentiable. Then the set K is equal to [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) {} (b) {0} (c) f (an empty set) (d) {0, }
(a) equals (b) equals 0 (c) equals + 1 (d) does not exist
35. If x loge(loge x) – x2 + y2 = 4(y > 0), then dy/dx at x = e is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2019]
e (1 2 e) (2 e 1) (1 2 e)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2
4e 2 4e 2 4e 4 e2
1, 2 x 0
36. Let f ( x) 2 and g (x) = |f(x)| + f(|x|). Then, in the interval (–2, 2), g is:
x 1,0 x 2
[JEE-Mains 2019]
37. For each t R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then,
(1 | x | sin |1 x |)sin [1 x]
2
lim [JEE-Mains 2019]
x 1 |1 x | [1 x ]
(a) equals –1 (b) equals 1 (c) does not exist (d) equals 0
max{| x |, x 2 }, | x | 2
38. Let f (x) = . Let S be the set of points in the interval (–4,4) at which f is not
8 2 | x |, 2 | x | 4
1 1 y4 2
39. lim [JEE-Mains 2019]
y 0 y4
1 1
(a) exists and equals (b) exists and equal
4 2 2 2( 2 1)
1
(c) exists and equals (d) does not exist.
2 2
5 if x 1
a bx, if 1 x 3
40. Let f : R R be a function defined as: f ( x) . Then f is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
b 5 x , if 3 x5
30, if x5
d2y
42. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of 2
at t , is [JEE-Mains 2019]
dx 4
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2 6 6 2
1/3
dy y
43. Let xk + yk = ak, (a, K >0) and 0 , then k is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
dx x
3 x 33 x 12
44. lim is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 2 3 x / 2 31 x
45. Let S be the set of points where the function, f (x) = |2 –|x – 3||, x R, is not differentiable.
Then f ( f ( x )) is equal to _________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
xS
1 1 3x
1 1 log e , when x 0 is
47. If the function f defined on , by f ( x) x 1 2x
3 3
k , when x 0
t sin(10t )dt
0
49. lim is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
x0 x
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
5 10 10
sin( a 2)x sin x
; x0
x
50. If f ( x ) b ; x 0 is continuous at x = 0, then a + 2b is equal to:
2 1/3 1/3
( x 3x ) x ; x0
x 4/3
[JEE-Mains 2020]
53. Let ƒ and g be differentiable functions on R such that fog is the identity function. If for some
a, b R, g’(a) = 5 and g(a) = b, then ƒ’(b) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 2/5 (b) 1 (c) 1/5 (d) 5
x x
ae be , 1 x 1
54. If a function f(x) defined by f ( x ) cx 2 , 1 x 3 be continuous for some a, b, c
ax 2 2cx , 3x4
R and f '(0) +f '(2) = e, then the value of a is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
e e 1 e
(a) (b) (c) (d) 2
e2 3e 13 e 2 3e 13 e 2 3e 13 e 3e 13
x x 2 x 3 .... x n n
55. If (n N) lim 820,( n N ) then the value of n is equal to……..
x 1 x1
[JEE-Mains 2020]
1/x
56. lim tan x is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 0
4
(a) 2 (b) e (c) 1 (d) e2
1 x|x|
57. Let [t] denotes the greatest integer t. If for some R – {0, 1}, lim L , then L is
x 0 x [x ]
equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 1
2 2 2 2
1 x x x x
58. If lim 8 1 cos cos cos cos 2 k , then the value of k is [JEE-Mains 2020]
x0
x 2 4 2 4
( a 2 x )1/3 (3x )1/3
59. lim ( a 0) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
x a (3 a x )1/3 (4 x )1/3
1 cos( p( x ))
64. If is the positive root of the equation, p(x) = x2 – x –2 = 0, then lim is equal
x x4
to [JEE-Mains 2020]
3 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
x
65. Let f(x) = x . x . , for – 10 < x < 10, where [t] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
2
the number of points of discontinuity of f is equal to ________ . [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 x x 1 /x
2 4
x e 1
66. lim [JEE-Mains 2020]
x0 2 4
1 x x 1
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to e (c) is equal to 0 (d) is equal to 1
2
( x 1)
t cos(t 2 )dt
67. lim 0 [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 1 ( x 1)sin( x 1)
(a) is equal to (b) is equal to 1/2 (c) is equal to –1/2 (d) does not exit
5 1 2
x sin x 5x , x0
68. Let f : R R be defined as f ( x ) 0 , x 0 . The value of which f (0)
x 5 cos 1 x 2 , x0
x
exists is. [JEE-Mains 2020]
69. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = max{x, x2}. Let S denote the set of all points in R,
where f is not differentiable. Then : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) {0, 1} (b) {0} (c) (an empty set) (d) {1}
2x 1
70. If f : R R is a function defined by f ( x ) [ x 1]cos , where [.] denotes the
2
greatest integer function, then f is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) discontinuous at all integral values of x except at x = 1
(b) continuous only at x = 1
(c) continuous for every real x
(d) discontinuous only at x = l
x
71. Let f : (0, 2) R be defined as. f ( x) log 2 1 tan
4
2 1 2
Then, lim f f ..... f (1) is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
n n
n n
aex b cos x ce x
72. If lim 2, then a + b + c is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
x 0 x sin x
cos1 (1 { x } 2 )sin 1 (1 { x})
, x0
73. Let a R be such that the function f ( x ) {x} {x}3 is continuous
, x0
at x = 0, where {x} = x – [x], [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then :
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (b) = 0 (c) no such exists (d)
2 4
cos 1 ( x [ x ]2 .sin 1 ( x [ x ]2 )
74. The value of lim , where [x] denotes the greatest integer x is :
x0 x x3
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) (b) 0 (c) (d)
4 2
cos(sin x ) cos x
75. If the function f ( x ) is continuous at each point in its domain and
x4
1
f (0) , then k is _________ . [JEE-Mains 2021]
k
[r ] [2r ] ..... [nr ]
76. The value of lim , where r is non-zero real number and [r] denotes the
n n2
greatest integer less than or equal to r, is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2021]
2
87. The function f ( x ) |x2 2x 3|.e|9 x 12 x 4|
is not differentiable at exactly : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) four points (b) three points (c) two points (d) one point
88. If lim( x 2 x 1 ax ) b , then the ordered pair (a, b) is: [JEE-Mains 2021]
x
3 3 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
8 2 4 6 8 6 4 2
2
e 2( x bx c )
1 2( x 2 bx c )
89. If , are the distinct roots of x2 + bx + c = 0, then lim is equal to:
x ( x 2 )
[JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) b2 + 4c (b) 2(b2 + 4c) (c) 2(b2 – 4c) (d) b2 – 4c
90. Let [t] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Let f(x) = x – [x], g(x) = 1 – x + [x],
and h(x) = min{f(x), g(x)}, x [–2, 2]. Then h is : [JEE-Mains 2021]
(a) continuous in [–2, 2] but not differentiable at more than four points in (–2, 2)
(b) not continuous at exactly three points in [–2, 2]
(c) continuous in [–2, 2] but not differentiable at exactly three points in (–2, 2)
(d) not continuous at exactly four points in [–2, 2]
91. Let f : [0, 3] R be defined by f(x) = min {x – [x], 1 + [x] – x} where [x] is the greatest integer
less than or equal to x. Let P denote the set containing all x [0, 3] where f is discontinuous,
and Q denote the set containing all x (0, 3) where f is not differentiable. Then the sum of
number of elements in P and Q is equal to _________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
a sin 2 ( x 1), for x 0
92. Let a, b R, b 0, Define a function f ( x )
tan 2 x sin 2 x , for x 0
bx 3
If f is continuous at x = 0, then 10 – ab is equal to _________. [JEE-Mains 2021]
P( x )
, x2
93. Consider the function f ( x ) sin( x 2)
7, x2
Where P(x) is a polynomial such that P (x) is always a constant and P(3) = 9. If f(x) is
continuous at x = 2, then P(5) is equal to ______. [JEE-Mains 2021]
x
(5 1 t )dt , x 2
94. If f (x ) 0 , then [JEE-Mains 2021]
5x 1, x2
(a) f(x) is not continuous at x = 2
(b) f(x) is everywhere differentiable
(c) f(x) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 2
[JEE-Mains 2021]
102. Let ƒ : R R satisfy the equation ƒ(x + y) = ƒ(x).ƒ(y) for all x, y R and f(x) 0 for any x
1
R. If the function ƒ is differentiable at x = 0 and f (0) = 3, then lim ( f ( h ) 1) is equal to
h0 h
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 27 23
(b) 3, (c) 27 23
(d) 4,
3, 4,
4 4 4 4
2 2
sin(3x 4 x 1) x 1
105. If lim 2, then the value of (a – b) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
x 1
2 x 3 7 x 2 ax b
106. Let f, g :R R be functions defined by
[ x ], x0 ex x , x0
f (x ) and g( x ) 2
|1 x|, x 0 (1 x ) 1, x 0
where [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then, the function fog is
discontinuous at exactly : [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) one point (b) two points (c) three points (d) four points
x
[ e ], x0
x
ae [ x 1], 0 x 1
107. Let f :R R be defined as f ( x )
b [sin( x )], 1 x 2
x
[ e ] c , x2
where a, b, c R and [t] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then, which of the
following statements is true ? [JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) There exists a, b, c R such that f is continuous of R.
(b) If f is discontinuous at exactly one point, then a + b + c = 1.
(c) If f is discontinuous at exactly one point, then a + b + c 1.
108. Let [t] denote the greatest integer t and {t} denote the fractional part of t. Then integral
2[ x ] { x} [ x] 1
value of for which the left hand limit of the function f ( x) [1 x ] at x =
2[x ] {x}
4
0 is equal to is ____ [JEE-Mains 2022]
3
18 [1 x ]
109. Let a be an integer such that lim exists, where [t] is greatest integer t. Then a is
x 7
[x 3 a]
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
[JEE-Mains 2022]
115. lim tan2 x((2sin2 x 3sin x 41/2 (sin2 x 6sin x 2)1/2 )) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2022]
x
2
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 18 12 6
116. Let f (x) be a polynomial function such that f (x) + f ' (x) + f ''(x) = x5 + 64. Then, the value of
f (x )
lim [JEE-Mains 2022]
x 1
x 1
(a) – 15 (b) –60 (c) 60 (d) 15
117. The number of points, where the function f : R R, f(x)=|x – 1| cos|x – 2| sin|x – 1| + (x
– 3) |x2 – 5x + 4|, is NOT differentiable, is: [JEE-Mains 2022]
[JEE-Mains 2022]
(a) 2 + 2 + 2 =6 (b) + + + 1 = 0
[JEE-Mains 2022]
k 1
(n 1) 1
122. If lim [(nk + 1) + (nk + 2) + ….. + (nk + n)] = 33. lim .[1k 2 k 3 k ... n k ], then
n
nk 1 n
nk 1
the integral value of k is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2022]
123. If lim(
n
n2 n 1 n ) 0 then 8( + ) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2022]
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
x tan 2 x 2 x tan x
1. lim is (IIT Sc. 1999)
x0 (1 cos 2 x ) 2
1 1
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) (d) –
2 2
sin( cos 2 x)
2. lim equals (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 0 x2
(a) – (b) (c) (d) 1
2
1/ x
f (1 x)
3. Let f : R R be such that f (1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. Then lim equals (IIT Sc. 2002)
x 0
f (1)
(a) 1 (b) e1/2 (c) e2 (d) e3
x
x 3
4. For x R, lim = (IIT Sc. 2000)
x x 2
(a) e (b) e–1 (c) e–5 (d) e5
x
(cos x 1)(cos x e )
5. The integer n for which lim is a finite non zero number is (IIT sc. 2002)
x0 xn
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 cos 2( x 1)
6. lim (IIT Sc. 1998)
x 1 x 1
(a) exists and it equals 2
(b) exists and it equals – 2
(c) does not exist because x – 1 0
(d) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit
7. The function f (x) = [x]2 – [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is
discontinuous at
(a) all integers (b) all integers except 0 and 1
(c) all integers except 0 (d) all integers except 1 (IIT Sc. 1999)
8. The left-hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin (x) at x = k, k an integer, is (IIT Sc. 2001)
k k–1 k k–1
(a) (–1) (k – 1) (b) (–1) (k – 1) (c) (–1) k (d) (–1) k
9. Let h(x) = min {x, x2} for every real number of x. Then (IIT Sc. 1998)
(a) h is continuous for all x (b) h is differentiable for all x
(c) h(x) = 1 for all x > 1 (d) h is not differentiable at two values of x.
10. Let f : R R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}. The set of all points where f (x) is not
differentiable, is (IIT Sc. 2001)
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0} (c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
11. The function f (x) = (x2 – 1) | x2 – 3x + 2 | + cos ( | x | ) is not differentiable at (IIT Sc. 1999)
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
12. Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0? (IIT Sc. 2001)
(a) cos ( | x | ) + | x | (b) cos ( | x | ) – | x | (c) sin ( | x | ) – | x | (d) sin ( | x | ) + | x |
14. The following functions are continuous on (0, ) (IIT Sc. 1991)
x
1
(a) tan x (b) t sin t dt
0
3
1, 0 x x sin x, 0 x
4 2
(c) (d)
2sin x, 3
sin( x),
x x
9 4 2 2
16. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve f(x) = x2 + bx – b at the point (1, 1) and the
co-ordinate axes, lies in the first quadrant. If its area is 2, then the value of b is (IIT Sc. 2001)
(a) –1 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d) 1
sin x
1
17. Value of Lim (sin x )1/ x is (IIT 2006)
x0
x
18. f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f ( x ) f ( x ) , g ( x ) f ( x ) . Define
2 2
F ( x) f ( x / 2) g ( x / 2) , F (5) = 5,then F(10) is equals to (IIT 2006)
t 2 f ( x ) x 2 f (t )
20. Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f (1) = 1 and lim 1 for
tx tx
each x > 0. Then f (x) is (IIT 2007 (P-I))
1 2x2 1 4 x2 1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) 2 (d)
3x 3 3x 3 x x x
sec 2 x
f (t ) dt
2
21. lim equals (IIT 2007 (P-I))
x 2
4 x2
16
8 2 2 1
(a) f (2) (b) f (2) (c) f (d) 4f (2)
2
( x 1) n
22. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are integers, m 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
log cos m ( x 1)
derivative of | x – 1 | at x = 1. If lim g ( x) p , then (IIT 2008 (P-I))
x 1
23. Let f (x) be an non-constant twice differentiable function defined on (–, ) such that f (x) = f (1 – x)
1
and f = 0. Then, (IIT 2008 (P-I))
4
1
(a) f (x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1] (b) f = 0
2
1/ 2 1/ 2 1
1
(c) f x 2 sin x dx 0 (d) f (t )esin t dt f (1 t )esin t dt
1/ 2 0 1/ 2
24. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval (–1, 1) such that g(x) is continuous, g(0) 0,
g(0) = 0, g(0) 0 and f (x) = g(x) sin x. (IIT 2008 (P-I))
STATEMENT-1: lim[ g ( x) cot x g (0) cosec x] f (0) .
x0
25. Let g(x) = log f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ) such that
f (x + 1) = x f (x). Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, ...
1 1
g N g (IIT 2008 (P-II))
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 4 1 .... 2
(b) 4 1 .... 2
9 25 (2 N 1) 9 25 (2 N 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 4 1 .... 2
(d) 4 1 .... 2
9 25 (2 N 1) 9 25 (2 N 1)
x2
a a2 x2
26. Let L lim 4 , a 0. If L is finite, then [IIT 2009]
x 0 x4
1 1
(a) a = 2 (b) a = 1 (c) L (d) L
64 32
p ( x)
27. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum at x = 1, 2 and lim 1 2 2.
x 0
x
x
1 t ln (1 t )
28. The value of lim 3
x 0 x
0
t4 4
dt is [IIT 2010]
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
12 24 64
x 2 , x
2
30. If f ( x) cos x, x 0 , then [IIT 2011]
2
x 1, 0 x 1
ln x, x 1,
(a) f (x) is continuous at x (b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0
2
3
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 (d) f (x) is differentiable at x
2
1
31. If lim [1 x ln(1 b 2 )] x 2b sin 2 , b 0 and (– , ], then the value of is [IIT 2011]
x 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 6 2
d f ( x)
32. Let y(x) + y(x)g(x) = g(x)g(x), y(0) = 0, x R, where f (x) denotes and g ( x) is a given
dx
non-constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [IIT 2011]
x2 x 1
33. If lim ax b 4 , then [IIT 2012]
x
x 1
(a) a = 1, b = 4 (b) a = 1, b = –4 (c) a = 2, b = –3 (d) a = 2, b = 3
35. Let f : [a, b] [1, ] be a continuous function and let g: R R be defined as [JEE-ADV. 2014]
0 if xa
g(x) = f (t )dt i f a x b . Then
x
a
b
f (t ) dt if xb
a
(a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a
(b) g (x) is differentiable on R
(c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b but not both
1 x
ax sin( x 1) a 1
The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which lim
x 1
36. is
x 1 x sin( x 1) 1 4
[JEE-ADV. 2014]
37. Let f : R R and g : R R be respectively given by f (x) = |x| + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 1. Define
max { f ( x), g ( x )} if x 0
h : R R by h (x) = . The number of points at which h (x) is not
min { f ( x), g ( x )} if x 0
given that the function g(a) is differentiable on (0, 1). [JEE-ADV. 2014]
1
38. The value of g is
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)
2 4
1
39. The value of g is
2
(a) (b) (c) – (d) 0
2 2
f ( x)
41. Let f : (0, ) be a differentiable function such that f ´( x) 2 for all x (0, ) and
x
f (1) 1 . Then [JEE-ADV. 2016]
1 1
(a) lim f ´ 1 (b) lim f 2
x 0
x x 0
x
(c) lim x 2 f ´ x 0 (d) |f(x)| 2 for all x (0, 2)
x 0
x 2 sin( x)
42. Let R be such that lim 1. Then 6() equals [JEE-ADV. 2016]
x 0 x sin x
43. Let f : (0, ) and g : be twice differentiable functions such that f´´ and g´´ are
continuous functions on . Suppose f ´(2) 0, g (2) 0 and f ´´(2) 0 and g´(2) 0 . If
f ( x) g ( x )
lim 1 , then [JEE-ADV. 2016]
x 2 f ´( x ) g´( x )
1 1
45. Let f : , 2 and g : , 2 be functions defined by f(x) = [x2 – 3] and g(x) = |x| f (x)
2 2
+ |4x – 7|f (x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y for y R. Then
[JEE-ADV. 2016]
1
(a) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in ,2
2
1
(b) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in ,2
2
1
(c) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in ,2
2
1
(d) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in ,2
2
1 x(1|1 x|) 1
46. Let f ( x) cos for x 1. Then [JEE-ADV. 2017]
|1 x| 1 x
(a) lim f ( x) does not exist (b) lim f ( x) does not exist
x 1 x 1
Answer Q. 47, Q.48 and Q.49 by appropriately matching the information given in the
three columns of the following table. [JEE-ADV. 2017]
Let f (x) = x + loge x - x loge x, x (0,).
Column 1 contains information about zeros of f (x), f (x) and f (x).
Column 2 contains information about the limiting behavior of f(x), f (x) and f (x) at infinity.
Column 3 contains information about increasing/decreasing nature of f (x) and f ( x)
Column1 Column 2 Column 3
(I) f(x) = 0 for some x (1, e2) (i) lim f (x) 0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
x
(II) f (x) = 0 for some x (1, e) (ii) lim f (x) (Q) f is decreasing in (e, e2)
x
(III) f (x) = 0 for some x (0, 1) (iii) lim f '(x ) (R) f is increasing in (0, 1)
x
(IV) f (x) = 0 for some x (1, e) (iv) lim f ''(x) 0 (S) f is decreasing in (e, e2)
x
(d) There exists (–4, 4) such that f()+ f ’’() = 0 and f ’() 0
51. Let f:R R and g : R R be two non-constant differentiable functions. If f ’(e(f(x) – g(x)))g’(x) for all x
R, and f(1)=g(2)=1, then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE-ADV. 2018]
(a) f(2)< 1 – loge2 (b) f(2)>1 – loge2 (c) g(1) > 1–loge 2 (d) f(1)<1 – loge 2
f ( x )sin t f (t )sin x
52. Let f : (0, ) R be a twice differentiable function such that lim sin 2 x for
t x tx
all x (0, ). If f , then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
6 12
x4
(a) f (b) f(x) < x 2 for x (0, )
4 4 2 6
(c) There exists (0, ) such that f () =0 (d) f '' f 0 [JEE-ADV. 2018]
2 2
53. Let f1 : R R, f2 : , R, f3 : (–1, e/2 –2) R and f4 : R R be defined by
2 2
2
(i) f1(x) = sin( 1 ex )
|sin x|
if x 0
(ii) f 2 ( x ) tan 1 x , where the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assumes values in
1 if x 0
,
2 2
(iii) f3(x) = [sin (loge (x + 2))|, where, for t R denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t,
2 1
x sin if x 0
(iv) f 4 ( x ) x [JEE-ADV. 2018]
0 if x 0
LIST-I LIST-II
P. The function f1 is 1. NOT continuous at x = 0
Q. The function f2 is 2. continuous at x = 0 and NOT differentiable at
x=0
R. The function f3 is 3. differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is NOT
continuous at x = 0
S. The function f4 is 4. differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous
at x = 0
The correct option is:
(a) P 2; Q 3; R 1; S 4 (b) P 4; Q 1; R 2; S 3
(c) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 3 (d) P 2; Q 1; R 4; S 3
1
54. For each positive integer n, let yn (( n 1)( n 2)...(n n))1/n For x R, let [x] be the greatest
n
integer less than or equal to x. If lim yn L, then the value of [L] is _____ . [JEE-ADV. 2018]
n
55. Let f : R R be a differentiable function with f (0) = 0. If y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation
dy
(2 5 y )(5 y 2), then the value of lim f ( x ) is _____. [JEE-ADV. 2018]
dx x
56. Let f : R R be a differentiable function with f(0), = 1 and satisfying the equation f (x + y) = f (x) f
(y) + f (x) f(y) for all x, y R. Then, the value of loge(f(4)) is _____. [JEE-ADV. 2018]
1 3 2 .... 3 n
57. For a R |a| > 1, let lim 54 . Then the possible
n
1 1 1
n7/3 2
2
...
( an 1) ( an 2) ( an n)2
values of a is/are [JEE-ADV. 2019]
(a) 8 (b) –6 (c) 7 (d) –9
f ( h) f (0)
PROPETY 1 if lim exists and is finite, and
|h|
h 0
f ( h) f (0)
PROPETY 2 if lim exists and if finite. Then which of the following options
h 0 h2
is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]
(a) f(x) = x|x| has PROPERTY 2 (b) f(x) = sinx has PROPERTY 2
(c) f(x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1 (d) f(x) = x2/3 has PROPERTY 1
59. Let the function f : ℝ→ℝ be defined by f(x) = x3 – x2 + (x –1)sin and let :ℝ→ℝ be an
arbitrary function. Let : ℝ→ℝ be the product function defined by ( )( )= ( ) ( ). Then
which of the following statements is/are TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
(a) If is continuous at =1, then is differentiable at =1
(b) If is differentiable at =1, then is continuous at =1
(c) If is differentiable at =1, then is differentiable at =1
(d) If is differentiable at =1, then is differentiable at =1
60. Let denote the base of the natural logarithm. The value of the real number for which the
(1 x)1/ x e 1
right hand limit lim is equal to a nonzero real number, is [JEE-Advanced 2020]
x 0
xa
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
1
1. If g(x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) = then g(x) is equal to
1 x5
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 + (g(x))5 (d) none of these
1 f ( x) 1 ( g ( x )) 5
dy
2. If y = |x| + |x – 2|, then at x = 2 is
dx
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) does not exist (d) none of these
cx 2 d , 1 x 1
4. If f ( x ) 1 is continuous and differentiable, find c and d
| x | , | x | 1
1 3 3 1 3 3
(a) , (b) 0, (c) , 0 (d) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
x2
2
t
2
.e t dt
5. 0 is equal to
lim
x 0 1 cos( x 3 )
3 2 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 3
2 f ( x) x 2 f ()
6. Let f (x) be differentiable function for all x R+ and f(1) = 1. If lim 1 for every
x x
x > 0, then:
17 (2)1/3
(a) f (2) = (b) f (x) has local minima at x =
6 2
(c) f (x) is strictly increasing for all x 2 (d) f ´´(x) > 0 x R
2x x
7. Let f(x) = lim cot 1 2 , then
x k
8.
max
Let f(x) be defined in [–2, 2] by f ( x )
4 x , 1 x ;
2 2
2 x 0
, then
min
4 x , 1 x ;
2 2
0 x2
3
(a) f (x) is continuous at x but non-differentiable
2
3
(b) f (x) is discontinuous at x ,0
2
x y 2 f ( x) f ( y)
9. Let f : R R be defined by functional relationship f and f '(0) = 2, then
3 3
x y f ( x) f ( y)
Let f : R R be a differential function satisfying f for all x, y R. If f (0)
2 2
exists and equal to –1 and f (0) = 1.
Then answer the following questions
17. Total number of points of discontinuity of f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function, in [, 2] is equal to.
18. f (x) = [x] + { x}, where [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer function and fractional part
x y f ( x) f ( y)
19. Let f for all x, y, R and n is a natural number other then 2. If f (0) = 2
n n
then find the value of f(3).
f ( x)
20. Let f (x) = x sin(sin x) – sin2 x and L lim . If limiting value ‘L’ is non-zero and finite, then
x0 xn
value of ‘n’ must be equal to
sin 3 x
21. Let L lim . If the value of L is 3/2, then (2b + a – c) is equal to.
x 0 axe x b ln(1 x ) cxe x
n n 1 n2 n4
22. Let Sn r 2 r 3 r ... n and lim is equal to ‘L’, then the value of L/3 is
n S n
r 1 r 1 r 1
equal to.
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9 (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c,d) 32. (a,c,d) 33. (d) 34. (a,c) 35. (d)
36. (a,c) 37. (a,d) 38. (a,b,c,d) 39. (a,b) 40. (a,b,c,d)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p) 48. A-(r); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)
49. (2) 50. (0) 51. (0) 52. (7) 53. (2)
54. (3) 55. (1) 56. (3) 57. (4) 58. (2)
2 3 2 2x
60. f (x) = 2x + 6x + ........ the coef of x = 2 61. f (x) = e
3 3 7 1
63. x= , ,, , 64. Discontinuous at x = ± 1, ± , 0
2 4 2 4 2
5 3
65. Continuous at x = 0 but not differentiable 66. a = – , b –
2 2
67. g(x) is continuous for all x in [0, )
68. At x = 0, g(x) is continuous as well as differentiable
At x = 2, g(x) is continuous but not differentiable
69. (i) limit does not exist , (ii) limit does not exist
2 2
70. e – a /b 71. /2, 72. a = 3/2, b = e3/2
2 2
73. Continuous and Differentiable at x = 0; Neither at x = 1 nor –1
9 4
75. log 76. Not continuous
4 e
77. fog is not differentiable at integral values of x. gof is differentiable everywhere.
6. (b): 1 (formula)
7. (a): Basic theory.
8. (c): Using proporties of limit
9 (b): 1 (formula)
10. (b): Using definition of continuity.
11. (a): Use properties of G.I.F.
12. (d): Using properties of continuity. Check point of discontinuity.
13. (c): Using properties of continuity.
14. (a): Using properties of G.I.F.
15. (b): Using of continuity definition.
16. (c): Apply L’ Hospital rule.
1 1 1 1
17. (a): Use etc
1.3 2 1 3
1
37. (a,d): lim f ( x) lim (6 5 x) 1, lim F( x) = lim (2 x 2 3) 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 5
and f (1) = 1 but F(3) = 0 and lim F( x ) 9
x 3
for all x (0, 1). Hence all the function in (a), (b), (c), (d) are continuous function on (0, 1)
Suppose that c < 1/2. Consider the interval [c, 1/2], by above result (comprehension) F takes all
values between F(c) and 1 but F take only rational values. This contradicts our hypothesis.
Satisfy the given condition. Apply the result (comprehension) to show that these are the only
possibilities.
3 47
44. (b): 1047 3 1000 47 = 10 3 1
1000
47
=10 1 = 10 (1 + 0.016) =10.16
3000
99 100
51. (0): lim1 2 x .... 99 x98 1 2 3 .... 99 4950
x1 2
F( x)enx g ( x )
52. (7): lim lim lim F( x) F(1)
x 1 x e nx 1 x 1
53. (2): a + b = 2
x3 x 2 16 x 20
54. (3): F(2) = lim =7
x2 ( x 2) 2
3(3 tan nx tan 3 x) 8 tan x
2
tan x
55. (1): lim 1 3tan x 1 tan 2 x
2
x 0 x tan x
1 1 8/3 8
lim
x0 x 2
3 3 2
1 2
16
1 tan x 1 tan x
56. (3): The given function is not defined at x = 0, 2, 4 and at x = (2x + 1) ,nI
2
Except these point the function is required set is
(2n 1) ; n I {0, 2, 4}
2
Thus the integral no of discontinuances is 3.
(2 x 2 1)210 log 2
57. (4): F(2) = lim n 2 4
26 = 25 = 32
x2 (4 1)2 log 4
sin x
x x
sin
sin x sin x sin x x1
58. (2): lim = lim
x0 1 1 = e–1
x 0 x x sin x x
1 1
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c)
36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (36) 45. (3)
46. (b) 47. (5.00) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (40.00)
56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (8) 59. (a) 60. (10)
61. (3) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (8)
66. (d) 67. (d) 68. (5.00) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (1) 72. (4) 73. (c) 74. (d) 75. (6)
76. (a) 77. (a) 78. (d) 79. (d) 80. (d)
81. (2) 82. (7) 83. (b) 84. (d) 85. (c)
86. (a) 87. (c) 88. (b) 89. (c) 90. (a)
91. (5): 92. (14) 93. (39) 94. (c) 95. (a)
96. (a) 97. (4) 98. (a) 99. (c) 100. (b)
101. (3) 102. (3) 103. (d) 104. (c) 105. (11)
106. (b) 107. (c) 108. (3) 109. (a) 110. (248)
111. (c) 112. (b) 113. (d) 114. (62) 115. (a)
116. (a) 117. (b) 118. (c) 119. (a) 120. (c)
121. (3) 122. (5) 123. (c)
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b,c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a,b, c,d) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (a,c) 27. (0) 28. (b) 29. (b, c) 30. (a,b,c,d)
31. (d) 32. (0) 33. (b) 34. (b,d) 35. (a,c)
36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b,c)
41. (a) 42. (7) 43. (a,d) 44. (a,b) 45. (b,d)
46. (b,c) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (a,b,d)
51. (b,c) 52. (b,c,d) 53. (d) 54. (1) 55. (2/5)
56. (2) 57. (a,c) 58. (c,d) 59. (a,c) 60. (1.00)
61. (4) 62. (8) 63. (a,b,d) 64. (0.50) 65. (5)
Chapter Test
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (b,d) 8. (a,c) 9. (a,b,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. A-(p); B-(p); C-(p); D-(p)
15. (6) 16. (1) 17. (8) 18. (1) 19. (6)
20. (6) 21. (6) 22. (8)