Class XII Unit IV Mathematics

STUDY PACKAGE
MATHEMATICS
(CLASS-XII)
MATHEMATICS
(UNIT-IV)
Contents
S. NO. TOPICS PAGE NO.
1. Matrices 1.1 – 1.66
Chapter Assignment 1.37 – 1.42
Previous Year Questions,
Competitive Examinations Questions 1.43 – 1.54
Chapter Test 1.55 – 1.58
Answers and Hints 1.59 – 1.66
2. Determinants 2.1 – 2.55

3. Functions 3.1 – 3.44
4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 4.1 – 4.31

5. Limits, Continuity And Differentiability 5.1 – 5.59

2021
1
MATRICES
1.0. INTRODUCTION
A set of mn numbers, real or complex, arranged in the form of a rectangular array of m rows and n
columns, written as :
C1 C2 Cn
R1 a11 a12 ..... a1n

R2 a21 a22 ..... a2 n
..... ..... ..... .....
Rm am 1 am 2 ..... amn m n
is called an m × n (read as m by n) matrix.

A matrix, in compact form, is represented by [aij]m×n, where aij is the element of the ith row and
jth column i.e. (i, j)th element.
Matrices are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. and their elements by the
corresponding small letters.
2 1 1
Ex. A = is a matrix having two rows and three columns and so it is a matrix of order
3 4 5
2 × 3 such that a11 = 2, a12 = 1, a13 = –1, a21 = 3, a22 = –4, a23 = 5.
Note:
The difference between a determinant and a matrix is that while a determinant has a certain
value, the matrix has none. Matrix is an arrangement of certain quantities.
1.1. CONSTRUCTION OF A MATRIX

Ex. Construct a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j.
a11 a12 a13 a14

Sol.: We have A = a21 a22 a23 a24 , where aij = 2i + 3j
a31 a32 a33 a34
a11 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5,
a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
Similarly,
Amity Institute for Competitive Examinations : Phones: 011-24336143/44, 24331000-2, 0120-2431839/42

-1.1-
AICE (IIT-JEE) Matrices
a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12, a33 = 15, a34 = 18
5 8 11 14
A = 7 10 13 16
9 12 15 18
1.1.1. Types of Matrices
Row Matrix: A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
Ex. A = [1 2 4 5] is row matrix.
Column Matrix: A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.
1
2
Ex. A= is column matrix.
4
5
Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows is equal to number of columns, is called a
square matrix. A square matrix containing n rows and n columns is said to be square matrix of
order n.
Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix whose all elements, except those in the leading diagonal,
are zero is known as a diagonal matrix i.e. aij = 0, for all i j.
5 0 0
Ex. A= 0 4 0 is diagonal matrix also written as diag.[5, 4, –3].
0 0 3
Scalar Matrix: A diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements are equal is called a
scalar matrix.
0, i j
For a square matrix A = [aij]n×n to be a scalar matrix aij = , where m 0.
m, i j
2 0 0
Ex. A= 0 2 0 is scalar.
0 0 2
Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix having diagonal elements as unity is called an Identity or
unit matrix.
1 0 0
1 0
I2 = ,I = 0 1 0 , are unit matrices of order 2 and 3 respectively.
0 1 3
0 0 1
Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is known as Null matrix.
0 0 0 0 0
Ex. , are null matrices of order 2 × 2 and 2 × 3 respectively.
0 0 0 0 0

-1.2-
Matrices AICE (IIT-JEE)
Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called an Upper triangular matrix if
aij = 0 for all i > j
1 2 4 3
0 5 1 2
Ex. A= is an upper triangular matrix.
0 0 3 5
0 0 0 7
Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix A = [aij] is called a Lower triangular matrix if
aij = 0 for all i < j
5 0 0
Ex. A= 2 3 0 is a lower triangular matrix.
1 9 5
A Triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n is called a strictly triangular matrix if aii = 0 for all
i = 1, 2, ..., n.
0 2 5
Ex. A= 0 0 3 is strictly triangular.
0 0 0
1.2. OPERATIONS ON MATRICES
1.2.1. Equality of Matrices :

Two matrices A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]r × s are equal if
(i) m = r i.e. the number of rows in A = the number of rows in B.

(ii) n = s i.e. the number of columns in A = the number of columns in B.
(iii) aij = bij, for i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, ....., n. i.e. the corresponding elements are equal.
0 0 0 0 0
Ex. Matrices and are not equal because their orders are not same.
0 0 0 0 0
Sample Problem 1:
x y 2x z 1 5
If = , find x, y, z, w.
3x y 3z 4w 5 25
Solution: Since, in equal matrices, corresponding elements are equal, therefore

x – y = –1,
2x + z = 5
3x + y = 5
3z + 4w = 25
Solving these equations, we get
x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4.

-1.3-
Sample Problem 2:
x 3 2y x 0 7
Find x, y, z and a for which
z 1 4a 6 3 2a
x 3 2y x 0 7
Solution: Given,
z 1 4a 6 3 2a
x 3 0 2y x 7
z 1 3 4a 6 2a
x = –3, z = 4, y = –2, a = 3.
1.2.2. Sum of Matrices :

If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bij]m × n are two matrices of the same order, their sum A + B will be of order
m × n such that
(A + B)ij = aij + bij for i = 1, 2, ....., m and j = 1, 2, ....., n.
Two matrices can be added by adding the corresponding elements.
Only matrices of same order can be added.

1 4 5
Ex. If A =
2 3 7
2 5 3
B=
1 4 2
1 2 4 5 5 3 1 9 8
then A + B = =
2 1 3 4 7 2 1 7 9
1 4 3 2 4
Ex. If A = ,B= then matrices A and B can not be added, because A and B
2 5 1 5 9
are not of the same order.
Properties of Addition :
(i) Matrix addition is commutative
i.e. A + B = B + A.
(ii) Matrix addition is associative
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
(iii) The null matrix is the identity element for matrix addition.
i.e. A+O=A=O+A

-1.4-
(iv) For every matrix A = [aij]m × n, there exists a matrix [–aij]m × n, denoted by –A such that
A + (–A) = 0 = (–A) + A.
–A is called additive inverse of A.

1 4 3
Ex. If A=
2 5 7
1 4 3
then –A = .
2 5 7
(v) Cancellation laws hold good for matrix addition

i.e. A+B=A+C
B = C (left cancellation law)
and B+A=C+A B = C (right cancellation law).
1.2.3. Subtraction of Matrices :

If A and B be two matrices of the same order, then we define
A – B = A + (–B)
Two matrices can be subtracted by subtracting the corresponding elements.
Only matrices of same order can be subtracted.
2 4 3
Ex. If A=
3 5 7
3 5 1
B =
4 2 3
then A–B = A + (–B)

2 4 3 3 5 1
= +
3 5 7 4 2 3
1 9 2
=
7 3 10
1.2.4. Scalar Multiplication :

If A = [aij]m × n be a matrix and k be any number (called scalar), then the matrix kA defined by
kA =[kaij]m × n
i.e. The matrix obtained by multiplying each element of A by k is called the scalar multiple of A by
k.
1 4 2
Ex. If A=
3 1 5
4 16 8
then 4A = .
12 4 20

-1.5-
Properties of Scalar Multiplication :
(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + m)A = kA + mA
(iii) (km)A = k(mA) = m(kA) (iv) (–k)A = –(kA) = k(–A)
(v) 1A = A (vi) (–1)A = –A
(vii)kA = Ak
1.2.5. Matrix Multiplication :

If A = [aij]m × n and B = [bjk]n × p be two matrices of order m × n and n × p respectively, then their
n
product AB is of order m × p and is defined as (AB)ik = aij bjk
j 1
= ai1.b1k + ai2.b2k + ..... + ain.bnk
i.e. (i, k)th element of AB

= (ith row of A) (kth column of B)
b1k
b2 k
= [ai1, ai2, ....., ain]
...
bnk
Note :
For product AB to be defined, we must have number of columns in A = number of rows in B.

Then A and B are said conformable for multiplication.
If A and B are two matrices such that AB exists, then BA may or may not exist.
For AB and BA both to be defined, both should be square matrices of same order.
3 4 1
Ex. If A= 2 3 2
1 2 0
2 1
& B= 3 2
1 3
then A is a 3 × 3 matrix and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore A and B are comformable for the product
AB and it is of order 3 × 2 such that
2
(AB)11 = [3 4 1] 3 = 3 × 2 + 4 × 3 + 1 × 1 = 19.
1

-1.6-
1
(AB)12 = [3 4 1] 2 = 3 × (–1) + 4 × 2 + 1 × (–3) = 2.
3
2
(AB)21 = [2 –3 2] 3 = 2 × 2 + (–3) × 3 + 2 × 1 = –3.
1
Similarly, (AB)22 = –14,
(AB)31 = 4
and (AB)32 = 5
19 2
AB = 3 14
4 5
But BA is not defined, because the number of columns in B the number of rows in A.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication :
(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.
i.e. in general AB BA.
(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative
i.e. (AB)C = A(BC)
(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.
i.e. A.(B + C) = A.B + AC
and (A + B)C = AC + BC.
(iv) If A is an m × n matrix, then

ImA = A = AIn.
(v) The product of two matrices can be null matrix while neither of them is null.
i.e. if AB = 0, it is not necessary that either A = 0 or B = 0.
AB = 0 A = 0 or B = 0
0 2 1 2
Ex. If A= and B =
0 0 0 0
0 0
thenAB = , while neither A nor B is null matrix.
0 0
(vi) The product of the matrix with a null matrix is always a null matrix
(vii)If AB = O, then it is not necessary, that BA = O.

-1.7-
1.2.6. Transpose of a Matrix

Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix. Then the transpose of A, denoted by AT or A , is an n × m matrix such
that
(A )ij = aji
for all i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.
i.e. (i, j)th element of A =(j, i)th element of A.

Thus, A is obtained from A by changing its rows into columns and its columns into rows.
1 3 5 7
Ex. If A 2 1 4 3
2 4 5 6
1 2 2
3 1 4
then A
5 4 5
7 3 6
Properties of Transpose :
Let A and B be two matrices. Then
(i) (A ) = A
(ii) (A + B) = A + B , A & B being of the same order
(iii) (KA) = KA , K being any scalar (real or complex)
(iv) (AB) = B A , A and B being conformable for the product AB.
(This is called the reversal law)
Generalisation :
(ABC) = C B A .
i.e. the transpose of the product is the product of the transposes taken in the reverse order.
1.2.7. Trace of a Matrix
The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of
A i.e. tr(A).
Thus if A = [aij]n×n
n
Then, tr ( A) aii a11 a22 ... ann
i 1

-1.8-
Properties of trace of a matrix:

Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij]n×n and be a scalar
(i) tr( A) = tr(A) (ii) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA)
1.2.8. Positive integral powers of a square matrix:
Let A be a square matrix. Then we define

(i) A = A
and (ii) An+1 = An. A, where n N
Thus from the definition
Clearly A2 = A.A
A3 = A2.A = (A.A)A and so on.
Also, we have
Am.An = Am+n
and (Am)n = Amn, for all m, n N
Sample Problem 3:
cos sin 1 n
If A = , then find lim A .
sin cos n n
cos n sin n
Solution: An =
sin n cos n
cos n sin n
1 n n n
A
n sin n cos n
n n
But –1 cos n , sin n 1
cos n sin n
lim 0 , lim 0
n n n n
1 0 0
lim An
n n 0 0
Matrix polynomial
Let f (x) = a0xn + a1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ... + an–1x + an be a polynomial and let A be a square matrix of
order n. Then
f (A) = a0An + a1An–1 + a2An–2 + ... + an–1A + an In is called a matrix polynomial
Ex. If f (x) = x2 – 4x + 3 is a polynomial and A is a square matrix, then
A2 – 4A + 3I is a matrix polynomial.

-1.9-
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.1 AND 1.2:
1. A square matrix A = [aij] in which aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij = k (constant) for i = j is called a
(a) unit matrix (b) scalar matrix (c) null matrix (d) diagonal matrix
2. In an upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of zeros is
n(n 1) n(n 1) 2n(n 1)
(a) (b) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 2
i 0 4n
3. If A = , n N, then A equals
0 i
1 0 i 0 0 i 0 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 0 i i 0 0 0
cos sin 0
4. Let F( ) = sin cos 0 . Then F( ). F( ) is equal to
0 0 1
(a) F( ) (b) F( / ) (c) F( + ) (d) F( - )
2 0 1
2
5. Let A = 2 1 3 and f (x) = x – 5x + 6I3. Find f(A)
1 1 0
1 1 3 1 1 3 1 1 3
(a) 7 1 10 (b) 7 1 10 (c) 7 1 10 (d) none of these
1 4 2 1 4 2 1 4 2
1 3
1 2 3 T
6. If A = and B = 1 0 . Then (AB) =
4 2 5
2 4
9 4 9 15 9 8
15 8 4 8 15 4
0 tan / 2
7. Let A = and I is the identity matrix of order 2. Then (I –A) ×
tan / 2 0
cos sin
is equal to
sin cos
(a) 2I + 2A (b) 2I – 2A (c) I – A (d) I + A
5 0 a b
8. If A = and B = , then AB =
0 5 c d
5
(a) B (b) 5B (c) B (d) 5A

-1.10-
x 1 0 2 5
3 x 2
2 4 1
9. If the trace of the matrix A = is 0, then x is equal to
1 2 x 3 1
2 0 4 x2 6
(a) {2, 3} (b) {–2, –3} (c) {–3, 2} (d) {1, 2}
4 6 1 2 4 3
10. Consider the matrices A = 3 0 2 ,B 0 1 ,C 1 out of the given matrix products
1 2 5 1 2 2
T T T T T T
(i) (AB) C (ii) C C (AB) (iii) C AB (iv) A ABB C
(a) exactly one is defined (b) exactly two are defined
(c) exactly three are defined (d) all four are defined
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.1 AND 1.2:
1. (b): When aij = 0 for i ¹ j and aij for constant for i = j then the matrix [aij]n × n is called a scalar matrix
2. (a): As we know a square matrix A = [aij] is called an upper triangular matrix if aij = 0 for all i > j.
i 0 i 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0
3. (a): A2 = , A4 = A2, A2 = = I; (A4)n = In = I =
0 i 0 i 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
cos sin 0 cos ' sin ' 0

4. (c): We have F( ) sin cos 0 , F ( ') sin ' cos ' 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos( ') sin( ') 0
F( ). F( ) = sin( ') cos( ') 0 = F( + )
0 0 1
5. (b): f (A) = A2 – 5A + 6I3

2
2 0 1 2 0 1 1 0 0
= 2 1 3 5 2 1 3 6 0 1 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1
2 0 1 2 0 1 10 0 5 6 0 0
= 2 1 3 2 1 3 10 5 15 0 6 0
1 1 0 1 1 0 5 5 0 0 0 6
2 2 0 2 1( 1) 2 0 0 1 1( 1) 2 1 0 3 1 0
= 2 2 1 2 3) 1) 2 0 1 1 3( 1) 2 1 1 3 3 0
( 1)2 ( 2)2 0( 1) ( 1)0 ( 1)1 0( 1) ( 1)1 ( 1)3 0 0
6 10 0 0 0 5 1 1 3
+ 0 10 6 5 0 15 7 1 10
0 ( 5) 0 ( 5) 6 0 1 4 2

-1.11-
1 3
1 2 3
6. (b): AB = 1 0 .
4 2 5
2 4
1(1) 1( 2) 2(3) 1( 4) 1(2) 2(5) 9 15
=
3(1) 0( 2) 4(3) 3( 4) 0(2) 4(5) 4 8
1 tan 2 2 tan
2 1 t2 2 2t
7. (d): cos = sin = (where t = tan )
2 1 t2 2 1 t2 2
1 tan 1 tan
2 2
1 t 1 t
Now, I + A = , I–A=
t 1 t 1
cos sin 1 t 1 t2 2t 1
Now, (I –A)
sin cos t 1 2t 1 t 2
1 t2
1 t
= =I+A
t 1
8. (b): AB = (5I2)B = 5(I2B) = 5B
9. (c): tr(A) = (x –1) + (x2 –2) + (x –3) + (x2 – 6) = 2x2 + 2x – 12

tr(A) = 0
2x2 + 2x – 12 = 0
x2 + x – 6 = 0; (x + 3) (x –2) = 0
x = {–3, 2}
10. (c): A3 × 3, B3 × 2, C3 × 1
(i) (AB)3×2 (AB)T2×3 ((AB)TC)2×1 i.e. it is defined.
(ii) (CTC)1×1 (CTC)1×1(AB)T2×3 it is not defined
(iii) (CT)1×3 A3×3 B3 ×2 it is defined
(iv) (ATA)3×3 B3×2 BT2×3 C3 × 1 it is defined
1.3. SPECIAL MATRICES:

1.3.1. Symmetric and Skew-symmetric Matrices:
Symmetric Matrix :
A square matrix A = [aij] is called a symmetric matrix if aij = aji, for all i, j.
1 2 3
Ex. A 2 4 5 is symmetric, because a12 = 2 = a21, a31 = 3 = a13 etc.
3 5 2
Note : A is symmetric A=A

Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A Square matrix A = [aij] is skew-symmetric matrix if aij = –aji, for all i, j.

-1.12-
aij = –aji ,for all i, j

aii = –aii [putting j = i]
2aii = 0
aii = 0
Thus in a skew-symmetric matrix, all diagonal elements are zero

0 2 1
0 2
Ex. A 2 0 3 , B are skew-symmetric matrices.
2 0
1 3 0
Note : A Square matrix A is skew-symmetric matrix

A = –A
Some results :
(i) If A is any square matrix, then A + A is a symmetric matrix and A – A is a skew-symmetric
matrix.
(A + A ) = A + (A ) = A + A = A + A Symmetric matrix
(A – A ) = A – (A ) = A – A = –(A – A ) Skew-symmetric matrix
(ii) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of a symmetric matrix and a skew-
symmetric matrix
1 1
A = (A A ) (A A )
2 2
= B + C, where B is symmetric and C is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iii) If A and B are symmetric matrices, then AB is symmetric iff AB = BA, i.e. A & B commute.
If AT = A & BT = B
(AB)T = BTAT
(AB)T = BA
(AB)T = AB
AB is symmetric
Converse also true.
i.e., if (AB)T = AB
AB = BA
(iv) The matrix B AB is symmetric or skew-symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-
symmetric.
(v) All positive integral powers of a symmetric matrix are symmetric.
(vi) Positive odd integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are skew-symmetric and positive
even integral powers of a skew-symmetric matrix are symmetric.

-1.13-
Sample Problem 4:
Let A & B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then show that
(i) A + B is symmetric
(ii) AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) AB + BA is symmetric
Solution : Since A and B are symmetric, A = A and B = B
(i) (A + B) =A +B
=A+B
A + B is symmetric
(ii) (AB – BA) = (AB) – (BA)
=BA –AB [by reversal law]
= BA – AB [ A = A, B = B]
AB – BA is skew-symmetric
(iii) (AB + BA) = (AB) + (BA)
=BA +AB
= BA + AB
= AB + BA
AB + BA is symmetric
1.3.2. Singular Matrix and Non-Singular Matrix :

If A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n, then the determinant of A, denoted by | A | or
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2n
det.A is
... ... ... ...
an1 an 2 ... ann
A square matrix is a Singular matrix if its determinant is zero, otherwise it is non-singular.
i.e. A is singular |A| =0
A is non-singular |A| 0
1.3.3. Orthogonal Matrix :

Any square matrix A of order n is said to be orthogonal if AA = A A = In.
1.3.4. Idempotent Matrix :

A square matrix A is called idempotent provided it satisfies the relation A2 = A.

-1.14-
2 2 4
Ex.:The matrix A 1 3 4 is idempotent as
1 2 3
2 2 4 2 2 4 2 2 4
A2
A. A 1 3 4 . 1 3 4 1 3 4 A
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
1.3.5. Involuntary Matrix:

A matrix A such that A2 = I is called involuntary matrix.
1.3.6. Nilpotent Matrix :
A square matrix A is called a nilpotent matrix if there exists a positive integer m such that
Am = O. If m is the least positive integer such that Am = O, then m is called the index of the nilpotent
matrix A.
Sample Problem 5:
1 1 3
Show that the matrix 5 2 6 is nilpotent matrix of index 3
2 1 3
1 1 3 0 0 0
Solution: Let A 5 2 6 A2 3 3 9
2 1 3 1 1 3
0 0 0 1 1 3 0 0 0
A3
A .A
2
3 3 9 5 2 6 0 0 0
1 1 3 2 1 3 0 0 0
A3 = 0. i.e. Ak = 0
Here k = 3
Hence A is nilpotent matrix of index 3
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.3:
0 5 7
1. The matrix 5 0 11 is known as
7 11 0
(a) Upper triangular matrix (b) Skew-symmetric matrix

(c) Symmetric matrix (d) Diagonal matrix.
1 2 2
1
2. The matrix A = 2 1 2 is
3
2 2 1
(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary (c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent

-1.15-
2 n
3. Matrix A is such that A = 2A – I where I is the identity matrix. Then for n 2, A =
n –1 n–1
(a) nA – (n –1) I (b) nA – I (c) 2 A –(n –1)I (d) 2 A–I
4 2 3
4. Express A as the sum of a symmetric and skew symmetric matrix, where A = 1 3 6 , then
5 0 7
symmetric matrix is
4 3/ 2 4 1 1/ 2 1
(a) 3/ 2 3 3 (b) 1/ 2 2 3
4 3 7 4 3 3
0 3/ 2 1
(c) 1/ 2 2 3 (d) none of these
4 3 3
l1 m1 n1
5. If A = l2 m2 n 2 , where < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l3, m3, n3 > are the direction
l3 m3 n3
cosines of three mutually perpendicular straight lines, then AA = .
(a) –I (b) I (c) 0 (d) none of these
0 1 1 1
6. For the matrix A = , A2 = –I. Then the 16th power of the matrix is
1 0 1 1
128 0
(a) (b) 256 I2 (c) 0 (d) none of these
0 128
7. If A and B are symmetric matrices, then ABA is
(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew symmetric (c) diagonal matrix (d) scalar matrix
8. Which of the following is a nilpotent matrix

1 0 cos sin 0 0 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
0 1 sin cos 1 0 1 1
9. Which of the following statements is incorrect for a square matrix A. (|A| 0)?
–1
(a) If A is a diagonal matrix, A will also be a diagonal matrix.
–1
(b) If A is a symmetric matrix, A will also be a symmetric matrix.
–1
(c) If A = A A is an idempotent matrix.
–1
(d) If A = A A is an involutory matrix.

-1.16-
1 2 0
10. Let A + 2B = 6 3 3 ,
5 3 1
2 1 5
2A– B = 2 1 6 , then Tr(A) – Tr (B) has the value equal to
0 1 2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-1.3:

1. (b): In a skew-symmetric matrix, aij = – aji i, j 1,2,3 and when i = j, aii = –aii each aii = 0
Hence the given matrix is skew symmetric matrix [since AT = –A]
1 2 2
1
2. (a): Since for given A = 2 1 2 . For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3).
3
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 9 0 0
1 1
AA = T
2 1 2 2 1 2 0 9 0 = I, Similarly AT A = I.
9 9
2 2 1 2 2 1 0 0 9
3. (a): We have, A2 = 2A – I A2 . A = (2A – I)A; A3 = 2A2 – IA = 2[2A – I] – IA A3 = 3A – 2I

Similarly A4 = 4A – 3I and so on. Finally An = nA – (n – 1)I.
4 2 3
4. (a): A = 1 3 6
5 0 7
4 1 5
A 2 3 0
3 6 7
4 2 3 4 1 5
Then A A 1 3 6 2 3 0
5 0 7 3 6 7
8 3 8
3 6 6 = ................(i)
8 6 14
4 2 3 4 1 5
and A A 1 3 6 2 3 0
5 0 7 3 6 7
0 1 2
= 1 0 6 ................(ii)
2 6 0

-1.17-
8 3 8 0 1 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get 2A = 3 6 6 1 0 6
8 6 14 2 6 0
4 3/ 2 4 0 1/ 2 1
A= 3 / 2 3 3 1/ 2 0 3
4 3 7 1 3 0
Symmetric matrix Skew symmetric matrix
5. (b): Since < l1, m1, n1 > , < l2 , m2, n2 > and < l 3, m3, n3 > are the direction cosines of three mutually
perpendicular straight lines
l12 m12 n12 1, l22 + m22 + n22 = 1 and l32 + m32 + n32 = 1
and l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2 = l2l3 + m2m3 + n2n3 = l3l1 + m3m1 + n3n1 = 0
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3
We have A = l2 m2 n2 A m1 m2 m3 .
l3 m3 n3 n1 n2 n3
l1 m1 n1 l1 l2 l3 l12 l1l2 l1l3

AA l2 m2 n2 m1 m2 m3 l1l2 l2 2
l 2l3
l3 m3 n3 n1 n2 n3 l1l3 l2 l3 l3 2
1 0 0
0 1 0 I
0 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0
6. (b): A 2 I
1 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 0 1 1 0
Let B = =A+I
1 1 1 0 0 1
B2 = (A + I) (A + I) = A2 + 2A + I
Since A2 = –I, B2 = 2A
1 0 256 0
B16 = (B2)8 = (2A)8 = 28 (A2)4 = 28 (–I)4 = 28 .
0 1 0 256
7. (a): AT = A, BT = B
(ABA)T = ATBTAT = ABA

ABA is symmetric matrix.
8. (c): A is nilpotent if Am = 0 and Am–1 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 cos sin cos sin
Now, and
1 0 1 0 0 0 sin cos sin cos
n
cos 2 sin 2 cos sin cos n sin n
= = 0
sin 2 cos 2 sin cos sin n cos n

-1.18-
9. (c): A = A–1 A2 = I A is involutary matrix.

1
10. (c): A = ((A + 2B) + 2(2A –B))
5
tr(A) + 2 tr(B) = – 1 (from the given matrix)
and 2 tr(A) – tr(B) = 3 (from the given matrix)
Let tr(A) = x and tr(B) = y
x + 2y = – 1
2x – y = 3
solving, x = 1 and y = – 1
Hence tr(A) – tr(B) = x – y = 2
1.4. ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF A MATRIX
1.4.1. Adjoint of a square matrix

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix and Aij is the cofactor of aij in | A |, then the matrix [Aji]
i.e. the transpose of the matrix formed by the co-factors of the corresponding elements in the given
matrix, is called the adjoint matrix of A and is denoted by adj(A).
a11 a12 ... a1n
a21 a22 ... a2 n
Thus, if A
... ... ... ...
an1 an 2 ... ann
A11 A21 ... An1
A12 A22 ... An 2
then adj( A) [ Aji ]
... ... ... ...
A1 n A2 n ... Ann
1 2 3
Ex. Let A 1 3 4
1 4 3
then cofactors of elements of A are given by

3 4
A11 = 3 × 3 – 4 × 4 = –7
4 3
1 4
A12 1
1 3
1 3
A13 1
1 4
2 3
A21 6
4 3
1 3
A22 0
1 3

-1.19-
1 2
A23 2
1 4
2 3
A31 1
3 4
1 3
A32 1
1 4
1 2
A33 1
1 3
7 6 1
adj A 1 0 1
1 2 1
Properties of adjoint matrix :

(i) If A is square matrix of order n, then A.(adj A) = (adj A)A = | A |In, where In is unit matrix of
order n.
cor. |adj A| = | A |n–1, if A is non-singular square matrix of order n.
Proof :-
We have A(adj A) = | A | In
| A | 0 0 ... 0
0 | A | 0 ... 0
| A || adj A |
... ... ... ... ...
0 0 0 ... | A |
| A | | adj A | = | A |n
| adj A | = | A |n–1
(ii) The adjoint of an identity matrix is the identity matrix.

(iii) The adjoint of diagonal matrix is a diagonal matrix.
(iv) If K is a scalar, then

adj (KIn) = Kn–1 In
and the adjoint of a scalar matrix is a scalar matrix.
(v) The adjoint of a symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix, i.e. (adj A) = adj A.
(vi) The adjoint of the transpose is equal to the transpose of the adjoint matrix
i.e. adj A = (adj A)

(vii)If A and B are non-singular square matrices of same order,
adj (AB) = (adj B)(adj A)
cor. adj (ABC) = (adj C) (adj B) (adj A)

-1.20-
(viii) If A is non-singular
adj (adj A) = | A |n–2 A
Sample Problem 6:
1 4 5
Compute the adjoint of the matrix A = 3 2 6 and verify that A(adj A) = |A| I = (adj A)A
0 1 0
1 4 5
Solution: We have |A| = 3 2 6 = 1(0 – 6) – 4(0 – 0) + 5(3 – 0) = 9
0 1 0
Let Cij be cofactor of aij in A. Then the cofactors of elements of A are given by
2 6
C11 = = –6,
1 0
3 6
C12 = – = 0,
0 0
3 2
C13 = = 3,
0 1
4 5
C21 = – = 5,
1 0
1 5
C22 = = 0,
0 0
1 4
C23 = – = –1
0 1
4 5
C31 = = 14,
2 6
1 5
C32 = – = 9,
3 6
1 4
C33 = = –10
3 2
T
6 0 3 6 5 14
adj A = 5 0 1 0 0 9
14 9 10 3 1 10
1 4 5 6 5 14 9 0 0 1 0 0
Now, A(adj A) = 3 2 6 0 0 9 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
0 1 0 3 1 10 0 0 9 0 0 1
6 5 14 1 4 5 9 0 0 1 0 0
and (adj A)A = 0 0 9 3 2 6 = 0 9 0 = 9 0 1 0 = |A| I
3 1 10 0 1 0 0 0 9 0 0 1
Hence, A(adj A) = |A|I = (adj A)A.

-1.21-
Sample Problem 7:
1 1 1
2 3 1 0 1
Given A = 2 4 1 , B = . Find P such that BPA =
3 4 0 1 0
2 3 1
Solution: Given:
1 0 1
BPA =
0 1 0
Pre-multiplying both sides by B–1
1 0 1
B–1BPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
IPA = B–1
0 1 0
1 0 1
PA = B–1 ....(1)
0 1 0
To find B–1,
2 3
B =
3 4
2 3
|B| = = 8 – 9 = –1 0
3 4
Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in |B|
C11 C12
C=
C21 C22
C11 = 4 C12 = –3 C21 = –3 C22 = 2
C=
adj B C 4 3 4 3
B–1 = = =–C =– =
|B| 1 3 2 3 2
Now from (1),
4 3 1 0 1
PA = ×
3 2 0 1 0
4 3 4
PA =
3 2 3
Post-multiplying both sides by A–1
4 3 4
PAA–1 = A–1
3 2 3
4 3 4
PI = A–1
3 2 3
4 3 4
P= A–1 .....(2)
3 2 3

-1.22-
To find A–1,
1 1 1
Since A = 2 4 1
2 3 1
| A | = 1(4 – 3) – 1(2 – 2) + 1(6 – 8) = 1 – 0 – 2 = –1 0

Let C be the matrix of cofactors of elements in | A |
C11 C12 C13
C = C21 C22 C23
C31 C32 C33
4 1 2 1 2 4
3 1 2 1 2 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 2
= 3 1 2 1 2 3 = 2 1 1
3 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 1 2 1 2 4
1 2 3
C = 0 1 1
2 1 2
1 2 3
Adj A = 0 1 1
2 1 2
Adj A
A–1 = = – Adj, A
| A|
1 2 3
= 0 1 1
2 1 2
From (2),
1 2 3
4 3 4
P= × 0 1 1
3 2 3
2 1 2
4 0 8 8 3 4 12 3 8
=
3 0 6 6 2 3 9 2 6
4 7 7
P= .
3 5 5

-1.23-
1.4.2. Inverse of a Matrix
If A is square matrix of order n and if there exists a square matrix B of same order such that
AB = BA = In, then B is called the reciprocal or inverse of A and is denoted by A–1.
So AA–1 = A–1A = I
adj A
Inverse of A is given by A 1
, provided | A | 0
|A|
If |A| = 0, A–1 will not exist.

Thus inverse of a matrix A exists if and only if A is non-singular.
1 0 1
Ex. Let A 3 4 5
0 6 7
4 5
we have A11 2
6 7
3 5
A12 21
0 7
and similarly A13 = –18, A31 = 4, A32 = –8, A33 = 4, A21 = +6, A22 = 7, A23 = 6
2 6 4
adj A = 21 7 8
18 6 4
1 0 1
Also |A| = 3 4 5
0 6 7
= {4.(–7) – (–6).5 – 3.(–6)}

= –28 + 30 + 18
= 20
2 6 4
adj A 1
A–1 = = 21 7 8
| A| 20
18 6 4
Sample Problem 8:
1 2 2
Let A = 2 1 2 , prove that A2 – 4A – 5I = 0, hence obtain A–1.
2 2 1
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 4 4 2 2 4 2 4 2 9 8 8
Solution: A2 = A.A = 2 1 2 2 1 2 = 2 2 4 4 1 4 4 2 2 = 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 4 1 8 8 9

-1.24-
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0
Now A2 – 4A – 5I = 8 9 8 – 8 4 8 – 0 5 0
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5
9 4 5 8 8 0 8 8 0 0 0 0
= 8 8 0 9 4 5 8 8 0 = 0 0 0 =O
8 8 0 8 8 0 9 4 5 0 0 0
[Here O is the zero matrix]

Thus A2 – 4A – 5I = O
A–1 A2 – 4A–1 A – 5A–1I = A–1O = O
or (A–1A)A – 4(A–1A) – 5A–1I = O; or IA – 4I – 5A–1 = O
1 2 2 4 0 0 3 2 2
5A–1 = A – 4I = 2 1 2 – 0 4 0 = 2 3 2
2 2 1 0 0 4 2 2 3
3 2 2 3/5 2/5 2/5
1
A–1 = 2 3 2 = 2/5 3/5 2/5
5
2 2 3 2/5 2/5 3/ 5
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix :
(i) Every invertible matrix possesses a unique inverse.
(ii) (Reversal law) If A and B are invertible matrices of the same order, the AB is invertible and
(AB)–1 = B–1 A–1.
In general, If A, B, C, ... are invertible matrices then (ABC...)–1 = ....C–1B–1A–1.
(iii) If A is an invertible square matrix, then AT is also invertible and (A T)–1 = (A–1)T.
(iv) If A is a non-singular square matrix of order n. The | adj A | = | A |n–1
(v) If A and B are non-singular square matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
(vi) If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj (AT) = (adj A)T
(vii)If A is a non-singular square matrix, then adj (adj A) = | A |n–2A
1.4.3. Elementary Transformations or Elemintary Operations of Matrix
The following three operations applied on the rows (columns) of a matrix are called elementary row
(column) transformations.
(i) Interchange of any two rows (columns)
If ith row (column) of a matrix is interchanged with the jth row (column), it will be denoted by
Ri Rj(Ci Cj).

-1.25-
2 1 3 2 1 3
For example: A = 1 2 1 , then by applying R2 R3, we get B = 3 2 4
3 2 4 1 2 1
(ii) Multiplying all elements of a row (column) of a matrix by a non-zero scalar.

If the elements of ith row (column) are multiplied by non-zero scalar k, it will be denoted by Ri
Ri (k) [Ci Ci (k)] or Ri kRi [Ci kCi]
3 2 1 3 2 1
If A = 0 1 2 , then by applying R2 3R2, we obtain B = 0 3 6
1 2 3 1 2 3
(iii) Adding to the elements of a row (column), the corresponding elements of any other row
(column) multiplied by any scalar k. If k times the elements of jth row (column) are added to
the corresponding elements of the ith row (column), it will be denoted by Ri R i+ kRj (Ci
Ci + kCj).
2 1 3 1
If A = 1 1 0 2 , then the application of elementary operation R3 R3 + 2R1 gives the
0 1 3 1
matrix
2 1 3 1
B= 1 1 0 2 , If a matrix B is obtained from a matrix A by one or more elementary
4 3 9 3
transformations, then A and B are said to be equivalent matrices and we write A ~ B.
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
Let A = 2 1 4 3 , then A ~ 1 1 1 1 , Applying R2 R2 + (–1)R1.
3 1 2 4 3 1 2 4
An elementary transformation is called a row transformation or a column transformation

according as it is applied to rows or columns.
Elementary Matrices: A matrix obtained from an identity matrix by a single elementary operation
(transformation) is called an elementary matrix.
1 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
For Example: 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 are elementary matrices obtained from I3 by
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
subjecting it to the elementary transformations R1 R1 + 3 R2, C1 C3 and R2 R3
respectively.
Theorem 1 : Every elementary row (column) transformation of an m × n matrix (not identity
matrix) can be obtained by pre-multiplication (post multiplication) with the corresponding

-1.26-
elementary matrix obtained from the identity matrix Im (In) by subjecting it to the same elementary
row (column) transformation.
Theorem 2 : Let C = AB be a product of two matrices. Any elementary row (column)
transformation of AB can be obtained by subjecting the pre-factor A(post factor B) to the same
elementary row (column) transformation.
Method of finding the inverse of a matrix by elementary transformations: Let A be a non-
singular matrix of order n. Then A can be reduced to the identity matrix In by a finite sequence of
elementary transformation only. As we have discussed every elementary row transformation of a
matrix is equivalent to pre-multiplication by the corresponding elementary matrix. Therefore there
exist elementary matrices E1, E2 ..... Ek such that
(EkEk –1....E2E1) A = In
(EkEk –1 ... E2E1)AA–1 = InA–1 (post multiplying by A–1)
(EkEk –1 ... E2E1)In = A–1 (InA–1 = A–1 and AA–1 = In) A–1 = (EkEk –1 .... E2E1)In
Algorithm for find the inverse of a non singular matrix by elementary row transformations:
Let A be non-singular matrix of order n.
Step I: Write A = InA
Step II : Perform a sequence of elementary row operations successively on A on the LHS and pre
factor In on the RHS till we obtain the result In = BA.
Step III : Write A–1 = B.

Note: The following steps will be helpful to find the inverse of a square matrix of order 3 by using
elementary row transformations.
Step I: Introduce unity at the intersection of first row and first column either by interchanging two
rows or by adding a constant multiple of elements of some other row to first row.
Step II: After introducing unity at (1, 1) place introduce zeros at all other places in first column.
Step III: Introduce unity at the intersection of 2 nd row and 2 nd column with the help of 2 nd and 3rd
row.
Step IV: Introduce zeros at all other places in the second column except at the intersection of 2 nd
row and 2nd column.
Step V: Introduce unity at the intersection of 3rd row and third column.
Step VI: Finally introduce zeros at all other places in the third column except at the intersection of
third row and third column.
1.5. SYSTEM OF SIMULTANEOUS LINEAR EQUATIONS

Let us consider the set of linear simultaneous equations:
a11x1 + a12x2 + a13x3 = b1
a21x1 + a22x2 + a23x3 = b2
a31x1 + a32x2 + a33x3 = b3

-1.27-
Where a’s and b’s are numbers (real or complex) and x1, x2, x3 are unknown quantities.
Then above equations can be written in matrix form as

a11 a12 a13 x1 b1
a21 a22 a23 x2 b2
a31 a32 a33 x3 b3
or AX = B, where A, X and B are matrices of orders 3 × 3, 3 × 1 and 3 × 1 respectively. A is known

as coefficient matrix.
If the system of equations has a solution, they are said to be consistent, otherwise inconsistent.
The system is called homogeneous if B = 0, otherwise it is called non-homogeneous.
Solution of non-Homogeneous system of equtions
Let the system be AX = B, B 0
(i) If A is non-singular i.e. | A | 0, A–1 exists and the system of equations AX = B has a unique
solution given by X = A–1B
(ii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B = 0, then the system is consistent and has infinitely many solutions.
(iii) If | A | = 0 and (adj. A)B 0, then the system is inconsistent and has no solutions.
Solution of a Homogeneous system
Let AX = 0 be a homogeneous system of equations with 3 unknowns.

(i) If A is non-singular i.e. | A | 0, the system of equations has a unique solution X = 0 or x1 = x2 =
x3 = 0. This solution is known as a trivial solution.
(ii) If | A | = 0, then the system has infinite solutions which include 1 trivial solution (0, 0, 0) and
other non-trivial solutions.
Sample Problem 9:
Solve the following equtions:
2x – 3y + z = 9
x+y+z=6
x–y+z=2
Solution: The system is non-homogeneous and can be written as

AX = B,
Where,
2 3 1 x 9
A 1 1 1 , X y and B 6
1 1 1 z 2

-1.28-
We have,
A11 = 2, A12 = 0, A13 = –2
A21 = 2, A22 = 1, A23 = –1
A31 = –4, A32 = –1, A33 = 5
2 2 4
adj. A 0 1 1
2 1 5
2 3 1
| A| 1 1 1
1 1 1
= 2 × 2 – (–3) × 0 + 1 × (–2)
=2 0
The system has a unique solution given by X = A–1B
2 2 4
1
A 1
0 1 1
2
2 1 5
2 2 4 9
1
X = A–1B = 0 1 1 6
2
2 1 5 2
22 11
1
= 4 = 2
2
14 7
Solution is x = 11, y = 2 and z = –7
Sample Problem 10:
Solve the following system of homogeneous equations:

2x + 3y – z = 0
x – y – 2z = 0
3x + y + 3z = 0
Solution: The given system can be written as
2 3 1 x 0
1 1 2 y 0
3 1 3 z 0
or AX = O,
Where,

-1.29-
2 3 1 x 0
A= 1 1 2 ,X= y and O = 0
3 1 3 z 0
Now,
2 3 1
| A| 1 1 2
3 1 3
= 2(–3 + 2) – 3(3 + 6) – 1(1 + 3)
= – 2 –27 – 4 = –33 0
Thus | A | 0. So the given system has only the trivial solution given by x = y = z = 0
Sample Problem 11:

Solve the homogeneous system of equations
x – 2y + z = 0
x+y–z=0
3x + 6y – 5z = 0
Solution: The given system can be written in matrix form AX = O, where
1 2 1 x 0
A 1 1 1 , X y and O 0
3 6 5 z 0
1 2 1
Now | A | 1 1 1
3 6 5
= 1(–5 + 6) + 2(–5 + 3) + 1(6 – 3)
=0
Thus, | A | = 0.
So the given system of equations have non-trivial solutions also in addition to trivial solution
To find these solutions, we put z = K in the first two equations.
Then we get
x – 2y = –K and x + y = K
1 2 x K
or or AX = B,
1 1 y K
where,
1 2 x K
A= ,X= and B =
1 1 y K
1 2
Now, | A| =3 0. So A–1 exists.
1 1
We have,
1 2
adj A =
1 1

-1.30-
1
So, A–1 = adj A
| A|
1 1 2
A–1 =
3 1 1
Now X = A–1B
K
x 1 1 2 K 3
=
y 3 1 1 K 2K
3
K 2K
x= ,y=
3 3
These values of x, y and z also satisfy the third equation.
K 2K
Hence x = ,y= and z = K, where K is any real number, satisfy the given system of
3 3
equations.
Sample Problem 12:

5 1 3 1 1 2
Find the product of two matrices A and B where A = 7 1 5 ,B= 3 2 1 and use it for
1 1 1 2 1 3
solving the equations

x + y + 2z = 1
3x + 2y + z = 7
2x + y + 3z = 2
5 1 3 1 1 2
Solution: AB = 7 1 5 3 2 1
1 1 1 2 1 3
5 3 6 5 2 3 10 1 9
= 7 3 10 7 2 5 14 1 15
1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1 3
4 0 0 1 0 0
= 0 4 0 =4 0 1 0 = 4I3 (1)
0 0 4 0 0 1
Also given system of equations in matrix form is BX = C (2)

x 1
where X= y and C = 7
z 2
From (2), X = B–1C [multiplying both sides of (2) by B–1 as B–1 B = I]

A
From (1), AB = 4I3 .B = I3
4

-1.31-
5/ 4 1/ 4 3/ 4
A
B–1 = = 7/4 1/ 4 5/ 4
4
1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4
5 7 6
x 5/ 4 1/ 4 3/ 4 4 4 4 2
7 7 10
y = X = B–1C = 7/4 1/ 4 5/ 4 = = 1
4 4 4
z 1/ 4 1/ 4 1/ 4 1
1 7 2
4 4 4
x = 2, y = 1, z = –1.
Sample Problem 13:

A trust fund has Rs. 50,000 that is to be invested into two types of bonds. The first bond pays 5%
interest per year and the second bond pays 6% interest per year. Using matrix multiplication,
determine how to divide Rs. 50,000 among the two types of bonds so as to obtain an annual total
interest of Rs. 2,780.
Solution: Let Rs. x and Rs. y be invested in first and second type of bonds respectively. Thus
x + y = 50,000
5x 6 y
= 2780
100 100
x + y = 50000
5x + 6y = 278000
1 1 x 50000
5 6 y 278000
x 6 1 50000
y 5 1 278000
x = 22000, y = 28000

3 2 4
–1 1
1. If matrix A = 1 2 1 and A = adj(A), then K is
K
0 1 1
(a) 7 (b) –7 (c) 1/7 (d) 11
cos sin 0
–1
2. Let f ( ) = sin cos 0 , where R, then [f( )] is equal to
0 0 1
–1
(a) f ( ) (b) f( ) (c) f (2 ) (d) none of these

-1.32-
3 1 x 2
3. For how many value(s) of x in the closed interval [–4, –1] is the matrix 3 1 x 2
x 3 1 2
singular
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 3 (d) 1

4. Inverse of diagonal matrix (if it exists) is a
(a) Skew-symmetric matrix (b) Diagonal matrix
(c) Non invertible matrix (d) none of these
3 1 2
5. Using elementary row transformation, the inverse of the matrix A = 2 0 1 is
3 5 0
5 5 1
8 4 5 5 5 1 5 5 1
3 3 1
(a) (b) 3 6 1 (c) 3 6 1 (d) none of these
8 4 8
10 12 2 10 12 2
5 3 1
4 2 4
–1 2
6. If A and B are two square matrices such that B = –A BA, then (A + B) =
2 2 2 2
(a) 2(A+ B) (b) A + B (c) A + B (d) A – B
1 2 2
7. If A = 2 1 2 , where I and O are the unit matrix and the null matrix of order 3 respectively,
2 2 1
then A2 is equal to
(a) 4A + 5I (b) 4A – 5I (c) –4A + 5I (d) none of these

1 tan x
8. If A = , then the value of A A 1 is
tan x 1
(a) cos4x (b) sec2x (c) –cos4x (d) 1
9. The system of equations

2x + 3ky + (3k + 4) z = 0
x + (k + 4) y + (4k + 2) z = 0
x + 2(k + 1)y + (3k + 4) z = 0, for k = 2, has
(a) no solution (b) infinite no. of solutions

(c) unique solution (d) none of these

-1.33-
cos x sin x 0 cos y 0 sin y

–1
10. If F(x) = sin x cos x 0 , G(y) = 0 1 0 then [F(x). G(y)] is equal to
0 0 1 sin y 0 cos y
–1 –1 –1 –1
(a) F(x) G(–y) (b) F (x) G (y) (c) G (y) F (x) (d) G(–y) F(–x)

adj(A) 1
1. (d): We know that A–1 = . We have A–1 = adj (A) i.e K = |A|
|A| K
3 2 4
and K = 1 2 1 = 3(3) –2(1) + 4(1) = 9 –2 + 4 = 11
0 1 1
cos sin 0 cos sin 0

2. (a): |f ( )| = sin cos 0 1 , adj of f( ) = sin cos 0
0 0 1 0 0 1
cos sin 0
( f ( )) 1
sin cos 0
0 0 1
= f (– )
3 1 x 2
3. (d): 3 1 x 2 =0
x 3 1 2
0 x x 0 x x
3 1 x 2 = 0 [R1 R1 – R2], x 0 x = 0 [R2 R2 – R3]
x 3 1 2 x 3 1 2
0 0 x
x x x = 0 [C2 C2 + C3]
x 3 1 2
–x[(–x) – x(x + 3)] = 0 x(x2 + 4x) = 0 x = 0, –4

4. (b): Let A = diag (d1, d2, d3......, dn )
As A is invertible, therefore det (A) 0 d1, d2, d3 ......, dn
0 for i = 1, 2, 3..... n
|A|
Here, cofactor of each non diagonal entry is 0 and cofactor of aii =
di
1 1 1 1
A–1 = (adjA) = diag , ......, , which is a diagonal matrix.
|A| d1 d 2 dn
3 1 2 1 0 0
5. (a): We have I = IA 2 0 1 0 1 0 A
3 5 0 0 0 1

-1.34-
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying (R1 R1 – R2) 2 0 1 0 1 0 A.
3 5 0 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying R2 R2 – 2R1 and R3 R3 – 3 R1, 0 2 1 2 3 0 A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
1 1 1 1 1 0
Applying R2 R2 /2 0 2 1/ 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
0 2 3 3 3 1
1 0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
Applying R1 R1 + R2 and R3 R3 + 2 R2, 0 1 1/ 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
0 0 4 5 6 1
1 0 1/ 2 0 1/ 2 0
Applying R3 R3 /4, 0 1 1/ 2 1 3 / 2 0 A.
0 0 1 5 / 4 6 / 4 1/ 4
5 5 1
1 0 0 8 4 5
1 1 3 3 1
Applying R1 R1 + R3 and R2 R2 – R3, 0 1 0 A
2 2 8 4 8
0 0 1
5 3 1
4 2 4
5 5 1
8 4 5
3 3 1
A–1 =
8 4 8
5 3 1
4 2 4
6. (c): B = –A–1 BA AB = –AA–1 BA = – BA

AA–1 = I
AB + BA = 0 ....(i)
Now (A + B)2 = (A + B) (A + B)
= AA + (AB + BA) + BB = A2 + B2 by (i)

1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 9 8 8
7. (a): Given A = 2 1 2 A = 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 8 9 8
2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 9
9 8 8 1 2 2 1 0 0
2
A 4A 5I 8 9 8 4 2 1 2 5 0 1 0
8 8 9 2 2 1 0 0 1

-1.35-
9 8 8 4 8 8 5 0 0 0 0 0
8 9 8 8 4 8 0 5 0 = 0 0 0
8 8 9 8 8 4 0 0 5 0 0 0
A2 – 4A – 5I = 0
or A2 = 4A + 5I
1 tan x
8. (d): A
tan x 1
1 1 tan x cos 2 x sin 2 x
A 1
, AA 1
1 tan x tan x
2
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x
|A A–1| = 1
2 3k 3k 4 x
9. (b): The given system of equations is AX = 0, where A = 1 k 4 4 k 2 and X = y .
1 2 k 2 3k 4 z
Now | A | = 0 k = ±2
Hence if k ±2, then | A | 0 the given system has only trivial solution
i.e., x = y = z = 0.
However if k = – 2 or 2, then | A | = 0 for k = 2, the system reduces into 2 independent linear

equations
–1 –1 –1
10. (d): [F(x) G(y)] = G (y) F (x); ( |F(x)| 0, |G(y)| 0)
Also, F(x) = 1, G(y) = 1

cos x sin x 0 cos y 0 sin y
–1 –1
Now, F (x) = sin x cos x 0 F( x) and G (y) = 0 1 0 = G(–y)
0 0 1 sin y 0 cos y

-1.36-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
1. A is a 2 × 2 matrix such that A 1 1 and A2 1 1 . The sum of the elements of A is

1 2 1 0
(a) – 1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 5
2. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and BA = A then A2 + B2 is equal to

(a) 2 AB (b) 2 BA (c) A + B (d) AB
3. If A, B are symmetric matrices of same order then AB – BA is a

(a) symmetric matrix (b) skew-symmetric matrix
(c) null matrix (d) unit matrix
4. If nth order square matrix A is a orthogonal, then, |adj(adj A)| is

(a) always –1 if n is even (b) always 1 if n is odd
(c) always 1 (d) none of these
a b c q b y
5. If A x y z ,B p a x and if A is invertible, then which of the following is not true?
p q r r c z
(a) | A | = | B | (b) | A | = – |B |
(c) | adj A | = | adj B | (d) A is invertible if the only if B is invertible
6. For a square matrix A and a non-singular matrix B of the same order, value of determinant of
B–1AB is
(a) |A| (b) |B| (c) |B–1| (d) |A–1|
a 1 n 6
n
7. If a = ( a 1) 2 2n 2 4n 2 , then a
is equal to
a 1
( a 1)3 3n 3 3n2 3n
n( n 1) aa 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
2 2
z1 z2 z1 z2
1 1
8. For two unimodular complex numbers z1 and z2, is equal to
z2 z1 z2 z1
(a) z1 z2 (b) 1 0 (c) 1 / 2 0 (d) none of these

z1 z2 0 1 0 1/ 2
9. Let a, b, c be positive real numbers. The following system of equations in x, y and z.

x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
+ – = 1, – + = 1, – + + = 1 has
a 2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
(a) no solution (b) unique solution
(c) infinitely many solutions (d) finitely many solutions

-1.37-
2 2
1 1 1
10. If A 2
1 ,B 2
1 and C where is the complex cube root of 1, then
2 2 2
1 1
(A+ B) C is equal to
0 1 0 0 1 1
(a) 0 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 0 (d) 1
0 0 0 1 1 1
1 1 1 | adj B |
11. If A 0 2 3 , B (adjA) and C = 5A, then is equal to
2 1 0 |C|
(a) 5 (b) 25 (c) –1 (d) 1
12. Let p be a on-singular matrix I + p + p2 + ... + pn = 0 (O denotes the null matrix), then p–1 is
(a) pn (b) –pn (c) –(I + p + ...+ pn) (d) none of these
13. Let A be an orthogonal non-singular matrix of order n, then |A – In| is equal to

(a) |In – A| (b) |A|
(c) |A| | In –A| (d) (–1)n | A| | In – A|
14. A and B are square matrices and A is non-singular matrix (A–1 BA)n, n I+ is equal to
(a) A–n Bn An (b) An Bn A–n (c) A–1 Bn A (d) A–n BAn
15. The homogeneous system of equation

2 a b c d ab cd x
a b c d 2(a b)(c d ) ab(c d ) cd (a b ) y 0 has non-trivial solutions if
ab cd ab(c d ) cd (a b) 2abcd z
(a) a + b + c + d = 0 (b) ab + cd = 0
(c) ab(c + d) + cd (a + b) = 0 (d) for any a, b, c, d
1 0 0 0
16. If A = , B= then
2 0 0 12
(a) AB = 0, BA = 0 (b) AB = 0, BA 0 (c) AB 0, BA = 0 (d) AB 0, BA 0

3 3 4
17. If A = 2 3 4 , then A–1 =
0 1 1
(a) A (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4

1
1 3
18. =
3 10
10 3 10 3 1 3 1 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 1 3 1 3 10 3 10

-1.38-
4 5 6 x
5 6 7 y
19. x, y, z are in AP then the value of the det A is, where A =
6 7 8 z
x y z 0

20. If A is a square matrix of order n × n and k is a scalar then adj (kA) is equal to
(a) k adj A (b) kn adj A (c) kn – 1 adj A (d) kn + 1 adj A
1 1 1
0 1 2 2 2 2
21. If A = 1 2 3 , and A–1 = 4 3 c , then
3 a 1 5 3 1
2 2 2
1 1 1
(a) a = 2, c = (b) a = 1, c = –1 (c) a = – 1, c = 1 (d) a = ,c=
2 2 2
0 1 2
22. If A = 1 0 3 , then A + 2AT equals
2 3 0
(a) A (b) –AT (c) AT (d) 2A2

1 2
23. Let A = and A–1 = xA + yI, then the value of x and y are
5 1
(a) x = –1, y = 2 (b) x = –1, y = –2 (c) x = 1, y = 2 (d) x = 1, y = –2

1 x 3 1 1 0
24. If A and B adj. A + B = , then values of x and y are
x2 4y 1 0 0 1
(a) 1, 1 (b) (±1, 1) (c) 1, 0 (d) none of these

a 0 0
25. If A = 0 b 0 then A–1 is
0 0 c
1/ a 0 0 1/ a 0 0
(a) 0 1/ b 0 (b) 0 1/ b 0
0 0 1/ c 0 0 1/ c
a 0 0
(c) 0 b 0 (d) none of these
0 0 1/ c
MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE
26. If A is matrix of size n × n such that A2 + A + 2In = 0, then

(a) A is non singular (b) A 0 (c) |A| 0 (d) A–1 = – ½ (A + I)

-1.39-
27. The set of equations x – y + 3z = 2, 2x – y + z = 4, x – 2y + z = 3 has

(a) unique solution only for =0 (b) unique solution for 8
(c) infinite number of solution for =8 (d) no solution for =8
1 2 2
28. Let A 2 1 2 , then the correct statement
2 2 1
1
(a) A2 – 4A – 5I3 = 0 (b) A–1 = (A – 4I3)
5
(c) A3 is not invertible (d) A2 is invertible
29. If AB = A and BA = B, then
(a) A2 = A (b) B2 = B (c) A = I (d) B = I
30. If D is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix. Which of the following statement is not true?

(a) D = D (b) AD = DA, for every matrix A of order 3 × 3
(c) D–1 if exist is a scalar matrix (d) none of these
31. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to
(a) adj (B) adj (A) (b) |B| || A| B–1 A–1 (c) |B| |A| A–1 B–1 (d) |A| |B| (AB)–1
32. Let and A cos sin , then B = A +A2 + A3 + A4 is

5 sin cos
(a) singular (b) non-singular (c) skew-symmetric (d) |B| = 1
33. If A is a square matrix of order 3, then

(a) |adj A| = |A|2 (b) A(adjA) = |A|I3
(c) A is invertible if |A| 0 (d) none of these
34. If f(x) satisfies the equation |A| = 0 x R , where

f ( x 2) f ( x 5) f ( x 2)
A 5 4 5 , then the value of f(2009) is equal to
10 12 30
(a) f(0) (b) f(7) (c) f(11) (d) f(17)
35. The system of equations –2x + y + z = a, x – 2y + z = b, x + y – 2z = c has

(a) no solution if a + b + c 0 (b) unique solution if a + b + c = 0
(c) infinite number of solutions if a + b + c = 0 (d) none of these
LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE
Comprehension-1
If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 × 3 which satisfy AB = 4 and BA = B, then

-1.40-
36. Which of the following is true?

(a) If matrix A is singular then matrix B is non-singular
(b) If matrix A is non-singular then matrix B is singular
(c) If matrix A is singular then matrix B is also singular
(d) cannot say anything.
37. (A + B)7 is equal

(a) 7(A + B) (b) 7 × I3×3 (c) 64 (A + B) (d) 8 I
38. (A + I)5 is equal to (where I is identity matrix)

(a) I + 60I (b) I + 16A (c) I + 31A (d) none of these
Comprehension-2
r is called the rank of matrix A if there exists at least one non-zero minor of order r and every minor
of order r + 1 of the matrix equal zero. Again if A is a square matrix and I is the unit matrix of the
same order then the equation | A – xI | = 0 is called the characteristic equation and roots of the
8 6 2
characteristic equation are called eigen values of matrix A. Let A = 6 7 4 B =
2 4 3
4 1 0 0
3 0 1 0
5 0 0 1
39. The rank of A is

40. The characteristic equation of A is
(a) x3 – 18 x2 + 45 x = 0 (b) x3 – 6 x2 + 9 x – 4 = 0
(c) x3 – 18 x2 – 45 x = 0 (d) x3 + 6 x2 – 9 x + 4 = 0
41. One of the eigen values of A is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
ak 1 0 n 1 a 0
42. Let ak = nCk for 0 k n and Ak = and B = Ak ·Ak =
0 ak k 1
1
0 b
2n 2n
A. a (p) ( Cn) – 2n
n 1
B. a–b (q) 0
C. a+b (r) 2n
Cn +1 – n
a
D. (s) 1
b

-1.41-
43. The system of equations x + y + z = 3

x + 2y + 3z = 6
x + 3y + z = m
A. has unique solution (p) = 5, m = 9
B. has no solution (q) = 5, m 9
C. has infinite number of solution (r) 5, m 9
D. is consistent (s) 5
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS

44. Let A 1 2 and B a b be two matrices such that they are commutative and c 3b, then
3 4 c d
a d
the value of is
3b c
45. Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. If n is the number of such matrices, then n/2 is
cos sin 1 0
46. If A = and A(adj A) = , then is
sin cos 0 1
ab b2 0 0
47. If A = and An = , then minimum value of n is
a2 ab 0 0
1 2 2
1
48. If A = 2 1 2 is orthogonal matrix, then y– x is
3
x 2 y
128
49. If A is a 4 × 4 matrix such that |A| = 4 and |adj A| , then value of k is
k
50. Suppose a matrix A satisfies A2 – 5A + 7I = 0 and A8 = aA + bI. If a.k = 5060. Then value of k is
1 2 3
51. A 1 2 3 , then A is a nilpotent matrix of index
1 2 3
1 2 0 2 1 5
52. Let A + 2B 6 3 3 , and 2A – B 2 1 6 , then Tr(A) – Tr(B) has value equal to
5 3 1 0 1 2
1 1 1 4 2 2
53. Let A 2 1 3 and 10 B 5 0 , if B is the inverse of matrix A, then is equal to
1 1 1 1 2 3

-1.42-
PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS

AIEEE/JEE-MAINS QUESTIONS
a b
1. If A = and A2 = , then [AIEEE-2003]
b a
(a) = 2 ab, = a2 + b2 (b) = a2 + b2, = ab
(c) = a2 + b2 , = 2ab (d) = a2 + b2, = a2 – b2
2. If A2 – A + I = 0, then the inverse of A is [AIEEE-2005]

(a) A – I (b) I – A (c) A + I (d) A
1 0 1 0
3. If A and I , then which one of the following holds for all n 1, by the principle
1 1 0 1
of mathematical induction [AIEEE-2005]
(a) An = nA + (n – 1)I (b) An = 2n–1A + (n – 1)I
(c) An = nA – (n – 1)I (d) An = 2n–1A – (n – 1)I
4. If A and B square matrices of size n × n such that A2 – B2 = (A – B) (A + B), then which of the
following will be always true? [AIEEE-2006]
(a) Either of A or B is an identity matrix (b) A = B
(c) AB = BA (d) Either of A or B is a zero matrix
1 2 a 0
5. Let A and B , a, b N. Then [AIEEE-2006]
3 4 0 b
(a) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA
(b) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
(c) there exist more than one but finite number of B’s such that AB = BA
(d) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
6. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. Let I be the 2 × 2 identity matrix. Denote by tr(A), the sum
of diagonal entries of A. Assume that A2 = I. (AIEEE 2008)
Statement-1: If A I and A –I, then det A = –1.
Statement-2: If A I and A –I, then tr(A) 0.
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
7. The number of 3 × 3 non-singular matrices, with four entries as 1 and all other entries as 0, is
(AIEEE 2010)
(a) at least 7 (b) less than 4 (c) 5 (d) 6

-1.43-
8. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix with non-zero entries and let A2 = I, where I is 2 × 2 identity matrix. Define
Tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements of A and |A| = determinant of matrix A. (AIEEE 2010)
Statement - 1 : Tr(A) = 0.
Statement - 2 : |A| = 1.
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 (d)
Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
9. Consider the system of linear equations : (AIEEE 2010)

x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1
The System has
(a) no solution (b) infinite number of solutions
(c) exactly 3 solutions (d) a unique solution
10. Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3. [AIEEE 2011)
Statement-1: A(BA) and (AB)A are symmetric matrices.

Statement-2: AB is symmetric matrix if matrix multiplication of A with B is commutative.
(a) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not correct explanation of
Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
11. The number of values of k for which the linear equations (AIEEE 2011)
4x + ky + 2z = 0
kx + 4y + z = 0
2x + 2y + z = 0, possess a non-zero solution is:
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) zero
1 0 0 1 0
12. Let A 2 1 0 . If u1 and u2 are column matrices such that Au1 0 and Au2 1 ,
3 2 1 0 0
then u1 + u2 is equal to (AIEEE 2012)
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
0 1 0 1

-1.44-
13. Let P and Q be 3 × 3 matrices with P Q. If P3 = Q3 and P2Q = Q2P, then determinant of (P2 + Q2) is
equal to (AIEEE 2012)
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –1
14. The number of values of k, for which the system of equations :

(k + 1)x + 8y = 4k; kx + (k + 3)y = 3k –1, has no solution, is [JEE-Mains 2013]
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) infinite (d) 1
1 3
15. If P = 1 3 3 is the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix A and |A| = 4, then is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
2 4 4
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 11
16. If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA = A A and B = A–1 A , then BB equals

[JEE-Mains 2014]
–1
(a) 1 + B (b) 1 (c) B (d) (B–1 )
1 2 2
17. If A = 2 1 2 is a matrix satisfying the equation AAT = 9 I, where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix,
a 2 b
then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2015]
(a) (2, –1) (b) (–2, 1) (c) (2, 1) (d) (–2, –1)
18. The system of linear equations [JEE-Mains 2016]

x+ –z=0
x– –z=0
x+ – z=0
has a non-trivial solution for
(a) exactly three values of (b) infinitely many values of
(c) exactly one value of (d) exactly two values of
5a b
19. If A and A adj A = A AT, then 5a + b is equal to [JEE-Mains 2016]
3 2
(a) 13 (b) –1 (c) 5 (d) 4
2 3
20. If A , then adj (3A2 + 12A) is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2017]
4 1
72 63 72 84 51 63 51 84
(a) (b) (c) (d)
84 51 63 51 84 72 63 72

-1.45-
1 0 0
q 21 q 31
21. Let P = 3 1 0 and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such that Q – P5 = I3. Then is equal
q 32
9 3 1
to [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 15 (b) 9 (c) 135 (d) 10
22. Let A and B be two invertible matrices of order 3 × 3. If det(ABAT) = 8 and det(AB–1) = 8, then det
(BA–1 BT) is equal to :- [JEE-Mains 2019]
1 1
(a) 16 (b) (c) (d) 1
16 4
0 2q r
23. Let A = p q r . It AAT = I3, then |p| is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
p q r
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 5 6 3
2 b 1
det(A)
24. Let A = b b 1 b
2
where b > 0. Then the minimum value of is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
b
1 b 2
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 2 3
cos sin
25. If A = , then the matrix A–50 when , is equal to [JEE-Mains 2019]
sin cos 12
3 1 1 3 1 3 3 1
(a) 2 2 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 2 (d) 2 2
1 3 3 1 3 1 1 3
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
et e t cos t e t sin t
26. If A = et e t cos t e t sin t e t sin t e t cos t . Then A is [JEE-Mains 2019]
t t t
e 2e sin t 2e cos t
(a) Invertible only if t = /2 (b) not invertible for any t R

(c) invertible for all t R (d) invertible only if t = .
1 1 1
1 2
27. Let be a root of the equation x + x + 1 = 0 and the matrix A
2
1 , then the
3 2 4
1
matrix A31 is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]

(a) A 3
(b) A (c) A 2
(d) I3
28. The number of all 3 × 3 matrices A, with entries from the set {–1, 0, 1} such that the sum of
the diagonal elements of AAT is 3, is [JEE-Mains 2020]

-1.46-
2 2 1 0
29. If A and I , then 10 A–1 is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
9 4 0 1
(a) 4I – A (b) A – 6 I (c) 6 I – A (d) A – 4I

1 1 2
|adjB|
30. If the matrices A 1 3 4 , B = adj A and C = 3A, then is equal to:
|C|
1 1 3
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 72 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 16
31. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix with entries from {0, 1} and |A| 0. Consider the following two
statements : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(P) If A 2, then |A| = –1 (Q) If |A| = 1, then tr(A) = 2,
where I2 denotes 2 × 2 identity matrix and tr(A) denotes the sum of the diagonal entries of A. Then:
(a) (P) is true and (Q) is false (b) Both (P) and (Q) are false
(c) Both (P) and (Q) are true (d) (P) is false and (Q) is true
a b c
32. Let a, b, c R be all non-zero and satisfy a + b + c = 2. If the matrix A
3 3 3
b c a satisfies
c a b
ATA = I, then a value of abc can be : [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 3 3
1 2 1
33. Let A = {X = (x, y, z) : PX = 0 and x + y + z = 1} where P
T 2 2 2
2 3 4 , then the set A :
1 9 1
(a) is a singleton (b) contains exactly two elements
(c) contains more than two elements (d) is an empty set
x 1
34. Let A = , x R and A4 = [aij]. If a11 = 109, then a22 is equal to _______ . [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 0
2 1 1
35. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that adj A = 1 0 2 and B = adj (adj A). If |A| = and |(B–1)T| =
1 2 1
µ, then the ordered pair, (|µ|, µ) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 1 1
(a) 9, (b) (3, 81) (c) 9, (d) 3,
81 9 81
cos i sin a b
36. If A , and A5 , where i 1 , then which one of the
i sin cos 24 c d
following is not true? [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 0 a +b2 2
1 (b) a – c = 1
2 2
(c) a – b = 1/2 2 2
(d) a2 – d2 = 0
cos sin
37. Let and A . If B = A +A4, then det(B): [JEE-Mains 2020]
5 sin cos
(a) is one (b) lies in (1, 2) (c) is zero (d) lies in (2, 3)

-1.47-
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE QUESTIONS
0 1 0
1. If A = and B = , then value of for which A2 = B is [IIT Sc. 2003]
1 1 5 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) no real values
2
2. If A = and | A3 | = 125 then the value of is [IIT Sc. 2004]
2
(a) ±1 (b) ±2 (c) ±3 (d) ±5
1 0 0 1 0 0
1 2
3. A = 0 1 1 , I = 0 1 0 and A–1 = (A cA dI ) , then the value of c and d
6
0 –2 4 0 0 1
are [IIT Sc. 2005]
(a) –6, –11 (b) 6, 11 (c) –6, 11 (d) 6, –11
3 1
2 2 ,A 1 1
4. If P = and Q = PAPT and x = PT Q2005P, then x is equal to [IIT Sc. 2005]
1 3 0 1
2 2
1 2005 4 2005 3 6015
(a) (b)
0 1 2005 4 – 2005 3
1 2 3 1 1 2005 2 3
(c) (d)
4 1 2 3 4 2 3 2005
Comprehension (Q.5 to Q.7)

1 0 0 1
Let A 2 1 0 and U is any matrix whose columns are U1, U2, U3 satisfying Au1 0 ,
3 2 1 0
2 3
Au2 3 , Au3 2 . Then answer the following questions. [IIT 2006]
0 1
5. Determinant of U [IIT 2006]

(a) 13 (b) –13 (c) 3 (d) –3
6. The sum of element in U–1 [IIT 2006]

(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
3
7. The value of 3 2 0 U 2 [IIT 2006]
0
5 3
(a) 5 (b) (c) 4 (d)
2 2

-1.48-
Paragraph for Question Nos. 8 to 10
Let A be the set of all 3 × 3 symmetric matrices all of whose entries are either 0 or 1. Five of these
entries are 1 and four of them are 0. [IIT 2009]
8. The number of matrices in A is

(a) 12 (b) 6 (c) 9 (d 3
x 1
9. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A y 0
z 0
has a unique solution is

(a) less than 4 (b) at least 4 but less than 7
(c) at least 7 but less than 10 (d) at least 10
x 1
10. The number of matrices A in A for which the system of linear equations A y 0
z 0
is inconsistent, is
(a) 0 (b) more than 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
11. The number of 3 × 3 matrices A whose entries are either 0 or 1 and for which the system
x 1
A y 0 has exactly two distinct solutions, is [IIT 2010]
z 0
(a) 0 (b) 29 – 1 (c) 168 (d) 2
Paragraph
Let p be an odd prime number and Tp be the following set of 2 × 2 matrices.
a b
Tp A : a, b, c {0,1, 2,... p 1} [IIT 2010]
c a
12. The number of A in Tp such that A is either symmetric or skew-symmetric or both, and det (A)
divisible by p is
(a) (p – 1)2 (b) 2(p – 1) (c) (p – 1)2 + 1 (d) 2p – 1
13. The number of A in Tp such that the trace of A is not divisible by p but det (A) is divisible by p is
[Note: The trace of a matrix is the sum of its diagonal entries]
(a) (p – 1) (p2 – p + 1) (b) p3 –(p – 1)2 (c) (p – 1)2 (d) (p – 1) (p2 – 2)
14. The number of A in Tp such that det (A) is not divisible by p is
(a) 2p2 (b) p3 – 5p (c) p3 – 3p (d) p3 – p2
15. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 non-singular skew-symmetric matrices such that MN = NM. If PT denotes
the transpose of P, then M 2 N 2 (M T N ) 1 ( MN 1 )T is equal to [IIT 2011]
(a) M2 (b) –N2 (c) –M2 (d) MN

-1.49-
Paragraph for Question

1 9 7
Let a, b and c be three real numbers satisfying [a b c ] 8 2 7 [0 0 0] (E)
7 3 7
16. If the point P(a, b, c), with reference to (E), lies on the plane 2x + y + z = 1, then the value of
7a + b + c is [IIT 2011]
(a) 0 (b) 12 (c) 7 (d) 6
17. Let be a solution of x3 – 1 = 0 with Im( ) > 0. If a = 2 with b and c satisfying (E), then the value
3 1 3
of a b c
is equal to [IIT 2011]
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) –3
18. Let b = 6, with a and c satisfying (E). If and are the roots of the quadratic equation
n
1 1
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then is [IIT 2011]
n 0
(a) 6 (b) 7 (c) 6/7 (d)

19. Let 1 be a cube root of unity and S be the set of all non-singular matrices of the form
1 a b
1 c where each of a, b, and c is either or 2. Then the number of distinct matrices in the
2
1
set S is
(a) 2 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 8 [IIT 2011]
0 –1 1 1 1 0
20. Let M be a 3 × 3 matrix satisfying M 1 2 , M –1 1 , and M 1 0 .
0 3 0 –1 1 12
Then the sum of the diagonal entries of M is [IIT 2011]
21. Let P = [aij] be a 3 × 3 matrix and let Q = [bij], where bij = 2i + jaij for 1 < i, j < 3. If the determinant of
P is 2, then the determinant of the matrix Q is [IIT 2012]
(a) 210 (b) 211 (c) 212 (d) 213
22. If P is a 3 × 3 matrix such that PT = 2P + I, where PT is the transpose of P and I is the 3 × 3 identity
x 0
matrix, then there exists a column matrix X y 0 such that [IIT 2012]
z 0
0
(a) PX 0 (b) PX = X (c) PX = 2X (d) PX = –X
0

-1.50-
23. For 3 × 3 matrices M and N, which of the following statement(s) is (are) NOT correct ?
(a) NT M N is symmetric or skew symmetric, according as M is symmetric or skew symmetric
(b) M N – N M is skew symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(c) M N is symmetric for all symmetric matrices M and N
(d) (adj M) (adj N) = adj (M N) for all invertible matrices M and N [JEE-ADV. 2013]
24. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM. Further, If M N2 and M2 = N4, then
(a) determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0 [JEE-ADV. 2014]
2 2
(b) there is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that (M + MN )U is the zero matrix
(c) determinant of (M2 + MN2) 1
(d) for a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero matrix then U is the zero matrix.
25. Let M be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix with integer entries. Then M is invertible if [JEE-ADV. 2014]
(a) the first column of M is the transpose of the second row of M
(b) the second row of M is the transpose of the first column of M
(c) M is a diagonal matrix with nonzero entries in the main diagonal
(d) the product of entries in the main diagonal of M is not the square of an integer.
26. Let X and Y be two arbitrary, 3 × 3, non-zero, skew-symmetric matrices and Z be an arbitrary 3 × 3,
non-zero, symmetric matrix. Then which of the following matrices is(are) skew symmetric ?
[JEE-ADV. 2015]
(a) Y Z – Z Y
3 4 4 3
(b) X + Y
44 44
(c) X Z – Z X
4 3 3 4
(d) X + Y23
23
1 3i ( z )r z2 s
27. Let z = , where i 1, and r, s {1, 2, 3}. Let P = and I be the identity
2 z2s zr
matrix of order 2. Then the total number of ordered pairs (r, s) for which P2 = – I is [JEE-ADV. 2016]
1 0 0
28. Let P 4 1 0 and I be the identity matrix of order 3. If Q qif is a matrix such that
16 4 1
q31 q32
P50 Q I , then equals [JEE-ADV. 2016]
q21
(a) 52 (b) 103 (c) 201 (d) 205
29. Let a , , . Consider the system of linear equations

ax 2 y
3x 2 y
Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct ? [JEE-ADV. 2016]
(a) If a = –3, then the system has infinitely many solutions for all values of and
(b) If a –3, then the system has a unique solution for all values of and
(c) If + = 0, then the system has infinitely many solutions for a = –3
(d) If + 0, then the system has no solution for a = –3

-1.51-
30. How many 3 × 3 matrices M with entries from {0, 1, 2} are there, for which the sum of the diagonal
entries of MTM is 5 ? [JEE-ADV. 2017]
(a) 126 (b) 198 (c) 162 (d) 135
31. Which of the following is(are) NOT the square of a 3 × 3 matrix with real entries ? [JEE-ADV. 2017]
1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
(a) 0 1 0 (b) 0 1 0 (c) 0 1 0 (d) 0 1 0
0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
1 2
x 1
32. For a real number , if the system 1 y 1
2
1 z 1
of linear equations, has infinitely many solutions, then 1 + 2

= [JEE-ADV. 2017]
b1
33. Let S be the set of all column matrices b2 such that b1, b2, b3 R and the system of equations (in
b3
real variables)
–x + 2y + 5z = b1
2x – 4y + 3z = b2
x –2y + 2z = b3
has at least one solution. Then, which of the following system(s) (in real variables) has (have) at
b1
least one solution for each b2 S? [JEE-ADV. 2018]
b3
(a) x + 2y + 3z = b1, 4y + 5z = b2 and x + 2y + 6z = b3
(b) x + y + 3z = b1, 5x + 2y + 6z = b2 and –2x – y – 3z = b3
(c) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x – 4y + 10z = b2 and x – 2y + 5z = b3
(d) x + 2y + 5z = b1, 2x + 3z = b2 and x + 4y – 5z = b3
sin 4 1 sin2
34. Let M I M 1 , where = ( ) and = ( ) are real number,
1 cos 2 cos 4
and I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix. If * is the minimum of the set { ( ) : [0, 2 )} and * is
the minimum of the set { ( ) : [0, 2 )}, then the value of * + * is [JEE-ADV. 2019]
37 29 31 17
(a) (b) (c) (d)
16 16 16 16

-1.52-
0 1 a 1 1 1
35. Let M 1 2 3 and adj M 8 6 2 where a and b area real numbers. Which of
3 b 1 5 3 1
the following options is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]

1
(a) (adj M)–1 + adj M–1 = – M (b) If M 2 , then =3
3
(c) det (adj M2 ) = 81 (d) a + b = 3
36. Let S be the sample space of all 3 × 3 matrices with entries from the set {0, 1}. Let the events
E1 and E2 be given by
E1 = {A S : det A = 0} and E2 = {A S : sum of entries of A is 7}
If a matrix is chosen at random from S, then the conditional probability P(E1/E2) equals
_____ [JEE-ADV. 2019]
1 1 1 2 x x
37. Let x R and let P 0 2 2 ,Q 0 4 0 and R = PQP–1. Then which of the following
0 0 3 x x 6
options is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]
1 1
(a) For x = 0, if R a 6 a , then a + b = 5
b b
0
(b) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector iˆ ˆj kˆ for which R 0
0
2 x x
(c) det R = det 0 4 0 8 , for all x R.
x x 5
(d) There exists a real number x such that PQ = QP
1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
38. Let P1 = I = 0 1 0 , P2 = 0 0 1 , P3 = 1 0 0 , P4 = 0 0 1 , P5 = 1 0 0 ,
0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 6
2 1 3
P6 = 0 1 0 and X Pk 1 0 2 PkT , where PkT denotes the transpose of the matrix
k 1
1 0 0 3 2 1
Pk. Then which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]
(a) X = 30 I is an invertible matrix (b) X is a symmetric matrix

1 1
(c) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18 (d) If X 1 1 , then = 30
1 1

-1.53-
39. Let be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix.
If 1=adj (adj ), then which of the following statements is/are ALWAYS TRUE?
[JEE-Advanced 2020]
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 (c) M 2 = I (d) (adj M)2 = I
40. The trace of a square matrix is defined to be the sum of its diagonal entries. If is a 2 × 2
matrix such that the trace of is 3 and the trace of 3 is 18, then the value of the
determinant of is _____ [JEE-Advanced 2020]

-1.54-
CHAPTER TEST
SECTION-I: STRAIGHT OBJECTIVE TYPE
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has 4 choices
(A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
cos 2 cos sin
1. If E( ) = and , differ by an odd multiple of , then E( ).E( ) is a
cos sin sin 2 2
(a) null matrix (b) unit matrix (c) diagonal matrix (d) none of these
1 3 2 1
2. The value of x, so that 1 x 1 0 5 1 1 0 , is
0 3 2 x
7 35 9 53
(a) (b) (c) ± 2 (d) 0
2 2
2 1 3 4 3 4 ABC A(BC)2
3. Let A = ,B= ,C= then tr(A) + tr tr + ......
4 1 2 3 2 3 2 4
(a) 6 (b) 9 (c) 4 (d) 3
1 2r 1 3 1 2r 1 1 k
4. If A = , then the value of is equal to then k =
0 1 12 0 1 0 1
r 1
(a) 8 (b) 9 (c) 7 (d) 6
3 4 4
5. If A = 1 2 4 and A satisfies the equation A3 –4A2 + A + kI = 0, then the value of k is
1 1 3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
SECTION-II: MULTIPLE CORRECT ANSWERS TYPE

This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has 4
choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.
6. If A and B are square matrices of the same order, then which of the following are not true?
(a) (AB) = A B (b) (AB) = B A

(c) AB = 0 If |A| = 0 or |B| = 0 (d) AB = 0 If A = I, or B = I
0 2
7. If the matrix is orthogonal then
1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3
2 3 6

-1.55-
8. Let An be an n × n matrix, all of whose elements are n, except diagonal elements, given aii = 1 for i =
1, 2, 3, ...., n then
(a) det An = n. det An –1 (b) det An = – n . det An –1
(c) det An = (–1)n n! (d) det An = (–1)n + 1n!
0 0 1
9. If A = 0 1 0 , then
1 0 0
0 0 1
(a) Adj A is a zero matrix (b) Adj A = 0 1 0
1 0 0
(c) A–1 = A (d) A2 = I
sin cos 0
10. If A = cos sin 0 , then which of the following are true?
0 0 1
(a) |AT| = 1 (b) |A–1| = 1 (c) A–1 = adj A (d) |AAT| = 101
SECTION- III: LINKED COMPREHENSION TYPE

This section contains 1 Paragraphs. Based upon each paragraph, 3 multiple choice questions
have to be answered. Each question has 4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY
ONE is correct.
For a given square matrix A, if there exists a matrix B such that AB = BA = I, then B is called
inverse of A. Energy non-singular square matrix possess inverse and it exists if |A| 0
adj(A)
A–1 = or adj (A) = |A| A–1
det (A)
2 3
11. Let a matrix A = , then it will satisfy the equation
1 2
(a) A2 – 4A + I = 0 (b) A2 + 4A + I = 0 (c) A2 – 4A – 5I = 0 (d) A2 – 4A + 5I = 0
2 3
12. Let a matrix A = , then A–1 will be
1 2
2 3 3 2 1 2 2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2
3 2 4b
13. Let matrix A = satisfies the equation A2 + aA + bI = 0, then the value of x 3 cos xdx
1 1 a
equals
a b a 2b a 4b a 4b
(a) (b) (c) (d)
a b a b 4a b 4a b

-1.56-
SECTION- IV: MATRIX MATCH TYPE

This Section contains 4 multiple choice questions. Each question has matching lists. The codes for
lists have choice (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONLY ONE may be correct.
1 tan x
14. Let A =
tan x 1
1 tan x
A. A– 1 (p)
tan x 1
1 tan x
B. (adj A) – 1 (q) 2
tan x 1
1 1 cos 2 x sin x
C. adj (adj A) (r)
2 sin x 1 cos 2 x
1 cos x sin 2 x
D. adj (2A) (s)
sin 2 x 1 cos 2 x
SECTION- V: INTEGER ANSWER TYPE

This section contains 8 questions. The answer to each of the question is a single digit integer,
ranging from 0 to 9. The bubble corresponding to the correct answer is to be darkened in the
ORS.
a b c
15. If matrix A = b c a , where a, b, c are real p ositive numb er, abc = 1 and A T A = I,
c a b
then the value of a 3 + b 3 + c 3 is ?
1 2
16. If A = and if A 6 = 11 kA – 205 I, then t he value of k is?
1 3
0 1 1
17. Let x be the solution set of the equation A x = I where A = 4 3 4 and I with
3 3 4
corresponding unit matrix and x N, then the minimum value of (cos x + sin x ),
R.
4 4 8 4
18. If 1 A 1 2 1 , then the sum of the elements of matrix A is?
3 3 6 3
1 1 3
19. The matrix A = 5 2 6 is a nilpotent matrix of index.
2 1 3

-1.57-
1 0 1 0
20. If A = and I = then the value of k for which A2 = 8A – k I is true.
1 7 0 1
8 6 2
21. If A = 6 7 4 is a singular matrix, then is?
2 4
0 1 2 1/ 2 1/ 2 1/ 2
22. If A = 1 2 3 and A –1
= 4 3 1 , then the value of A is?
3 a 1 5/ 2 3 / 2 1/ 2

-1.58-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a)
11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. (c) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (a)
26. (a,b,c,d) 27. (b,d) 28. (a,b,d) 29. (a,b) 30. (a,c)
31. (a,b,d) 32. (a,b) 33. (a,b,c) 34. (a,b) 35. (a,c)
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (a)
41. (c) 42. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s) 43. A-(r),(s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s)
44. (1) 45. (6) 46. (1) 47. (2) 48. (1)
49. (2) 50. (4) 51. (2) 52. (2) 53. (5)
Chapter Assignment Hints

a b
1. (d): Let A =
c d
1 a b 1 1 a 2b 1
A= and A =
1 c d 2 2 c 2d 0
a – b = –1, c – d = 2
– a + 2b = 1, – c + 2d = 0
b = 0, a = –1, d = 2, c = 4
a+b+c+d=5
2. (c): AB = B BAB = B2 or AB = B2 B2 = B
also, ABA = A2 BA = A2 A2 = A
A2 + B2 = B + A.
3. (b): (AB –BA)T = (AB)T – (BA)T = BTAT – ATBT

= BA – AB = –(AB – BA)
4. (b): adj (adj A) = |A|(n –2)A
|adj (adj A)| = |A|n(n –2)+1 = |A|(n –1)2

Now, A is orthogonal |A|2 = 1

-1.59-
5. (a): Evaluate |A| and |B| and use |adj (A)| = |A|n –1
6. (a): If C and D are square matrices then |CD| = |C| |D| = |D||C| = |DC|
n
(a 1) n 6 ( n 1)n
n 6
a 1 2
n n
( n 1)( n 1 1)(2( n 1) 1)
7. (a): n (a 1) 2 2n 2 4n 2 = 2n 2 4n 2
a 1 a 1 6
2
n
( n 1) n
(a 1)3 3n3 3n 2 3n 3n3 3n 2 3n
a 1
2
1 n 6
n( n 1) (2n 1)
= 2n 2 4n 2 = 0; (as C3 6 C 1)
2 3
n( n 1)
3n3 3n2 3n
2
a b
1
d
1 b
8. (c): Use and |z1| = 1 = |z2|
c d ( ad bc) c a
9. (b): Obtain , x, y, z and use the results.

2 2
1 1 1
10. (a): (A + B)C = 2 2
1 1
2 2 2
1 1
2 3 4 2
1 0
2 3 2 3
= 0
2 3 3 2 0
11. (d): |adj B| = |adj (adj A)| = |A|(3–1)2 = |A|4
|C| = |5A| = 53|A|
12. (a): p–1 + I + p + .... + p(n –1) = 0
p–1 – pn = 0
p–1 = pn
13. (c): AAT = In
|A – In| = |A – AAT| = |A| |In – AT|

( |In – AT| = |In –A|)
14. (c): (A–1BA)2 = (A–1BA) (A–1BA) = A–1B 2A

Similarly, (A–1BA)n = A–1BnA

-1.60-
15. (d): Determinant of the coefficient matrix is always zero.
16. (b): Check AB and BA.
17. (c): First check det A.

1
1 3 10 3
18. (b):
3 10 3 1
19. (a): Assume the terms in A.P., then put these values in matrices then evaluate determinant value.
20. (c): Conceptual.
1
21. (b): Apply A 1
adjoint A.
det A
22. (c): Conceptual.
23. (a): Put the values in relation.
24. (a): Conceptual.
25. (a): Since it is a diagonal matrices we can easily find A–1
26. (a,b,c,d):
A2 + A + 2In
A + I + 2A–1 = 0
1
A–1 = (A + I)
2
1 1 3 2
27. (b,d): Let [A : B] = 2 1 1 4
1 2 3
Applying R2 R2 – 2R1 ; R3 R3 – R1
1 1 3 2 1 1 3 2
0 1 5 0 ~ 0 1 5 0
0 1 3 1 0 0 8 1
unique solution for 8 and no solution for =8
28. (a,b,d):
1 2 2 9 8 8
A2 = 2 1 2 8 9 8
2 2 1 8 8 9

-1.61-
5 0 0
2
A – 4A = 0 5 0 = 5I3
0 0 5
41 42 42
2 3
Also |A | 0 and A = 42 41 42 |A3| 0
42 42 41
29. (a,b): AB = A ABA = A2 AB = A2 A = A2
BA = B BAB = B2 BA = B2 B = B2
1 0 0 a1 b1 c1
30. (a,c): D = 0 2 0 , A = a2 b2 c2
0 0 3 a3 b3 c3
a1 1 b1 2 c1 3 a1 1 b1 1 c1 1
AD = a2 1 b2 2 c2 3 , DA = a2 2 b2 2 c2 2
a3 1 b3 2 c3 3 a3 3 b3 3 c3 3
AD DA
Also, if 1 = 2 = 3 =k 0
|D| = k3
31. (a,b,d):
A(adj A) = |A|In
adj A = |A|A–1
Also, adj (AB) = adj (B) adj (A)
cos n sin n
32. (a,b): Use An =
sin n cos n
33. (a,b,c):
Use A(adj A) = |A|I3
f ( x 2) f ( x 5) f ( x 2)
34. (a,b): 5 4 5 0
10 12 30
f (x –2) {120 + 60} – f (x + 5) {150 + 50} + f (x –2) {60 – 40} = 0
f (x + 5) = f (x – 2)
f (x + 7) = f (x)
f (x) is periodic with period 7.
Now, f (2009) = f (287 × 7) = f (0) = f (7)

-1.62-
2 1 1 a 1 2 1 b
35. (a,c): [A : B] = 1 2 1 b ~ 2 1 1 a ; (R3 R1)
1 1 2 c 1 1 2 c
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ; R2 R2 + 2R,; R3 R3 – R 2
0 3 3 c b
1 2 1 b
~ 0 3 3 a 2b ; R3 R3 + R 2
0 0 0 a b c
No solution if a + b + c 0 and infinite no. of solutions if a + b + c = 0
36. (c): AB = A, BA = B A2 = A, B2 = B
Also |A||B| = |A| = |B|

if |A| = 0, then |B| = 0
37. (c): (A + B)7 = (A + B)5 (A + B) (A + B)

= (A + B)5 (A2 + BA + AB + B2)
= (A + B)6 (A + B + A + B)
= 2(A+B)4 (A + B)2
= 4(A + B)3 . (A + B)2
= 8(A + B)2 (A + B)2
= 32 (A + B)2 = 64 (A + B)
38. (c): (A + I)5 = (A + I)2 (A + I)2 ( A + I)
= (A2 + 2A + I) (A2 + 2A + I) (A + I)
= (3A + I) (3A + I) (A + I)
= (15A + I) (A + I)
= (31A + I), {using A2 = A every where}
39. (c): |A| = (21 – 16) + 6 (–18 + 8) + 2 (24 – 14)

8 6
= 40 – 60 + 20 = 0 and = 56 – 36 = 20 0
6 7
rank = 2
8 x 6 2
40. (a): 6 7 x 4 0
2 4 3 x

-1.63-
(8 – x) {21 + x2 – 10 x – 16} + 6{–18 + 6x + 8} + 2{24 – 14 + 2x} = 0
(8 – x) { x2 – 10 x + 5} + 6{ 6x – 10} + 2{2x + 10} = 0
– x3 + 18x2 –45x = 0
41. (c): x (x2 – 18 x + 45) = 0 x (x – 15) (x – 3) = 0

x = 0, 3, 15
42. A-(r); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s):

n n n
Ck 1 0 Ck 0 Ck n Ck 1 0
Ak . Ak + 1 = n n
= n
0 Ck 0 Ck 1 0 Ck n Ck 1
a = nC1nC0 + nC2n C1 + .... + nCn –1nCn – 2

and b = nC1nC2 + nC2nC3 + .... + nCn –1nCn
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + .... + nCn –1xn –1 + nCnxn
(x + 1)n = nC0 xn + nC1xn –1 + n C2xn–2 + .... + nCn –1x + nCn
a + nCn nCn –1 = coefficient of xn –1 in (1 + x)2n.
a = 2nCn –1 – n
Also, a = nC1nC0 + b – nCn – 1 nCn = b
43. A-(r), (s); B-(q); C-(p); D-(p),(r),(s):

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 3
Let A : B = 1 2 3 6 ~ 0 1 2 3 ; R2 R2 – R1; R3 R3 – R1
1 3 m 0 2 1 m 3
1 1 1 3
~ 0 1 2 3 R3 R3 – 2R2
0 0 5 m 9
Unique solution for 5, m 9

no solution for 5, m 9
infinite no. of solution for 5, m 9
and consistent for 5.
44. (1): Use AB = BA
a a' a ''
45. (6): Observe a ' b a '''
a '' a ''' c
we each off diagonal elements are repeated twice and if upper off diagonal elements are fixed
then automatically lower of f-diagonal elements are fixed. So no. of symmetric matrices
depends on the no. of ways to arrange a , a and a and a, b, c.

-1.64-
46. (1): =|A| = 1
ab b2 a 2b 2 a 2b 2 ab3 ab 3
47. (2): A2 = = O2×2
a2 ab a 3b a 3b a 2b 2 a 2b 2
48. (1): Use AAT = I
49. (2): |adj (A)| = |A|(n –1)
|adj A| = (4)(4 –1) = 64
k=2
50. (4): Reduce A8 into aA + bI by using A2 = 5A –7 I.
51. (2): Use An = 0 and find n.
1 1
52. (2): A= ((A+ 2 B) + 2(2 A B)) B = (2(A+ 2 B) – (2 A B))
5 5
4 2 2
1
53. (5): –1
Find A and use A = –1
5 0
10
1 2 3
Previous Year Questions

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a)
6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (d)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (a) 24. (d) 25. (a)
26. (c) 27. (a) 28. (672.00) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (d) 32. (d) 33. (b) 34. (10) 35. (d)
36. (c) 37. (b)
IIT/JEE-ADVANCED QUESTIONS
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (d) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (9)
21. (d) 22. (d) 23. (c,d) 24. (a,b) 25. (c,d)

-1.65-
26. (c,d) 27. (1) 28. (b) 29. (b,c,d) 30. (b)
31. (a,d) 32. (1) 33. (a,c,d) 34. (b) 35. (a,b,d)
36. (0.50) 37. (a,c) 38. (b,c,d) 39. (b,c,d) 40. (5)
Chapter Test
1.(a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (d)
6.(a,d) 7. (a,c,d) 8. (b,d) 9. (b,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)
15. (4) 16. (4) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (3)
20. (7) 21. (3) 22. (1)

-1.66-
2
DETERMINANTS
2.0. INTRODUCTION
A determinant is a number given to a matrix.
If Aij = [aij] is a matrix, then = |Aij| is called the determinant value of the matrix Aij.
is the symbol which represents determinant value of matrix.

a11 a12
A determinant of order two is written as and is equal to a11a22 – a12a21
a21 a22
a11 a12 a13
A determinant of order three is written as = a21 a22 a23
a31 a32 a33
where R1 = ( a11, a12, a13), R2 = (a21, a22, a23), R3 = (a31, a32, a33) are its rows, and
a11 a12 a13
C1 = a21 , C2 = a22 , C3 = a23 are its columns.
a31 a32 a33
C1 C2 C3
R1 a11 a12 a13

= R2 a21 a22 a23
R3 a 31 a32 a33
a22 a23 a21 a23 a21 a22
= a11 a12 a13
a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
= a11(a22a33 – a23a32) – a12(a21a33 – a23a31) + a13(a21a32 – a22a31).
Minor and Cofactors: The determinant obtained by deleting the ith row and jth column is called
a22 a23 a21 a23
the minor of element aij and is denoted by Mij. E.g. M11 , M12 and
a32 a33 a31 a33
a21 a22
M13 .
a31 a32
The co-factor of the element aij is denoted by Cij and is given by (–1)i+j Mij. If we apply the
appropriate sign to the minor of an element, we get its cofactor ; these signs (for 3rd order
determinant) are
Cij = (–1)i + j Mij

-2.1-
AICE (IIT-JEE) Determinants
The determinant can be expanded along any of the rows R1, R2 or R3 or along any of the columns
C1, C2 or C3.
= aijCij
along any line
Here line means any row or any column.

Expanding determinant along Ist row,
= a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13
= a11M11 – a12M12 + a13M13 (using C11 = (+) M11, C12 = (–) M12, C13 = (+) M13)
Expanding along 2nd row,

= a21C21 + a22C22 + a23C23
Expanding along 3rd column,

= a13C13 + a23C23 + a33C33
Similarly determinant can be expanded along any row or any column. Expanding along any row or
any column gives same value of the determinant.
2.1. PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
Determinants have some properties that are useful as they permit to generate equal determinants
with different and simpler configurations of entries (elements).
2.1.1. Reflection Property: The determinant remains unaltered if its rows are changed into columns and
the columns into rows.
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3
i.e., a2 b2 c2 b1 b2 b3
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
Proof: expand first determinant along 1 st row and 2nd determinant along 1 st column, you get the
same determinant value.
2.1.2. If all elements in a row or column are zero, then the value of determinant is zero.
0 0 0 0 1 2
i.e., a1 b1 c1 0 1 2 = 0. Here all elements in a row or column are zero.

a2 b2 c2 0 1 2
Proof: expand along the line (row or column) containing all zeroes.
2.1.3. If all the elements of a row (column) of a determinant are multiplied by a non-zero constant, then
the determinant gets multiplied by the same constant

-2.2-
Determinants AICE (IIT-JEE)
2 a1 2b1 2 c1 a1 b1 c1
i.e., a2 b2 c2 2 a2 b2 c2 .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
2 a1 2b1 2c 1 a1 b1 c1
Hence 3a2 3b2 3c 2 2 3 4 a2 b2 c2
4 a3 4b3 4c 3 a3 b3 c3
2.1.4. If the elements of a row (column) are proportional or identical to the elements of some other row
(column), then the determinant is zero.
a1 a2 a3
Example: ka1 ka2 ka3 0
b1 b2 b3
2.1.5. The interchange of any two adjacent rows (columns) of the determinant changes its sign.
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2
a
i.e., 2 b2 c2 a1 b1 c1 .
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
further if we interchange any two rows or any two columns, determinant changes its sign.
2.1.6. Sum of Determinants
If each element in a row (or column) of a determinant is written as the sum of two or more terms,
then the determinant can be written as the sum of two or more determinants
a1 b1 c1 d1 a1 c1 d1 b1 c1 d1
Example: a2 b2 c2 d2 a2 c2 d2 b2 c2 d2
a3 b3 c3 d3 a3 c3 d3 b3 c3 d3
2.1.7. Property of Invariance

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 b1 c1
a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 b3 c3
i.e. a determinant remains unaltered under an operation of the form

Ci Ci Cj Ck where j, k i or an operation of the form
Ri Ri Rj Rk j, k i.
Sample Problem 1:
a 2 1 ab ac
Prove that ab b 1 bc = 1 + a2 + b2 + c2.
2
ac bc c2 1

-2.3-
Solution: Multiply columns 1st, 2nd and 3rd by a, b, c respectively and divide the whole determinant
by product of a, b and c:
a3 a ab2 ac 2
1
= a b b b bc 2
2 3
abc
a2 c b2 c c3 c
a2 1 b2 c2
abc
= a 2
b 1 c2
2
abc
a2 b2 c2 1
[by taking a, b, c common from first, second and third rows respectively]
a2 b2 c2 1 b2 c2
= a2 b2 c2 1 b2 1 c2 ; [C1 C1 + C2 + C3]
a b c 1 b
2 2 2 2
c 1
2
1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 1 b 2 1 c 2
1 b2 c2 1
1 b2 c2
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1) 0 1 0 ; (R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1)
0 0 1
= (a2 + b2 + c2 + 1)[1(1 – 0)]

= 1 + a2 + b2 + c2
Sample Problem 2:
a b 2c a b
Show that c b c 2a b = 2 (a + b + c)3
c a c a 2b
2(a b c) a b
Solution: = 2(a b c) b c 2 a b by C1 C1 + C2 + C3
2(a b c) a c a 2b
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 1 b c 2a b
1 a c a 2b
1 a b
= 2(a + b + c) 0 b c a 0 [by R2 R2 – R1 and R3 R3 – R1]
0 0 c a b
= 2(a + b + c)[1{(b + c + a)2 – 0}]

= 2(a + b + c)(a + b + c)2
= 2(a + b + c)3

-2.4-
Sample Problem 3:
a b a b
If = b c b c 0 and a, b, c are distinct, show that either is a root of ax2
a b b c 0
+ 2bx + c = 0, or a, b, c are in G.P.
Solution: Applying R3 R3 – R1 – R2, we get

a b a b
= b c b c
0 0 (a 2
b b c)
= –(a + 2b + c) (ac –
2 b2)
; [by expanding along R3]
Now =0 either (a + 2b + c) = 0 or b2 – ac = 0
2
i.e. either is root of ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 or a, b, c are in G.P.
Sample Problem 4:
1 bc bc(b c)
Prove that the value of 1 ca ca ( a c) is independent of a, b, c.
1 ab ab( a b )
Solution: Multiply R1, R2, R3 by a, b, c respectively and hence divide it by abc,

a abc abc(b c)
1
= b abc abc(c a )
abc
c abc abc (a b)
a 1 b c
( abc)( abc)
= b 1 c a
abc
c 1 a b
a 1 b c a b c 1 b c
= abc b 1 c a = abc a b c 1 c a (by using C1 C1 + C3 )
c 1 a b a b c 1 a b
1 1 b c
= abc (a b c) 1 1 c a
1 1 a b
= 0.
Hence value of the determinant is independent of a, b, c.
Sample Problem 5:
If (ar, br), r = 1, 2, 3, be the vertices of a triangle, prove that
a2 a3 b2 b3 a1 ( a2 a3 ) b1 (b2 b3 )
= a3 a1 b3 b1 a2 (a3 a1 ) b2 (b3 b1 ) 0 ...(i)
a1 a2 b1 b2 a3 ( a1 a2 ) b3 (b1 b2 )

-2.5-
and hence show that the altitudes of a triangle are concurrent .
A(a1, b1)
Solution: Applying R1 R1 + R2 + R3
0 0 0
= a3 a1 b3 b1 a2 (a3 a1 ) b2 (b3 b1 ) F E
a1 a2 b1 b2 a3 (a1 a2 ) b3 (b1 b2 )
=0 B(a2, b2) D C(a3, b3)
a2 a3
Eq. of altitude AD is y b1 ( x a1 ) :
b2 b3
or x(a2 – a3) + y(b2 – b3) = a1 (a2 – a3 ) + b1(b2 – b3) ...(ii)
Similarly eqs of altitudes BE and CF are

x(a3 – a1) + y(b3 – b1) = a2 (a3 – a1 ) + b2(b3 – b1) ...(iii)
x(a1 – a2) + y(b1 – b2) = a3 (a1 – a2 ) + b3(b1 – b2) ...(iv)
Altitudes (ii), (iii), (iv) are concurrent, since the determinant given by L.H.S of (i) is zero.
Sample Problem 6:
n! ( n 1)! (n 2)!
For a fixed positive integer n, if ( n 1)! ( n 2)! (n 3) ! then show that 4 is
(n !)3
( n 2)! ( n 3)! (n 4)!
divisible by n.
1 n 1 (n 2)( n 1)
Solution: = (n !) 3
n 1 ( n 2)(n 1) ( n 3)( n 2)(n 1)
(n 2)(n 1) (n 3)(n 2)( n 1) ( n 4)( n 3)(n 2)(n 1)
Taking (n + 1) and (n + 1)(n + 2) common from C2 and C3 respectively, we get

1 1 1
= (n !) ( n 2)(n 1)
3 2
n 1 n 2 n 3
(n 2)( n 1) (n 3)(n 2) (n 4)(n 3)
Apply C3 C3 – C1 and C2 C2 – C1; then,

1 0 0
= (n !)3 ( n 1) 2 (n 2) n 1 1 2
( n 2)(n 1) 2(n 2) 4n 10
= (n !)3(n + 1)2(n + 2)[4n + 10 – 4(n + 2)]

= (n !)3(n + 1)2(n + 2).2
= (n !)3(n2 + 2n + 1)(2n + 4)
= (n !)3(2n3 + 8n2 + 10n + 4)

-2.6-
4 = 2n3 + 8n2 + 10n

(n !)3
= 2n(n2 + 4n + 5), which is divisible by n.
Sample Problem 7:
x
Cr x
Cr 1
x
Cr 2
x
Cr x 1
Cr 1
x 2
Cr 2
Show that y
Cr y
Cr 1
y
Cr 2
y
Cr y 1
Cr 1
y 2
Cr 2
z
Cr z
Cr 1
z
Cr 2
z
Cr z 1
Cr 1
z 2
Cr 2
Solution: As xC + xCr+1 = x+1Cr+1

r
and x+1 C + x+1Cr+2 = x+2Cr+2

r+1
Cr x x 1
Cr 1
x 1
Cr 2
L.H.S. = Cr
y y 1
Cr 1
y 1
Cr 2
(Apply C3 C3 + C2 and then C2 C2 + C1)
z
Cr z 1
Cr 1
z 1
Cr 2
On applying C3 C3 + C2 we get
x
Cr x 1
Cr 1
x 2
Cr 2
L.H.S. = y
Cr y 1
Cr 1
y 2
Cr 2 = R.H.S.
z
Cr z 1
Cr 1
z 2
Cr 2
Sample Problem 8:
bc b2 bc c 2 bc
Prove that = a 2
ac ac c ac 2
(bc ca ab)3 .
a2 ab b ab
2
ab
Solution: Multiply R1, R2, R3 by a, b, c respectively and divide the determinant by abc; then,
abc ab2 abc ac 2 abc
1
= a b abc
2
abc bc 2
abc
abc
a c abc b c abc
2 2
abc
Applying R1 R1 + R2 + R3, we get

a[ ab ac bc] b[ ab bc ac] c[ac bc ab]
1
= a 2b abc abc bc 2 abc
abc
a 2c abc b 2 c abc abc
1 1 1
( ab bc ca)
= abc ab bc ac bc ab
abc
ac bc bc ac ab
Applying C2 C2 – C1 and C3 C3 – C1

-2.7-
1 0 0
= (ab + bc + ca) ab bc (ac bc ab) 0
ac bc 0 ( ab ac bc)
= (ab + bc + ca) (ab + bc + ac)2

= (ab + bc + ca)3.
2.2. OPERATIONS ON DETERMINANTS
2.2.1. Product of two determinants

Two determinants of the same order can be multiplied to get a determinant of the same order.
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
If 1 = a2 b2 c2 and 2 = x2 y2 z2
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
then 1 2= |pij| where pij denotes element of ith row and jth column of the product determinant and
pij is obtained by multiplying ith row of 1 and jth column of 2.
a1 b1 c1 x1 y1 z1
Thus 1 2 = a2 b2 c2 x2 y2 z2
a3 b3 c3 x3 y3 z3
a1 x1 b1 x2 c1 x3 a1 y1 b1 y2 c1 y3 a1 z1 b1 z 2 c1z3
a2 x1 b2 x2 c2 x3 a2 y1 b2 y2 c2 y3 a2 z1 b2 z2 c2 z3
a3 x1 b3 x2 c3 x3 a3 y1 b3 y2 c3 y3 a3 z1 b3 z 2 c3 z3
Two determinants can be multiplied by four methods
1. Row × Column 2. Row × Row 3. Column × Row 4. Column × Column
i.e., To get element of ith row and jth column, you can multiply ith row of first determinant with jth
column of second determinant or ith row of first determinant with jth row of second determinant or
ith column of first determinant with jth row of second determinant or i th column of first determinant
with jth column of second determinant.
2.2.2. Derivative of a Determinant

A determinant can be differentiated as follows :
u( x) v( x ) w( x)
If (x) = p( x) q( x) r ( x) , then
( x) ( x) ( x)
u ( x) v ( x ) w ( x) u( x) v( x) w( x ) u (x) v(x ) w( x )
(x) = p ( x) q( x ) r (x) p ( x) q ( x) r ( x) p(x) q(x) r (x)
( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x) ( x)
Differentiation can also be done column wise.

-2.8-
2.2.3. Integration of determinant: For above (x), (x)dx can be obtained by evaluating (x) first and
then integrating, in general.
If x is in either a column or row only, then (x) can be integrated by integrating individual element
of the column or row. (involving x)
f ( x ) g( x ) h( x )
i.e., if (x) = a b c
d e f
where a, b, c, d, e and f are constants with respect to x i.e., not functions of x

f ( x )dx g( x )dx h( x )dx
then, ( x )dx a b c
d e f
2.2.4. Summation of determinants:

f (r ) g(r ) h( r )
If r= a b c
d e f
where a, b, c, d, e, f are constants with respect to r i.e., are not functions of r and f (r), g(r) and
h(r) are functions of r.
n n n
f (r ) g( r ) h (r )
n r 1 r 1 r 1
Then r a b c
r 1
d e f
Proof: it is the application of the property of determinants known as sum of determinants

extended to n determinants.
Sample Problem 9:
For all values of A, B, C and P, Q, R, show that
cos( A P) cos( A Q) cos( A R)
= cos( B P) cos( B Q) cos( B R ) = 0
cos(C P) cos(C Q ) cos(C R)
Solution: The given determinant can be written as product of two determinants as follows :
cos A cos P sin A sin P cos A cos Q sin A sin Q cos A cos R sin A sin R
= cos B cos P sin B sin P cos B cos Q sin B sin Q cos B cos R sin B sin R
cos C cos P sin C sin P cos C cos Q sin C sin Q cos C cos R sin C sin R
cos A sin A 0 cos P cos Q cos R
= cos B sin B 0 sin P sin Q sin R = (0) (0) = 0.
cos C sin C 0 0 0 0

-2.9-
Sample Problem 10:
bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2 a2 c2 2ac b 2
Show that ca b 2 ab c 2 bc a 2 2ab c 2 b2 a2
ab c 2 bc a 2 ca b 2 b2 2bc a 2 c2
a b c
Solution: Let = b c a
c a b
Replacing each element of by its cofactor, we get determinant of cofactors of as

bc a 2 ca b 2 ab c 2
1 = ca b
2
ab c 2 bc a 2 = 2 ...(i) (cofactor determinant = n –1)
ab c bc a ca b
2 2 2
a b c a b c a c b
2
2 = b c a = b c a b a c
c a b c a b c b a
a b c a b c
= b c a c a b
c a b b c a
a2 c2 2ac b 2
= 2ab c 2
b 2
a2 ...(ii)
b2 2bc a 2 c2
From (i) and (ii), we get the required result.
Sample Problem 11:
(1 x) a b1 1
(1 x ) a b 1 2
(1 x) a b 1 3
If f (x) = (1 x) a b 2 1
(1 x) a b 2 2
(1 x )a b 2 3
(where ai’s and bj’s N), find the coefficient of x
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x ) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b 3 3
in the expansion of f (x).
Solution: Let f (x) = c0 + c1x + c2x2 + .... ; then,

f (x) = c1 + 2c2x +3c3 x2 + ....
a1b1 (1 x ) a1b1 1
a1b2 (1 x) a b 1 2 1
a1b3 (1 x) a b 1 3 1
Also f (x) = (1 x) a b 2 1
(1 x) a b 2 2
(1 x) a b 2 3
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b 3 3
(1 x) a b 1 1
(1 x) a b1 2
(1 x) a b
1 3
+ a2 b1 (1 x) a b 2 1 1
a2 b2 (1 x ) a b 2 2 1
a2 b3 (1 x) a b 2 3 1
(1 x) a b 3 1
(1 x) a b 3 2
(1 x) a b3 3

-2.10-
(1 x ) a b1 1
(1 x) a b1 2
(1 x) a b1 3
+ (1 x) a b 2 1
(1 x) a b2 2
(1 x )a b 2 3
a3b1 (1 x) a b 3 1 1
a3b2 (1 x ) a b 3 2 1
a3b3 (1 x) a b 3 3 1
a1b1 a1b2 a1b3 1 1 1 1 1 1

c1 = f (0) = 1 1 1 a2b1 a2b2 a2b3 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 a3b1 a3b2 a3b3
=0+0+0=0
1 1 1
x x 2 x x 2 x
1. The value of (2 2 ) (3 3 ) (5 5 x )2
(2 x 2 x )2 (3x 3 x )2 (5 x 5 x )2
x –x
2. If x, y, z are integers in A.P. lying between 1 and 9 and x51, y41 and z 31 are three digit numbers,
5 4 3
then the value of x51 y 41 z 31 is
x y z
(a) x + y + z (b) x – y + z (c) 0 (d) none of these

1 0 0 0 0
2 2 0 0 0
3. The value of 4 4 3 0 0 is
5 5 5 4 0
6 6 6 6 5
2 3 4 4
(a) 6! (b) 5! (c) 1.2 . 3.4 . 5 .6 (d) none of these
a1 b1 c1
4. If a2 b2 c2 and A1, B1, C1 denote the cofactors of a1, b1, c1 respectively, then the value of
a3 b3 c3
A1 B1 C1
the determinant A 2 B2 C 2 is
A3 B3 C3
2 3
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log 8 3
5.
log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4
(a) 7 (b) 10 (c) 13 (d) 17

-2.11-
n 1 5
N
6. The value of U n .if U n n 2
2 N 1 2 N 1 is
n 1
n 3
3N 2 3N
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) none of these

y y1 y2
dny
7. If y = sin mx, then the value of the determinant y3 y4 y5 , where yn = is
dx n
y6 y7 y8
6 3 2
(a) m (b) m (c) m (d) none of these
1 cos x 1 cos x
/2
8. If (x) = 1 sin x cos x 1 sin x cos x , then ( x)dx is equal to
0
sin x sin x 1
(a) 1/4 (b) 1/2 (c) 0 (d) –1/2
3
9. If and are the roots of the equation x + px + q = 0, then value of the determinant
is
2
(a) p (b) q (c) p – 2q (d) 0
x 1 x 2
2 x( x 1)
6 5 4 3 2
10. If x( x 1) x 1 x( x 2 2) = p0x + p1x + p2x + p3x + p4x + p5x + p6, then (p5, p6)=
x2 2 x ( x 1) x 1
(a) (–3, –9) (b) (–5, –9) (c) (–3, –5) (d) (3, –9)
1. (a): Applying R2 R2 – R3
1 1 1 1 1 1
x x x x x x
2.2 .2.2 2.3 .2.3 2.5 .2.5 4 1 1 1 0
(2 x 2 x )2 (3x 3 x )2 (5 x 5 x )2 (2 x 2 x )2 (3x 3 x )2 (5x 5 x )2
[ R1 and R2 are identical]
2. (c): x51 = 100 x + 50 + 1

y41 = 100y + 40 + 1
z31 = 100z + 30 + 1
5 4 3
100 x 50 1 100 y 40 1 100 z 30 1
x y z

-2.12-
Applying R3 R2 – 100 R3 – 10 R1
5 4 3
1 1 1 = x – 2y + z.
x y z
=0
3. (b): The elements in the leading diagonal are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. On one side of the leading diagonal all the
elements are zero.
The value of the determinant
= The product of the elements in the leading diagonal = 1.2.3.4.5 = 5!
a1 b1 c1 A1 B1 C1
4. (b): We know that = a2 b2 c2 . A 2 B2 C2
a3 b3 c3 A3 B3 C3
a1 A1 0 0 0 0
= 0 a2 A 2 0 0 0 3
0 0 a3 A 3 0 0
2
= .
log 3 512 log 4 3 log 2 3 log8 3 log 512 log 3 log8 log 3 log 4 log3 log 4
5. (b):
log 3 8 log 4 9 log 3 4 log 3 4 log 3 log 4 log3 log 2 log 3 log8 log 3
log 29 log 32 log 23 log 22 log 2 2 9 2 3 2

= 2 10
log 3 log 22 log 2 2 log 2 log 23 2 2 3
N(N+1)
1 5
2 6 1 5
N
N(N+1)(2 N+1) N(N+1)
6. (a): Un 2N 1 2N 1 4 N+ 2 2 N+1 2 N+1
n 1 6 12
2 3N(N+1) 3N 2 3N
N(N+1)
3N 2 3N
2
6 1 6
N(N+1)
(Applying C3 C3 + C2) = 4 N+ 2 2 N+1 4 N+1 0
12 2
3 N(N+1) 3N 3 N(N+1)
[ C1 and C3 are identical]
y y1 y2 sin mx m cos mx m 2 sin mx

7. (d): y3 y4 y5 m3 cos mx m4 sin mx m 5 cos mx
y6 y7 y8 m6 sin mx m7 cos mx m8 sin mx
Taking – m5 common from R3, R1 and R3 becomes identical. Hence the value of determinant is
zero.

-2.13-
8. (d): Applying C3 C2 + C 2 – C1
1 cos x 0
( x) 1 sin x cos x 0 cos x cos x(1 sin x) sin x cos x
sin x sin x 1
cos 2 x
/2
/2 1 /2 1 1 1
( x )dx sin 2 xdx (cos cos 0)
0 2 0 2 2 0 4 2
9. (d): Since . are the roots of x3 + px + q = 0, =0
0 0 0
Applying R1 R1 + R2 + R3 , we get 0
1 2 0
10. (b): Putting x = 0 in both sides, we get 0 1 0 = p6 p6 = 9 be expansion.
2 0 1
p5 is the coefficient of x or constant term in the differentiation of determinant.
Differentiate both sides.

1 2x 2x 1 x 1 x2 2 x( x 1) x 1 x2 2 x( x 1)
x( x 1) x 1 x( x 2
2) 2x 1 1 3x 2
2 x( x 1) x 1 x ( x 2 2)
x2 2 x ( x 1) x 1 x2 2 x( x 1) x 1 2x 2x 1 1
5 4 3 2
= 6p0x + 5p1x + 4p2x + 3p3x + 2p4x + p5.
Putting x = 0 both sides, we get p5 = – 5; (p5, p6) = (–5, 9)
2.3. SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS
2.3.1. Non – Homogeneous System
Cramer’s Rule: Consider a system of simultaneous linear equations in three variables x, y, z ;

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 ...(1)
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
Let = a2 b2 c2 , x = d2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
y = a2 d2 c2 , z = a2 b2 d2
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3

-2.14-
where x, y, z are obtained by replacing first, second and third columns of respectively,
d1
by column d2 ,
d3
We discuss four cases :
If 0 the system has a unique solution, which is given by Cramer’s Rule :
y
x= x
, y , z z
If 0 and x = y = z = 0 , then the system has a trivial solution ; (x = y = z = 0)

If = 0 and at least one of the determinants x, y, z is non-zero, then the system is
inconsistent i.e. it has no solution.
If = 0 and x = y = z = 0, then the system has infinite number of solutions.
2.3.2. Homogeneous – System

If d1 = d2 = d3 = 0, then the system of equations (1) is known as homogenous system of equations.
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0
a2x + b2y + c2z = 0 ...(2)
a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
For this system of equations, x = y = z = 0; therefore, the system can be divided into only
2 cases :
Trivial Solution : If 0, then equations have unique solution i.e., x = y = z = 0. Which is

known as trivial solution.
Non-Trivial Solutions : The system (2) has non-trivial solutions (i.e. at least one of x, y, z is
different from zero) only if = 0.
Sample Problem 12:
Solve the following system of equations by Cramer’s Rule

2x – y + 3z = 9
x+y+z =6
x – y + z = 2.
2 1 3
Solution: Here = 1 1 1 = 2(1 + 1) + 1(1 – 1) + 3 (–1 – 1) = –2,
1 1 1
9 1 3
x = 6 1 1 = 9( 1 + 1) + 1(6 – 2) + 3(–6 –2) = –2
2 1 1

-2.15-
2 9 3
y = 1 6 1 = 2(6 – 2) – 9(1 – 1) + 3(2 – 6) = – 4
1 2 1
2 1 9
z = 1 1 6 = 2(2 + 6) + 1(2 – 6) + 9(–1 –1) = –6
1 1 2
By Cramer’s Rule
y
x = x
= 1, y = = 2, z = z
=3
Sample Problem 13:

For what value of k the following system of equations possess non-trivial solution; also find all
the solutions of the system for that value of k.
x + y – kz = 0
3x – y – 2z = 0
x – y + 2z = 0.
Solution: For non-trivial solutions, =0

1 1 k
3 1 2 =0
1 1 2
1(–2 –2) –1(6 + 2) –k(–3 + 1) = 0
– 4 – 8 + 2k = 0 k=6
Putting the value of k in the system of linear equation, we get
x + y – 6z = 0 ...(i)
3x – y – 2z = 0 ...(ii)
x – y + 2z = 0 ...(iii)
x
Adding (i) and (ii) 4x – 8z = 0 z=
2
Putting the value of z in (iii), we get
x–y+x=0 y = 2x
t
Thus when k = 6, solution of given system of linear equations will be x = t, y = 2t, z =
2
where t is an arbitrary number. Thus number of solutions of the system is infinite.
2.4. SOME IMPORTANT DETERMINANTS:

a b c
1. = b c a = –(a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = –(a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc –ca)
c a b
= –(a + b + c) ((a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2)/2
( a b )2 (b c ) 2 (c a ) 2
( a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = )
2
=0 a + b + c = 0 or a = b = c.

-2.16-
a p q a 0 0 a 0 0
2. = 0 b r p b 0 0 b 0 abc
0 0 c q r c 0 0 c
1 a a2 1 bc b c
3. = 1 b b2 1 ca c a = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)
1 c c2 1 ab a b
0 b c
4. The determinant of any skew symmetric matrix of odd order is zero i.e., b 0 a =0
c a 0
a h g
5. h b f = abc + 2fgh – af 2 – bg2 – ch2
g f c
To calculate value of any symmetric determinant, this result can be used.

1 1 1
6. a b c = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(a + b + c)
a3 b3 c3
1 1 1
7. a2 b2 c2 = (a – b)(b – c)(c – a)(ab + bc + ca)
a3 b3 c3
2.5. APPLICATION OF DETERMINANTS IN COORDINATE GEOMETRY
1. Area of triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is

x1 y1 1
1 1
= [ xi ( y2 y3 ) x2 ( y3 y1 ) x3 ( y1 y2 )] x2 y2 1
2 2
x3 y3 1
2. If arx + bry + cr = 0, (r = 1, 2, 3) are the sides of a triangle, then the area of the triangle is given
by
a1 b1 c1
1
a2 b2 c2 , where C1 = a2b3 – a3 b2, C2 = a3b1 – a1b3, C3 = a1b2 – a2b1 are the
2C1C2 C3
a3 b3 c3
a1 b1 c1
cofactors of the elements c1 , c2, c3 respectively in the determinant a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3
x y 1
3. The equation of a straight line passing through two points (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 0
x2 y2 1

-2.17-
a1 b1 c1
4. If three lines arx + bry + cr = 0; (r = 1, 2, 3) are concurrent if a2 b2 c2 0
a3 b3 c3
5. If ax2 +2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of straight lines, then
a h g
abc + 2fgh – af – bg – ch = 0 = h
2 2 2
b f
g f c
6. The equation of circle through three non-collinear points A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2), C(x3, y3) is
x2 y2 x y 1
x12 y12 x1 y1 1
=0
x22 y22 x2 y2 1
x32 y32 x3 y3 1
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-2.3, 2.4 AND 2.5:

1. The equation x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y + mx = n give infinite number of values of the
triplet (x, y, z) if
(a) m = 3, n R (b) m = 3, n 10 (c) m =3, n = 10 (d) none of these
2. The three lines ax + by + c = 0, bx + cy + a = 0, cx + ay + b = 0 are concurrent only when
2 2 2
(a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a + b + c = ab + bc + ca
3 3 3
(c) a + b + c = ab + bc + ca (d) none of these
3. The values of c for which the equations

2x + 3y = 3
(c + 2)x + (c + 4)y = c + 6
(c + 2)2x + (c + 4)2y = (c + 6)2
are consistent, are
(a) 0, 10 (b) 0, –10 (c) 1, 10 (d) none of these
4. Let and be real. The set of all values of and for which the system of linear equations
x + (sin )y + (cos )z = 0
x + (cos )y + (sin )z = 0
–x + (sin )y – (cos )z = 0
has a non – trivial solution, is
(a) | | 2, R (b) [ 2, 2], R (c) R, R (d) none of these
5. For what value of k do the following homogenous system of equations posses a non-trivial solution:
x + ky + 3z = 0, 3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0
(a) 33 (b) 11/3 (c) 33/2 (d) 2

-2.18-
6. For what values of p and q, the system of equation 2x + py + 6z = 8, x + 2y + qz = 5, x + y + 3z = 4

has a unique solution
(a) p 2, q 3 (b) p 2, q 3 (c) p 2, q 3 (d) none of these
7. For what value of m does the system of equations 3x + my = m and 2x – 5y = 20 has a solution
satisfying, the conditions x > 0, y > 0.
(a) m < 30, or m > –15/2 (b) m > 30, or m < –15/2
(c) m = 30, –15/2 (d) none of these
2 2 2
8. Given x = cy + bz; y = az + cx; z = bx + ay where x, y, z are not all zero. Then a + b + c + 2abc
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) none of these
9. The system of equations

x + 2y + 3z = 4
2x + 3y + 4z = 5
3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has
(a) infinitely many solutions (b) no solution
(c) a unique solution (d) none of these
10. The value of for which has system of equations x + y + z = 1, x + 2y + 2z = 3, x + 2y + z = 4

have no solution, is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-2.3, 2.4 AND 2.5:

1. (c): Each of the first three options contains m = 3. When m = 3, the last two equations become
x + 2y + 3z = 10 and x + 2y + 3z = n.
Obviously, when n = 10 these equation become the same. So we are left with only two
independent equations to find the values of the three unknowns.
Consequently, there will be infinite solutions.
a b c
3 3 3 3 3 3
2. (a,b): Three lines are concurrent if b c a 0 or, 3abc – a – b – c = 0 a + b + c = 3abc.
c a b
3 3 3 2 2 2
Also, a + b + c – 3abc = 0 (a + b + c) (a + b + c – ab – bc – ca) = 0
2 2 2
(a + b + c) = 0 or a + b + c = ab + bc + ca.
3. (b): The equation will be consistent, if

-2.19-
2 3 3
c 2 c 4 c 6 =0
(c 2)2 (c 4)2 (c 6) 2
Applying C3 C3 – C2, we get
2 3 0
c 2 c 4 2 =0
(c 2) 2 (c 4) 2 4(c 5)
Solving, we get c2 + 10 c = 0
or c = 0, –10 ...(i)
If c = 0, the system of equations becomes
2x 3 y 3
x = –3, y = 3 ...(ii)
2x 4y 6
Which satisfies
x + 4y = 9
If c = –10, the system of equations becomes
2x 3 y 3
x = –1/2, y = 4/3 ...(iii)
–8 x – 6 y – 4
Which satisfies
16x + 9y = 4
4. (a): For non – trivial solution, condition is = 0.

sin cos
= 1 cos sin 0
1 sin cos
or [–cos2 – sin2 ] – sin [–cos + sin ] + cos [sin + cos ] = 0
or = sin2 + cos2
R; | | 2
5. (c): For non-trivial solution, =0

1 k 3
= 3 k 2 0
2 3 4
1 k 3
Applying R2 R2 – 3R1 and R3 R3 –2R1 3 2k 11 0
0 3 2k 10
Expanding along Ist column, we get k = 33/2.

-2.20-
2 p 6
6. (a): = 1 2 q = 2(6 – q) – p(3 – q) + 6(1 – 2)
1 1 3
= 12 – 2q – 3p + pq – 6 = pq – 2q – 3p + 6 = (p –2)(q –3)
8 p 6
1 = 5 2 q = 8(6 – q) – p(15 – 49) + 6(5 – 8)
4 1 3
= 48 – 8q – 15p + 4pq –18 = 4pq – 8q – 15p + 30 = 4q(p – 2) – 15(p – 2) = (4q - 15)(p –2)
2 8 6
2 = 1 5 q = 2(15 – 4q) – 8(3 – q) + 6(4 – 5) = 0
1 4 3
2 p 8
and 3 = 1 2 5 = 2(8 – 5) – p(4 – 5) + 8(1 – 2) = p – 2
1 1 4
Case -I: When 0, i.e. p 2, q 3.given system of equation has unique solution.
Case-II: When = 0, i.e. p = 2, or q = 3
When p = 2, = 0, 1 = 0, 2 = 0, 3 =0
given system of equation has infinitely many solutions.
7. (b): Using Cramer’s Rule, the solution of the system is
x y 3 m
x ;y where (15 2m)
2 5
m m 3 m
x 25m, y 60 2m
20 5 2 20
for x > 0, m > 0, or m < –15/2.
for y > 0, m > 30, or m < –15/2.
x > 0, y > 0 for m > 30 or m < –15/2
8. (c): The given equations are x – cy – bz = 0, cx – y + az = 0 and bx + ay– z = 0

1 c b
so that D = c 1 a =0 1(1 – a2) + c(–c – ab) – b(ac + b) = 0
b a 1
2 2 2
1 – a2 – c2 – abc – abc – b2 = 0 a + b + c + 2abc = 1
1 2 3 1 2 3
9. (a): = 2 3 4 = 1 1 1 ; (R2 R2 – R1 ; R3 R3 – R 1)
3 4 5 2 2 2
=0

-2.21-
similarly x = y = z =0
the system has infinitely many solutions.
1 1 1
10. (c): = 1 2 2
1 2
= 1(2 – 4) – 1( –2) + (0)

= –2
=0 =2
1 1 1
x
= 3 2 2 0
4 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
y
= 1 3 2 0 2 1 0
1 4 2 0 3 1
no solution.

-2.22-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
e 2iA e iC e iB
1. If A, B, C are angles of a triangle, then the value of e iC e 2 iB e iA is
e iB e iA e 2iC
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) –4
a b 2c f 2d e
2. Given A = d e 2 f and B = 2n 4l 2 m then
l m 2n c 2a b
(a) 2A + B = 0 (b) 2A – B = 0 (c) A + 2B = 0 (d) A – 2B = 0
x 3 7
3. If 7 and 2 are roots of the equation 2 x 2 = 0, then the third root is
7 6 x
(a) –9 (b) 14 (c) ½ (d) none of these
1 1 1
4. If f (x, y) = 1 1 x 1 , then f (x, y) is
1 1 1 y
(a) not divisible by x (b) not divisible by y

(c) divisible by both x and y (d) divisible by neither x nor y
5. If the equations x = ay + z, y = az + x, z = ax + y are consistent having non-trivial solution then
(a) a3 = 1 (b) a3 + 1 = 0 (c) a = 2 (d) none of these
6. The system of equations ax + 4y + z = 0, bx + 3y + z = 0, cx + 2y + z = 0 have non trivial solutions if

a, b, c are in
(a) A.P. (b) G.P. (c) H.P. (d) none of these
1 x x 1
7. If f (x) = 2x x ( x 1) ( x 1) x then f (100) is equal to
3x ( x 1) x( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) x( x 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) none of these.

-2.23-
8. If fr(x), gr(x), hr(x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials in x such that f r(a) = gr(a) = hr (a) r = 1, 2, 3 and
f1 ( x ) f 2 ( x) f3 (x)
F ( x) g1 ( x) g 2 ( x ) g 3 ( x) then F (a) =
h1 ( x ) h2 ( x ) h3 ( x)
(a) 0 (b) g(a) (c) f (a) g (a) (d) none of these.
x3 sin x cos x
d3
9. Let f (x) = 6 1 0 where p is a constant, then 3 [ f ( x)] at x = 0, is
dx
p p2 p3
(a) p (b) p + p2 (c) p + p3 (d) independent of p
cos x 1 0
2
10. If f (x) = 1 2cos x 1 then f ( x )dx is equal to

2cos x
0
0 1
(a) 1/4 (b) –1/3 (c) 1/2 (d) none of these.
x 1 x 2 x
11. x 2 x 3 x 0 (where , , are in A.P), is
x 3 x 4 x
(a) an equation whose all roots are real (b) an identity in x.
(c) an equation with only one real root. (d) none of these.
cos 2 x sin 2 x cos 4 x

12. If the determinant sin 2 x cos 2 x cos 2 x is expanded in powers of sin x then the constant term
cos 4 x cos 2 x cos 2 x
in the expansion is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) None of these
x b b
x b
13. If = a x b and = are the given determinants, then
1 2
a x
a a x
(a) 1 = 3( 2)2 (b) (d/dx) 1 =3 2 (c) (d/dx) 1 = 3 ( 2)2 (d) 1 =3 2

3/2

-2.24-
14. If f (x) and g(x) are functions such that f (x + y) = f (x) g(y) + g(x) f (y), then
f( ) g( ) f ( )
f( ) g( ) f ( ) is independent of
f( ) g( ) f( )
(a) (b) (c) (d) all of , , ,
15. If [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to the real number under consideration, and
[ x] 1 [ y ] [z]
–1 x < 0, 0 y < 1, 1 z < 2, then the value of the determinant [ x ] [ y] 1 [ z ] is
[ x] [ y] [ z] 1
(a) [x] (b) [y] (c) [z] (d) none of these

cos( ) sin( ) cos 2
16. The determinant = sin cos sin is independent
cos sin cos
(a) (b) (c) and (d) neither nor

a b a b
17. The determinant = b c b c is equal to zero if
a b b c 0
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) a, b, c are in G.P. (c) a, b, c are in H.P. (d) none of these
0 x a x b
18. If a b c, one value of x which satisfies the equation x a 0 x c = 0 is given
x b x c 0
by
(a) x = a (b) x = b (c) x = c (d) x = 0
1 a a 2 bc
19. The value of the determinant 1 b b 2 ca is
1 c c2 ab
(a) (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2) (b) a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc

(c) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (d) none of these
a b b c c a a b c
20. If b c c a a b = k b c a then k =
c a a b b c c a b
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 8

21. The system of linear equations
x+y+z=2
2x + y – z = 3
3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
(a) k 0 (b) – 1 < k < 1 (c) –2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0

-2.25-
ka k 2 a2 1
22. The value of the determinant kb k 2 b2 1 is
kc k 2 c2 1
(a) k(a + b) (b + c) (c + a) (b) k abc(a2 + b2 + c2)

(c) k(a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (d) k(a + b – c) (b + c – a) (c + a –b)
23. If the system of equations x + y = 3, y + z = 5, z + x = 4, x + y + kz = 6 is consistent, then k
equals
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 0
x 3 7
24. If x = –9 is a root of the equation 2 x 2 = 0 then the other two roots are
7 6 x
(a) (3, 7) (b) (2, 7) (c) (3, 6) (d) (2, 6)

25. The value of lying between = 0 and = /2 and satisfying the equation
2 2
1 sin cos 4sin 4
sin 2 1 cos 2 4sin 4 = 0, are
2 2
sin cos 1 4sin 4
3 5 11
(a) (b) (c) (d)
24 24 24 24
log l p 1
26. If l, m, n are the pth, qth, rth terms of a G.P., then log m q 1 =
log n r 1
(a) p q r (b) 1 + m + n (c) 0 (d) none of these

1 2 k
27. If k 4 5 = 0, then the values of k are
5 6 7
8 8
(a) –3, 3 (b) –3, – (c) 3, (d) none of these
3 3
n( n 1)
r 1
2 n
28. If Dr 2r 1 4 n2 , then the value of Dr is
r 1 n r 0
2 5 2 1
n(n 1)(2 n 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) none of these
6
x3 x4 3x2
d 3 f ( x)
29. f (x) = 1 6 4 Here p is a constant then is
dx3
p p2 p3
(a) proportional to x2 (b) proportional to x (c) proportional to x3 (d) a constant

-2.26-
a x
e x log e a x2
30. If g(x) = a 3x
e3 x log e a x 4 , then
5x
a e5 x log e a 1
(a) graphs of g(x) is symmetrical about the origin (b) graphs of g(x) is symmetrical about the y-axis
d 4 g ( x) a x
(c) 0 (d) f (x) = g(x) × log is an odd function
dx 4 a x
x 0
sin cos sin sin cos

31. If = cos cos cos sin sin , then
sin sin sin cos 0
(a) is independent of (b) is independent of

d
(c) is a constant (d) 0
d /2
cos sin 1
32. If ( )= sin cos 1 , then
cos( ) sin( ) 1
(a) f (300, 200) = f (400, 200) (b) f (200, 400) = f (200, 600)
(c) f (100, 200) = f (200, 200) (d) none of these
a2 x ab ac
33. The determinant = ab b 2
x bc is divisible by
ac bc c2 x
(a) x (b) x2 (c) x3 (d) none of these
x2 4x 3 2x 4 13
34. If (x) = 2 x 2
5x 9 4x 5 26 = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, then
8 x 2 6 x 1 16 x 6 104
(a) a = 3 (b) b = 0 (c) c = 0 (d) none of these
a 1 0
35. If f (x) = ax a 1 , then f (2x) – f (x) is divisible by
ax 2 ax a
(a) x (b) a (c) 2a + 3x (d) x2

-2.27-
x n 1 n 1
Cr Cr Cr 1
x 1 n n
36. The root of the equation Cr Cr Cr 1 0 are
x 2 n 1 n 1
Cr Cr Cr 1
(a) x = n (b) x = n + 1 (c) x = n –1 (d) x = n –2
n n 1 n 2
n n 1 n 2
37. Let f (n) = Pn Pn 1 Pn 2 , where the symbols have their usual meanings. Then f(n) is
n n 1 n 2
Cn Cn 1 Cn 2
divisible by
(a) n2 + n + 1 (b) (n + 1)! (c) n! (d) none of these
38. The value of k R for which the system of equations x + ky + 3z = 0, kx + 2y + 2z = 0, 2x + 3y + 4z =

0 admits of nontrivial solution is
(a) 2 (b) 5/2 (c) 3 (d) 5/4
a a2 0
39. = 1 2a b (a b) is divisible by
0 1 2a 3b
(a) a + b (b) a + 2b (c) 2a + 3b (d) a
Comprehension-1
Consider the system of linear equation in three variable x, y, z

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 ; a2x + b2y + c2z = d2; a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a1 b1 c1 x d1
in matrix from we can write it as a2 b2 c2 y d2 i.e. AX = B
a3 b3 c3 z d3
(i) If A is non singular matrix (i.e. |A| 0), then X = A–1 B gives unique solution for system.
(ii) If A is singular matrix (i.e. |A| = 0) then system will have no unique solution, if (adj. A) B = 0
(iii) If (adj A) B 0 but matrix is singular, the system has no solution i.e. it is inconsistent.
40. If the system of equation x – ky – z = 0, kx – y – z = 0 and x + y – z = 0 has a non zero solution then
the possible values of k are
(a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1
41. The system of linear equations x + y + z = 2; 2x + y – z = 3; 3x + 2y + kz = 4 has a unique solution if
(a) k 0 (b) – 1 < k < 1 (c) – 2 < k < 2 (d) k = 0

-2.28-
42. The system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 4; 2x + 3y + 4z = 5; 3x + 4y + 5z = 6 has
(a) many solution (b) no solution (c) unique solution (d) none of these
43. If the system of equation x + 2 y – 3z = 1; (p + 2) z = 3; (2p + 1) y + z = 2 is inconsistent, then

the value of p is
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
Comprehension-2
A set of vector {(a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3), (c1, c2, c3)} is said to be linearly independent if and only if
a1 a2 a3
b1 b2 b3 0
c1 c2 c3
otherwise the set is said to be linearly dependent. A similar result holds for {(a1, a2), (b1, b2)}.
44. If (a1, a2, a3), (b1, b2, b3) and (c1, c2, c3) are linearly independent and
x (a1, a2, a3 ) + y(b1 , b2, b3) + z (c1, c2, c3) = 0, then
(a) x = y = z (b) x = y = z =0 (c) x + y + z = 0 (d) x+ y + z 0
45. If (1, a, a2 ), (1, b, b2) and (1, c, c2) are linearly independent, then
(a) a + b + c 0 (b) (b – a) (c – b) 0
(c) (b – c) (c – a) (a – b) 0 (d) none of these
46. If a, b, c are distinct and (a, a2, a3 + 1), (b, b2, b3 + 1), (c, c2, c3 + 1) are linearly dependent, then value
of abc is
(a) – 1 (b) – 2 (c) 2 (d) 1
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

ba
47. If A = 1 bc (a 0) then A–1 = µI – kA, where I is the identity matrix of order 2, then match
c
a
the following
A. det (A) (p) a + 2
B. (q) 1
C. µ (r) a2 + bc + 1
D. k+2 (s) a

-2.29-
x (1 sin x)3 cos x

48. A. Coefficient of x in f ( x) 1 log(1 x) 2 (p) 10
x 2
1 x 2
0
1 3cos 1
B. Maximum value of sin 1 3cos (q) 0
1 sin 1
x a x2 1 1
C. If a, b, c are in A.P. and f ( x) x b 2x 2
1 1 , then f ´(0) is (r) –12
x c 3x 2
2 1
x 2 x
D. If 1 x 6 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x + a0, then a0 is (s) –2
x x x 1
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2 x

49. Maximum value of the expression sin x
2
1 cos x 2
4sin 2 x is equal to.
sin 2 x cos 2 x 1 4sin 2 x
1 x x2 x3 1 0 x x4
50. If x x2 1 3 , find the value of 0 x x4 x3 1 .
x2 1 x x x4 x3 1 0
a b c 2a 2a
51. If 2b b c a 2b = (a + b + c)m, then m is.
2c 2c c a b
52. If the equation 2x + 2y + 1 = 0, 6x + 2y –3 = 0 and ax + 2y – b = 0 are consistent, then a – b is
53. Maximum value of a second order determinant whose each entry is either zero or one is equal to.
a1 a2 a3
54. If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P., and D = 5 4 a6 , then the value of [D] is (where [.]
a7 a8 a9
represents the greatest integer function).
x 2 2x 3 3x 4
55. Absolute value of sum of roots of the equation 2 x 3 3 x 4 4 x 5 0 is
3 x 5 5 x 8 10 x 17
56. The value of | | for which the system of equation

x+y+z= – 1; x + y + z = – 1; x + y + z = – 1; has no solution is

-2.30-
57. The sum of values of p for which the equations x + y + z = 1, x + 2y + 4z = p, and x + 4y + 10z = p2
have a solution is
x x y x y z
58. If = 2 x 3x 2 y 4 x 3 y 2 z 64, then the real value of x is.
3 x 6 x 3 y 10 x 6 y 3 z

-2.31-

1 a2 x (1 b2 ) x (1 c 2 ) x
1. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 and then f(x) f ( x) (1 a 2 ) x 1 b2 x (1 c 2 ) x , is a polynomial of
(1 a 2 ) x (1 b2 ) x 1 c 2 x
degree [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
log an log an 1 log an 2
2. If a1, a2, a3, ...., an are in G.P., then the determinant log an 3 log an 4 log an 5 is equal
log an 6 log an 7 log an 8
to [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 4 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
5 5
3. Let A = 0 5 . If | A2 | = 25, then | | equals (AIEEE 2007)
0 0 5
(a) 1/5 (b) 5 (c) 152 (d) 1
4. If the system of linear equations x + 2ay + az = 0; x + 3by + bz & x + 4cy + cz = 0

has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c [AIEEE-2003]
(a) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 (b) are in A. P.
(c) are in G.P. (d) are in H. P.
a a2 1 a3
5. If b b 2 1 b3 0 and vectors (1, a, a2), (1, b, b2) and (1, c, c2) are non-coplanar, then the
c c2 1 c3
product abc equals [AIEEE-2003]
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) –1 (d) 1
log l p 1
6. l, m, n are the pth, qth and rth terms of a G. P. all positive, then log m q 1 equals [AIEEE-2002]
log n r 1
(a) –1 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0

-2.32-
a b ax b
7. If a > 0 and discriminant of ax2 + 2bx + c is –ve, then b c bx c is equal
ax b bx c 0
to [AIEEE-2002]
(a) positive (b) (ac – b2) (ax2 +2bx + c)
(c) negative (d) 0
1 1 1
8. If D = 1 1 x 1 for x 0, y 0 then D is [AIEEE 2007]
1 1 1 y
(a) divisible by x but not y (b) divisible by y but not x
(c) divisible by neither x nor y (d) divisible by both x and y
9. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are integers. Then which one of the following is true?
(a) If det A ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are non-integers
(b) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists and all its entries are integers
(c) If det A = ±1, then A–1 need not exist
(d) If det A = ±1, then A–1 exists but all its entries are not necessarily integers [AIEEE 2008]
10. Let a, b, c be such that b(a + c) 0. If [AIEEE 2009]

a a 1 a 1 a 1 b 1 c 1
b b 1 b 1 a 1 b 1 c 1 0 , then the value of n is
c c 1 c 1 ( 1) n 2 a ( 1) b ( 1) n c
n 1
(a) any even integer (b) any odd integer (c) any integer (d) zero
11. Let A be a 2 × 2 matrix [AIEEE 2009]
Statement - 1 : adj (adj A) = A

Statement - 2 : |adj A| = |A|
(a) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
12. The set of all values of for which the system of linear equations:
2x1 – 2x2 + x3 = x1
2x1 – 3x2 + 2x3 = x2
–x1 + 2x2 = x3
has a non-trivial solution [JEE-Mains 2015]

(a) is an empty set (b) is a singleton
(c) contains two elements (d) contains more than two elements.

-2.33-

x+ y–z=0
x–y –z=0
x+y– z=0
has a non-trivial solution for [JEE-Mains 2016]
(a) exactly three values of (b) infinitely many values of
(c) exactly one value of (d) exactly two values of
14. If S is the set of distinct values of ‘b’ for which the following system of linear equations
x+y+z=1
x + ay + z = 1
ax + by + z = 0
has no solution, then S is [JEE-Mains 2017]
(a) a singleton
(b) an empty set
(c) an infinite set
(d) a finite set containing two or more elements
1 1 1
15. Let be a complex number such that 2 + 1 = z where z 3. If 1 2
1 2
3k, then k is
2 7
1
equal to [JEE-Mains 2017]
(a) 1 (b) –z (c) z (d) –1
16. If the system of linear equations

x + ky + 3z = 0
3x + ky –2z = 0
2x + 4y – 3z = 0
xz
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z), then is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2018]
y2
(a) 30 (b) –10 (c) 10 (d) –30
x 4 2x 2x
17. If 2x x 4 2x ( A Bx)( x A) 2 , then the ordered pair (A, B) is equal to
2x 2x x 4
[JEE-Mains 2018]
(a) (4, 5) (b) (–4, –5) (c) (–4, 3) (d) (–4, 5)

-2.34-
1 sin 1
3 5
18. If A = sin 1 sin ; then for all , , det (A) lies in the interval:
4 4
1 sin 1
[JEE-Mains 2019]
5 3 3 5
(a) ,4 (b) ,3 (c) 0, (d) 1,
2 2 2 2
19. The set of all values of .. for which the system of linear equations.
x – 2y – 2z = x
x + 2y + z = y
–x – y = z
has a non-trivial solution. [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) contains more than two elements (b) is a singleton
(c) is an empty set (d) contains exactly two elements
20. An ordered pair( ) for which the system of linear equations

(1 + )x + by + z = 2
x +(1 + ) y + z = 3
x + y + 2z = 2 has a unique solution is [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) (1, –3) (b) (–3, 1) (c) (2, 4) (d) (–4, 2)
a b c 2a 2a
21. If 2b b c a 2b = (a + b + c) (x + a + b + c)2, x 0 and a + b + c 0, then x is
2c 2c c a b
(a) –(a + b + c) (b) 2(a + b + c) (c) abc (d) –2(a + b + c)

2x + 2y + 3z = a
3x – y + 5z = b
x – 3y + 2z = c
where a, b, c are non-zero real numbers, has more then one solution, then : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) b – c – a = 0 (b) a + b + c = 0 (c) b + c – a = 0 (d) b – c + a = 0
23. The number of values of (0, ) for which the system of linear equations
x + 3y + 7z = 0
–x + 4y + 7z = 0
(sin 3 )x + (cos 2 ) y + 2z = 0
has a non-trivial solution, is : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) One (b) Three (c) Four (d) Two

-2.35-

x+y+z=2
2x + 3y + 2z = 5
2x + 3y + (a2 –1) z = a + 1 [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) is inconsistent when a = 4 (b) has unique solution for |a| = 3
(c) has infinitely many solutions for a = 4 (d) is inconsistent when |a| = 3

x – 4y + 7z = g
3y – 5z = h
–2x + 5y – 9z = k
is consistent, then : [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) g + h + k = 0 (b) 2g + h + k = 0 (c) g + h + 2k = 0 (d) g + 2h + k = 0
26. If the system of equations

x+y+z=5
x + 2y + 3z = 9
x + 3y + az =
has infinitely many solutions, then equals: [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) 5 (b) 18 (c) 21 (d) 8
2 4 d (sin ) 2
27. Let d R, and A = 1 (sin ) 2 d , [0, 2 ]. If the minimum value of det
5 (2sin ) d ( sin ) 2 2 d
(A) is 8, [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) –7 (b) 2( 2 2) (c) –5 (d) 2( 2 1)
28. Let a1, a2, a3, ...., a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for i = 1, 2,...., 10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k), r k N
log e a1r a2k log e a2r a3k loge a3r a4k
(the set of natural numbers) for which log e a4r a5k log e a5r a6k loge a6r a7k 0 . Then the number of
log e a7r a8r log e a8r a9k log e a9r log10k
elements in S, is: [JEE-Mains 2019]

(a) infinitely many (b) 4 (c) 10 (d) 2

2x + 2ay + az = 0
2x + 3by + bz = 0
2x + 4cy + cz = 0,
where a, b, c R are non-zero and distinct; has a non-zero solution, then :
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) a + b + c = 0
1 1 1
(c) a, b, c are in G.P. (d) , , are in A.P. [JEE-Mains 2020]
a b c

-2.36-
30. Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that bij = (3)(i + j – 2)aji, where i, j = 1, 2,
3. If the determinant of B is 81, then the determinant of A is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 3 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/81 (d) 1/9
31. If the system of linear equations,

x+y+z=6
x + 2y + 3z = 10
3x + 2y + z =
has more than two solutions, then µ – 2
is equal to ________ [JEE-Mains 2020]
32. For which of the following ordered pairs ( , ), the system of linear equations
x + 2y + 3z = 1
3x + 4y + 5z = µ
4x + 4y + 4z =
is inconsistent ? [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (1, 0) (b) (4, 6) (c) (3, 4) (d) (4, 3)

x + 2y + 2z = 5
2 x + 3y + 5z = 8
4x + y + 6z = 10 has [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) infinitely many solutions when = 2 (b) a unique solution when = –8
(c) no solution when =8 (d) no solution when =2
34. If for some and in R, the intersection of the following three planes
x + 4y – 2z = 1
x + 7y – 5z =
x + 5y + z = 5
is a line in R3, then + is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 10 (b) –10 (c) 2 (d) 0
35. The following system of linear equations

7x + 6y – 2z = 0
3x + 4y + 2z = 0
x – 2y – 6z = 0, has
(a) infinitely many solutions, (x, y, z) satisfying x = 2z
(b) no solution
(c) only the trivial solution
(d) infinitely many solutions, (x, y, z) satisfying y = 2z [JEE-Mains 2020]

-2.37-
x a x 2 x 1
36. Let a –2b + c = 1 If f ( x ) x b x 3 x 2 , then: [JEE-Mains 2020]
x c x 4 x 3
(a) f (–50) = 501 (b) f (–50) = –1 (c) f (50) = 1 (d) f (50) = –501
37. Let S be the set of all R for which the system of linear equations
2x – y + 2z = 2
x – 2y + z = –4
x+ y+z=4
has no solution. Then the set S [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) contains more than two elements. (b) is a singleton.
(c) contains exactly two elements. (d) is an empty set.
x 2 2 x 3 3x 4
38. If 2 x 3 3x 4 4 x 5 = Ax3 + Bx2 + Cx + D, then B + C is equal to- [JEE-Mains 2020]
3x 5 5x 8 10 x 17
(a) –3 (b) 9 (c) –1 (d) 1
39. Let S be the set of all integer solutions, (x, y, z), of the system of equations [JEE-Mains 2020]
x – 2y + 5z = 0
– 2x + 4y + z = 0
– 7x + 14y + 9z = 0
such that 15 x2 + y2 + z2 150. Then, the number of elements in the set S is equal to.
x – 2y + 3z = 9
2x + y + z = b
x – 7y + az = 24, has infinitely many solutions, then a – b is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
x+y+z=2
2x + 4y – z = 6
3x + 2y + z = µ
has infinitely many solutions, then : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 2 + µ = 14 (b) + 2µ = 14 (c) 2 – µ = 5 (d) – 2µ = – 5
42. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the system of linear equations, Ax = b when the
vector b on the right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectively.
1 0 0 1 0 0
If x1 1 , x2 2 , x3 0 , b1 0 , b2 2 and b3 0 , then the determinant of A is equal
1 1 1 0 0 2
to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 3
(a) (b) 4 (c) 2 (d)
2 2

-2.38-
43. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function f : , R, defined by :
4 2
sin 2 1 sin 2 1
2 2
f( ) cos 1 cos 1
12 10 2
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) (0, 4) (b) (–4, 4) (c) (0, 2 2 ) (d) (–4, 0)
44. Let R. The system of linear equations
2x1 – 4x2 + x3 = 1
x1 – 6x2 + x3 = 2
x1 – 10x2 + 4x3 = 3 is inconsistent for : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) exactly one negative value of . (b) exactly one positive value of .
(c) every value of . (d) exactly two values of .
x + y + 3z = 0
x + 3y + k2z = 0
3x + y + 3z = 0
y
has a non-zero solution (x, y, z) for some k R, then x is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
z
(a) 9 (b) – 3 (c) – 9 (d) 3
46. If a + x = b + y = c + z + 1, where a, b, c, x, y, z are non-zero distinct real numbers, then
x a y x a
y b y y b is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
z c y z c
(a) 0 (b) y(a – b) (c) y(b – a) (d) y(a – c)
47. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum values of
cos 2 x 1 sin 2 x sin 2 x
1 cos2 x sin 2 x sin 2 x . Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to – [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 2
cos x sin x 1 sin 2 x
(a) (–3, –1) (b) (1, 3) (c) (–3, 3) (d) (–4, –1)
48. The values of and µ for which the system of linear equations
x+y+z=2
x + 2y + 3z = 5
x + 3y + z = µ
has infinitely many solutions are, respectively : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 5 and 8 (b) 5 and 7 (c) 4 and 9 (d) 6 and 8
49. The sum of distinct values of for which the system of equations
( – 1)x + (3 + 1)y + 2 z = 0
( – 1)x + (4 – 2)y + ( + 3)z = 0
2x + (3 + 1)y + 3( – 1)z = 0,
has non-zero solutions, is ___________. [JEE-Mains 2020]

-2.39-
xp y x y
1. The determinant py z y z 0 if [IIT 1997]
0 xp y yp z
(a) x, y, z are in A.P. (b) x, y, z are in G.P.

(c) x, y, z are in H.P. (d) xy, yz, zx are in A.P.
1 a a2
2. The parameter on which the value of the determinant cos( p d ) x cos px cos( p d ) x does not
sin( p d ) x sin px sin( p d ) x
depend upon [IIT 1997]
(a) a (b) p (c) r (d) x
6i 3i 1
3. If 4 3i 1 = x + iy, then [IIT 1998]
20 3 i
(a) x = 3, y = 1 (b) x = 1, y = 3 (c) x = 0, y = 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0
1 x x 1
4. If f (x) = 2x x( x 1) ( x 1) x , then f (100) is equal to [IIT 1999]
3 x ( x 1) x ( x 1)( x 2) ( x 1) x( x 1)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 100 (d) –100
sin cos sin 2
2 2 4
5. For all values of : sin cos sin 2 is equal to [IIT 2000]
3 3 3
2 2 4
sin cos sin 2
3 3 3
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
sin x cos x cos x
6. The number of distinct real roots of cos x sin x cos x = 0 in the interval x
4 4
cos x cos x sin x
is [IIT Sc. 2001]
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 3
7. If the system of equations x – Ky – z = 0, Kx – y – z = 0, x +y – z = 0 has a non-zero solution, then the

possible values of K are: [IIT Sc. 2001]
(a) –1, 2 (b) 1, 2 (c) 0, 1 (d) –1, 1
8. The number of values of K for which the system of equations (K + 1)x + 8y = 4K and
Kx + (K + 3)y = 3K – 1 has infinitely many solutions is [IIT Sc. 2002]
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) infinite

-2.40-
9. Consider the system of equations [IIT 2008]

x – 2y + 3z = –1
–x + y – 2z = k
x – 3y + 4z = 1.
STATEMENT-1: The system of equations has no solution for k 3.
1 3 1
STATEMENT-2: The determinant 1 2 k 0, for k 3.
1 4 1
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
10. Let (x, y, z) be points with integer coordinates satisfying the system of homogeneous equations :
3x – y – z = 0
–3x + z = 0
–3x + 2y + z = 0
Then the number of such points for which x2 + y2 + z2 100 is [IIT 2009]
11. Let k be a positive real number and let

2k 1 2 k 2 k 0 2k 1 k
A 2 k 1 2k and B 1 2k 0 2 k
2 k 2k 1 k 2 k 0
If det (adj A) + det (adj B) = 106, then [k] is equal to

[Note: adj M denotes the adjoint of a square matrix M and [k] denotes the largest integer less than or
equal to k] [IIT 2010]
1 4 4
12. If the adjoint of a 3 × 3 matrix P is 2 1 7 , then the possible value(s) of the determinant of P is
1 1 3
(are)
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 1 (d) 2 [IIT 2012]
(1 )2 (1 2 ) 2 (1 3 ) 2
13. Which of the following values of a satisfy the equation (2 )2 (2 2 ) 2 (2 3 ) 2 648 ?
(3 )2 (3 2 ) 2 (3 3 )2
(a) –4 (b) 9 (c) –9 (d) 4
[JEE-Advance 2015]

-2.41-
3 1 2
14. Let P 2 0 , where . Suppose Q = [qij] is a matrix such that PQ = k I, where
k k2
k ,k 0 and I is the identity matrix of order 3. If q23 and det(Q) = , then
8 2
[JEE-Advance 2016]
(a) = 0, k = 8 (b) 4 – k + 8 = 0 (c) det(P adj(Q)) = 29 (d) det(Qadj(P)) = 213
x x2 1 x3
15. The total number of distinct x R for which 2 x 4 x 2
1 8x 3 10 is [JEE-Advance 2016]
3x 9 x 2 1 27 x3
cos( 2x ) cos( 2x ) sin( 2x )

16. If f ( x ) cos x cos x sin x , then [JEE-Advance 2017]
sin x sin x cos x
(a) f´(x) = 0 at exactly three points in (– , )

(b) f´(x) = 0 at more than three points in (– , )
(c) f(x) attains its maximum at x = 0
(d) f(x) attains its minimum at x = 0
17. Let P be a matrix of order 3 × 3 such that all the entries in P are from the set {–1, 0, 1}. Then, the
maximum possible value of the determinant of P is _____ . [JEE-Advance 2018]

-2.42-
CHAPTER TEST
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 1 to 5. Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONLY-ONE is correct.
a2 a 1
1. The value of the determinant cos (nx) cos( n 1) x cos( n 2) x is independent of :
sin (nx) sin ( n 1) x sin ( n 2) x
(a) n (b) a (c) x (d) a, n and x
1 a 1 1
2. If a, b, c are all different from zero & 1 1 b 1 = 0 , then the value of a 1+ b 1 + c 1
1 1 1 c
is
(a) abc (b) a 1 b 1 c 1 (c) a b c (d) 1
3. The value of a for which the system of equations a3x + (a + 1)3y + (a + 2)3z = 0
ax + (a + 1)y + (a + 2)z = 0 and x + y + z = 0 has a non-zero solution is
a 1 a 2 a p
4. If a 2 a 3 a q = 0 , then p, q, r are in :
a 3 a 4 a r
(a) AP (b) GP (c) HP (d) none of these

x x x
C1 C2 C3
y y y
5. The value of the determinant C1 C2 C3 is
z z z
C1 C2 C3
1 1
(a) xyz (x + y) (y + z) (z + x) (b) xyz (x + y– z) (x + z – x)
3 4
1
(c) xyz (x – y) (y – z) (z – x) (d) none of these
12
This section contains 5 multiple choice questions numbered 6 to 10. Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of which ONE OR MORE is/are correct.

-2.43-
p sin x q sin x p r sin x

2
6. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x) = q sin x r sin x 1 sin x such that f ( x) dx 4 , then
0
r sin x s sin x s q sin x
the common difference of the A.P. can be
(a) –1 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
7. Let { 1, 2, 3, ..., k} be the set of third order determinants that can be made with the distinct non
zero real numbers a1, a2, a3, ....., an, then
k
(a) k = 4! (b) k = 9! (c) i 0 (d) at least one i =0
i 1
n ( n 1) (n 2)
n n 1 n 2
8. Let f (n) = Pn Pn 1 Pn 2 , where symbols have their usual meanings. Then f (x) is
n n 1 n 2
Cn Cn 1 Cn 2
divisible by
(a) n2 + n + 1 (b) n2 – n + 1 (c) (n + 1)! (d) n!
1
f ( x) f f ( x)
1 x
9. If f (x) is a polynomial satisfying f (x) = and f (2) = 17, then f (5)
2 1
1 f
x
(a) 124 (b) 125 (c) 126 (d) 624
a a2 0
10. Let = 1 2a b (a b) 2 then
0 1 2a 3b
(a) (a + b) is a factor of (b) (a + b)2 is a factor of

(c) (a + 2b) is a factor of (d) (a + 2b)2 is a factor of

ONE is correct.
a1 b1 c1
If we expand the determinant = a2 b2 c2 , then is a sum of 6 terms which are of the type ai bj
a3 b3 c3
ck (i j k) i.e., 3!. Half of it will be positive and other half will be negative.
= (a1b2c3 + a2b3c1 + a3b1c2) – (a1b3c2 + a3b2c1 + a2b1c3).

-2.44-
11. The number of terms of the type ai b j ck dl (i j k l) is 4 × determinant must be
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
12. If A. Adj (A) = |A|In where A be a square matrix of order n × n, then |adj A| is
(a) |A| (b) |A|2 (c) |A|n (d) |A|n –1
13. Given a n × n matrix A with real entries such that A 2 = – I, then |A| must be
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) none of these

sec2 x 1 1
14. Let (x) = cos x cos x cosec2 x
2 2
1 cos2 x cot 2 x
3
A. Period of (x) (p)
32
B. Maximum value of (x) (q)
/4 1
C. f ( x) dx (r) 1
0 4
D. Minimum value of f (x) (s) 0
(t) 2

ORS.
x 1 x2 2 x2 x
15. Let ax + bx + cx + dx + cx + fx + gx + h = x
7 6 5 4 3 2 2
x x 2
1 x 2
2 then the value of
x 2
2 x 2
x x 1
h is?
0 1 1
16. Let x be the solution set of the equation A = I where A = 4 x
3 4 and I with
3 3 4
corresponding unit matrix and x N, then the minimum value of (cos x + sin x ),
R.

-2.45-
x a x b x a c
2
17. Let f (x) = x b x c x 1 and f ( x)dx –16, where a, b, c, d are in A.P. If the
0
x c x d x b d
common difference of the A.P. is ± k, then k is?
cos x sin x cos x

18. Let f (x) = cos 2 x sin 2 x 2cos 2 x , then the value of f ' is ?
2
cos3x sin 3 x 3cos3x
28 25 38
19. Let N = 42 38 65 , then the number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two
56 47 83
divisors which are relatively prime is?
1 2 1
20. The number of positive integral solutions 3 2 = 0 is ?
2 2 1
x 1 ( x 1)2 x3
21. If f (x) = x 1 x2 ( x 1)3 then the coefficient of x is f (x) is?
x ( x 1) 2 ( x 1)3
22. Number of values of ‘a’ for which the s ystem of eq uations.

a 2 x + (2 – a) y = 4 + a 2
ax + (2a – 1)y = a 5 –2 have no sol ution is?

-2.46-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6 (a) 7. (a) 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (d) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (c)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a,c)
31. (b,d) 32. (a,c) 33. (a,b) 34. (b,c) 35. (a,b,c)
36. (a,c) 37. (a,c) 38. (a,b) 39. (a,d) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (a) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (a) 47. A-(q); B-(s); C-(r); D-(p) 48. A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)
49. (6) 50. (9) 51. (3) 52. (3) 53. (1)
54. (2) 55. (4) 56. (2) 57. (3) 58. (4)
1. (d): e2i A (e2i (B + C) – e–2i(A) – e–iC (eiC – e–i(A + B)) + e–iB(e–i(C + A) – eiB)
= e2i (A + B + C) – 1 – 1 + e– i(A + B + C) + e–i(B + C + A) –1
= 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 = – 4. ( A + B + C = )
2. (b): Simply evaluate A and B

3. (a): x(x2 – 12) –3 (2 x – 14) 77 (12 – 77) = 0
x3 – 67x + 126 = 0
126
third root = 9
7 2
4. (c): f (x, y) = 1 (1 + x + y + xy –1) –1(1 + y –1) + 1 (1 – 1 – x)
=x + y + xy – y – x = xy.
5. (d): Use |A| = 0 where A is the coefficient matrix.

6 (a): Use the above concept.
1 1 1
7. (a): f (x) = x (x + 1) (x – 1) 2 x x 1 x
3x x 2 x

-2.47-
1 0 0
= x (x + 1) (x –1) 2 x x 1 x =0
3x 2x 2 2x
f1 '(a) f 2 (a) f3 (a ) f1 (a ) f 2 '(a ) f 3 (a ) f1 (a ) f 2 (a ) f 3 '(a )

8. (a): F (a) g1 '(a) g 2 (a) g 3 (a) + g1 (a) g 2 '( a) g3 ( a) + g1 ( a ) g2 (a ) g3 '(a ) = 0
h1 '( a) h2 (a ) h3 (a ) h1 (a) h2 '( a) h3 ( a) h1 ( a) h2 (a) h3 '(a)
( fr(a) = gr(a) = hr(a)) ( elements of two columns are in a constant ratio)
6 cos x sin x
d 3 ( f ( x))
9. (d): 6 1 0
dx3
p p2 p3
d3
at x = 0, ( f (0)) 0
dx 3
10. (b): f(x) = cos x (4cos2x –1) –1 (2 cos x)

=4 cos3x – 3cosx
= cos 3x
/2 1 1
cos 3 xdx [sin 3x]0 /2
0 3 3
11. (b): 2µ = +v
R1 + R 3
By applying R2 R2 –
2
x 1 x 2 x
( x 1 x 3) x 2 x 4 x x
( x 2) ( x 3) x
2 2 2
x 3 x 4 x
x 1 x 2 x
0 0 0 0
x 3 x 4 x
Identity in x
12. (c): Putting sin x = 0 x = 9 say,

1 0 1
constant terms = 0 1 1 = 1 (1 – 1) + 1 (0 –1) = –1
1 1 1
1 0 0 x b b x b b
d
13. (b): First evaluate ( 1) a x b 0 1 0 a x b
dx
a a x a a x 0 0 1

-2.48-
= x2 – ab + x2 – ab + x2 – a b
= 3(x2 – ab) = 3 2.
f ( )g( ) g( ) f ( ) f( )
1
14. (d): f ( )g( ) g( ) f ( ) f( ) =0 (C3 C3 – (C2 + C1))
g( ) f ( )
f ( )g( ) f ( ) f ( ) f( )
15. (c): [x] = –1, [y] = 0, [z] = 1

0 0 1
1 1 1 = 1 (0 +1) = 1 = [z]
1 0 2
16. (a): Use trigonometric formulas.

17. (b): Use R3 –( R1 + R2)
18. (d): Expand along any one row.
19. (d): R1 R1 – R2, then expand the determinant
R2 R2 – R3
20. (b): R1 R1 – R2, in both determinant, then expand both the determinant
R2 R2 – R3
21. (a): Apply the condition for unique solution for non homogeneous system of linear equations.
22. (c): R1 R1 – R2, then expand the determinant
R2 R2 – R3
23. (b): Use the condition of consistent of system of linear equations.
24. (b): Expand the determinant then divide the polynomial by (x + 9) to get other two roots.
25. (c): R1 R1 – R2, then expand the determinant
R2 R2 – R3
26. (c): Assume the terms of G.P. put these values in the determinant and expand the determinant
27. (c): Expand the determinant.
28. (a): Put = 1, 2 to get the result.
29. (c): Differentiate the determinant with respect to x three times.
x
a ax x2
3x
30. (a,c): g (x) = a a3 x x4
5x
a a5 x 1
= a–x {a3x – x4a5x} – ax {a–3x – x4a–5x} + x2 (a2x – a–2x)

= a2x – x4a4x – a–2x + x4a–4x + x2 (a2x – a–2x)

-2.49-
= (x2 + 1) (a2x – a–2x) + x4 (a–4x – a4x )

g(–x) = –g(x) i.e., g(x) is symmetrical about origin.
g(x) is odd function.
a x
Also log is odd function. Hence f (x) will be even function.
a x
31. (b,d): = cos {sin cos cos2 + sin cos sin2 } + sin {sin2 cos2 + sin2 sin2 }
sin cos2 + sin3 = sin .

d
cos 0
d 2
2
cos cos sin cos cos

1
32. (a,c): ( )= sin sin cos sin sin (R3 R3 – (R 1 – R2)
cos sin
cos( ) sin( ) 1
cos cos sin cos cos
1
( , ) sin sin cos sin sin
cos sin
0 0 1 (cos sin )
(1 cos sin )(cos 2 sin cos sin 2 sin cos
=
sin cos
= 1 – cos + sin .
( ) is independent of .
33. (a,b): Evaluate and factorise it.
34. (b,c): Evaluate and compare coefficients.
1 1 0
35. (a,b,c): f (x) = a x a 1 = a{(a2 + ax) + 1 (ax + x2)}
x2 xa a
= a(x2 + 2ax + a2)

f (x) = a(x + a)2
f (2x) – f (x) = a {2x + a)2 –(x + a)2}
= a (3x + 2a)x.
36. (a,c): At x = n, C1 = C2 + C 3 =0
and x = n –1, C1 = C2 =0
n (n 1) ( n 2) n ( n 1) (n 2)
37. (a,c): f (x) = n! n 1! n 2! n! 1 ( n 1) ( n 2)(n 1)
1 1 1 1 1 1

-2.50-
n 1 2
f (x) = n! 1 n (n 1)( n 1) 1
1 0 0
= n! {n2 + 3n + 2 – 1 – 2n}
= n! {n2 + n + 1}
38. (a,b): Use |A| = 0
39. (a,d): Evaluate and factorise it.
40. (d): Use |A| = 0.
41. (a): Use |A| 0
1 2 3 1 2 3
42. (a): |A| = 2 3 4 0 1 2 0
3 4 5 0 2 4
1 2 1 4 0
Now, (adj A) B = 2 4 2 5 0
1 2 1 6 0
many solutions are there.

43. (a): Use |A| = 0 and verify that (adj A) B 0.
44. (b): Obviously x = 0 = y = z; all three vectors are linearly independent.
1 a a2
45. (c): 1 b b2 0
1 c c2
1 a a2
0 b a b2 a2 0
0 c a c 2
a 2
1 a a2
(b –a) (c –a) 0 1 b a 0
0 1 c a
(b –a) (c –a) (c + a – b – a) 0
(a –b) (b –c) (c – a) 0
a a2 a3 1
46. (a): b b2 b3 1 0
c c 2
c 3
1

-2.51-
1 a a2 a a2 1
abc 1 b b2 b b2 1 0
1 c c2 c c2 1
(abc + 1) (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) = 0
47. A-(q); B-(s); C-(r); D-(p):

det (A) = 1.
1 bc
b
–1
A = a
c a
1 bc a b
b 1 0
a k 1 bc
0 1 c
c a a
1 bc ka kb
b
a 1 bc
kc k
c a a
=k
1 bc
a
a
1 bc
a=µ–
a
a 2 bc 1
a
= a, µ = a2 + bc + 1
48. A-(s); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)

A. Evaluate f (x) and then find coefficient of x.
B. Let g ( ) = 1 [1 – 3sin cos ] – 3cos (sin – 3 cos ) + (sin2 1
= sin2 – 6 sin cos + 9 cos2 = 1 + 8cos2 – 3 sin 2 .
= 1 + 4(1 + cos 2 ) – 3 sin 2 = 5 + 4cos 2 – 3 sin 2 .
f ( ) = 5 + 5 sin ( – 2 ); (tan = 4/3)
maximum value of g ( ) = 10
1 x2 1 1 x a 2x 1
C. f (x) = 1 2 x 2
1 1 x b 4x 1
1 3x 2
2 1 x c 6x 1
f (x) = 0
D. Evaluate the determinant and compare the coefficients.

-2.52-
1 sin 2 x cos 2 x 4sin 2 x

49. (6): Let f (x) = 1 1 0
1 0 1
= –1(– 4 sin 2x) + (1 + sin2x + cos2x)

= 4 sin 2x + 2
Maximum value of f (x) = 6
50. (9): (x3 – 1) – x(x2 – x2) + x2 (x – x4) = 3

x3 – 1 + x3 – x6 = 3
x6 – 2x3 + 1 + 3 = 0
(x3 –1)2 + 3 = 0
Also, the given determinant
= (x3 –1) {–(x3 –1)2} + (x – x4) {–(x – x4)2}
= – (x3 –1)3 – x3 (1 – x3)3
= (x3 – 1)3{–1 + x3} = (x3 –1)4 = (–3)2 = 9.
51. (3): Apply R 1 R1 + R2 + R3
a b c a b c a b c
2b b c a 2b
2c 2c c a b
1 0 0
=(a + b + c) 2b b c a 0 = (a + b + c)3
2c 0 c a b
52. (3): 4x – 4 = 0 x=1

3
y=
2
a–b=3
1 0
53. (1): Consider, =1
0 1
1 1 1
54. (2): Common difference of A.P. =
4 5 20
1 a 3
5 a1 20
1 1
a1 = 20
a1 20
1 1 1
a2 = 10
a2 20 20
1 1 1 20
a3
a3 10 20 3

-2.53-
1 1 1 10
a6
a6 4 20 3
1 3 1 20
a7
a7 10 20 7
20 20
similarly a8 = a9
8 9
20 10 20 / 3 2 1 2/3
D= 5 4 10 / 2 = 50 5 4 10 / 3
20 / 7 5 / 2 20 / 9 4 / 7 1/ 2 4 / 9
16 10 20 40 2 5 16
50 2
9 6 9 21 3 2 7
12 10 40 5 32
50 2.4
9 6 21 3 21
[D] = 2
x 2 2x 3 3x 4 x 2 2x 3 3x 4
55. (4): 1 x 2 2x 3 0 1 x 2 2x 3 0
1 x 1 x 5 0 1 3x 8
Now evaluate and find sum of roots.
56. (2): Solve |A| = 0 and find and verify (adj A)B 0 for that .
57. (3): Write the system of equation as

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 2 4 p ~ 0 1 3 p 1 ~ 0 1 3 ( p 1)
1 4 10 p 2
0 3 9 p 2
1 0 0 0 (p 2
1) 3( p 1)
for a solution p2 – 3p + 2 = 0 p = 1, 2.
58. (4):

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (b) 20. (c)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (d) 25. (b)
26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (13.00) 32. (d) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (a)

-2.54-
36. (c) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (8) 40. (5)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. (d) 44. (a) 45. (b)
46. (b) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (3.00)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (7)
11. (4) 12. (a,d) 13. (b,d) 14. (b,c) 15. (2)
16. (b,c) 17. (4)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a,c) 7. (b,c) 8. (a,d) 9. (a,c,d) 10 (a,c)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s)
15. (0) 16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (8)
20. (3) 21. (5) 22. (2)

-2.55-
3
FUNCTIONS
3.0. INTRODUCTION
Function can be easily defined with the help of the concept of mapping. Let X and Y be any two
non-empty sets. "A function from X to Y is a rule or correspondence that assigns to each element of
set X, one and only one element of set Y". Let the correspondence be 'f' then mathematically we
write f : X Y where y = f(x), x X and y Y. We say that 'y' is the image of 'x' under 'f'(or x is
the pre image of y).
3.1. TWO THINGS SHOULD ALWAYS BE KEPT IN MIND

(i) A mapping f : X Y is said to be a function if each element in the set X has it's image in set
Y. It is possible that a few elements in the set Y are present which are not the images of any
element in set X.
(ii) Every element in set X should have one and only one image. That means it is impossible to
have more than one image for a specific element in set X. Functions can't be multi-valued (A
mapping that is multi-valued is called a relation from X to Y)
Examples:
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
Function Function
a 1 a 1
b 2 b 2
c 3 c 3
Not function Not function
Let us consider some other examples to make the above mentioned concepts clear.
(i) Let f : R+ R where y2 = x. This can't be considered a function as each
x R+ would have two images namely y = x . Thus it would be a relation.
(ii) Let f : [–2, 2] R, where x2 + y2 = 4. Here y = 4 x2 , that means for every x [–2, 2] we
would have two values of y (except when x = ±2). Hence it does not represent a function.

-3.1-
AICE (IIT-JEE) Functions
(iii) Let f : R R where y = x3. Here for each x R we would have a unique value of y in the set
R (as cube of any two distinct real numbers are distinct). Hence it would represent a function.
Distinction between a relation and a function can be easily made by drawing the graph of y = f(x).
f(x)
f(x) L
y = f(x)
C y = f(x)
y2 y3
y2 B
y1
y1
A
x2
x1 x3 x
x0 x
Fig. (a) Fig . (b)
Figure (i) Figure (ii)

These figures show the graph of two arbitrary curves. In figure (i) any line drawn parallel to y-axis
would meet the curve at only one point. That means each element of X would have one and only
one image. Thus figure (i) would represent the graph of a function.
In figure (ii) certain line (e.g. line L) would meet the curve in more than one points (A, B and C).
Thus element x0 of X would have three distinct images. Thus this curve will not represent a
function.
Hence if y = f (x) represents a function, lines drawn parallel to y-axis through different points
corresponding to points of set X should meet the curve in one and only one point.
Sample Problem 1:
1 x f ( x). f ( x 2 ) 1
If f(x) = , show that .
1 x 1 [ f ( x)]2 2
1 x2 1 x2
Solution: f(x2) =
1 x2 (1 x )(1 x )
1 x 1 x2 1 x2
2
f ( x). f ( x 2 ) 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x2 1
1 [ f ( x)]2 1 x
2
1 x
2
1 x
2
2 2x2 2
1 2 2
1 x 1 x
3.2. DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN AND RANGE OF A FUNCTION:

Let f : A B, then the set A is known as the domain of f and the set B is known as co-domain of f.
The set of all f images of elements of A is known as the range of f. Thus:
Domain of f = {a|a A, (a, f (a)) f}
Range of f = {f(a)| a A, (f (a) B}
It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.

-3.2-
Functions AICE (IIT-JEE)
3.3. ALGEBRA OF FUNCTIONS

Given function f : D1 R and g : D2 R, we describe function f + g, f – g, fg and f/g as follows
f+g :D R is a function defined by (f + g)(x) = f(x) + g(x),

f–g:D R is a function defined by (f – g) (x) = f(x) – g(x)
fg : D R is a function defined by (fg) (x) = f(x) g(x)
f f f ( x)
:C R is a function defined by ( ) (x) = , g ( x) 0,
g g g ( x)
where D = D1 D2 and C = {x D : g (x) 0}
Sample Problem 2:
Find the domain of the following functions:
1
(i) f ( x) 2sin x 4 x2
1
x 2 (ii) f(x) = sin-1
log10 x 1
(iii) f(x) = ln (– 2 + 3x – x2)

Solution: (i) For f(x) to be defined – 1 x 1,
x+2 0 i.e., x – 2,
x + 1 > 0 i.e., x > – 1 and x + 1 1 i.e., x 0
so, domain of f : (– 1, 0) (0, 1]
(ii) f(x) = sin–1 4 x2
for f(x) to be defined 0 4 – x2 1 x2 – 4 0 and x2 – 3 0

x [ – 2, 2] and x (– , – 3] 3,
x 2, 3 3,2
so domain (f) : x 2, 3 3, 2
(iii) f(x) = ln (–2 + 3x – x2)
for f(x) to be defined – 2 + 3x – x2 > 0 x2 – 3x + 2 < 0

(x – 1) (x – 2) < 0 x (1, 2)
so domain (f) : x (1, 2)
Sample Problem 3:
Find the range of the following functions:
1
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5
8 3sin x
(iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4))
1
Solution: (i) f(x) = . We know that –1 sin x 1
8 3sin x

-3.3-
1 1
–3 3 sin x 3 5 8 – 3 sin x 11 Range (f) = ,
11 5
2
7 29 29
(ii) f(x) = x2 – 7x + 5 f(x) = x Range (f) = ,
2 4 4
(iii) f(x) = log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4))
since 0 < log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4) < x Domain (f)
– < log2 (log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 4)) <
Range (f) = (– , )
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-3.1 TO 3.2:
1. The domain of function f (x) = x 1 6 x is
(a) [1, 6] (b) [6, ] (c) [1, ] (d) none of these
2. The domain of function f (x) = log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 3) is
(a) (– , –3) (b) (– , –3) (–1, ) (c) (–1, ) (d) (–3, –1)
1
3. The domain of function f (x) = is
| x| x
(a) R (b) (0, ) (c) (– , 0) (d) none of these
x2 2x 9
4. The range of the function f (x) = is
x2 2x 9
(a) [1/2, 2] (b) [2, ) (c) (– , 1/2] (d) none of these
x2 e
5. If f(x) = ln , then range of f(x) is
x2 1
(a) (0, 1) (b) (0, 1] (c) [0, 1) (d) {0, 1}
1
6. The domain of f ( x) log is
| sin x |
(a) R (b) R ~ {– , }
(c) R ~ {x:x = n : n Z} (d) none of these
x2
7. The range of the function f ( x) is
x4 1
1 1
(a) 0, (b) 0, (c) [0, [ (d) [0, 2]
2 2

-3.4-
8. The domain of definition of f (x) = log{1 – log(x2 – 5x + 16)}

(a) (1, 3) (b) (2, 3) (c) [2, 3] (d) none of these
e x
9. The range of f ( x) ; x 0 is
[ x] 1
(a) [0, 2] (b) [1, 2] (c) (0, 1] (d) none of these
10. Let f ( x) sin and Dx = {x : f (x) > 0}, then Dx contains

x
1 1 1 1 1
(a) , 3 (b) , (c) 1, (d) ,
3 5 4 4 2
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS-3.1 TO 3.2:
1. (a): x 1 is defined only if x – 1 0
6 x is defined only if 6 – x 0
f (x) is defined x {x : x – 1 0} {x : 6 – x 0}
Domain of f is = [1, 6]
2. (b): f (x) = log1/2 (x2 + 4x + 3)
f is defined if x2 + 4x + 3 > 0
i.e., if (x + 1)(x + 3) > 0
i.e., if x > –1 or x < –3
Domain of f is : (– , –3) (–1, )
3. (c): f is defined if | x | – x > 0
If x 0, then | x | = x
If x < 0, then | x | = – x > 0 and | x | > x
Domain of f = {x : x < 0}
x2 2x 9
4. (a): The domain of f is R. Let y0 R ; y0 belongs to the range if the equation y0 = has
x2 2x 9
a solution lying in the domain.
y0(x2 + 2x + 9) = x2 – 2x + 9
x2(y0 – 1) + 2x(y0 + 1) + 9(y0 – 1) = 0

-3.5-
The equation has a real solution if discriminant 0

4(y0 + 1)2 – 4(y0 – 1)2 .9 0
1
y0 2
2
1
Range = ,2
2
x2 e x2 1 1 e e 1
5. (b): f(x) = ln = ln ln 1
x 2
1 x 2
1 x2 1
Clearly range is (0, 1]
6. (c): |sin x| 0
7. (b): Let x2 = t.
8. (b): {1 – log(x2 – 5x + 16)} > 0
9. (d): Use graph.
10. (b): Net . sin >0 4 < <5 .

x
3.3. COMPOSITE FUNCTION

Consider two functions
X f Y g Z
f:X Y, g:Y Z
x
f(x)
one can define h : X Z such that h(x) = g{f(x)} g (f(x))
Domain of gof (x) i.e. g{f(x)} h h = gof
= {x : x Dom f, f(x) Dom g}

Domain of fog (x) i.e f {g(x)}
= {x : x Dom g, g(x) Dom f)
Sample Problem 4:
1
If f(x) = x2 +1, g(x) = , then find (fog) (x) and (gof) (x).
x 1
1
Solution: Given, f(x) = x2 + 1 .....(1) g(x) = .....(2)
x 1
1 1
Now (fog) (x) = f(g(x)) = f = f(z), where z =
x 1 x 1
=z +12
[ f (x) = x + 1]
2

-3.6-
2
1 1
= 1 1
x 1 ( x 1) 2
Note : Domain of fog(x) is x R – {1}

1 1 1
(gof) (x) = g(f(x)) = g(x2 + 1) = g(u), where u = x2 + 1 =
u 1 x2 1 1 x2
Note : Domain of gof(x) is x R – {0}
Sample Problem 5:
2 x, if x 0
If f(x) = , then find (fof) (x).
2 x, if x 0
2 f ( x), f ( x) 0
Solution: (fof) (x) = f{f(x)} =
2 f ( x), f ( x) 0
2 2 x, 2 x 0 and x 0 4 x, x 0
2 (2 x), 2 x 0 and x 0 x, x
= =
2 2 x, 2 x 0 and x 0 4 x, x 0
2 (2 x), 2 x 0 and x 0 x, x
4 x, x 0
Hence (fof) (x) =
4 x, x 0
3.4. EVEN AND ODD FUNCTIONS:

If f : X Y is a real valued function such that for all x D – x D (where D = domain of
f) and if f(–x) = f(x) for every x D then f is said to be an even function and if f(–x)= – f(x) then
f is said to be an odd function. Even functions are symmetric about the y-axis (i.e. if (x, y) lies on
the curve, then (–x, y) also lies on the curve, and odd functions are symmetric about the origin
(i.e. (x, y) lies on the curve, then (–x, –y) also lies on the curve.
Remarks
Every function defined in symmetric interval D(i.e. x D – x D) can be expressed as a
f ( x) f ( x ) f ( x ) f ( x)
sum of an even and an odd function. f(x) = .
2 2
f ( x) f ( x) f ( x) f ( x)
Let h(x) = and g(x) = . It can now easily be shown that
2 2
h(x) is even and g(x) is odd.
The first derivative of an even function is an odd function and vice - versa.
If x = 0, x D of f, then for odd function f(x) which is continuous at x = 0, f(0) = 0,
i.e. if for a function f (0) 0, then that function cannot be odd. It follows that for a
differentiable even function f (0) = 0 i.e. if for a differentiable function f (0) 0 then the
function cannot be even.
Sample Problem 6:
Determine the nature of the following function for even and odd:
ax 1
(i) f(x) = log x x2 1 (ii) f(x) = x
ax 1

-3.7-
Solution: (i) f(x) = log ( x x2 1) f(–x) = log ( x x 2 1)

1
= log = log (x + x 2 1 )–1 = –log (x + x 2 1 ) = – f(x)
x x 2
1
So, f(x) is an odd function
ax 1
(ii) We have f(x) = x
ax 1
1
1
ax 1 x 1 ax ax 1
f(– x) = – x x
x a x x f ( x)
a 1 1
1 1 ax ax 1
ax
Sample Problem 7:
If f is an even function defined in the interval (– 5, 5), find four real values of x satisfying the
x 1
equation f(x) = f .
x 2
Solution: Since f is an even function, f(–x) = f(x).

x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
Now f = f(x) f = f (–x) = x or =–x
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
x2 + x – 1 = 0 or x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
3 5 3 5
x= or x = .
2 2
3.5. PERIODIC FUNCTION

Definition: A function f(x) is said to be periodic function if, there exists a fixed positive real number
T independent of x, such that, f(x + T) = f(x) x Domain & x + T domain.
T is called one of the period of the function. In other words, a function is said to be periodic
function if its each value is repeated after a definite interval.
Here the least positive value of T (independent of x) is called the fundamental period of the
function.
Clearly f(x) = f(x + T) = f(x + 2T) = f(x + 3T) = . . .
For example :
(a) sin x, cos x, sec x and cosec x are periodic functions with period 2 .
(b) tan x and cot x are periodic functions with period .
(c) |sin x|, |cos x|, |tan x|, |cot x|, |sec x|, |cosec x| are periodic functions with period .
(d) sinn x, cosn x, secn x, cosecn x are periodic functions with period 2 or according
as n is odd or even.
(e) tann x and cotn x are periodic function with period whether n is odd or even.

-3.8-
(f) {x} or x – [x] is periodic with period 1.

3.5.1 Properties of Periodic Function:
(i) If f(x) is periodic with period T, then
a . f(x) is periodic with period T.
f(x + c) is periodic with period T.
f(x) ± c is periodic with period T.
T
b f(ax + b) has period , i.e., period is affected only by coefficient of x
|a|
where; a, b, c, are constants with a, b 0.
(ii) If f(x), g(x) are periodic functions with periods T1, T2 respectively then; we have
h(x) = f(x) + g (x) has period as, (whenever h (x) is periodic)
LCM of {T1, T2 }; if f(x) and g(x) can not be interchanged by adding a least positive number
less than the LCM of {T1, T2}.
k; if f(x) and g(x) can be interchanged by adding a least positive number

k (k < LCM of {T1, T2}).
(iii) A constant function is periodic but does not have a fundamental period.
(iv) If g is periodic then fog will always be a periodic function. Period of fog may or may not be the
period of g.
While taking LCM we should always remember,
LCM of p and q always exist if p/q is a rational quantity.
LCM of rational with rational is possible
a c e LCM of (a, c, e)
Example : LCM of , ,
b d f HCFof (b, d , f )
Where a, b, c, d, e, f I with b, d, f 0
LCM of irrational with irrational is possible if there irrational part is same.
But LCM of rational and irrational is not possible.
e.g., LCM of (2 , 1, 6 ) is not possible as 2 , 6 are irrational and 1 is rational.
Note : All periodic functions can be analyzed over an interval of one period within the domain as
the same pattern shall be repetitive over the entire domain.
Sample Problem 8:
Find the period of f(x) = |sin x| + | cos x|
Solution: |sin x| has period , |cos x| has period
Hence, according to the rule of LCM, period of f(x) must be .

-3.9-
But | sin x | = |cos x| and | cos ( x ) | = |sin x|

2 2
Since, , period of f(x) is

2 2
Sample Problem 9:
If f(x) = sin x + cos ax is a periodic function, show that a is a rational number.
2 2
Solution: Period of sin x = 2 = and period of cos ax =
1 a
2 2
Period of sin x + cos ax = L.C.M of and
1 a
LCM of 2 and 2 2
= = where is the H.C.F. of 1 and a.
HCFof 1and a
1 a
Since is the H.C.F of 1 and a, and should be both integers.
a
1 a n
Suppose = m and = n, then , where n, m I i.e., a = n/m.
1 m
Hence, a is rational number with period = 2
Sample Problem-10:
2 x (sin x tan x)
Prove that: f ( x) is an odd function where [.] denote the greatest integer
x 2
2 3
function.
2 x(sin x tan x ) 2 x(sin x tan x) x(sin x tan x)
Solution: Given f ( x)
x 2 x x 1
2 3 2 1
2
x (sin x tan x)
f ( x)
x 1
2
x x
Case-I: If x = n , n I then and numerator of f(–x) is zero.
f(–x) = 0
Case-II: If x n ,n I
x x
f ( x) 1

-3.10-
x(sin x tan x)
f ( x) f ( x)
x 1
1
2
Hence f(x) is an odd function.

1. The period of the following function f (x) = tan 2x is
(a) (b) /2 (c) /4 (d) none of these
2. The period of the following function f (x) = sin4x + cos4 x is
(a) (b) /2 (c) /4 (d) none of these
3. The period of the following function f (x) = x – [x] + | cos x | + | cos 2 x | + ... + | cos n x | is
4. If f ( x ) log( x 1 x 2 ) , then f (x) is
(a) periodic (b) even function (c) odd function (d) none of these
1
5. If f(x) = cos (log x), then f ( x ). f ( y ) f ( x / y) f ( xy ) is equal to
2
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) x (d) none of these
f ( x)
6. If f (x + y) = f (x) f (y) for all real x, y and f (0) 0, then the function F ( x ) is
1 ( f ( x)) 2
(a) even (b) odd (c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these.
7. If f (x) + g(x) = e–x where f (x) is an even function and g(x) is an odd function, then f (x) and g(x)
must be
e x
ex e x
ex e x
e2 x e2 x e x
(a) f ( x) , g ( x) (b) f ( x) , g ( x)
2 2 2 2
(c) f (x) = constant, g(x) = 3x (d) none of these
x x
8. If f ( x) 1 , then f (x) must be
2 e x
1
(a) odd (b) even (c) neither even nor odd (d) none of these
sin x sin 3x sin 5x sin 7 x
9. If f ( x) , then period of f (x) is
cos x cos3 x cos5 x cos 7 x

4 2

-3.11-
sin nx
10. If f ( x) , n I, has period 4 , then n =
sin ( x / n)
1. (a): f (x) = tan 2x has period as tanx has period

2
2. (b): f (x) = sin4x + cos4x
= (sin2x + cos2x)2 – 2sin2x cos2x

3 1
= cos 4x
4 4
2
Since cos x has period 2 , cos 4x has period
4 2
3 1
f (x) = cos 4x has period
4 4 2
1 1 1
3. (c): l.c.m. 1, 1, , , ... , =1
2 3 n
f (x) has period 1
4. (c): f(–x) + f (x) = 0
5. (a): Use property of logarithm.
1
6. (a): f (0) = 1 and f ( x) .
f (x)
7. (a): Replace x by – x then add and substrate
8. (b): f (–x) – f (x) = 0.
9. (a): First simplify using trigonometric identities then find.
2
10. (a): L.C.M. ,2 n 4
n
3.6. CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTION
The following are the kinds of function :

(i) One-One Function (Injective) :
If each element in the domain of a function has a distinct image in the co-domain the function is
said to be one-one function and is also known as Injective Function.

-3.12-
e.g. f : R R+ given by y = ex
g:R R, g(x) = 3x – 7
are one - one functions.
or, f : A B is one - one
a b f(a) f(b) for all a, b A
f(a) = f(b) a = b for all a, b A
(ii) Many-One Function :

If there are two or more than two elements of domain having the same image then f(x) is called
Many - One function.
e.g. f : R R+ f(x) = x2 + 4
g:R R+ g(x) = x8 + x4 +x2 + 4
Both functions are many one
If the graph of y = f(x) is given and the line parallel to x-axis cuts the curve at more than one
point then function is many one.
or, f : A B is a many - one function if there exist x, y A such that x y but f(x) = f(y).
e.g y = sin x, y = cos x, y = tan x, y = x2, y = x4, . . . . . are many one functions.
(iii) Onto Function (Surjective) :

Let f : X Y be a function. If each element in the co-domain Y has at least one pre-image in
the domain X i.e. Range f = Co domain, then f is called onto.
Onto function are also called surjective and if function be both one-one and onto then function
is called Bijective.
or, f : A B is a surjection iff for each b B a A such that f(a) = b .

e.g. If f : R+ R is defined by y = log2x, then f(x) is Onto function.
(iv) Into Function :

If there exist one or more than one element in the Co-domain Y which is not an image of any
element in the domain X. Then f is into.
In other words f : A B is an into function if it is not an onto function.
e.g. Let f : R R is defined by y = x2 + 1, then f(x) is an into function. But when
f:R R+ is defined by y = x2 + 1, then f(x) is not into function.
dy
Note : If domain of f(x) is continuous and > 0, x in domain then f is One - One
dx
dy
If domain of f(x) is continuous and < 0, x in domain then f is One - One
dx

-3.13-
If a continuous function f(x) which has either local minima or local maxima or both
then
f(x) will be Many - One
Every even function is Many - One
Every periodic function is Many - One
Sample Problem 11:

Let f : (– , ) [2, ) be a function defined by f(x) = x2 2a a 2 , a R. Find a which f is onto.
Solution: For f to be onto range of the function should be [2, ). So, a2 – 2a = 4
a=1 5.
Sample Problem 12:

x 2 8 x 18
Show that the function f(x) = is not one-one.
x 2 4 x 30
Solution: A function is one-one if f(x1) = f(x2) x1 = x2 (only)
x12 8 x1 18 x22 8 x2 18
Now f(x1) = f(x2)
x12 4 x1 30 x22 4 x2 30
12x12x2 – 12x1x22 + 12x12– 12 x22 – 8x2 + 18
(x1 – x2){12x1 x2 + 12 (x1+ x2) – 312} = 0
26 x2
x1 = x2 or x1 = f(x) is not one-one.
1 x2
3.7. INVERSE FUNCTION

If f : X Y be a function defined by y = f(x) such that f is both one-one and onto, then there exists
a unique function g : Y X such that for each y Y, g(y) = x.. The function g so defined is called
the inverse of f and denoted by f . Also f is the inverse of g and the two functions f and g are said to
–1
be inverse of each other.

f ( f 1 ( x )) x, x Y and f 1
( f ( x )) x, x X
Note that f and f –1 are symmetric about the line y = x.
3.7.1. Method of Finding Inverse of a Function:

If you are asked to check whether the given function y = f(x) is invertible, you need to
check that y = f(x) is one-one and onto.
If you are asked to find the inverse of a bijective function f(x), you do the following :
if f –1
be the inverse of ‘f ’, then f(f –1(x)) = x. Apply the formula of f on f –1(x) and use of
the above identity to solve for f –1(x).
Some standard functions given below along with their inverse functions
3.7.2. Function Inverse Function:

-3.14-
(i) f : [0, ) [0, ) f –1 : [0, ) [0, )
defined by f(x) = x2 defined by f – 1 (x) = x
(ii) f : , [–1, 1] f – 1 : [–1, 1] ,

2 2 2 2
defined by f(x) = sin x defined by f –1 (x) = sin–1x
(iii) f : [0, ] [–1, 1] f – 1 : [–1, 1] [0, ]
defined by f(x) = cos x defined by f – 1 (x) = cos–1x
Sample Problem 13:

Find the inverse of the function f(x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1); x [1, 2] and assuming it to be an onto
function.
Solution: Given f(x) = ln (x2 + 3x + 1)
2x 3
f ( x) 0 x [1, 3]
( x 3x 1)
2
Which is a strictly increasing function. Thus f(x) is injective, given that f(x) is onto. Hence the
given function f(x) is invertible.
Now f ( f –1(x)) = x ln ((f–1(x))2 + 3(f–1(x)) + 1) = x
(f –1(x))2 + 3(f –1(x)) + 1 – ex = 0
3 9 4.1(1 e x ) 3 (5 4e x )
f 1( x )
2 2
3 (5 4e x )
f–1(x) (as f –1(x) [1,3])
2
3 (5 4e x )
Hence f–1(x)
2
Sample Problem 14:

x, x 1
Find the inverse of the function f(x) = x ,
2
1 x 4 .
8 x, x 4
x, x 1
Solution: Given f(x) = x ,
2
1 x 4
8 x, x 4

-3.15-
Let f(x) = y x = f –1(y) .......(i)
y, y 1
x y, 1 y 4
y2
y 2
, 4
64 64
y, y 1
f –1(y) = y , 1 y 16 [From (i)]
y2
, y 16
64
x, x 1
Hence f (x) =
–1
x , 1 x 16
x 2
, x 16
64
3.8. SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
3.8.1. General Exponential Function:

If a > 0, a 1 then the function defined by f(x) = ax , x R is called an Exponential Function with
base a.
Y
y = 4 y = 10
y=2 y = 10x y = 4 y = 2
Domain : R
a>1 Range : R+
Nature : one-one
0<a<1
X
O
3.8.2. Logarithmic Function: If a > 0, a 1, then the function y = loga x, x R+(set of positive real
numbers) is called the logarithmic Function with base a.

-3.16-
3.8.3. Polynomial Function: If a function is defined by f(x) = a0 xn + a1 xn – 1 + a2 xn – 2 + ......+ an–1 x + an,

where n is a non-negative integer and a0, a1, a2, .........an are real numbers and a0 0, then f is called
a polynomial function of degree n.
Note :
(a) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function. i.e.
f(x) = ax, a0 0.
(b) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x).f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are
(i) f(x) = xn + 1 (ii) f(x) = 1 – xn, where n is a positive integer
(c) f(x) = c and c 0 is a polynomial of degree zero.
(d) f(x) = 0 is a polynomial but degree not defined.
Note : Function given in (c) and (d) are also called constant function.
3.8.4. Algebraic Function : y is an algebraic function of x, if it is a function that satisfies an algebraic

equation of the form, P0 ( x ) y n P1 ( x ) y n 1 ........... Pn 1 ( x ) y Pn ( x ) 0 where n is a positive
integer and P0(x), P1(x)..... are Polynomials in x. e.g. y = | x | is an algebraic function, since it satisfies
the equation y2 – x2 = 0.
Note that all polynomial functions are algebraic but not the converse. A function that is not
algebraic is called Transcendental Function.
3.8.5. Rational Function: The function which can be written as the quotient of two polynomial function is
said to be a rational function.
If P(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + . . . + anxn
Q (x) = b0 + b1x + b2x2 + . . . + bmxm
P( x )
be two polynomial functions then a function f defined by f(x) = is a rational function of x
Q( x )
7 x4 x2 2
Example: f(x) = is a rational function which is defined for all real values of x except
x2 4x 3
1 and 3.
3.8.6. Identity Function: A map f : R R is said to be an identity function, iff f(x) = x, x R.
The identity function is sometimes also called the function x

-3.17-
Domain of the identity function = R

Range of the identity function = R
3.8.7. Modulus Function
y = –x, x < 0 y y = x, x > 0
x, x 0
f(x) = |x| =
x, x 0 O x
x
Domain : R, Range : [0, )
y
It is an even continuous and many one function
Graph is symmetrical with respect to y-axis.
y
3.8.8. Signum Function
1, x 0 y = 1, x > 0
f(x) = 0, x 0 x O x
1, x 0 y = –1, x > 0
y
Domain ; R, Range; {–1, 0, 1}. It is a many one and discontinuous
function
3.8.9. Greatest Integer Function: If f(x) = k x [k , k 1) , where k is any integer, then f is called
greatest integer function usually denoted by f(x) = [x]
Examples: [3.7] = 3, [–32] = – 4, [5] = 5 etc.
Properties of Greatest Integer Function
x – 1 < [x] x
[x + n] = [x] + n, where n I
0; x I
[x] + [– x] =
1; x I
[x] = n n x<n+1
[x] n x n, n I
[x] n x < n + 1, n I
3.8.10. Fractional Part of x

...........................
x 1, x [ 1,0)
f(x) = x – [x], x R i.e., f(x) = {x} = x, x [0,1)
x 1, x [1,2)
............................
Domain : R, Range : [0, 1), Nature : Many one

This is a periodic function with period 1. It is discontinuous for all integers.
Properties of Fractional Part of x

x = [x] + {x} where [.] and {.} denotes the integral and fractional part of x respectively.

-3.18-
0; x I
{x} + {– x} = .
1; x I
3.9. ELEMENTRY TRANSFORMATIONS OF GRAPHS

3.9.1. Drawing the graph of y = |f(x)| from the known graph of y = f(x)
|f(x)| = f(x) if f(x) 0 and |f(x)| = – f(x) if f(x) < 0. It means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)|
would coincide if f(x) 0 and the portions where f(x) < 0 would get inverted in the
upward direction.
The above figure would make the procedure clear.
3.9.2. Drawing the graph of y = f(|x|) from the known graph of y = f(x)
It is clear that, f(|x|) = f(x), x 0 and f(|x|) = f(–
x), x < 0. Thus f(|x|) would be an even
function. Graphs of f(|x|) and f(x) would be
identical in the first and the fourth quadrants (as
x 0) and as such the graph of f(|x|) would be
symmetrical about the y–axis (as (|x|) is even).
The figure would make the procedure clear.
3.9.3. Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y| 0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x) 0, |y| = f(x) would give
y = f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) 0 and will be
reflected about x–axis only in those regions. Regions where f(x) < 0 will be neglected.
Full lines show the graph of |y| = f(x) and dotted lines depict the corresponding graph of y = f(x).
3.9.4. Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a R from the known graph of y = f(x)
y = f(x)
y = f(x + a), a > 0 y = f(x + a), a < 0

x0 - |a| x0 x0 + |a|
Let us take any point x0 domain of f(x), and set x + a = x0 or x = x0 – a. a > 0

x < x0, and a < 0 x > x0. That mean x0 and x0 – a would give us same abscissa for f(x) and
f(x + a) respectively. As such for a > 0, graph of f(x + a) can be obtained simply by translating the
graph of f(x) in the negative x–direction through a distance ‘a’ units. If a < 0, graph of f(x + a) can
be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) in the positive x–direction through a distance a units.

-3.19-
Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the
positive y–axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y–axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance |b|
units.
3.9.5. Drawing the graph of y = a f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
y = a f(x), a > 1 y = f(x)
y = af(x), 0 < a < 1

x
It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x coordinates) would have their ordinates
in the ratio of 1 : a.
3.9.6. Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known graph of y = f(x)
x
Let us take any point x0 domain of f(x). Let ax = x0 or x = 0
a
Clearly if 0 < a < 1 then x > x0 and f(x) will stretch by 1/a units against y–axis, and if a > 1, x <
x0, then f(x) will compress by ‘a’ units against y–axis.
3.9.7. Drawing the graph of y = f–1 (x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
For drawing the graph of y = f–1(x) we have to
first of all find the interval in which the function (1, / 2)
(0, /2)
is bijective (invertible). Then take the reflection y=x
of y = f(x) (within the invertible region) about ( /2, 1)

the line y = x. (– /2, 0)
(0, 1)
The reflected part would give us the graph of y (1, 0) ( /2, 0)

/ 2, 1) (0, –1)
= f–1 (x). e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin–1 x.
We know that y = f(x) = sin x is invertible If f :
, [–1, 1] the inverse mapping would
2 2
be f–1 : [–1, 1] ,
2 2

-3.20-
Sample Problem 15:

Draw the graphs of the following functions:
(i) y = |sin x|, x [0, 2 ] (ii) y = sin |x|, x [– 2 , 2 ]
(iii) |y| = sin x, x [– 2 , 2 ] (iv) |y| = –sin x, x [– 2 , 2 ]
1 1
Solution: (i) O 2 (ii) 2 O 2
-1
1
(iii) 2 (iv) O 2
2 -1
Sample Problem-16:
3x 4
Check whether the function f : R R given by f (x) = is one-one or not
x2 1
Solution: Let x1, x2 R and let f (x1) = f (x2)

3 x1 4 3 x2 4
x12 1 x2 2 1
(3x1 – 4)(x22 + 1) = (3x2 – 4)(x12 + 1)
3x1x22 + 3x1 – 4x22 – 4 = 3x12x2 + 3x2 – 4x12 – 4
3x1x2 (x2 – x1) + 3(x1 – x2) – 4(x22 – x12) = 0
3x1x2 – 3 – 4(x1 + x2) = 0 or x1 = x2
3
The first possibility happens for x1 = 0 and x2 = – where x1 x2
4
f is not one-one
Sample Problem-17:
If f (x) = (2 + (x – 3)3)1/3, find f –1
Solution: y = [2 + (x – 3)3]1/3
y3 = 2 + (x – 3)3
(x – 3)3 = y3 – 2
x – 3 = (y3 – 2)1/3
x = 3 + (y3 – 2)1/3
g(y) = x = 3 + (y3 – 2)1/3 is the inverse function

-3.21-
10 x 10 x
1. The inverse of the function y is

10 x 10 x
x 1 x
(a) y log10 (b) y log10
2 x 2 2 x
1 x
(c) y log10 (d) none of these
2 1 x
2. If a function f : [2, ) B defined by f (x) = x2 – 4x + 5 is a bijection, then B =
(a) R (b) [1, ) (c) [4, ) (d) [5, )
x2 x
3. If f(x) : R R such that f ( x) is onto function then
x2 x 1
(a) [1, ) (b) (– , –2] (c) [–2, 0] (d) [0, 2]
ex e x
4. The inverse of f ( x)
ex e x
1 1 y 1 y 1 1 1 y 1 y 1
(a) ln (b) ln (c) ln (d) ln
2 1 y 2 y 1 2 1 y 2 y 1
5. Which of the following function (s) from f : A A are invertible, where A [–1, 1]?
x x
(a) f(x) = (b) f(x) = sin (c) f(x) = |x| (d) f(x) = x2
2 2
2
6. Let f: , [0, 4] be a function defined as f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2. Then f –1 (x) is given by
3 3
x 2 x 2 2 1 x 2
(a) sin–1 (b) sin–1 (c) cos (d) none of these
2 6 2 6 3 2
e| x | e x
7. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = . Then
ex e x
(a) f is both one-one and onto (b) f is one-one but not onto
(c) f is onto but not one-one (d) f is neither one-one nor onto.
8. If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f (x) = 2x(x–1), then f –1(x) is

x ( x 1)
1 1
(a) (b) (1 1 4 log 2 x )
2 2
1
(c) (1 1 4 log 2 x ) (d) not defined
2
9. The function R R defined by f (x) = (x –1) (x – 2) (x – 3) is

(a) one-one but not onto (b) onto but not one-one
(c) both one-one & onto (d) neither onto nor one-one

-3.22-
10. The function f : R R defined by f (x) = e|x| – e–x is

(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) not one-one but onto (d) neither one-one nor onto
10 2 x 1
1. (d): Let y = . Find x in terms of y.
10 2 x 1
2. (b): B = range of f (x).
x2 x
3. (c): Let y = form quadratic in x and use D 0.
x2 x 1
e2 x 1
4. (b): Let y = find x in terms of y.
e2 x 1
5. (b): Clearly ‘c’ and ‘d’ are ruled out as these are many–one. Also f(x) = (x/2) is one–one but not
x
onto. g(x)= sin is both one–one and onto.
2
6. (b): f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x + 2 = 2 sin x + 2 . Since f(x) is one–one and onto, f is invertible.
6
x
Now fof–1 (x) = x 2 sin f 1
( x) +2 = x sin f 1
( x) 1
6 6 2
x
f –1 (x) = sin–1 1
2 6
x
Because 1 1 for all x [0, 4].
2
7. (d): f is not one-one as f(0) = 0 and f(–1) = 0. f is also not onto a for y = 1 there is no x R such that
f(x) = 1. If there is such an x R, then e|x| – e–x = ex + e–x .Clearly x 0. For x > 0, this equation gives
e2 x 1
e–x = 0 which is not possible and for x < 0, 0 , which is also not possible.
ex
2 x
8. (b): Let y = 2 x , taking log.
9. (b): Use graph.
ex e x,
x 0
10. (d): y = . Clearly y is neither one-one nor onto.
0, x 0

-3.23-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
x; when x is rational
1. If f(x) = , then fof (x) is given as
1 x; when x is irrational
(a) 1 (b) x (c) 1 + x (d) None of these
2. If f(x) is defined on domain [0, 1] then f(2 sin x) is defined on

5
(a) 2n ,2 n 2n ,(2n 1) (b) 2 n ,2n
n I 6 6 b I 6
5
(c) 2n , , (2n 1) (d) None of these
b I 6
cos x
3. f(x) = , where x is not an integral multiple of and [ ] denote the greatest integer function, is
x 1
2
(a) an odd function (b) an even function

(c) neither odd nor even (d) none of these
4. Let f : [– 10, 10] R, where f(x) = sin x + [x2/a] and [.] denotes the greatest integer function be an
odd function. Then set of values of parameter ‘a’ is / are
(a) (–10, 10) – {0} (b) (0, 10) (c) [100, ) (d) (100, )
5. If f is a function such that f(0) = 2, f(1) = 3 and f(x + 2) = 2f(x) – f(x + 1) for every real x then f(5) is
(a) 7 (b) 13 (c) 1 (d) 5
6. If f(x) is a function that is odd and even simultaneously, then f(3) – f(2) is equal to
(a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) None of these
7. The inverse of the function f ( x ) log e ( x x 2 1) is

1 x ex e x
1
(a) g ( x) (e – e x ) (b) g ( x) (c) (d) none of these
2 2 x2 1
| x| 3
8. The function f ( x) cos log(4 x)
1 1
is defined for
2
(a) [–1, 0] [1, 5] (b) [–5, –1] [1, 4] (c) [–5, –1] [1, 4) – {3} (d) [1, 4) – {3}
x
9. The domain of f ( x) cot 1
for all x R is ( [·] denotes greatest integer function)
x 2
[ x2 ]
(a) R (b) R – {0} (c) R – {±x : x N} (d) none of these

-3.24-
2090
{x r}
10. If {x} and [x] represent fractional and integral part of x, then [ x ] is
r 1 2090
x
(a) x (b) 2090 x (c) (d) x + 2090
2090
1 1
11. If f ( x) x and g ( x) x4 if f (k) = 5. Then g(k) is
x x4
12. Let f (x) = x + 1 and (x) = x – 2. Then the value of x satisfying | f (x) + (x) | = | f (x) | + | (x) | are
(a) (– , 1] (b) [2, ) (c) (– , –2] (d) [1, )
sin nx cos nx
13. If f ( x) where n I has period 8 then n =
sin x / n
2
x
14. The domain of f ( x) x cos 1 (| x | 4) =
log( x 2)
(a) (3, 5] (b) (2, ) ( 2, 0 ) (c) (2, ) (d) (– 2, 0)
2 2)
e x ln x 5( x ( x2 7 x 10)
15. The range of the function f(x) = is
2x 2
11x 12
3 3
(a) (– , ) (b) [0, ) (c) , (d) ,4
2 2
16. If f (x) = cos[ 2] x + cos[– 2]x where [x] is the greatest integer function, then which one is correct?
(a) f ( /2) = –1 (b) f ( ) = 1 (c) f ( )=0 (d) f ( /4) = 2
17. Which of the following functions is an even function ?

ax 1 ax a x
ax 1
(a) f ( x) x (b) f (x) = tan x (c) f ( x) x (d) f ( x)
ax 1 2 ax 1
18. If the following functions defined from [–1, 1] to [–1, 1] selected those which are not bijective
2
(a) sin (sin–1 x) (b) sin 1 (sin x) (c) (sgn( x ))ln(e x ) (d) x 3 (sgn ( x))
x
19. Let f be a real valued function defined on the interval (–1, 1) such that e x f ( x ) 2 t 4 1 dt for
0
all x (–1, 1) and let f –1

be the inverse function of f then
(a) the value of f(0) = 2 (b) the value of f ´(0) = 3
(c) the value of f (2) = 0
–1
(d) the value of f–1(2) = 1

-3.25-
1 2x
20. Let f : (0, 1) R be defined by f ( x) then
2 x
(a) f is not invertible on (0, 1)
1
(b) f : (0, 1) 1, is invertible and f = f–1
2
1
(c) f : (0, 1) , 2 is invertible and f = f–1
2
1 1 1
(d) f : (0, 1) 1, is invertible and f
2 2 f (0)
1
21. If the function f : 1, , is defined by f(x) = 3x(x – 2), then
3
(a) f –1(x) is not possible (b) f –1(x) = 1 1 log 3 x
(c) f –1(x) = 1 1 log 3x (d) f –1(x) = f(x) will have one solution
22. Let f : R R be a function such that f(x + y) = f(x) + y x, y R and f(1) = 2 then
(a) f (2) = 3
–1
(b) f (2) = 1
–1
(c) f (4) = 3
–1
(d) f–1(4) = 2
( x a )( x b)
23. Consider the function f ( x) where a, b and c are real numbers
( x c)
(a) Range of f(x) is ‘R’ if a < c < b

(b) Range of f(x) is R if a < b < c and lim f ( x ) 0
x
(c) Range of f(x) is always R

(d) Range of f(x) is [1, )
24. For the function f(x) = ln (sin–1 log2x)

1
(a) domain is ,2 (b) range is (– , ln /2]
2
(c) domain is (1, 2] (d) range is R
25. A function ‘f’ from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by
n 1
, when n is odd
f ( x) 2 is
n
, when n is even
2
(a) one-one (b) many-one (c) onto (d) into
Comprehension-1
Let f (x, y) be a periodic function satisfying the condition

f (x, y) = f ((2x + 2y), (2y – 2x)), x, y, R.
Now define a function g by g(x) = f (2 , 0), then
x

-3.26-
26. f (x, y) is not equal to
(a) f (–64x, –64y) (b) f (212x, 212y) (c) f (–218x, –218y) (d) none of these
27. g(x) is
(a) a periodic function with period 6 (b) a periodic function with period 12
(c) a non-periodic function (d) none of these
28. g(x, 0) is not equal to
(a) f (2x , 0) (b) f (2x+6 , 0) (c) f (212+x, 0) (d) none of these
Comprehension-2
For x 0, 1, define
1 1 x 1 x
f1(x) = x1, f2(x) = , f3(x) = 1 – x, f4(x) = , f5(x) = , f6(x) =
x 1 x x x 1
This family of functions is closed under composition, that is the composition of any two of these
functions is again one of these.
29. Let F be a function such that f1 F = f4, then F is equal to
(a) f1 (b) f2 (c) f3 (d) f4
30. Let G be a function such that G f3 = f6. Then G is equal to
(a) f5 (b) f4 (c) f3 (d) f2
31. Let J be a function such that f3 J f2 = f4. Then J is equal to
(a) f6 (b) f5 (c) f4 (d) f3
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

1 x2
32. A. The number of solutions of sin 1 ·sec( x 1) is/are (p) 2
2x 2
ax 1
B. The graph of f (x) = is symmetric about y-axis, then n equals (q) 1
x ( a x 1)
n
C. The minimum value of f (x) = | x – 1 | + | x – 2 | + | x – 3 | is (r) –1/3
D. The period of ecos4 x+x–[x] + cos2 x is

-3.27-
1
33. A. The domain of the function f ( x) (p){–2}
| tan x | tan x
tan 2 x
B. The domain of the function f ( x ) is (q) n ,n ,n I
6cos x 2sin 2 x 2
R (2 n 1) ; n I
2
C. The domain of the function f ( x ) sin x cos x 7x x 2
6 (r)
(2n 1) ; n I
4
D. The set of real value(s) of ‘p’ for which
5 5 3 7
px 2 (1 ) x sin 1 x 2 x cos 1 x 2 x 0 (s) 1, ,6
4 4 4 4

34. Total number of solutions of the equation x2 – 4 – [n] = 0 are (where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function)
35. Total number of solutions of the equation sin x = |ln|x|| are
36. The minimum value of f (x) = |x –1| + |x –2| + |x –3| is equal to
37. Let f {a, b, c} {x, y}. The number of onto functions f is.
38. Let f (x) = [1 + sin x] + [cos x –1] + [tan–1x] x [0, 2 ] ([.] denotes the greatest integer function).
The number of elements in the range of f (x) is.
n
39. If f(x + y) – f(x – y) = 4xy x, y R and f ( xi ) 55 then value of n is
xi 1
40. If range of the function [|sin x| + |cos x| + 1], where [ ] is g.i.f. is {a}, then value of ‘a’ is
1 4x 9
41. Find the number of solutions of the equation x 2 x 2 , where x –1.
2
x2 e x2 e
42. The only integer inside the range of the function y sin ln cos ln is
x2 1 x2 1

-3.28-

1. The range of the function f (x) = 7–xPx–3 is [AIEEE-2004]
(a) {1, 2, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} (c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
2. If f : R S, defined by f (x) = sin x – 3 cos x + 1, is onto, then the interval of S is [AIEEE-2004]

(a) [0, 3] (b) [–1, 3] (c) [0, 1] (d) [–1, 1]
3. The graph of the function y = f (x) is symmetrical about the line x = 2, then [AIEEE-2004]
(a) f (x + 2) = f (x – 2) (b) f (x) = – f (–x)
(c) f (x) = f (–x) (d) f (2 + x) = f (2 – x)
sin 1 ( x 3)
4. The domain of the function f (x) = is [AIEEE-2004]
9 x2
(a) [2, 3] (b) [1, 2) (c) [1, 2] (d) [2, 3)
5. A real valued function f(x) satisfies the functional equation f(x – y) = f(x)f(y) – f(a – x)f(a + y), where
a is a given constant and f(0) = 1, f(2a – x) is equal to [AIEEE-2005]
(a) f(a) + f(a – x) (b) f(–x) (c) –f(x) (d) f(x)
6. The function f (x) = log (x + x 2 1 ) is [AIEEE-2003]
(a) an odd function (b) a periodic function

(c) neither an even nor odd (d) an even function
7. A function f from the set of natural numbers to integers defined by

n 1
where n is odd integer
f ( x) 2 is [AIEEE-2003]
n
where n is even integer
2
(a) onto but not one-one (b) neither one-one nor onto
(c) one-one and onto both (d) one-one but not onto
3
8. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = + log10 (x3 – x) is [AIEEE-2003]
4 x2
(a) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (b) (1, 2) (2, ) (c) (–1, 0) (1, 2) (2, ) (d) (1, 2)
9. The largest interval lying in , for which the function [f (x) = 4–x2 + cos–1(x/2 – 1) + log(cos
2 2
x)] is defined, is (AIEEE 2007)
(a) , (b) 0, (c) [0, ] (d) ,

4 2 2 2 2

-3.29-
10. Let f : N Y be a function defined as f (x) = 4x + 3 where Y = {y N : y = 4x + 3 for some

x N}. Then its inverse is (AIEEE 2008)
y 3 y 3 y 3 3y 4
(a) g(y) = 4 + (b) g(y) = (c) g(y) = (d) g(y) =
4 4 4 3
11. For real x, let f (x) = x3 + 5x + 1, then (AIEEE 2009)
(a) f is onto R but not one-one (b) f is one-one and onto R
(c) f is neither one-one nor onto R (d) f is one-one but not onto R
1
12. The domain of the function f ( x) is : (AIEEE 2011)
| x| x
(a) (– , ) (b) (0, ) (c) (– , 0) (d) (– , ) – {0}
1
13. If g is the inverse of a function f and f '( x ) , then g (x) is equal to (JEE-Mains 2014)
1 x5
1
(a) 1+ x5 (b) 5x4 (c) (d) 1 + {g(x)}5
1 {g ( x)}5
1
14. If f ( x) 2 f 3 x, x 0 and S {x R : f ( x) f ( x)} ; then S : (JEE-Mains 2016)
x
(a) contains more than two elements (b) is an empty set

(c) contains exactly one element (d) contains exactly two elements
1 1 x
15. The function f : R , defined as f ( x ) , is (JEE-Mains 2017)
2 2 1 x2
(a) neither injective nor surjective (b) invertible

(c) injective but not surjective (d) surjective but not injective
1
16. Let a function f : (0, ) (0, ) be defined by f(x) = 1 . Then f is :- (JEE-Mains 2019)
x
(a) Injective only (b) Not injective but it is surjective

(c) Both injective as well as surjective (d) Neither injective nor surjective
x
17. Let f : R R be defined by f ( x ) , x R. Then the range of f is: (JEE-Mains 2019)
1 x2
1 1 1 1
(a) (–1, 1) –{0} (b) , (c) R , (d) R –[–1,1]
2 2 2 2
1 1
18. For x R – {0, 1}, let f 1(x) = , f 2 ( x) 1 x and f3 ( x) be three given functions. If a
x 1 x
function, J(x) satisfies (f2oJof1) (x) = f3(x), then J(x) is equal to: (JEE-Mains 2019)
1
(a) f3(x) (b) f3 ( x ) (c) f2(x) (d) f1(x)
x

-3.30-
2x
19. Let A={x R : x is not a positive integer} Define a function f :A R as f(x) , then f is
x 1
(JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) injective but not surjective (b) not injective
(c) surjective but not injective (d) neither injective nor surjective
20. Let f : R R be a function such that f(x) = x3 + x2f '(1) + xf ''(2) + f '''(3), x R. Then f(2) equal :
(JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) 8 (b) –2 (c) –4 (d) 30
21. Let N be the set of natural numbers and two functions f and g be defined as f,g : N N such that :
n 1
if n isodd
f ( n) 2 and g(n) = n–(–1)n. The fog is : (JEE-Mains 2019)
n
if n iseven
2
(a) Both one-one and onto (b) One-one but not onto
(c) Neither one-one nor onto (d) Onto but not one-one
5
22. If g (x) = x2 + x – 1 and (gof) (x) = 4x2 – 10 x + 5, then f is equal to (JEE-Mains 2020)
4
(a) 3/2 (b) –1/2 (c) –3/2 (d) 1/2
82 x 8 2x
23. The inverse function of f ( x) , x ( 1,1), is (JEE-Mains 2020)
82 x 8 2x
1 1 x 1 1 x
(a) (log 8 e )log e (b) log e
4 1 x 4 1 x
1 1 x 1 1 x
(c) (log 8 e )log e log e (d)
4 1 x 4 1 x
x[ x ]
24. Let ƒ : (1,3) R be a function defined by f ( x ) , where [x] denotes the greatest
1 x2
integer x. Then the range of ƒ is (JEE-Mains 2020)
3 4 2 3 3 4 2 4 2 1 3 4
(a) , (b) , , (c) , (d) , ,
5 5 5 5 4 5 5 5 5 2 5 5
25. If R = {(x, y) : x, y Z, x2 + 3y3 8} is a relation on the set of integers Z, then the domain of
R–1 is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) {–2, –1, 1, 2} (b) {–1, 0, 1} (c) {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (d) {0, 1}
|x| 5
26. The domain of the function f (x) = sin 1
is (– , –a] [a, ). Then a is equal to:
x2 1
[JEE-Mains 2020]
1 17 1 17 17 17
(a) (b) (c) 1 (d)
2 2 2 2
27. Let f : R R be a function which satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) x, y R. If f (1) = 2 and g(n)
( n 1)
f ( k ), n N, then the value of n, for which g(n) = 20, is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
k 1
(a) 5 (b) 9 (c) 20 (d) 4

-3.31-
28. Consider the two sets :

A = {m R : both the roots of x2 – (m + 1)x + m + 4 = 0 are real} and B = {–3, 5}.
Which of the following is not true? [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) A B = {–3} (b) A B=R
(c) A – B = (– , –3) (5, ) (d) B – A = (–3, 5)
29. Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as follows :
R1 = [(a, b) R2 ; a2 + b2 Q] and R2 = [(a, b) R2 : a2 + b2 Q], where Q is the set of all
rational numbers. Then : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive (b) R1 and R2 are both transitive
(c) R1 is transitive but R2 is not transitive (d) R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive
30. Let [t] denote the greatest integer t. Then the equation in x, [x]2 + 2[x + 2] – 7 = 0 has :
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) exactly two solutions. (b) exactly four integral solutions.
(c) infinitely many solutions. (d) no integral solution.
31. Contrapositive of the statement :
'If a function f is differentiable at a, then it is also continuous at a', is : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is not differentiable at a.
(b) If a function f is not continuous at a, then it is differentiable at a.
(c) If a function f is continuous at a, then it is not differentiable at a.
(d) If a function f is continuous at a, then it is differentiable at a.
50 n
32. Let Xi Yi T , where each Xi contains 10 elements and each Yi contains 5 elements. If
i 1 i 1
each elements of the set T is an element of exactly 20 of sets Xi 's and exactly 6 of sets Yi's,
then n is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 30 (b) 15 (c) 50 (d) 45
33. A survey shows that 73% of the persons working in an office like coffee, whereas 65% like
tea. If x denotes the percentage of them, who like both coffee and tea, then x cannot be:
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 63 (b) 38 (c) 54 (d) 36
34. Let A = {a, b, c} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4}. Then the number of elements in the set C = {f : A B|2
f(A) and f is not one-one} is ________ . [JEE-Mains 2020]

-3.32-
35. If f(x + y) = f(x) f(y) and f ( x ) 2, x , y N, where N is the set of all natural numbers, then
x 1
f (4)
the value of [JEE-Mains 2020]
f (2)
1 2 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 9 9
36. Set A has m elements and set B has n elements. If the total number of subsets of A is 112
more than the total number of subsets of B, then the value of m.n is _________
[JEE-Mains 2020]
a x
37. For a suitably chosen real constant a, let a function, f : R – {a} R be defined by f(x) = .
a x
1
Further suppose that for any real number x –a and f(x) –a, (fof)(x) = x. Then f is
2
equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 1
(a) (b) 3 (c) –3 (d)
3 3
5
1. If f (x) = sin2x + sin2 x + cos x cos x and g = 1, then (g f) (x) is equal to
3 3 4
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 4 (IIT Sc. 1996)
2. If the functions f, g, h are defined from the set of real numbers R to R such that
f (x) = x2 – 1, g(x) = x2 1 ,
h(x) = 0 if x 0
= x if x 0,
then (h f g) (x) is (IIT Sc. 1997)
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
4x
3. Let f (x) = x
. Then f (x) + f (1 – x) is equal to (IIT Sc. 1998)
4 2
4. If f (x) = 3x – 5, then f –1(x) is (IIT Sc. 1998)

1 x 5
(a) (b)
3x 5 3
(c) does not exist f is not one-one (d) does not exist f is not onto
5. If g(f (x)) = | sin x | and f (g(x)) = (sin x )2, then (IIT Sc. 1998)
(a) f (x) = sin2x, g(x) = x (b) f (x) = sin x, g(x) = | x |
(c) f (x) = x , g(x) = sin x
2
(d) f and g cannot be determined

-3.33-
6. If the function f : [1, ) [1, ) is defined by f (x) = 2x(x–1), then f –1(x) is (IIT Sc. 1999)
x ( x 1)
1 1
(a) (b) (1 1 4 log 2 x )
2 2
1
(c) (1 1 4 log 2 x ) (d) not defined
2
7. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is (IIT Sc. 2000)
(a) 0 < x 1 (b) 0 x 1 (c) – < x 0 (d) – < x < 1
x
8. Let f (x) = ,x 1. Then for what values of , is f (f (x)) = x? (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 1
(a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) –1
log 2 ( x 3)
9. The domain of definition of f (x) = is (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 2 3x 2
(a) R – {–1, –2} (b) (–2, ) (c) R – {–1, –2, –3} (d) (–3, ) –{–1, –2}
1, x 0
10. Let g(x) = 1 + x – [x] and f (x) = 0, x 0 . Then for all x, f (g(x)) is equal to (IIT Sc. 2001)
1, x 0
(a) x (b) 1 (c) f (x) (d) g(x)

11. Suppose f (x) = (x + 1)2 for x –1. If g(x) is the function whose graph is the reflection of the graph
of f (x) with respect to the line y = x, then g(x) equals (IIT Sc. 2002)
1
(a) x – 1, x 0 (b) , x > –1 (c) x 1 , x –1 (d) x – 1, x 0
( x 1) 2
x
12. If f : [0, ) [0, ) and f (x) = , then f is (IIT Sc.2003)
1 x
(a) one-one and onto (b) one-one but not onto
(c) onto but not on-one (d) neither one-one nor onto
x2 x 2
13. Range of the function f (x) = ;x R is (IIT Sc. 2003)
x2 x 1
11 7 7
(a) (1, ) (b) 1, (c) 1, (d) 1,
7 3 5
14. Domain of definition of the function f (x) = sin 1 (2 x) for real valued x, is (IIT Sc. 2003)
6
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) ,
4 2 2 2 2 9 4 4
15. Let f : R R be any function. Define g : R R by g(x) = | f (x) | for all x. Then g is (IIT Sc. 2000)
(a) onto if f is onto (b) one-one if f is one-one
(c) continuous if f is continuous (d) differentiable if f is differentiable

-3.34-
16. Let f (x) = x2 and g(x) = sin x for all x R. Then the set of all x satisfying (f o g o g o f )(x) = (g o g o
f )(x), where (f o g)(x) = f (g(x)), is [IIT 2011]
(a) n , n {0, 1, 2, …} (b) n , n {1, 2, …}
(c) 2n , n { , –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …} (d) 2n , n {…, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …}

2
2
17. Let f : (–1, 1) IR be such that f (cos 4 ) for 0, , . Then the values(s)
2 sec 2 4 4 2
1
of f is (are) [IIT 2012]
3
3 3 2 2
(a) 1 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 1
2 2 3 3
18. Let f : , R be given by f (x) = (log (sec x + tan x))3. Then [JEE-ADV. 2014]
2 2
(a) f (x) is an odd function (b) f (x) is one-one function
(c) f (x) is an onto function (d) f (x) is an even function
19. Let f1 : R R, f2 : [0, ) R, f3: R R and f4 : R [0, ) be defined by [JEE-ADV. 2014]

| x | if x 0 sin x if x 0, f 2 ( f1 ( x)) if x 0,
f1 ( x ) f2(x) = x2; f 3 ( x ) and f 4 ( x)
e x
if x 0; x if x 0 f 2 ( f1 ( x)) 1 if x 0.
List I List II
P. f4 is 1. onto but not one-one
Q. f3 is 2. neither continuous nor one-one
R. f2of1 is 3. differentiable but not one-one
S. f2 is 4. continuous and one-one
(a) P-3, Q-1, R-4, S-2 (b) P-1, Q-3, R-4, S-2 (c) P-3, Q-1, R-2, S-4 (d) P-1, Q-3, R-2, S-4
20. Let f ( x) sin sin sin x for all x R and g ( x) sin x for all x R. Let (fog)(x) denote
6 2 2
f(g(x)) and (gof )(x) denote g(f(x)). Then which of the following is (are) true ? [JEE-Adv. 2015]
1 1 1 1
(a) Range of f is , (b) Range of fog is ,
2 2 2 2
f ( x)
(c) lim (d) There is an x R such that (gof )(x) = 1
x 0 g ( x) 6

-3.35-
x 1 x
21. Let E1 = {x R:x 1 and 0 } and E2 x E1 :sin log e isa real number
x 1 x 1
(here, the inverse trigonometric function sin–1x assumes values in , .) [JEE-Adv. 2018]
2 2
x
Let f : E1 R be the function defined by f (x) = loge
x 1
1 x
and g : E2 R be the function defined by g (x) = sin log e
x 1
LIST-I LIST-II
1 e
P. The range of f is 1. , ,
1 e e 1
Q. The range of g contains 2. (0, 1)
1 1
R. The domain of f contains 3. ,
2 2
S. The domaing of g is 4. (– , 0) (0, )
e
5. ,
e 1
1 e
6. ( , 0) ,
2 e 1
The correct option is:
(a) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 1 (b) P 3; Q 3; R 6; S 5
(c) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 6 (d) P 4; Q 3; R 6; S 5
x5 5x 4 10x 3 10x 2 3x 1, x 0;
x 2 x 1, 0 x 1;
22. Let f : R R by given by f (x)= 2 3 8
x 4x 2 7x ; 1 x 3;
3 3
10
( x 2)log e ( x 2) x ; x 3.
3
Then which of the following options is/are correct? [JEE-Advanced 2019]
(a) f has a local maximum at x = 1 (b) f is NOT differentiable at x = 1
(c) f is onto (d) f is increasing on (– , 0)
1 10 7 k 7 ( k 1) 3
23. The value of sec 1
sec sec in the interval , equals.....
4k 0 12 2 12 2 4 4
[JEE-Advanced 2019]
Answer the following by appropriately matching the lists based on the information
given in the paragraph

-3.36-
Let f(x) = sin( cosx) and g(x) = cos(2 sin x) be two functions defined for x > 0. Define the
following sets whose elements are written in the increasing order:
X = {x : f(x) = 0}, Y = {x : f (x) = 0},
Z = {x : g(x) = 0}, W = {x : g (x) = 0}
List - I contains the set X, Y, Z and W. List -II contains some information regarding these
sets. [JEE-Advanced 2019]
List-I List-II
3
(I) X (P) , , 4 ,7
2 2
(II) Y (Q) an arithmetic progression
(III) Z (R) NOT an arithmetic progression
7 13
(IV) W (S) , ,
6 6 6
2
(T) , ,
3 3
3
(U) ,
6 4
24. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?

(a) (II), (R), (S) (b) (I), (Q), (U) (c) (II), (Q), (T) (d) (I), (P), (R)
25. Which of the following is the only CORRECT combination?

(a) (IV), (P), (R), (S) (b) (III), (P), (Q), (U) (c) (IV), (Q), (T) (d) (III), (R), (U)
26. If the function : is defined by ( )=| |( sin ), then which of the following
statements is TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
(A) is one-one, but NOT onto (B) is onto, but NOT one-one
(C) is BOTH one-one and onto (D) is NEITHER one-one NOR onto
4x
27. Let the function :[0,1] be defined by f ( x) x
. Then the value of
4 2
1 2 3 39 1
f f f ... f f is ____ [JEE-Advanced 2020]
40 40 40 40 2

-3.37-
CHAPTER TEST
|x|
1. Let f ( x ) , x 0 , then for 0 | f ( ) – f (– )| is equal to
x
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) +1
1
2. Range of the function f defined by f ( x ) (where [x] and {.} respectively denote the
sin{x}
greatest integer and the fractional part function) is
(a) I (b) N (c) W (d) Q
3. The domain of f(x) is (0, 1) therefore domain of f(ex) + f (ln | x |) is
(a) (–1, e) (b) (1, e) (c) (– e, –1) (d) (– e, 1)

sin x
1
4. The function f ( x ) 2 cos x is
2
(a) periodic with period 2 (b) an odd function

(c) an even function (d) none of these
1
5. The domain of the function f ( x) 1 x x 2 is
(x x2 )
(a) (– , –2) (1, ) (b) (– , 0) (1, ) (c) (– , –1) (1, ) (d) (– , )
6. If f ( x) cos 2 x cos 2 x cos x.cos x then

3 3
(a) f(x) is an even function (b) f f

8 4
(c) f(x) is a constant function (d) f(x) is not a periodic function
7. D [–1, 1] is the domain of the following functions, state which of them are injective.
(a) f(x) = x2 (b) g(x) = x3 (c) h(x) = sin 2x (d) k(x) = sin ( x/2)

-3.38-
8. Let f(x) = sec–1[1 + cos2x] where [.] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
(a) the domain of f is R (b) the domain of f is [1, 2]
(c) the range of f is [1, 2] (d) the range of f is {sec–11, sec–12}
2
9. Let f ( x) 4 cos x 2 . Then
9
(a) the domain of f is , (b) the range of f is [–1, 1]

3
(c) the domain of f is , (d) the range of f is [–4, 4]

3 3
10. Let f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y R. Then

(a) f(x) is an even function (b) f(x) is an odd function
(c) f(0) = 0 (d) f(n) = nf(1), n N

ONE is correct.
If a function x = f (x) : f : A B then the set A is called as domain of the function & B is called
co-domain of the function. For all x A, the values of y thus obtained comprise the set ‘C’ where C
is called as range of function
1
11. The domain of the function f x is where [.] indicates greatest integer function
ln cos 1 x
(a) [0, 1] (b) [–1, cos 2]
(c) [–1, cos 3) (cos 3, cos 4) (d) [–1, cos 3) (cos 3, cos 2)
12. The domain of the function f x cos sin x log x x where {.} indicates fractional part
function
(a) [1, ) (b) (0, 2 ) – [1, ) (c) 0, 1 (d) (0, 1)

2
13. The range of the function of f x sin 1

x2 x 1 is
(a) 0, (b) 0, (c) , (d) ,

2 3 3 2 6 2
SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE


-3.39-
14. A. f:R R defined by f ( x ) x is (p) one-one onto
B. f:R R defined by f(x) = x3 + x2 + 100 x + 5 sin x is (q) neither one-one nor onto
C. Let f : R R, g : R R be two one-one and onto functions (r) not a function
such that they are mirror images of each other about the line
y = a. If h(x) = f(x) + g(x), then h(x) is
D. f:R R defined by f(x) = e|x| – e–x is

ORS.
n
15. Find the natural number ‘a’ for which f (a k ) = 16(2n – 1) where the function f satisfies the
k 1
relation f(x + y) = f(x).f(y) for all natural numbers x, y & further f(1) = 2.
cos 2 x sin 4 x
16. If f ( x ) for, x R then f(2002) =
sin 2 x cos 4 x
sin nx
17. f ( x) has 4 as its period is
x
sin
n
18. If the function f ( x) sin x 2 cos x tan x is periodic with period T then T/4 is.
2 3 4
19. The value of a parameter | |, for which the function f : R R given by f(x) = 1 + x, a 0, is the
inverse of itself is
1
20. If f ( x ) , g ( x) f ( f ( x )) and h(x) = f (f (f (x)), then for x 0, 1 the value of |f (x) . g(x) .
1 x
h(x)| is
21. Let f be a real values function defined, x R such that for some fixed >0
1
f( x) f ( x ) ( f ( x )) for all x having period n , then find n.
2
2
x
5 21
22. The number of real roots of 2 x is.
13 13

-3.40-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignments
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
11. (c) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (a)
16. (a,c) 17. (a,c) 18. (b,c,d) 19. (a,b,c) 20. (a,b,d)
21. (b,d) 22. (b,c) 23. (a,b) 24. (b,c) 25. (a,c)
26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (c) 32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q) 33. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
34. (2) 35. (6) 36. (2) 37. (6) 38. (5)
39. (5) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (0)

f ( x) ; when f ( x) is rational x; when x is rational
1. (b): fof (x) = = =x
1 f ( x ); when f ( x) is irrational 1 (1 x); when x is irrational
2. (a): f(x) is defined on [0, 1] 0 x 1
Now f(2sin x) shall be defined, if 0 2 sin x 1
5
0 sin x 1/2 x 2n ,2n 2n ,(2n 1)
n I 6 6
cos( x) cos x x x x
3. (a): f(–x) = = as x n I , so as 1
x 1 x 1
1
2 2
cos x
= f ( x) f(x) is an odd function.
x 1
2
4. (d): Since f(x) is an odd function,
x2 x2
= 0 for all x [– 10, 10] 0 < 1 for all x [–10, 10]
a a
a > 100
5. (b): x=0 f(2) = 2f(0) – f(1) = 2 × 2 – 3 = 1 x=1 f(3) = 6 – 1 = 5
x=2 f(4) = 2f(2) – f(3) = 2 × 1 – 5 = – 3
x=3 f(5) = 2f(3) – f(4) = 2(5) – (– 3) = 13.

-3.41-
6. (c): f(x) = 0 x R f(3) – f(2) = 0.
7. (b): Let y = log e x x2 1
Find x in terms of y.
|x| 3
8. (c): 1 1 and 4 – x > 0 and 4 – x 1
2
9. (d): x2> [x2] x Z

n
{ x}
10. (a): [x] + [x] + {x} x
r 1 2090
1
11. (c): k 5 squaring twice.
k
12. (b): f(x) . (x) 0 (x + 1) (x – 2) 0
2
13. (c): LCM of ,2 n 8
n
14. (a): –1 |x| – 4 1, x – 2 > 0, x – 2 1
2
x 0.
x
2
e x ln x 5( x 2) .( x 2)( x 5)
15. (a): f (x) =
(2 x 3) ( x 4)
In the open interval (3/2,4) the function is continuous & takes up all real values from (– , )
Hence range of the function is (– , ) or R]
16. (a,c): Put [ 2] = 9, [ 2

] = – 10.
17. (a,c): Check, f (–x) = f(x).
18. (b,c,d): Check one-one and onto using graph.
19. (a,b,c): Differentiate using Labnitz Rule.

1 2x
20. (a,b,d): Let y = , find x in terms of y.
2 x
21. (b,d): Let y = 3x 2x
2
Taking log both side and find x in terms of y.
22. (b,c): f (1) = 2; f –1 (2) = 1
Put x = y = 1, then x = 2, y = 1.

-3.42-
23. (a,b): Draw the graph.

24. (b,c): –1 < log2x < 1 and sin–1(log2x) > 0.
25. (a,c): f : N Z s.t.
f (x) = {.......2, –1, 0, 1, 2, ....}
So f is both one-one and onto.
Comprehension:
26. (d): 27. (b) 28. (b)
Let 2x + 2y = u
2y – 2x = v
Find x y and again use defination.
29. (d): F = f1–1 of4
30. (a): G = f6of3–1
31. (c): J = f3–1 of4of2–1
32. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(q)

A. Use range of both functions. B. f (–x) = f (x).
C. Draw graph D. LCM ,1, 1
33. A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)

A. |tan x| > tan x B. cot x 0 and cot 2x 0
5 1
C. sin x + cot x 0 and 7x – n2 – 6 0 D. –1 x2 – x and 1 x
4 2
34. (2): Draw graph.
35. (6): Use graph.
36. (2): Draw graph.
37. (6): Number of onto function = 23– 2.
38. (5): f(x) = [sin x] + [cos x] + [tan–1 x], break the interval [0, 2 ]
39. (5): f(x) = x2.
40. (2): Let y = [|sin x| + |cot x|] + 1
1 |sin x| + |tan x| 2
41. (1): Use f (x) = f –1 (x) = x.

e 1 e 1
42. (0): y = sin ln 1 cosln 1
x2 1 x2 1

-3.43-
When x , ymin = 1, when x 0, ymax = sin 1 + cos 1
Range = [1, sin 1 + cos 1] Z.

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d)
16. (Bonus): 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (a) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (d) 25. (b)
26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (d) 34. (19.00) 35. (c)
36. (28.00) 37. (b)
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (a)
6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (c)
16. (a) 17. (a,b) 18. (a,b,c) 19. (d) 20. (a,b,c)
21. (a) 22. (a,b,c) 23. (0.00) 24. (c) 25. (a)
26. (c) 27. (19.00)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c)
6. (a,b,c) 7. (b,d) 8. (a,d) 9. (c,d) 10. (b,c,d)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. A-(r); B-(p); C-(q); D-(q)
15. (3) 16. (1) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (1)
20. (1) 21. (2) 22. (1)

-3.44-
4
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
4.0. INTRODUCTION
Given two non-empty sets X and Y, let f : X Y be a function such that y = f (x). The set
X is called as the domain of f ; the set Y is called as the co-domain of f . The set { f (x): x X}, is
called as Range of f .
A map f : A B is said to be one-one or injective if, and only if, distinct elements of A have
distinct images in B, i.e if, and only if , x1 x2 f (x1) f (x2) for all x1, x2 A
Onto map or Surjective map : A map f : A B is said to be an onto map or surjective map if, and
only if, each element of B is the image of some element of A, i.e. if, and only if, Range of f = co-
domain of f.
Bijective map : A map f : A B is a Bijective map if and only if it is both one-one and onto.
4.1. INVERSE FUNCTIONS
If f : X Y is one-to-one and onto (i.e. f is bijective) then, we can define a unique function
g:Y X such that g(y) = x, where x X is such that y = f (x). Thus, the domain of g = range of f
and range of g = domain of f. The function g is called the inverse of f and is denoted by f–1.
4.1.1. Inverse of Trigonometric Functions :
If we define f : R [–1, 1] such that f (x) = sin x, then f is a many one (i.e. not one-one) and onto
function. f can be made one-one and onto by restricting its domain to ,
2 2
1
0
–2 – – /2 /2 3 /2 2
–1
f: , [–1, 1] where y = f (x) = sin x is one-one and onto.

2 2
The inverse function is defined as
f –1 : [–1, 1] , ,
2 2
x = f –1 (y) = sin–1 y.

-4.1-
AICE (IIT-JEE) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Domain of sin–1 is [–1, 1] and Range is , . Other inverse trigonometric functions may be
2 2
defined in a similar manner.
Function Domain Range (Principal value)
y = sin x
–1
[–1, 1] ,
2 2
y = cos–1 x [–1, 1] [0, ]
y = tan x
–1
R ,
2 2
y = cot–1x R (0, )
y = sec x
–1
(– , –1] [1, ) 0, ,
2 2
y = cosec–1x (– , –1] [1, ) ,0 0,
2 2
4.1.2. Some Formulae
1. sin–1 (–x) = –sin–1 x if |x| 1
cos–1 (–x) = – cos–1 x if |x| 1
tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x if x R
cot–1 (–x) = – cot–1 x if x R
sec–1 (–x) = – sec–1 x if |x| 1
cosec–1(–x) = –cosec–1 x if |x| 1
2. sin (sin–1 x) = x if |x| 1
cos (cos–1 x) = x if |x| 1
tan (tan–1 x) = x if x R
cosec (cosec–1 x) = x if |x| 1
sec (sec–1 x) = x if |x| 1
cot (cot–1 x) = x if x R
sin–1 (sin ) = if –
2 2
cos–1 (cos ) = if 0
tan–1 (tan ) = if –< <

2 2
cosec–1(cosec )= if – < 0 or 0
2 2

-4.2-
Inverse Trigonometric Functions AICE (IIT-JEE)
sec–1 (sec ) = if 0 < or <

2 2
cot–1 (cot ) = if 0 < <
3. sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , –1 x 1
2
cot–1 x + tan–1 x = ,x R
2
sec–1 x + cosec–1 x = ,– <x –1 or 1 x<

2
1
4. sin–1 x = cosec–1 , –1 x 1, x 0
x
1
cos–1x = sec–1 , –1 x 1, x 0
x
1
cot 1
, x 0
x
tan–1 x =
1
cot 1
, x 0
x
5. sin–1 x = cos–1 1 x2 : 0 x 1
cos–1 x = sin–1 1 x2 : 0 x 1
x y
6. tan–1 x + tan–1 y = tan 1
, if xy < 1, x > 0, y > 0
1 xy
x y
= tan 1
, if xy > 1, x > 0, y > 0
1 xy
x y
tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan 1
, if x > 0, y > 0.
1 xy
Sample Problem 1:
Evaluate the following
(a) tan–1 (–1), (b) cot–1 (–1), (c) sin–1

2
Solution: (a) tan–1 (–1) = as tan = –1

4 4
3
(b) cot–1 (–1) = as cot = –1
4 4
3
(c) sin–1 = as sin =
2 3 3 2

-4.3-
Sample Problem 2:
Find the angle sin–1 (sin ).
Solution: sin–1 (sin ) , as ,

2 2
sin–1(sin ) = sin–1 sin

3
= sin–1sin ,= .
3 3
Sample Problem 3:
1
Find the value of cos [2 sin–1 x + cos–1 x] at x = .
5
Solution: cos [2 sin–1 x + cos–1 x]
= cos [cos–1 x + sin–1 x + sin–1 x]
= cos sin 1 x
2
= –sin (sin–1x)
= –x,
1
= .
5
Sample Problem 4:
1 1 2
Prove that tan–1 + tan–1 = tan–1
7 13 9
1 1
1 1 7 13 , 1 1
Solution: tan 1
tan 1
tan 1
. 1
7 13 1 7 13
1
91
1 20
= tan
90
1 2
= tan
9
Sample Problem 5:
1 x 1 y x 2 2 xy y2
If cos cos prove that – cos sin 2
a b a2 ab b2

-4.4-
x y
Solution: cos 1
cos 1
a b
Taking cosine of both sides, we get
x y x y
cos cos –1 cos cos –1 – sin cos –1 sin cos –1 = cos
a b a b
xy x2 y2
1 1 = cos
ab a2 b2
xy x2 y2
cos 1 1
ab a2 b2
Squaring both sides
xy x2 y2
2
cos 1 1
ab a2 b2
x2 y 2 2 xy x2 y2 x2 y 2
or cos2 cos 1
a 2b 2 ab a2 b2 a 2b 2
x2 y2 2 xy
or cos 1 cos 2
a2 b2 ab
x2 2 xy y2
or cos sin 2
a2 ab b2
Sample Problem 6:
Prove that sin (2 sin–1 x) = 2 x 1 x 2 .
Solution: Let 2 sin–1 x = where [– , ]; then, x = sin

2
sin (2 sin–1 x) = sin
= 2sin cos
2 2
= 2sin 1 sin 2
2 2
= 2x 1 x2
Sample Problem 7:
3
Find the angle (a) tan 1
tan ; (b) sin–1(sin5)
4
3
Solution: (a) tan 1
tan = tan 1
tan
4 4
1
= tan tan
4
= tan 1 tan
4

-4.5-
(b) We know sin–1 (sin ) = , , = [–1.57, 1.57]

2 2
5C , while 5 – 2 ,
2 2 2 2
sin 5C = sin(5 – 2 + 2 ) = sin (5 – 2 )

sin–1sin 5C = 5 – 2
Sample Problem 8:
If cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z = , prove that x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xyz = 1.
Solution: cos–1 x + cos–1 y + cos–1 z =

cos–1 x + cos–1 y = – cos–1 z
Taking cosine of both sides, we get
xy 1 x2 1 y 2 z
xy z 1 x 2
1 y2
Squaring, we get
x 2 y 2 z 2 2 xyz 1 x 2 y2 x2 y 2
x2 y2 z2 2 xyz 1.
Sample Problem 9:
2x
Prove that f (x) = 2 tan–1 x + sin 1
is a constant for all x 1. Find this constant.
1 x2
Solution: If 0 x 1 then, = 2 tan–1 x. Hence,

2x sin 1 2
1
If x 1 ( 0 < 1/x 1 ) then, sin 1
= x
= 2 tan –1
1 x 2
1 1
x2
x
For x 1,
2x
f (x) = 2 tan–1 x + sin 1
1 x2
1
= 2 tan–1x + 2 tan –1
x
= 2 [tan–1 x + cot–1 x]
= 2. = = constant.
2
Sample Problem 10:
Prove that tan–1 x = 2 tan–1 (cosec (tan–1 x) – tan (cot–1 x)).
Solution: R.H.S = 2 tan–1 (cosec (tan–1 x) – tan (cot–1 x))

-4.6-
1 1 1 x2 1 1
= 2 tan cosec cosec tan tan or
x x
1 x2 1
2 tan –1 cosec cosec –1 – tan tan –1
x x
depending on x > 0 or x<0

1 1 x 2
1
= 2 tan
x x
1 1 x2 1
= 2 tan
x
Let tan–1x = – , ; then, x = tan ,

2 2
1 sec 1
R.H.S. = 2 tan 2 tan 1 tan
tan 2
= 2. = tan–1x
2
= L.H.S.
Sample Problem 11:
0, if A
1 4 2
Prove that tan 1
tan 2 A tan 1 (cot A) tan 1 (cot 3 A)
2
, if 0 A
4
Solution: Case I A
4 2
0 < cot A < 1 and 0 < cot3 A < 1
cot A cot 3 A
tan–1 (cot A) + tan–1 (cot3 A) = tan 1
1 cot 4 A
1 cot A
= tan
1 cot 2 A
1 sin 2 A
= tan
2cos 2 A
1
= tan 1
tan 2 A
2
1
tan–1 tan 2 A + tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) = 0
2
Case II 0 < A <

4
cotA > 1 and cot3A > 1

-4.7-
cotA.cot3A > 1
cot A cot 3 A
Hence, tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) = tan 1
1 cot 4 A
x y
[As tan–1 x + tan–1 y = + tan–1 if x > 0. y > 0 and xy > 1]
1 – xy
1
= tan 1
tan 2 A [From case 1]
2
1
tan–1 tan 2 A + tan–1(cotA) + tan–1(cot3A) =
2
Sample Problem 12:
Find the sum cot–1 2 + cot –1 8 + cot–1 18 + ................. to infinity.
Solution: Let Tn denote the nth term of the series
Tr = cot–1(2r2)
1 4r 2
= cot
2
1 1 4r 2 1
= cot
2
1 (2r 1)(2r 1) (2 r 1) – (2 r – 1)
= cot 1
= tan –1
(2 r 1) (2r 1) 1 (2 r 1) (2r – 1)
= tan–1(2r + 1) – tan–1(2r – 1)
cot–12 + cot–18 + cot–118 + ........... + cot –12n2 = tan–1(2n + 1) – tan–1(1)
As n , tan–1(2n + 1) /2
Hence required sum = – .

2 4 4
Sample Problem 13:

If x1, x2, x3, x4 are the roots of the equation x4 – x3 sin2 + x2 cos2 – x cos – sin = 0, where
1
sin , prove that tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4 = n + – , for some n I.
2 2
Solution: x1, x2 , x3 , x4 are the roots of the given equation
x1 = sin2
x1x2 = cos2
x1x2x3 = cos
x1x2x3x4 = –sin

-4.8-
x1 x1 x2 x3
tan[tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4] =
1 x1 x2 x1 x2 x3 x4
sin 2 cos
=
1 cos 2 sin
cos (2 sin 1)
=
sin (2 sin 1)
= cot
tan [tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4] = cot
= tan
2
tan–1x1 + tan–1x2 + tan–1x3 + tan–1x4 = n + – , for some n I.

2
Sample Problem 14:
Solve the equation: 2 tan–1(cos x) = tan–1(2 cosec x).
Solution: 2 tan–1(cos x) = tan–1(2 cosec x) : sin x 0

tan [2 tan–1 (cos x)] = 2 cosec x ..........(i)
Assume tan–1 (cos x) = : ,

4 4
2 tan
L.H.S. = tan [2 tan–1(cos x)] tan2 =
1 tan 2
2 cos x 2 cos x
=
1 cos 2 x sin 2 x
Substituting this value in (i), we get

2 cos x
= 2 cosec x ;
sin 2 x
cos x = sin x ;
tan x = 1;
x=n + :n I
4
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 4.1:
x x
1. If sin 1
x2 2 x 1 sec 1
x2 2x 1 , x 0, then the value of 2sec 1
sin 1
is
2 2 2
equal to
3 3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2

-4.9-
2. If 0 < x < 1 then 1 x 2 [{xcos (cot–1x) + sin (cot–1x)}2 –1]1/2 is equal to

x
(a) x (b) x 1 x 2 (c) (d) 1 x2
1 x2
2
5
3. If (tan–1x)2 + (cot–1x)2 = , then x is equal to
8
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) –3
1 1 1
4. If tan 1
tan 1
.... tan 1
tan 1
, then =
1 2 1 2.3 1 n(n 1)
n n 1 n n 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
n 1 n 2 n 2 n 2
1 x2 1 x2
5. It tan–1 , then x2 is equal to
1 x2 1 x2
(a) sin (b) cos 2 (c) cos (d) sin 2
2x2 4
6. sin–1 sin 3 if
1 x 2
(a) –1 x 0 (b) 0 x 1 (c) –1 x 1 (d) x > 1
x 1 1
7. The value of cos–1x + cos–1 3 3x 2 , x 1 is equal to
2 2 2

6 3
1 1
8. Two angles of a triangle are sin–1 and sin 1
, then the third angle is
5 10
5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 4 3 6
x2 x3 x2 x6
9. If sin–1 x ......... cos 1
x2 ..... or 0 < |x| < 2 , then x =
2 4 2 4 2
1 1
(a) (b) –1 (c) +1 (d) –
2 2
10. The greatest and least values of (sin–1x)3 + (cos–1x)3 are

3 3 3 3
7
(a) , (b) , (c) , (d) none of these
2 2 8 8 32 8

-4.10-
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS 4.1:
1. (a): cos 1
x sin 1
x
2
2. (b): Put cot–1x = .
3. (c): Put x = –1
1 n 1 n
4. (c): Use: tan 1
tan 1
1 n(n 1) 1 n( n 1)
5. (d): Use componendo and dividendo Rule.
2 x2 4
6. (c): Put t
1 x 2
7. (b): Put cos–1x = y
8. (b): Use sin–1x + cos–1x = .

2
9. (d): Use sin–1x + cos–1x =

2
2 2
3
10. (c): sin 1
4 4
3 2
3
(sin–1x)3 + (cos–1x)3 = sin 1
x
32 2 4

-4.11-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1. The inequality sin–1(sin 5) > x2 – 4x holds if

(a) x = 2 – 9 2 (b) x = 2 + 9 2
(c) x (2 – 9 2 , 2+ 9 2 ) (d) x > 2 + 9 2

2n 2n
2. If sin 1
xi n , then xi is equal to
i 1 i 1
n( n 1)
(a) n (b) 2n (c) (d) none of these
2
3. Let F(x) = sec–1x + tan–1x, then domain of f (x) is
(a) x [–1, 1] (b) n R (c) x (– , –1] [1, ) (d) none of these
x 3 2x k
4. If A = tan 1
and B = tan 1
, then the value of A – B is
2k x k 3
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 30°
1 x
5. The smallest and the largest values of tan–1 ,0 x 1 are
1 x
(a) 0, (b) 0, (c) , (d) ,

4 4 4 4 2
1
6. If x + 2 , then the principal value of sin–1x is
x
3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2
7. Indicate the relation which is false
(a) tan |tan–1 x| = |x| (b) cot |cot–1 x| = x
(c) tan–1|tan x| = |x| (d) sin |sin–1 x| = |x|
n 2r 1
8. tan 1
is equal to
r 1
1 22 r 1
(a) tan–1 (2n) (b) tan–1(2n) – (c) tan–1 (2n+1) (d) tan–1(2n+1) –
4 4
9. If [cot–1 x] + [cos–1 x] = 0, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then the complete set of
values of x is
(a) (cos 1, 1] (b) (cos 1, cos 1) (c) (cot 1, 1] (d) none of these

-4.12-
10. The number of integral values of k for which the equation sin–1x + tan–1 x = 2k + 1 has a solution is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
11. cosec–1(cos x) is real if

(a) x [–1, 1] (b) x R
(c) x is an odd multiple of (d) x is a multiple of
2
1 2
12. If sin 1
sin 1
sin 1 x, , then x is equal to
3 3
4 5 4 2 5 3 1
(a) (b) (c) (d) 1
9 9 6
2x 1 x2 2x
13. 3sin 1
4cos 1
2 tan 1
, then x =
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 3
1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 1 (d) – 1
3
1
14. The value of cos(2cos–1x + sin–1 x) at x is
5
2 6
(a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d)
5
y 3
15. The number of the positive integral solutions of tan 1 x cos 1
sin 1
is
1 y 2
10
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4

1
16. If x + = 2, the principle value of sin–1x is
x
3
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 2 2
17. If cot–1 ( cos ) + tan–1 ( cos ) = u, then sin u equals
(a) tan2 (b) tan 2 (c) 1 (d) cot2 /2
x y
18. If cos–1 + cos–1 = . Then 9x2 – 12xy cos + 4y2 is equal to
2 3
(a) 36 (b) – 36 sin2 (c) 36 sin2 (d) 36 cos2
19. The value of sin (cot–1 x) =
(a) 1 x2 (b) x (c) (1 + x2)–3/2 (d) (1 + x2)–1/2
20. If tan–1(2x) + tan–1 (3x) = /4, then x =
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/6 (d) 1/10
21. 2 sin2x + sin22x = 2, – < x , , then x =
3
2 4 4

-4.13-
22. Which one is true

1 1 1
(a) 3 sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3) when – <x<0 (b) 3 sin–1x = sin–1(3x – 4x3) when – x
2 2 2
1 1
(c) 3 cos–1x = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) when x 0 (d) 3 cos–1x = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) when 0 x
2 2
23. Which one is true?
2x
(a) 2 tan–1x = sin 1
when |x| 1
(1 x 2 )
1 1
(b) 2 sin–1x = sin–1 [ 2 x 1 x 2 ] when x
2 2
2x
(c) 2 tan–1x = sin–1 when x > 1
1 x2
2x
(d) 2 tan–1x = sin 1
when x < –1
(1 x 2 )
24. Indicate the relation which is true

(a) tan |tan–1x| = |x| (b) cot |cot–1x| = x (c) tan–1|tan x| = |x| (d) sin|sin–1x| = |x|
5
25. Let tan–1 tan , tan 1
tan , then
4 3
7
(a) (b) 4 3 =0 (c) (d) none of these
12
1 1 1
26. are three angles given by = tan–1 ( 2 1 ), = 3sin 1
sin 1
and = cos 1
,
2 2 3
then
27. cos–1 x is equal to

1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x 1 1 x
(a) 2sin (b) 2 cos (c) 2 cos (d) 2sin
2 2 2 2
28. 6 sin–1(x2– 6x + 8.5) = , if

(a) x = 1 (b) x = 2 (c) x = 3 (d) x = 4
2 1 1
29. If a = sin 1
cos 1
and b = tan 1
3 cot 1
then
2 2 3
17 17 7
(a) a – b = (b) a + b = (c) a + b = – (d) a – b =
12 12 12 12
3
30. A solution of sin–1 tan sin 1
0 is
4 x 2 6
1
(a) x = 2 (b) x = 1 (c) x = 2 (d) x =
2

-4.14-

Comprehension-1
n2 10n 21.6
If tan–1y = 4 tan–1(x) (|x| < tan ), if cot–1 ,n N
6 6
31. The value of y, as an algebraic function of x will be

4 x(1 x 2 ) 4 x(1 x 2 ) 4 x(1 x 2 )
x4 6 x2 1 x4 6x2 1 x4 6x2 1
32. The root of the equation x4 – 6x2 + 1 = 0 is
(a) tan (b) tan (c) tan (d) tan

12 4 8 16
33. The minimum value of ‘n’ is

(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
Comprehension-2
F(x) = sin {cot–1(x + 1)} – cos (tan–1x)
a = cos tan–1 sin cot–1x
b = cos (2cos–1x + sin–1x)
34. The value of x for which f (x) = 0 is

1 1
(a) – (b) 0 (c) (d) 1
2 2
35. If f (x) = 0, then a2 is equal to

1 2 5 9
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 9 5
26
36. If a 2 , then b2 is equal to
51
1 24 25 50
(a) (b) (c) (d)
25 25 25 51
MATRIX MATCH TYPE
37. A. sin (tan–1 x) (p) 1 x2

x
B. cos (tan–1 x) (q)
1 x2
1
C. cos (sin–1 x) (r)
1 x2
D. cos (2cos–1 x) (s) 2x2 –1

-4.15-
38. Number of real solutions of

1 1
A. tan cos 1 x tan cos 1 x 1 (p) 0
4 2 4 2
1 1 1 1 1 2
B. tan tan tan (q) 2
(2 x 1) 4x 1 x2
2 4 2
C. tan 1
x tan 1
tan 1
x 0 (r) 3
x x x
D. tan–1(1 – x) + tan–1(1 + x) = tan–12x (s) 1
1 4 29 x
39. If x = tan cos 1
sin 1
then is equal to
5 2 17 3
1
40. If y = sin (cot–1x) and x = 99 then 9800 is equal to .
y2
y a
41. If cos–1x – cos–1 , then 400 (4x2 – 4xy cos + y2 ) + 328. sin2 = a sin2 , is equal to
2 1928
90 2r
42. If S = tan 1
then [cot S] is equal to.
r 1 2 r2 r4
43. If = cot–1 7 + cot –1 8 + cot–1 18, then cot is equal to
2 2 4
44. If tan 1
x tan 1
x tan 1
, then [ x ] is
x x x
1
45. tan–1x = 2 tan~1 , then –[x] is equal to
5 4
1 1
46. The value of cos cos 1 is equal to where [.] is G.I.F.
2 8
47. If 1 < x < 2 the number of solutions of the equation tan–1(x –1) + tan–1x + tan–1(x + 1) = tan–1(3x) is.
48. The integral root of the equation 17 x2 + 17x tan [2 tan–1 (1/5) – /4] – 10 = 0 is

-4.16-

y
1. If cos 1 x cos 1
, then 4x2 – 4xy cos + y2 is equal to [AIEEE-2005]
2
(a) 4sin2 (b) –4sin2 (c) 2sin2 (d) 4
2. The trigonometric equation sin–1x = 2sin–1 a has a solution for [AIEEE-2003]

1 1 1 1
(a) |a| (b) |a| (c) all real values of a (d) |a| <
2 2 2 2
x 5
3. If sin 1
cosec 1
, then a value of x is (AIEEE 2007)
5 4 2
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 3
5 2
4. The value of cot cosec 1
tan 1 is (AIEEE 2008)
3 3
3 4 5 6
(a) (b) (c) (d)
17 17 17 17
1 sin x
5. Consider f ( x) tan 1
,x 0, .
1 sin x 2
A normal to y = f(x) at x also passes through the point (JEE-Mains 2016)

6
2
(a) ,0 (b) (0, 0) (c) 0, (d) ,0
4 3 6
6. Considering only the principal values of inverse functions, the set

x 0;tan 1 (2 x ) tan 1 (3x) (JEE-Mains 2019)
4
(a) is an empty set (b) Contains more than two elements
(c) Contains two elements (d) is a singleton
7. All x satisfying the inequality (cot–1 x)2 – 7 (cot–1 x) + 10 > 0, lie in the interval:- (JEE-Mains 2019)
(a) (– , cot 5) (cot 4, cot 2) (b) (cot 5, cot 4)
(c) (cot 2, ) (d) (– , cot 5) (cot 2, )
2 3 3
8. If cos 1
cos 1
x , then x is equal to: (JEE-Mains 2019)
3x 4x 2 4
145 145 146 145
(a) (b) (c) (d)
12 10 12 11

-4.17-
9. If x = sin–1(sin10) and y=cos–1(cos10), then y–x is equal to: (JEE-Mains 2019)

(a) (b) 7 (c) 0 (d) 10
19 n
10. The value of cot cot 1
1 2p is: (JEE-Mains 2019)
n 1 p 1
22 23 21 19
(a) (b) (c) (d)
23 22 19 21
dy 1 d
11. Let f (x) = (sin(tan–1x) + sin (cot–1x))2 –1, |x| > 1. If (sin 1 ( f ( x ))) and y( 3) ,
dx 2 dx 6
then (JEE-Mains 2020)
5 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 3 3
12. If f (x) = tan–1(sec x + tan x), x , and f (0) = 0, then f (1) is equal to:
2 2
(JEE-Mains 2020)
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 4 4 4
1 4 1 5 1 16
13. 2 sin sin sin is equal to (JEE-Mains 2020)
5 13 65
3 7 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 4 2 4
14. Is S is the sum of the first 10 terms of the series
1 1 1 1
tan 1 tan 1
tan 1 tan 1
....., then tan(S) is equal to : (JEE-Mains 2020)
3 7 13 21
5 6 10 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
11 5 11 6
2
1. The principal value of sin–1 sin is (IIT 86)
3
2 4 5
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 3 3
1
2. The numerical value of tan 2 tan 1
is (IIT 84)
5 4
7 7
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) (d) –
17 17
3. If tan(x + y) = 33 and x = tan–13, then y = (Roo. 72)

1
(a) 3 (b) tan–1(1·3) (c) tan–1(·3) (d) tan–1
18

-4.18-
x2 x3 x4 x6
4. If sin 1
x cos 1
x2 . For 0 < | x | < 2 , then x equals
2 4 2 4 2
(IIT 2001)
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d) –1
2 2
5. The number of real solutions of tan 1

x( x 1) sin 1
x2 x 1 is (IIT 99)
2
(a) zero (b) one (c) two (d) infinite
1 3
6. If A = 2 tan–1( 2 2 – 1) and B = 3 sin–1 + sin–1 , then (IIT 89)
3 5
(a) A > B (b) A < B (c) A = B (d) none of these
4 2
7. The value of tan cos 1
tan 1
is (IIT 83)
5 3
6 7 16
17 16 7
3
8. 2 cot–17 + cos–1 is equal to (IIT 91)
5
44 125 44 44
(a) cot–1 (b) cosec–1 (c) tan–1 (d) cos–1
117 117 117 125
9. In a triangle ABC, let C = . If r is the in radius and R is the circum-radius of the triangle, then
2
2(r + R) is equal to (IIT 2002)
(a) a + b (b) b + c (c) c + a (d) a + b + c
10. The value of x for which sin(cot–1(1 + x)) = cos(tan–1x) is (IIT 2004)
1 1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) –
2 2
11. Let (x, y) be such that sin–1(ax) + cos–1(y) + cos–1(bxy) = .

2
Match the statements in Column I with statements in Column II and indicate your answer by
darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the ORS. (IIT 2007 (P-II))
Column-I Column-II
A. If a = 1 and b = 0, then (x, y) (p) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 1
B. If a = 1 and b = 1, then (x, y) (q) lies on (x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0
C. If a = 1 and b = 2, then (x, y) (r) lies on y = x
D. If a = 2 and b = 2, then (x, y) (s) lies on (4x2 – 1)(y2 – 1) = 0

-4.19-
12. Let f : [0, 4 ] [0, ] be defined by f (x) = cos–1 (cos x). The number of points x [0, 4 ] satisfying
10 x
the equation f (x) = is [JEE-Advance 2014]
10
13. List I List II
3
P. Let y(x) = cos(3 cos–1 x), x [–1, 1], x . Then 1. 1
2
1 d 2 y ( x) dy ( x )
( x2 1) x equals
y ( x) dx 2 dx
Q. Let A1, A2, ....., An (n > 2) be the vertices of a regular polygon of 2. 2
n sides with its centre at the origin. Let ak be the position vector
n 1 n 1
of the point Ak, k = 1, 2, ...., n. If k 1
ak ak 1 = k 1
a k ak 1 ,
then the minimum value of n is
x2 y2
R. If the normal form of the point P(h, 1) on the ellipse 1 3. 8
6 3
is perpendicular to the line x + y = 8, then the value of h is
S. Number of positive solutions satisfying the equation 4. 9
1 1 2
tan 1
tan 1
tan 1
[JEE-Advance 2014]
2x 1 4x 1 x2
n
1 1
14. For any positive integer n, define fn: (0, ) R as f n ( x ) tan for all x
j 1 1 (x j )( x j 1)
(0, ). (Here, the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assumes values in , . ) Then, which
2 2
of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE-Advance 2019]

5
(a) tan 2 ( f j (0)) 55
j 1
10
(b) (1 f j' (0))sec 2 ( f j (0) 10
j 1
1
(c) For any fixed positive integer n, lim tan( f n ( x ))
x n
(d) For any fixed positive integer n, lim sec2 ( f n ( x )) 1
x

-4.20-
15. The number of real solutions of the equation [JEE-Advance 2019]

i i
x x 1 1
sin 1
xi 1
x cos 1
( x )i lying in the interval , is
i 1 i 1 2 2 i 1 2 i 1 2 2
____. (Here, the inverse trigonometric functions sin-1x and cos–1 x assume values in , and [0,
2 2
], respectively.)

-4.21-
CHAPTER TEST
1. If 4 sin–1 x + cos–1 x = , then x equals.

1 3 1
2 2 2
3 9
2. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y + sin–1 z = , then the value of x100 + y100 + z100 – 100 is
2 x y100 z101
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3

3. If sin–1 x + sin–1 (1 – x) = cos–1 x, then x =
1
(a) 1, –1 (b) 1, 0 (c) 0, (d) none of these
2
x 5
4. If sin 1
cosec 1 , then x =
5 4 2
(a) 4 (b) 5 (c) 1 (d) 3
5. sin cot–1 tan(cos–1x) is equal to
(a) –x (b) x2 (c) x (d) none of these

6. If sin–1 x + cos–1x + tan–1x , then
(a) =0 (b) = /2 (c) = /4 (d) =
a ( a b c) b( a b c ) c (a b c )
7. The value of tan 1
tan 1
tan 1
is equal to
bc ca ab
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0

4 2
1 1
8. , and are the angles given by 2 tan 1 ( 2 1), 3sin 1
sin 1
and
2 2
1 1
cos , then
3
(a) > (b) > (c) > (d) none of these

-4.22-
9. If the equation sin 1 ( x 2 x 1) cos 1 ( x 1) has exactly two solutions, then cannot have the
2
integral value
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
10. The value(s) of x satisfying the equation sin 1 | sin x | sin 1 | sin x | is/are given by (n is any integer)
(a) n – 1 (b) n (c) n + 1 (d) 2n + 1

ONE is correct.
1 a 1 a
If x tan cos 1 and y tan cos 1 , then
4 2 b 4 2 b
11. x+y=
2b 2a 2 a 2 b2
a b b
12. x–y=
2b 2a 2 a 2 b2
a b b
13. xy =
(a) 0 (b) a2/b2 (c) 1 (d) none of these
SECTION- IV: MATCHING LIST TYPE

14. Let (x, y) be such that sin–1(ax) + cos–1y + cos–1(bxy) = /2
A. If a = 1, b = 0, then (x, y) (p) lies on the circle x2 + y2 = 1
B. If a = 1, b = 1, then (x, y) (q) lies on (x2 –1) (y2 – 1) = 0
C. If a = 1, b = 2, then (x, y) (r) lies on y = x
D. If a = 2, b = 2, then (x, y) (s) lies on (4x2 – 1) (y2 – 1) = 0

-4.23-

ORS.
15. The value of sin–1(sin 12) + cos–1 (cos 12) is equal to.
16. The total number of ordered pairs (x, y) satisfying |y| = cos x and y = sin–1 (sin x) where x [–2 , 3 ]
is equal to.
17. Total number of values of x in (–2 , 2 ) and satisfying log|cos x||sin x| + log|sin x| |cos x| = 2 is equal to.
18. If x , , then cos [sin–1{cos(cos–1(cos x) + sin–1 (sin x)}] is

2
19. cos [5 + cos–1 (cos 5)] is
3
20. The solution of equation sin 1 (tan ) sin 1
0 is
4 x 6
2x 1 x2 2x 1
21. If is the solution of 3sin 1
4cos 1
2 tan1 then is
1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 3 2
x2 y2 z2
22. If sin–1 x + sin–1 y + sin–1 z = 3 then is
2 xyz

-4.24-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b)
16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c)
21. (a,b,c) 22. (b,c) 23. (a,b) 24. (a,b,d) 25. (b,c)
26. (b,c) 27. (a,c) 28. (b,d) 29. (a,c) 30. (a,c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c)
36. (b) 37. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s) 38. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(s)
39. (1) 40. (2) 41. (1) 42. (1) 43. (3)
44. (1) 45 (1) 46. (0) 47. (0) 48. (1)

3
1. (c): 5 2 sin 5 < 0
2
so sin–1(sin 5) = 2 – 5, then the inequality can be written as
2 – 5 > x2 – 4x or x2 – 4x – (2 – 5) < 0
2. (b): sin 1
x , hence from the question sin–1xi = for all i
2 2 2
xi = 1 i
2n
xi 2n
i 1
3. (c): sec–1x is real when x–1 or x 1 . tan–1x exists for all x R.

tan A tan B
4. (d): Use formula tan(A – B) =
1 tan A tanB
1 x
5. (b): tan–1 tan 1 (1) tan 1 ( x) tan 1
x
1 x 4
since 0 x 1 0 tan2x
4
0 tan 1
x
4
tan 1
x 0
4 4
1
6. (b): x + 2 x=1
x
so the principle value of sin–1x is
2

-4.25-
7. (c): Using the range of tan–1x, sin–1x, cot–1x, we get the result.
2r 1
2r 2r 1
8. (b): tan 1
tan 1
= tan–1 2r – tan–1 2r –1.
1 2 2r 1
1 2 r .2 r 1
Now total r = 1, 2, 3, ....., n, we get the sum.

9. (c): 0 < cot–1x < [cot–1x] = 0, 1, 2, 3
0 cos–1x [cos–1x] = 0, 1, 2, 3
10. (b): sin 1
x
2 2
tan 1
x
2 2
0 < sin x + tan–1x < .
–1
0 < 2k + 1 < and now find k.

11. (d): Domain of cosec x is (– , –1] –1
[1, )
so cos x should be 1 or –1.
12. (b): Use sin–1x + sin–1y = sin–1 ( x 1 y 2 y 1 x2 )
13. (b): Direct formula based.
1
14. (d): Here cos(cos–1x + cos–1x + sin–1x) =
5
1
cos sin 1
x , now find x.
2 5
15. (b): Here tan–1x + tan–1 = tan–1 3.
xy 1
tan 1 = tan–1 3.
y x
xy 1
3
y x
xy + 1 = 3y – 3x
3x 1
y
3 x
x 1 x 2
, are the only solutions.
y 2 y 7
16. (b): Conceptual.
1
17. (c): Convert tan–1(x) = cot–1
x
18. (c): Factual.
1 x2 1
19. (d): Convert cot–1x into sin
x
1 x y
20. (c): Apply tan–1x + tan–1y = tan if xy < 1, x > 0, y > 0.
1 xy
21. (a,b,c): 1 – cos 2x + 1– cos22x = 2

-4.26-
cos 2x (cos 2x + 1) = 0
cos 2x = 0, –1
1
2x = x or (2x + 1)
2
or x = (2 x 1) ,(2 x 1)
4 2
put n = –2, –1, 1, 2
3 3 5 3 3 5
x= , , , , and , , , ,
4 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 2
since – <n< .
3
x= , ,
4 2 4
22. (b,c): Direct formula.
23. (a,b): Direct formula.
24. (a,b,d): Use basic theory:
25. (b,c): tan 1

tan tan 1
tan
4 4 4
1 1
tan tan tan tan
3 3 3
26. (b,c): = 2tan–1( 2 –1) = 2tan–1 tan

8
1 1
= 2 cos
8 4 2
7
=3
4 6 12
1 1
also
3 2
1 1 1
cos–1 cos
3 2
so , again cos–1 (1/3) belongs to the first quadrant and is in the second quadrant.
.
27. (a,c): Let cos–1x =y x = cos y.
y
2sin 1
1 x 1 cos y 2 y
sin
2 2 2 2
1 x y 1 x
sin 1 2sin–1 y
2 2 2
y
2 cos 2
1 x 1 cos y 2 y
Also cos
2 2 2 2
1 x y 1 x
cos 1
2cos 1
y
2 2 2

-4.27-
1 x 1 x
y = cos–1x = 2 sin 1
2cos 1
2 2
1
28. (b,d): sin–1(x2 – 6x + 8.5) = x2 – 6x + 8.5 = sin =
6 6 2
2x2 –12x + 17 = 1 x2 – 6x + 8 = 0
(x –2) (x – 4) = 0
x = 2, 4
2 2
29. (a,c): a = ,b=
4 3 3 3
7
a+b=
3 4 12
2 2 17
a–b=
4 3 3 3 12
3
30. (a,c): sin–1(1) – sin–1 0
x2 6
1 3
sin
2 6 x2
3
sin
3 x 2
3 3
x2 = 2
2 x2
31. (b): 32. (c): 33. (d):
4x
2x 1 x2
tan–1y = 4 tan–1x = 2 tan–1 = tan 1
1 x 2
4x2
1
(1 x 2 ) 2
4 x(1 x 2 ) 2x
y 1
x 4
6x 2
1 1 x2
If x = tan tan 1
y 4 tan 1
x
6 2
y= x – 6x + 1 = 0
4 2
n 2
10n 21.6
cot–1
6
n 2
10 n 21.6
cot {cot function is decreasing function}
17 6
(n – 5)2 < 3 + 3.4
5 3 3.4 n 5 3 3.4
3 5.5
3 3.4 8.9 2.9
2.1 < n < 7.9

-4.28-
n = 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 on n N
34. (a): 35. (c): 36. (b):
F(x) = 0 sin{cot–1(x + 1)} = cos(tan–1x)
1 1 1
sin cos cos 1
1 ( x 1) 2
1 x2
1 1
1+ x2 = x2 + 2x + 2
1 ( x 1) 2
1 x 2
1 1
x so F(x) = 0 for x
2 2
a = cos tan–1 sin cot–1x = cos tan–1 sin where x = cot .
1 1
= cos tan 1 = cos . where tan =
1 x2 1 x2
1 x2 1
1 x2 2
1
(1 x ) 2
x2 1 5
a2 =
x 2
2 9
26 1
a2 = x=±
51 5
24 1
Similarly b2 = 1 – x2 = for x =
51 5
37. A-(q); B-(r); C-(p); D-(s) :
sin (tan–1x) = sin where x = tan
tan x
=
2
1 tan 1 x2
1 1
cos (tan–1x) = cos =
1 tan 2 1 x2
cos (sin–1x) = sin where x = sin = 1 x2
cos (2cos–1x) = cos (2 ) = 2cos–1 –1 = 2x2 –1 where (x = cos )
38. A-(p); B-(r); C-(q); D-(s):
1
A. take cos 1 x
2
1tan tan
1
1 tan 1 tan
2 2
1 1 x=2
cos 2 x
but x = 2, cos–1x is not defined so (A) has no solution.
1 1
(2 x 1) (4 x 1) 2 6x 2 2
B.
1
1 x 2
8x 6 x x 2
2
(2 x 1)(4 x 1)

-4.29-
Either x = 0 or 6 x2 – 14x – 12 = 0
2
x = 0, 3, –
3
so (B) has three solution.
C. Can be written as
2 2 4
tan 1 x tan 1 x tan 1
x x x
2 2
x x
x x 4
1 x
1 x2
x 2
4
x 4
4 x
1 x2
x2
4
1 + x2 1
x2
x4 = 4 x = ± 2
C. has only two solution.
2
D. tan 1 2 tan 1 (2 x) x = 1 only one solution
x
1
39. (1): cos–1 tan 1 7
5 2
1 1
40. (2): y = sin sin 1
1 x 2
1 x2
y
41. (1): cos–1x = + cos 1
2
y y2
x = (cos ) – sin 1
2 4
4x2 – 4xy cos + y2 = 4 sin2 .
2r (1 r r 2 ) (1 r r2 )
42. (1):
2 r2 r 4 1 (1 r r 2 )(1 r r 2 )
7 8 18 (7 3 13) 975
43. (3): cot = 3
56 144 126 1 325
2 2
x x
x x 4
44. (1):
4 x
1 x2
x2
x2 = 2
5
45. (1): 2 tan–1 (1/5) = tan 1
12
46. (0): Go through basic.

-4.30-
47. (0): tan–1(x –1) + tan–2(x + 1) = tan–2(3x) – tan–1x

x 1 x 1 3x x
tan 1 tan 1
1 ( x 1)( x 1) 1 3x 2
1
x + 3x3 = 2x – x3 x(4x2 –1) = 0 x = 0, ±
2
1 5
48. (1): tan 2 tan 1
5 12
1
17x2 – 17x tan 2 tan 1 10 0
4 5
1 5 / 12
17x2 – 17x 10 0
1 5 / 12
17x2 – 7x – 10 = 0
(x –1) (17x + 10) = 0
x = 1 is a root of the given equation.

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (d)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (A-(p); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s)) 12. (3) 13. P-4, Q-3, R-2, S-1
14. (d) 15. (2)
Chapter Test
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5 (c)
6. (a,d) 7. (c,d) 8. (b,c) 9. (a,c,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (c) 14. A-(p); B-(q); C-(p); D-(s)
15. (2) 16. (5) 17. (8) 18. (0) 19. (1)
20. (4) 21. (3) 22. (3)

-4.31-
5
LIMITS, CONTINUITY & DIFFERENTIABILITY
5.1. LIMITS
Let a R and let f be a function defined on a neighbourhood ]a – , a + [ : > 0, of ‘a’, except
possibly at a. If we allow x to take values closer and closer to ‘a’, the function values f (x) may or
may not approach a particular no. L. The function f is said to have a limit L as x tends to a if
| f (x) – L | can be made arbitrarily small by allowing | x – a | to become sufficiently small. We then
write:
f (x) L as x a or equivalently, lim f ( x) L
x a
Note: 1. f need not be defined at x = a 2. Limit, if it exists, is unique
Sample Problem 1:
x2 4
Find lim
x 2 x 2
x2 4
Solution: f (x) = is not defined at x = 2. Further, f (x) = x + 2 as x 2. As x moves closer to 2,
x 2
x + 2 moves closer to 4. We say, f has the limit 4 as x 2.
5.1.1. Left Hand Limit, Right Hand Limit
Left hand limit :(L.H.L.)

A function f tends to a limit L as x tends to ‘a’ from the left if | f (x) – L | can be made arbitrarily
small by allowing a – x (positive) to become sufficiently small. We then write,
f (x) L as x a–
or equivalently, lim f ( x) L
x a
Right hand limit :(R.H.L.)

A function f tends to a limit L as x tends to ‘a’ from the right if | f (x) – L | can be made arbitrarily
small by allowing (x – a) (positive) to become sufficiently small. We then write
f (x) L as x a+
or equivalently, lim f ( x) L
x a
A function f is said to have a limit L as x a if it has both, a left hand limit and a right hand limit
and they are equal. We write,
lim f ( x) L
x a

-5.1-
AICE (IIT-JEE) Limits, Continuity & Differentiability
Sample Problem 2:
Does lim f ( x) exist, where f (x) = [x]
x 2
Solution: f (x) = 1 for 1<x<2

f (x) = 2 for 2<x<3
L.H.L. = lim f ( x) 1
x 2
R.H.L. = lim f ( x) 2
x 2
L.H.L R.H.L. Hence lim f ( x) does not exist.

x 2
5.1.2. Limits at infinity: A function f is said to tend to a limit l as x if | f (x) – l | can be made
arbitrarily small by taking x sufficiently large.
2 1
1
x2 2x 1 x x2 = 1
e.g.: Lt 2 = Lt
x x 2x 3 x 1 2 3
x x2
Infinite limits: A function f is said to tend to as x c if to any number G > 0, there exists a
number > 0 such that f (x) > G x ] c – , c + [ ~{c}.
1
e.g.: Lt
x 0 x2
5.1.3. Properties of limits: Let f and g be functions such that lim f ( x) l and lim g ( x) m (l, m are
x a x a
finite real numbers). Then
(i) lim( f g )( x) l m
x a
(ii) lim( f g )( x) l m
x a
(iii) lim( f .g )( x) l.m

x a
f l
(iv) lim ( x) (if m 0 and g(x) does not vanish in at least a small interval around a,
x a g m
except possibly at a)
5.1.4. Some important limits:
sin
(i) lim 1
0
(ii) limcos 1
0
x
1
(iii) lim 1 e
x x

-5.2-
Limits, Continuity & Differentiability AICE (IIT-JEE)
xn an
(iv) lim nan 1
: n Q
x a x a
if |a| 1
(v) lim a2 n 1 if a 1, 1
x
0 if 1 a 1
log(1 x)
(vi) lim 1
x 0 x
5.1.5. Some important expansions:
x3 x5 x7
(i) sin x = x ...
3! 5! 7!
x2 x4 x6
(ii) cos x = 1 ...
2! 4! 6!
x2 x3
(iii) ex = 1 x ...
2! 3!
x2 x3 x4
(iv) log (1 + x) = x ... : –1 < x 1
2 3 4
5.1.6. Sandwich theorem : Let f , g and h be functions defined on an interval I except possibly at c I. If
f (x) g(x) h(x) x I ~ {c} and lim f ( x) lim h ( x) l , then lim g ( x ) l .
x c x c x c
Sample Problem-1:
Evaluate the following limits

( x 2)5/ 3 (a 2)5/3
(i) lim
x a x a
5x 4x
(ii) lim x
x 0 4 3x
e sin x
1
(iii) lim
x 0 x
xn an
Solution: (i) lim = nan–1
x a x a
( x 2)5/ 3 (a 2)5/3
lim [Put x + 2 = y; a + 2 = b; then, y b as x a]
x a x a
y 5/3 b 5/ 3
= lim
y b y b
5 2/ 3
= .b
3
5
= .(a 2) 2/ 3
3

-5.3-
ax 1
(ii) lim = loge a
x 0 x
5x 1 4 x 1
x x
lim x x x
5 4
lim
x 0 4x 3x x 0 4 1 3x 1
x x
log e 5 log e 4
=
log e 4 log e 3
esin x 1 esin x 1 sin x

(iii) lim lim .
x 0 x x 0 sin x x
sin x
Since lim 1 and
x 0 x
esin x 1 ey 1
lim lim = 1 [As x 0, sin x 0]
x 0 sin x y 0 y
Hence given limit is = 1
Sample Problem-2:
Evaluate
x tan x 1 x 1 x
(i) lim (ii) lim
x 0 1 cos x x 0 sin 1 x
x tan x x sin x 1
Solution: (i) lim = lim
.
1 cos x x
2sin 2 cos x
x 0 x 0
2
x x
2sin cos
x 2 2
= lim . .
x x
sin 2sin cos x
x 0
2 2
x x
cos
= 2 lim 2 . 2
x
sin cos x
x 0
2
x
x
lim cos 1 ; limcos x 1 ; lim 2 1
x 0 2 x 0 x 0 x
sin
2
Given limit = 2
1 x 1 x 0
(ii) lim form
x 0 sin x
1
0
1 x 1 x 1 x 1 x
= lim .
x 0
1 x 1 x sin 1 x

-5.4-
2x 1
= lim .
x 0 sin 1 x 1 x 1 x
lim 1 x 1 x 2 and
x 0
x sin
= lim lim 1 (on putting x = sin : ,
x 0 sin 1 x 0 2 2
Given limit is equal to 1
Sample Problem-3:
Evaluate
2 1 x2 3 3 1 x3
(i) lim x2 1 x2 1 (ii) lim
x x 4
1 x4 5
1 x4
Solution: (i) lim x2 1 x2 1

x
x2 1 x2 1 x2 1 x2 1
= lim .
x 1 x2 1 x2 1
2
= lim 0
x
x 2
1 x2 1
2 1 x 2 3(1 x3 )1/ 3
(ii) lim (Divide numerator and denominator by x)
x (1 x 4 )1/4 (1 x 4 )1/5
1/ 2 1/3
1 1
2 1 3 1
x2 x3
= lim 1/ 4 1/5
x
1 1 1
1 4
x x x5
2 3
= 1
1 0
Sample Problem-4:
x x x x
Evaluate lim cos .cos 2 .cos 3 .........cos n
n 2 2 2 2
x x x
Solution: Sn = cos .cos 2 .........cos n
2 2 2
x x
2n sin n Sn = 2n–1sin n 1 Sn–1
2 2
x
= 2n–2 sin n 2 Sn–2
2
................
................
x
= 2 sin S
2 1

-5.5-
= sin x
sin x
lim S n lim
n n x
2 n sin
2n
x
sin x 2n sin x
= lim . =
n x x x
sin
2n
Sample Problem-5:
ae x b cos x ce x
Find the constants a, b and c if lim 2
x 0 x sin x
ae x b cos x ce x
ae x b cos x ce x x
Solution: lim = lim .
x 0 x sin x x 0 x2 sin x
x
Since the given limit and lim exist finitely and latter limit is equal to 1,
x 0 sin x
ae x b cos x ce x
lim exists and is finite. Consider the limit:

x 0 x2
ae x b cos x ce x
lim
x 0 x2
As x 0, numerator a – b + c while denominator

0. If a – b + c 0, then the above limit
0
can’t exist finitely. Hence, a – b + c = 0 and above limit is of form.
0
ae x b cos x ce x
lim
x 0 x2
ae x b sin x ce x
= lim (by L’Hospital’s rule)
x 0 2x
0
(Reasoning as above, we must have a – c = 0 and the above limit is of form)
0
ae x b cos x ce x
= lim (by L’Hospital’s rule)

x 0 2
a b c
=
2
a–b+c=0 ...(i)
a–c=0 ...(ii)
a b c
=2 ...(iii)
2
a = c, b = 2a and by (iii), a = 1. Hence c = 1 and b = 2

-5.6-
OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.1:
1. lim sin [tan x] = l then { l } is equal to
1
x 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 1 (d) 2

2 2 2
where [ ] and { } denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.
x cos(sin 1 x )
2. lim is
x 1 2 1 tan(sin 1 x )
1 1
(a) (b) – (c) 2 (d) – 2
2 2
a
cot 1
x log a x
3. The value of Limit (a > 1) is equal to
x
sec 1
a x log x a
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) /2 (d) does not exist
4. Let f : (1, 2 ) R satisfies the inequality

cos(2 x 4) 33 x2 | 4x 8 |
f ( x) , x (1,2) . Then lim f ( x) is equal to
2 x 2 x 2
(a) 16 (b) –16

(c) cannot be determined from the given information (d) does not exists
sin{x 10}
5. For lim (where { } denotes fractional part function)
x 8 {10 x}
(a) LHL exist but RHL does not exist
(b) RHL exist but LHL does not exist.
(c) neither LHL nor RHL does not exist
(d) both RHL and LHL exist and equals to 1
12 n 22 (n 1) 32 (n 2) ..... n2 . 1
6. lim is equal to :
n 13 23 33 ...... n3
1 2 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 3 2 6
sin x
7. Limit where [ ] denotes greatest integer function , is
x 1
2 cos 1
(3sin x sin3 x)
4
2 4
(a) (b) 1 (c) (d) does not exist
ln(3 x) ln(3 x)
8. If lim = k, the value of k is
x 0 x
2 1 2
(a) (b) – (c) – (d) 0
3 3 3

-5.7-
1
9. The value of the limit 1 is
n 2 n2
1 1 1
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2
10. If lim (x 3 sin 3x + ax 2 + b) exists and is equal to zero then :
x 0
(a) a = 3 & b = 9/2 (b) a = 3 & b = 9/2
(c) a = 3 & b = 9/2 (d) a = 3 & b = 9/2
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.1:
1. (d): lim sin 1[tan x ] ; hence = 2 2 =2–

x 0 2 2 2 2
2. (b): put sin–1x =

sin cos 1
lim = lim cos =–
4 1 tan 4 2
1 log a x
cot
xa log a x ax
3. (a): Limit ; as 0 and (using L’opital rule)
x
1 ax x xa log a x
sec
log a x
/2
l= =1
/2
cos(2 x 4) 33 x 2 .4 | x 2 |
4. (b): lim f ( x) 16 ; lim f ( x ) 4(4) 16
x 2 2 x 2 x 2
By sandwich theorem lim f ( x) = –16
x 2
sin{ x}
5. (b): lim = 0 as {I + x } = {x} ; as lim {x} 0 and lim { x} 1
x 8 { x} x I x I
sin{x}
lim as sin{x} sin(1) and {–x} 0
x 8 { x}
12 n 2 2 (n 1) 32 ( n 2) ..... n 2 (n ( n 1))
6. (a): lim
n n3
Nr. = n(12 + 22 + .... + n2) – 1.22 + 2.32 + 3.42 + ... + (n –1)n2)

n
= n n2 ( r 1).r 2
r 2
n
= n n2 (r r 2 ) n n 2 [ n3 n2 ]
r 2
( n 1) n 2 n3
= (n + 1) n2 – n3 l lim
n n3

-5.8-
(n 1) n( n 1)(2n 1)
lim 1
n 6 n(n 1) n( n 1)
4 1
1
3 3
sin x
7. (a): Limit ax x /2, [sin3x] 0 and sin x 1
x cos 1[sin 3 x]
2
2
l=
x x
ln 3 ln 1 ln 3 ln 1
ln(3 x) ln(3 x) 3 3
8. (a): Limit = Limit
x 0 x x 0 x
1/ x 1/ x
x x 1 x 1 x 1 1 2
= Limit ln 1 ln 1 = .
x 0 3 3 x 3 x 3 3 3 3
n2 1 n 1 n 1
9. (d):
n 2 n2 n 2 n n 2 n
1
1
1·2·3........(n 1) 1 n 1 n 1
= · lim
2·3·4......(n 1)·n n 2 n 2 2
sin 3 x a sin 3 x ax bx 3
10. (a): lim b = lim
x 0 x3 x2 x 0 x3
sin 3 x
3 a bx 2
= lim 3 x for existence of limit 3 + a = 0 a=–3
x 0 x2
sin 3x 3 x bx 3 sin t t
l = lim = 27. b = 0 (3x = t)
x 0 x3 t3
27 9
= b =0 b=
6 2
OR use L' Hospital's rule
5.2. CONTINUITY
5.2.1. Continuity at a point of a function.

Let f be a function defined on an interval I. f is said to be continuous at a point a if
(i) f (a) is defined
(ii) lim f ( x) exists and
x a
(iii) lim f ( x) = f (a)

x a
If f is not continuous at x = a, it is said to be discontinuous at a.
If f is continuous at each point of the interval I then f is continuous on I.

-5.9-
Example: Check the following function for continuity at x = 3.

6 5 x if 1 x 3
f (x)
x 3 if x 3
Sol.: L.H.L. = Lt f ( x) Lt (6 5 x) = –9
x 3 x 3
R.H.L. = Lt f ( x) Lt ( x 3) = 0
x 3 x 3
Lt f ( x) does not exist and f is not continuous at x = 3

x 3
5.2.2. Properties of continuous functions:
Let f : I R and g : I R be functions defined over an interval I and let f and g be continuous at
a I. Then,
(i) f + g is continuous at x = a
(ii) f – g is continuous at x = a
(iii) f . g is continuous at x = a
f
(iv) is continuous at x = a (provided g(x) does not vanish in a small interval around a)
g
Note: 1. The function f (x) = x can be easily seen to be continuous at every point of its domain. By the
above properties, we conclude that every polynomial function is continuous over R.
2. Trigonometric functions are continuous at every point of their domain.
5.2.3. Intermediate value theorem:
Let f be a function continuous on [a, b] and let k1 and k2 : k1 < k2 denote any two values assumed
by f. Then f assumes all values in the interval [k1, k2].
1
Example: Show that the equation f (x) = 0, where f (x) = x3 – sin x – , has a root in [0, 1].
2
1 1
Sol.: f (0) = – and f (1) = . Hence, f assumes, by intermediate value theorem, all values in the
2 2
1 1
interval , . In particular, f assumes the value 0 for some x ]0, 1[.
2 2
Sample Problem-6:
x if x 0
x if 0 x 1
Discuss the continuity of the function f ( x)
2 x if 1 x 2
1 if x 2
at x = 0, 1, 2

-5.10-
Solution: (a) f (0) = 0

lim f ( x ) lim ( x) 0
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x) = lim x 0
x 0 x 0
lim f ( x) exists and equals f (0)

x 0
f is continuous at x = 0
(b) f (1) = 1
lim f ( x) = lim x 1
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x) = lim 2 x 1
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x) exists and is equal to f (1)

x 1
(c) f (2) = 0
lim f ( x) = lim 2 x 0
x 2 x 2
lim f ( x) = lim 1 1
x 2 x 2
lim f ( x) does not exist and f is not continuous at x = 2.

x 2
Sample Problem-7:
x2 2x 3
if x 1
Let f ( x) x 1 . If f is continuous at x = –1, find .
if x 1
Solution: f (–1) = ;
x2 2x 3
lim f ( x) = lim
x 1 x 1 x 1
( x 1)( x 3)
= lim
x 1 x 1
= –4
Since f is continuous at x = –1, we conclude that = –4.
Sample Problem-8:
Discuss the continuity and discontinuity of the following functions
(i) f (x) 1, if x is rational (Dirichlet’s function)

0, if x is irrational
(ii) f ( x) x, if x is rational
1 x, if x isirrational

-5.11-
Solution: (i) For any x = a.

L.H.L = lim f ( x) lim f (a h) and
x a h 0
R. H. L = lim f ( x) lim f (a h)
x a h 0
Hence, f(x) oscillates between 0 and 1 as x is rational or irrational.

L.H.L and R. H. L do not exist.
f(x) is discontinuous at a point x = a for all values of a.
(ii) For any x = a
lim f ( x) lim x a (when x a through rational values)
x a x a
and lim f ( x) lim(1 x) 1 a (where x a through irrational values)

x a x a
Now, lim will exist only when a = 1 – a

x a
a
2
1
Thus if x , then lim f ( x) will not exist.
2 x a
1
Hence f(x) is discontinuous when a
2
1
Hence f(x) is continuous at x .
2
1 cos 2 x 1
, x
1 sin x 2
1. Let f (x) = p , x 1 . If f (x) is discontinuous at x = 1 , then
2 2
2x 1 1
, x
4 2x 1 2 2
1
(a) p R {4} (b) p R (c) p R0 (d) p R
4
p
1
q if x q where p & q 0 are relatively prime integers
2. For x > 0, let h(x) =
0 if x is irrational
then which one does not hold good?
(a) h(x) is discontinuous for all x in (0, )
(b) h(x) is continuous for each irrational in (0, )
(c) h(x) is discontinuous for each rational in (0, )
(d) h(x) is not derivable for all x in (0, ) .
x2 bx 25
3. If f (x) = for x 5 and f is continuous at x = 5, then f (5) has the value equal to
x2 7 x 10
(a) 0 (b) 5 (c) 10 (d) 25

-5.12-
4. Let [x] denote the integral part of x R. g(x) = x [x]. Let f(x) be any continuous function with
f(0) = f(1) then the function h(x) = f(g(x)) :
(a) has finitely many discontinuities (b) is discontinuous at some x = c
(c) is continuous on R (d) is a constant function .
5. Given the function f(x) = 2x x3 1 + 5 x 1 x 4 + 7x2 x 1 + 3x + 2 then :

(a) the function is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1
(b) the function is discontinuous at x = 1
(c) the function is both cont. & differentiable at x = 1
(d) the range of f(x) is R +.
2x 23 x
6
if x 2
x 1 x
2 2
6. Let f (x) = , then
x2 4
if x 2
x 3x 2
(a) f (2) = 8 f is continuous at x = 2 (b) f (2) = 16 f is continuous at x = 2
(c) f (2–) f (2+) f is discontinuous (d) f has a removable discontinuity at x = 2
1 1
|x| x
7. On the interval I = [ 2, 2], the function f(x) = ( x 1) e (x 0)
0 (x 0)
then which one of the following does not hold good?
(a) is continuous for all values of x I
(b) is continuous for x I (0)
(c) assumes all intermediate values from f( 2) & f(2)
(d) has a maximum value equal to 3/e .
x
if 1 x 2
[ x]
8. Consider the function f (x) = 1 if x 2
6 x if 2 x 3
where [x] denotes step up function then at x = 2 function

(a) has missing point removable discontinuity
(b) has isolated point removable discontinuity
(c) has non removable discontinuity finite type
(d) is continuous

-5.13-
g ( x)
9. Let f (x) = , where g and h are contiuous functions on the open interval (a, b). Which of the
h ( x)
following statements is true for a < x < b?
(a) f is continuous at all x for which x is not zero.
(b) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) = 0
(c) f is continuous at all x for which g (x) is not equal to zero.
(d) f is continuous at all x for which h (x) is not equal to zero.
x m sin 1x x 0, m N
10. A function f(x) is defined as f(x) = . The least value of m for which f
0 if x 0
(x) is continuous at x = 0 is
HINTS/SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.2:

1 1
1. (a): f = 4 = f
2 2
2 2 1
2. (a): Let x = which is rational h
3 3 3
2
lim h t 0 discontinuous at x Q
t 0 3
Let x = 2 Q
h( 2) 0 consider 2 = 1.41401235839
1.414023583 1
h ( 2) = h 0
1010 1010
Hence h is continuous for all irrational

x 2 bx 25
3. (a): f (x) = . for existence of limit 25 – 5b + 25 = 0 b = 10
( x 2)( x 5)
( x 5)( x 5)
now f (x) = and lim f ( x) = 0
( x 2)( x 5) x 5
4. (c): g(x) = x – [x] = {x}
f is continuous with f(0) = f(1)
h(x) = f (g(x)) = f ({x})
Let the graph of f is as shown in the figure
satisfying
f(0) = f(1)
now h(0) = f ({0}) = f(0) = f(1)

-5.14-
h(0.2) = f ({0.2}) = f(0.2)
h(1.5) = f ({1.5}) = f(0.5) etc.
Hence the graph of h(x) will be periodic graph as shown
h is continuous in R C
5. (b):
6. (c): f (2+) = 8 ; f (2–) = 16
2/ x
( x 1)e if x 0
7. (a): f (x) = x 1 if x 0
0 if x 0
the graph of f (x) is
hence f can assume all values for f (– 2) to f (2)
8. (b): from the figure the function has an obvious removable isolated point discontinuous.
9. (d): By theorem, if g and h are continuous functions on the open interval (a, b), then g/h is also
continuous at all x in the open interval (a, b) where h (x) is not equal to zero.
1
h m sin
10. (c): f ' (0 ) = lim
+ x must exist
h 0 h
m>1
1 1
m x m 1 sin x m 2 cos x 0
for m > 1 h' (x) = x x
0 if x 0
1 1
now lim h( x) lim m h m 1 sin h m 2 cos
h 0 h 0 h h
limit exist if m > 2
m N m=3

-5.15-
5.3. DIFFERENTIATION
Let f be a function defined on [a, b] and let c ]a, b[. f is said to be differentiable at x = c if
f ( c h ) f (c )
lim exists finitely. Its value is denoted by f (c).
h 0 h
5.3.1. Left hand derivative (L.H.D.):

f (c h ) f (c )
f is said to have left hand derivative at x = c if lim exists finitely. Its value is
h 0 h
denoted by f (c–).
5.3.2. Right hand derivative (R.H.D.):

f (c h) f (c )
f is said to have right hand derivative at x = c if lim exists finitely. Its value is
h 0 h
denoted by f (c+).
Note: f is said to be differentiable at x = c if and only if both f (c–) and f (c+) exist finitely and are equal.
5.3.3. Derivative at end point of an interval [a, b]

f ( a h) f (a )
f is said to be differentiable at ‘a’ if lim exists finitely. Its value is denoted by
h 0 h
f (a+).
f (b h ) f ( b )
f is said to be differentiable at ‘b’ if lim exists finitely. Its value is denoted by
h 0 h
f (b–)
Note: 1. f is differentiable on [a, b] if it is differentiable at each point of [a, b].

dy
2. If y f (x) is a differentiable function, then we write f (x)
dx
Example: Show that f (x) = | x | is not differentiable at x = 0.
f ( x) f (0)
Sol.: R.H.D. = Lt
x 0 x 0
| x| 0
= Lt
x 0 x
x 0
= Lt 1
x 0 x
f ( x) f (0)
L.H.D. = Lt
x 0 x 0
x 0
= Lt 1
x 0 x 0
f (0) does not exist

-5.16-
5.3.4. Properties of differentiable functions:
A. If f and g are functions differentiable at x = c, then
(i) ( f + g) (c) = f (c) + g (c)
(ii) ( f – g) (c) = f (c) – g (c)
(iii) ( f . g) (c) = f (c) . g(c) + f (c) . g (c)
f g (c). f (c ) f (c ).g (c )
(iv) (c) = if g(c) 0
g ( g (c ))2
B. If f is differentiable at c and g is differentiable at f (c), then
(gof ) (c) = g ( f (c)) . f (c)
5.3.5. Derivatives of certain functions:

d
1. (sin x ) = cos x
dx
d
2. (cos x) = – sin x
dx
d
3. (tan x ) = sec2x
dx
d
4. (cot x ) = –cosec2x
dx
d
5. (sec x) = sec x tan x
dx
d
6. (cosec x ) = –cosec x cot x
dx
d n
7. ( x ) = nxn–1
dx
d 1
8. (log x) , (x > 0)
dx x
d x
9. ( a ) = ax loge a , (a > 0)
dx
d 1
10. (sin 1 x) , –1 < x < 1
dx 1 x2
d 1
11. (cos 1 x) = , –1 < x < 1
dx 1 x2
d 1
12. (tan 1 x) ,x R
dx 1 x2
d 1
13. (cot 1 x) ,x R
dx 1 x2

-5.17-
d 1
14. (sec 1 x) , |x| > 1
dx | x | x2 1
d 1
15. (cosec 1 x) , |x| > 1
dx | x | x2 1
5.3.6. Derivative of inverse function:

If y = f (x) and x = g(y) are inverses of each other and f is differentiable, then
1
g (y) = : f (x) 0
f ( x)
Derivative of a function represented parametrically.

If the system of equations
x = (t) and y = (t) : <t<
where and are differentiable functions and (t) 0 defines y as a function of x then
dy
dy dt
dx dx
dt
5.3.7. Evaluation of indeterminate forms:

0
1. Indeterminate forms of the type , .
0
x2 sin x
The limits, lim and lim are known to exist and have values 0 and 1 respectively. However,
x 0 x x 0 x
the properties of limits are not of utility in such circumstances as their numerator and denominator both,
tend to zero. Such forms are called indeterminate forms.
2. If the functions f and g are differentiable in a certain neighbourhood of the point ‘a’ except, may
be, at the point ‘a’ itself and g (x) 0 and if
lim f ( x) lim g ( x) 0
x a x a
or lim f ( x) lim g ( x)
x a x a
f ( x) f ( x)
then lim lim
x a g ( x) x a g ( x)
f ( x)
provided lim exists. The rule is called as L’Hospital’s rule. The point ‘a’ may be either finite
x a g ( x)
or improper, viz. or – .
0
3. Indeterminate forms of the type 0. or – are reduced to forms of the type or by algebraic
0
transformations.

-5.18-
0
4. Indeterminate forms of the type 1 , or 00 are reduced to forms of the type 0. by taking
logarithms or by the transformation.
f (x) (x)
= e (x).ln f (x)
ex e x
2x
Example: Evaluate lim
x 0 x sin x
ex e 2xx
0
Sol.: lim form
x 0 x sin x 0
ex e x 2 0
= lim form
x 0 1 cos x 0
ex e x 0
= lim form
x 0 sin x 0
ex e x
= lim
x 0 cos x
=2
Sample Problem-9:
dy
(i) If y = (x sin x + cos x) (ex + x2 logx), find .
dx
dy
(ii) If y = ax sin x log x, find
dx
dy
(iii) Find if y = log (tan–1x).
dx
dy 1
Solution: (i) = (sin x + x cos x – sin x) (ex + x2 log x) + (x sin x + cos x) (ex + 2x log x + x2 )
dx x
= x cos x (ex + x2 log x) + (x sin x + cosx)(ex + 2x log x + x).

dy 1
(ii) = ax log a (sin x log x) + ax cosx log x + ax sin x
dx x
sin x
= ax log x (cos x log a sin x )
x
(iii) y = log (tan–1 x)

dy 1 1
= . by chain rule
dx tan x 1 x 2
1
Sample Problem-10:
dy
If y = (sin x)tan x + (cos x)sec x, find .
dx

-5.19-
Solution: Let y = u + v where u = (sin x)tan x and v = (cos x)sec x

dy du dv
= ...(i)
dx dx dx
du dv
Use log differentiation to find and .
dx dx
1 du cos x
log u = tan x log sin x tan x. sec 2 x log sin x
u dx sin x
du
(sin x) tan x 1 sec 2 x. log sin x ...(ii)
dx
Similarly, log v = sec x log cos x
1 dv sin x
sec x tan x. log cos x sec x.
v dx cos x
dv
= (cos x)sec x. sec x tan x (log cos x –1) ...(iii)
dx
from (i), (ii) & (iii) :
dy
(sin x) tan x (1 sec 2 x.log sin x) + (cos x)sec x . sec x tan x (log cos x –1).
dx
Sample Problem-11:
d2y
If y = x + tan x, show that cos2 x – 2y + 2x = 0.
dx 2
dy
Solution: = 1 + sec2 x ;
dx
d2y
= 2 sec2 x tan x
dx 2
d2y
cos2 x – 2y = 2 tan x – 2(x + tan x)
dx 2
= –2x
d y
2
Hence cos2 x –2y + 2x = 0.
dx 2
Sample Problem-12:
g ( x ) f (a ) g ( a ) f ( x )
If f (a) = 2, f (a) = 1, g(a) = – 1, g (a) = 2, find lim
x a x a
g ( x ) f (a ) g ( a ) f ( x )
Solution: lim
x a x a
( g ( x) g (a)) f (a) g ( a)( f ( x) f (a ))
= lim
x a x a
g ( x) g ( a )
lim = g (a) = 2
x a x a

-5.20-
f ( x ) f (a )
lim = f (a) = 1
x a x a
Given limit = 2 f (a) – g(a).1
=4+1=5
Sample Problem-13:
If f (x + y) = f (x) . f (y) x, y R, f (5) = 2, f (0) = 3, then find f (5)
f (5 h) f (5)
Solution: lim
h 0 h
f (5). f (h) f (5)
= lim
h 0 h
f (h ) 1
= 2lim (f (0) = f (0 + 0) = f (0)2. If f (0) = 0 then ,
h 0 h
x R, f (x) = f (x + 0) = f (x) . f (0) = 0)
f ( h) f (0)
= 2lim
h 0 h
= 2 . f (0)
=6
Sample Problem-14:
x2 x 2 if x 1
Discuss continuity and differentiability of f ( x)
x 2
x if x 1
Solution: f (x) is obviously continuous and differentiable for x < 1 and x > 1.
f(1) = 2; lim f ( x) 2 ; lim f ( x ) 0
x 1 x 1
f is discontinuous at x = 1 and f is not differentiable at x = 1.
Sample Problem-15:
1
x sin if x 0
Discuss continuity and differentiability at x = 0 of the function f ( x) x
0 if x 0
Solution: For x 0, f is obviously continuous and differentiable

1
lim x sin lim | x | 0
x 0 x x 0
1
lim x sin 0
x 0 x

-5.21-
1
x sin
0
f ( x) f (0) x
lim = lim
x 0 x 0 x 0 x
1
= limsin does not exist
x 0 x
f (0) does not exist
Sample Problem-16:
Let f be a function satisfying f ( x y) 6 f ( y) f ( x ) f ( y ) and f (h) 6 as f 0
Discuss the continuity of f.
Solution: R.H.L = lim f ( x) lim f ( x ) f ( h) 6 f (h)
x x x 0
f ( x) lim f ( x) lim 6 f (h )
h 0 h 0
f ( x).6 0 6 f ( x ) f (x ) V .F
This shows that if f(x) 0, then f is discontinuous at x. If f(x) = 0, then f(x) is continuous at x.
1. Let f(x) be a differentiable function which satisfies the equation f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) for all x > 0, y > 0
then f (x) is equal to
f '(1) 1
(a) (b) (c) f (1) (d) f (1).(ln x)
x x
2x 1 ,x Q
2. The function f ( x) is
x2 2x 5 , x Q
(a) continuous no where
(b) differentiable no where
(c) continuous but not differentiable exactly at one point
(d) differentiable and continuous only at one point and discontinuous elsewhere
3. Let f be a differentiable function on the open interval (a, b). Which of the following statements
must be true?
I. f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]
II. f is bounded on the open interval (a, b)
III. If a < a1< b1< b, and f (a1)< 0 < f (b1), then there is a number c such that a1< c < b1 and f (c)=0
(a) I and II only (b) I and III only (c) II and III only (d) only III
4. If f (x + y) = f (x) + f (y) + | x | y + xy2, x, y R and f ' (0) = 0, then

(a) f need not be differentiable at every non zero x
(b) f is differentiable for all x R
(c) f is twice differentiable at x = 0
(d) none of these

-5.22-
2 sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x

5. Consider f(x) = , x for x (0, )
2 sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x 2
f( /2) = 3 where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function then,

(a) f is continuous & differentiable at x = /2
(b) f is continuous but not differentiable at x = /2
(c) f is neither continuous nor differentiable at x = /2
(d) none of these
x f (3) 3 f ( x)
6. If f(3) = 6 & f (3) = 2, then Limit is given by :
x 3 x 3
7. Which one of the following functions is continuous everywhere in its domain but has at least one
point where it is not differentiable?
| x|
(a) f (x) = x1/3 (b) f (x) = (c) f (x) = e–x (d) f (x) = tan x
x
f ( h) f ( 2h)
8. Let f be differentiable at x = 0 and f ' (0) = 1. Then lim =
h 0 h
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) – 1
9. If f (x) = sin–1(sin x); x R then f is

(a) continuous and differentiable for all x
(b) continuous for all x but not differentiable for all x = (2k + 1) ,k I
2
(c) neither continuous nor differentiable for x = (2k – 1) ;k I

2
(d) neither continuous nor differentiable for x R – [–1, 1]
x b, x 0
10. The function g (x) = can be made differentiable at x = 0.
cos x , x 0
(a) if b is equal to zero (b) if b is not equal to zero
(c) if b takes any real value (d) for no value of b
HINTS AND SOLUTIONS OBJECTIVE QUESTION-5.3:

h
f x. 1 f (x)
f ( x h) f ( x) x
Limit Limit
1. (a): f (x) = h 0 h = h 0 h
h h
f x f 1 f ( x) f 1
x x
= Limit = Limit
h 0 h h 0 h
x
x
1 f 1 t f (1) f '(1)
= Limit (note that f(1) = 0) =
x t 0 t x

-5.23-
2. (d): Diff. & cont. only at x = 2 which is the point of intersection of y = 2x + 1 and y = x2–2x +5
y = (x – 1)2 + 4
= x2 – 2x + 5 = 2x + 1
= x2 – 4x + 4 = 0
= (x – 2)2 = 0 x=2
line is tangent at x = 2
3. (d): I and II are false. The function f (x) = 1/x, 0 < x <1, is a counter example.
Statement III is true. Apply the intermediate value theorem to f on the closed interval [a1, b1]
f ( x h) f ( x) f (h ) | x | h xh 2
4. (b): f '(x) = lim lim
h 0 h h 0 h
f (h) f (0)
f (0) = 0 f ' (x) = lim | x | xh
h 0 h
f ' (x) = f ' (0) + | x | = | x |
5. (a): In the immediate neighborhood of x = /2, sin x > sin3x |sin x – sin3x| = sin x – sin3x
2(sin x sin 3 x ) sin x sin 3 x 3sin x 3sin 3 x
Hence for x /2 , f (x) = = 3
2(sin x sin 3 x ) sin x sin 3 x sin x sin 3 x
Hence f is continuous and diff. at x = /2

6. (c): f (3) = 6 ; f (3)= 2
x f (3) 3 f ( x)
lim , put x = 3 + h
x 3 x 3
(3 h)· f (3) 3 f (3 h) 3[ f (3 h) f (3) ]
= Limit = Limit f (3)
h 0 h h 0 h
= – 3f (3) + f (3) = – 6 + 6 = 0
7. (a): x1/3 is not differentiable at x = 0
8. (a): Reduces to 3 f ' (0)
x 2k for 2 k x 2k
9. (b): 2 2
3
(2k 1) x for 2k x 2k
2 2
cos h 1
10. (d): g' (0+) = lim =0
h h 0
h b 1
g ' (0–) = lim for existence of line b = 1 thus g' (0–) = 1
h 0 h
Hence g can not be made differentiable for any value of b.

-5.24-
CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
sin 1 x tan 1 x
1. The value of lim is equal to
x 0 x3
(a) 1/2 (b) 3/4 (c) 4/7 (d) none of these
x(1 a cos x) b sin x

2. If lim 1 , then
x 0 x
(a) a = b (b) a + b = 0
(c) 2a = b (d) none of these
3. lim 2 x 3/ 2 ( x 3 1 x3 1)
x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
d 2 x dy d2y
3
4. If a , then a is equal to
dy 2 dx dx 2
nx
1 1x 1 1 1
5. lim a1 a2 x
a3 x
..... an x
; a1, a2, ....... an are positive
x n
(a) a1 + a2 + ..... + an (b) a1a2 ..... an

a1a 2 ..... an
(c) e (d) none of these
1
x x
6. lim ; [x] represents greatest integer function, is
x 0 sin x
(4 x 1) 2 (4 x 1) 2
7. Let f ( x ) ,x 0. If lim = K(log 4)2, then K is equal to
x x x 0 x x
sin log 1 sin log 1
4 3 4 3
(a) 12 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 9
8. If P(x) is a polynomial such that P(x2 + 1) = {P(x)}2 + 1 and P(0) = 0 then P (0) is equal to
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 3
sin x
sin x x sin x
9. lim =
x 0 x
1
(a) 1 (b) (c) e (d) none of these
e

-5.25-
e1/ x 1
, x 0
10. Function f ( x )
1
ex 1 ; is
1 , x 0
(a) continuous at x = 0 (b) discontinuous at x = 0

(c) continuous everywhere (d) none of these
11. If f ( x) cos [ x ] x3 ,1 x 2 and [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then f ' 3 is
2 2
equal to
(a) 0 (b) 3( /2)2/3 (c) –3( /2)2/3 (d) – 1/3
/2
sin x , x 1
x 3
, 1 x 1
12. For f ( x) , points of discontinuity are
x x 2
, 1 x 2
2 x2 , x 2
(a) –1, 1, 3 (b) –1, 1, 2 (c) 0, 1, 2 (d) none of these
13. Given f ( x ) 2(1 tan 2 x ) 2 x , x 0 is continuous at x = 0, then A =

Ae 1/ 2
, x 0
1
(a) (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) none of these
2
14. If f (x) = [x] + [–x], [x] is greatest integer function and x is an integer, then for all x, f (x)
(a) is continuous (b) is discontinuous (c) is differentiable (d) none of these
2x
, x 0
15. Given f ( x ) 1
x
. At x = 0, f (x) is
1 2
1 , x 0
(a) continuous (b) discontinuous (c) derivative exists (d) none of these
e ax ebx
16. The value of lim is
x 0 x
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) a – b (d) a + b
1 1 1
n 1.3 3.5 (2n 1)(2n 3)
(a) 1/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 1/4 (d) 1/5
f ( x) 1
18. If f (1) = 1 and f (1) = 4, then the value of lim is
x 1
x 1
(a) 9 (b) 4 (c) 12 (d) 1

-5.26-
ex
(1 x)1/ x e
19. lim 2 is equal to
x 0 x2
11e 11e e
24 24 24
20. If f (x) = logx (log x), then f (x) at x = e is
1 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) (d) e
e 2
x : x 0
21. If f (x) = 1 : x 0 , then lim f ( x)
x 0
x2 : x 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) does not exist
x sin x
22. If f (x) = , then lim f ( x) is
x cos 2 x x
(a) 0 (b) (c) 1 (d) none of these
x 2, 1 x 2
23. The function f (x) = 4 , x 2 is continuous at
3 x 2, x 2
(a) x = 2 only (b) x 2 (c) x > 2 (d) none of these
2sin 2 3 x
24. lim
x 0 x2
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 18 (d) 36
e1/ x
25. lim
x 0 e1/ x 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) does not exist (d) none of these
| 2 x 3 | .[ x], x 1
26. The function f (x) = x
sin , x 1
2
(a) is continuous at x = 2 (b) is differentiable at x = 1
(c) is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1 (d) none of these
(27 2 x)1/ 3 3
27. The value of f (0) so that the function f (x) = (x 0) is continuous is
9 3(243 5 x)1/ 5
given by
(a) 2/3 (b) 6 (c) 2 (d) 4
1 x4 (1 x 2 )
28. The value of Lt is equal to
x x 2
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) none of these.

-5.27-
tan x cot x
, x
x 4
29. Let f ( x) 4 the value of a so that f(x) is continuous at x , is
4
a x
4
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 3 (d) 1
cosec 1 (sec ) cot 1

tan cot 1 cos sin 1

0
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) –2 (d) 1
31. The function y = 1 + log [x] is ([x] is the g.i.f.)

(a) Continuous no where (b) Continuous everywhere
(c) Continuous at infinitely many points (d) Discontinuous at infinitely many points.
32. F[x] = [sin x] is not continuous at ([x] is the greatest integer less than or equal to x).
(a) x= (b) x = (c) x = 0 (d) x =

2 4
1
(1 x )
33. If a lim x b e 1 (a 0, b 0) , then
x 2
(a) a = 1, b = 0 (b) a = 1, b = e–1 (c) a = 2, b = e–1 (d) none of these
tan x log x
34. The set of all points of discontinuities of the function f (x) = contains
1 cos 4 x
n n
(a) ;n I (b) (– , 0) ;n N
2 2
n
(c) ;n Q (d) none of these
2
log(1 x 2 )
35. f (x) = , then
x 26 x 2 25
4
(a) f is continuous on [6, 10] (b) f is continuous [–2, 2]

(c) f is continuous on [–6, 6] (d) f is continuous on [2, 4]
x2
a a2 x2
36. L = lim 4 , x 0 if L is finite, then
x 0 x4
(a) a=2 (b) a = 2 (c) L = 1/64 (d) L = 1/32

-5.28-
1
(2 x 2 3) for x 1
5
37. f (x) = 6 5x for 1 x 3 , then f is
x 3 for 3 x
(a) Continuous at x = 1 (b) Discontinuous at x = 1
(c) Continuous at x = 3 (d) Discontinuous at x = 3
1
38. y= cos 2 x is continuous at
2
3 5 7
(a) x (b) x (c) x (d) x
4 4 4 4
x2 if x Q
39. f (x) =
x 2
if x Qc
(a) Continuous at x = 0 (b) Discontinuous at x = 1/2
(c) Discontinuous at x = 0 (d) Continuous at x = 1/2
40. Which of the following functions are continuous on (0, 1)?

1
(a) x – [x] (b) (c) (–1)[x] (d) sin [x]
x [ x]
Comprehension-1
Among various properties of continuous function we have if F is continuous function on [a, b] and
F(a)F(b) < 0, then there exists a point c such that F (x) = 0 equivalently if F is continuous on [a, b] and x
R is such that F(a) < x < F(b), then there is c (a, b) such that x = F (c). If follows from the above result
that the image of a closed interval under a continuous function is a closed interval.
41. The number of continuous function on R which satisfies (F(x))2 = x2 for all n R is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 8
42. Suppose that F (1/2) = 1 and F is continuous on [0, 1] assuming only rational values in the entire
interval, the number of such function is
(a) infinite (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 1
43. Let F(x) = x, x 0 and F(0) = 1, then
(a) F is a continuous function (b) Range of F is an interval
(c) Range of F is R (d) None of these

-5.29-
Comprehension-2
n x
The function are equivalent infinitesimals as x
1 x 1 and 0, this follows from the
n
Binomial theorem for rational indices. Taking advantage of this fact we can approximately calculate the
roots of the numbers.
44. The value of 3

1047 is
(a) 10.2 (b) 10.16 (c) 10.12 (d) 10.1
45. The value of 3

8144 is
(a) 20.2 (b) 20.16 (c) 20.12 (d) 20.4
46. 5
1080 is equal to
(a) 4.02 (b) 4.04 (c) 4.08 (d) 4.07
MATRIX MATCH TYPE

47. Extending the function in column I by continuity.
1 cos(7( x )) 7
A. F(x) = (p) F( )
(x ) 2
1 cos(7( x ))
B. F(x) = (q) F( )
(n )2 2
sin x
C. F(x) = (r) F( ) 0
x2
1 2
sin 7 x 49
D. F( x ) (s) F( )
sin 2 x 2
1
48. A. F(x) = (p) lim F( x) 1
x 2 x 0
x sin x
B. F(x) = (q) F is continuous on R
x sin x
C. f (x) = x sin ; F (0) = 0 (r) lim F( x) 0

x x
1
D. F(x) = tan (s) lim F( x ) does not exist.
x x 0

F(2) 12 x 2 y
49. Find the value of so that the function F(x) = ,x 2 is continuous everywhere.
9 (4 2 x)1/3 2
64( x 4 2)
50. Find the value of F(0) – 8 for which F(x) = is continuous
sin 2 x
x x2 .... x99 99
51. lim lim 4950
n x 1 x 1

-5.30-
52. Let F be a continuous function and g a bounded function such that F(1) = 7 and find the value of
F( x)e nx g ( x)
lim
x 1 enx 1
a x 1 if 0 x 3
53. Let g( x ) , if g(x) is differentiable on (0, 5) then (a + b) equals.
bx 2 if 3 x 5
x3 x 2 16 x 20
54. Let F(x) = if x 2. Find the value of F(2) so that F is continuous function.
( x 2)2
1 3tan 3x 4tan 2 x tan x

55. Find the value of lim
x 0 16 ( x 2 tan x )
1
tan x tan 1
( x 1)
56. Find the number of integral discontinuities of f (x) =
x( x 2)( x 4)
F(2) 2 x 8 1024
57. Find the value of so that f (x) = is continuous.
8 4 x 16
sin x 1
sin x x sin x
58. The value of e lim lim x1 x .
x 0 x x 1

-5.31-

2x
a b
1. If lim 1 = e2, then the values of a and b, are [AIEEE-2004]
x x x2
(a) a R, b R (b) a = 1 and b = 2 (c) a R, b = 2 (d) a = 1, b R
1 tan x
2. Let f (x) = ,x ,x 0, . If f (x) is continuous in 0, , then f is
4x 4 2 2 4
[AIEEE-2004]
1 1
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) – (d)
2 2
y to dy
3. If x = e y e
, x > 0, then is [AIEEE-2004]
dx
x 1 x 1 x 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
1 x x x x
1 rn
n
4. lim e is [AIEEE-2004]
n r 1n
(a) e (b) e + 1 (c) 1 – e (d) e – 1
1 cos(ax 2 bx c)
5. Let and be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then lim is equal to
x (x )2
[AIEEE-2005]
a2 2 1 2 a2 2
(a) ( ) (b) ( ) (c) ( ) (d) 0
2 2 2
6. If f is a real-valued differentiable function satisfying |f(x) – f(y)| (x – y)2, x, y R and f(0) = 0, then
f(a) equals [AIEEE-2005]
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 0
1
7. Suppose f(x) is differentiable at x = 1 and lim f (1 h) 5, then f (1) equals [AIEEE-2005]
h 0 h
(a) 5 (b) 6 (c) 3 (d) 4
log(3 x) log(3 x)
8. If lim k , then value of k is [AIEEE-2003]
x 0 x
1 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) 0
3 3 3
1 1
If f (x) = xe , x 0 , then f (x) is

| x| x
9. [AIEEE-2003]
0 , x 0
(a) continues x R, but not differentiable at x = 0
(b) neither differentiable nor continuous at x= 0
(c) discontinuous every where
(d) continuous as well as differentiable for all x

-5.32-
f '(1) f ''(1) f '''(1) ( 1) n f n (1)

10. If f (x) = xn, then the value of f (1) – ... is [AIEEE-2003]
1! 2! 3! n!
(a) 2n –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2n

[1 tan x / 2][1 sin x]
11. lim is [AIEEE-2003]
x /2 [1 tan x / 2][ 2 x ]3
1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
32 8
12. Let f (a) = g (a) = k and their nth derivatives f (a), g (a) exist and are not equal for some n further if
f ( a ) g ( x) f ( a ) g ( a ) f ( x ) g ( a )
lim 4 , then the value of k is [AIEEE-2003]
x a g ( x) f ( x)
(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4
x
13. The set of points where f ( x) is differentiable is [AIEEE-2006]
1 |x|
(a) (0, ) (b) (– , 0) (0, ) (c) (– , –1) (–1, ) (d) (– , )
dy
14. If xm. yn = (x + y)m + n, then is [AIEEE-2006]
dx
x y x y
(a) (b) (c) (d) xy
y x xy
1 2
15. The function f : R \{0} R given by f (x) = can be made continuous at x = 0 by
x e 2x
1
defining f (0) as (AIEEE 2007)
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1
1
( x 1)sin if x 1
16. Let f (x) = x 1 . Then which one of the following is true? (AIEEE 2008)
0 if x 1
(a) f is differentiable at x = 0 and at x = 1

(b) f is differentiable at x = 0 but not at x = 1
(c) f is differentiable at x = 1 but not at x = 0
(d) f is neither differentiable at x = 0 nor at x = 1
17. Let f(x) = x|x| and g(x) = sin x. (AIEEE 2009)
Statement – 1 : gof is differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous at that point.

Statement – 2 : gof is twice differentiable at x = 0.
(a) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
(c) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.

-5.33-
18. Let f : R R be a continuous function defined by (AIEEE 2010)

1
f (x)
e x 2e x
1
Statement - 1 : f (c) , for some c R
3
1
Statement - 2 : 0 f ( x ) , for all x R
2 2
(a) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true.

(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(d) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false.
1 cos{2( x 2)}
19. lim (AIEEE 2011)
x 2 x 2
1
(a) does not exist (b) equals 2 (c) equals – 2 (d) equals
2
sin( p 1) x sin x
,x 0
x
20. The values of p and q for which the function f ( x) q , x 0 is continuous for all x
x x2 x
,x 0
x 3/ 2
in R, are (AIEEE 2011)
1 3 5 1 3 1 1 3
(a) p ,q (b) p ,q (c) p ,q (d) p ,q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2x 1
21. If f : R R is a function defined by f ( x) | x | cos , where [x] denotes the greatest integer
2
function, then f is (AIEEE 2012)
(a) continuous for every real x
(b) discontinuous only at x = 0
(c) discontinuous only at non-zero integral values of x
(d) continuous only at x = 0
1 cos 2 x 3 cos x
22. lim is equal to [JEE-Mains 2013]
x 0 x tan 4 x
1 1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d)
4 2
sin( cos2 x)
x 0 x2
(a) (b) 1 (c) – (d)

2

-5.34-
24. For x R, f (x) = |log 2 – sin x| and g(x) = f (f (x)), then : [JEE-Mains 2016]
(a) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g´(0) = –sin(log2)
(b) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(c) g´(0) = cos(log2)
(d) g´(0) = –cos(log2)

1
25. Let p lim 1 tan 2 x 2x

then log p is equal to [JEE-Mains 2016]
x 0
1 1
(a) (b) 2 (c) 1 (d)
4 2
cot x cos x
26. lim equals: [JEE-Mains 2017]
x ( 2 x )3
2
1 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 24 16 8
27. For each t R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then
1 2 15
lim x ...
x x x x
(a) does not exist (in R) (b) is equal to 0
(c) is equal to 15 (d) is equal to 120 [JEE-Mains 2018]
28. Let S = {t R : f(x) = |x – |. (e|x| – 1) sin|x| is not differentiable at t}. Then the set S is equal to
[JEE-Mains 2018]
(a) (0, ) (b) (an empty set) (c) {0} (d) { }
2 sin 1 x
29. lim is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
x 1
1 x
1 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2
cos 3 x tan x
30. lim is [JEE-Mains 2019]
x /4
cos x
4
(a) 4 (b) 8 2 (c) 8 (d) 4 2
x cot(4x )
31. lim is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2019]
x 0 sin 2 x cot 2 (2 x )
(a) 2 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 1

-5.35-
32. Let S be the set of all points in ( ) at which the function, f(x) = min {sin x, cos x} is not
differentiable. Then S is a subset of which of the following? [JEE-Mains 2019]
3 3 3 3
(a) , , , (b) , , ,
4 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
(c) , , , (d) ,0,

2 4 4 2 2 4
33. Let K be the set of all real values of x where the function f(x) = sin |x| – |x| + 2(x – ) cos |x| is not
differentiable. Then the set K is equal to [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) { } (b) {0} (c) f (an empty set) (d) {0, }
tan( sin 2 x ) (|x| sin( x[x ]))2

34. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then lim
x 0 x2
[JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) equals (b) equals 0 (c) equals +1 (d) does not exist
35. If x loge(loge x) – x2 + y2 = 4(y > 0), then dy/dx at x = e is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2019]
e (1 2 e) (2 e 1) (1 2 e)
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 e 2
2 4 e 2
2 4 e 2
4 e2
1, 2 x 0
36. Let f ( x) and g (x) = |f(x)| + f(|x|). Then, in the interval (–2, 2), g is:
x 2
1,0 x 2
[JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) differentiable at all points (b) not differentiable at two points
(c) not continuous (d) not differentiable at one point
37. For each t R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then,
(1 | x | sin |1 x |)sin [1 x]
2
lim [JEE-Mains 2019]
x 1 |1 x | [1 x ]
(a) equals –1 (b) equals 1 (c) does not exist (d) equals 0
max{| x |, x 2 }, | x | 2
38. Let f (x) = . Let S be the set of points in the interval (–4,4) at which f is not
8 2 | x |, 2 |x| 4
differentiable. Then S: [JEE-Mains 2019]
(a) is an empty set (b) equals {–2, –1, 1, 2}
(c) equals {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} (d) equals {–2, 2}

-5.36-
1 1 y4 2
39. lim [JEE-Mains 2019]
y 0 y 4
1 1
(a) exists and equals (b) exists and equal
4 2 2 2( 2 1)
1
(c) exists and equals (d) does not exist.
2 2
5 if x 1
a bx, if 1 x 3
40. Let f : R R be a function defined as: f ( x) . Then f is: [JEE-Mains 2019]
b 5 x, if 3 x 5
30, if x 5
(a) continuous if a = 5 and b = 5 (b) continuous if a = –5 and b = 10

(c) continuous if a = 0 and b = 5 (d) not containuous for any values of a and b
x([ x] | x |)sin[ x]
41. For each x R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then lim is
x 0 | x|
(a) – sin1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) sin1
d2y
42. If x = 3 tan t and y = 3 sec t, then the value of at t , is [JEE-Mains 2019]
dx 2 4
3 1 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 3 2 6 6 2
1/3
dy y
43. Let xk + yk = ak, (a, K >0) and 0 , then k is: [JEE-Mains 2020]
dx x
(a) 3/2 (b) 1/3 (c) 2/3 (d) 4/3
3x 33 x 12
44. lim is equal to ________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 2 3 x /2 31 x
45. Let S be the set of points where the function, f (x) = |2 –|x – 3||, x R, is not differentiable.
Then f ( f (x )) is equal to _________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
x S
46. Let y = y(x) be a function of x satisfying y 1 x 2 k x 1 y 2 where k is a constant and

1 1 1 dy
y . Then at x , is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 4 2 dx
5 5 2 5
(a) (b) – (c) (d)
2 2 5 4

-5.37-
1 1 3x
1 1 log e , when x 0
47. If the function f defined on , by f ( x) x 1 2x is
3 3
k , when x 0
continuous, then k is equal to _______. [JEE-Mains 2020]

1/x 2
3x 2 2
x 0 7x 2 2
(a) 1/e (b) e2 (c) e (d) 1/e2

x
t sin(10t )dt
49. lim 0
is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 0 x
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
5 10 10
sin( a 2)x sin x
; x 0
x
50. If f ( x ) b ; x 0 is continuous at x = 0, then a + 2b is equal to:
2 1/3 1/3
( x 3x ) x
; x 0
x 4/3
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) –1 (b) 1 (c) –2 (d) 0

4
51. Let [t] denote the greatest integer t and lim x A . Then the function, f (x) = [x2]sin ( x)
x 0 x
is discontinuous, when x is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) A+ 5 (b) A+ 1 (c) A (d) A 21

2
d y
52. If x = 2 sin – sin 2 and y = 2 cos – cos 2 , [0, 2 ], then at = is :
dx 2
[JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 3/2 (b) –3/4 (c) 3/4 (d) –3/8
53. Let ƒ and g be differentiable functions on R such that fog is the identity function. If for some
a, b R, g’(a) = 5 and g(a) = b, then ƒ’(b) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) 2/5 (b) 1 (c) 1/5 (d) 5
x x
ae be , 1 x 1
2
54. If a function f(x) defined by f ( x ) cx , 1 x 3 be continuous for some a, b, c
2
ax 2cx , 3 x 4
R and f '(0) +f '(2) = e, then the value of a is: [JEE-Mains 2020]

e e 1 e
(a) 2
(b) 2
(c) 2
(d) 2
e 3e 13 e 3e 13 e 3e 13 e 3e 13

-5.38-
x x2 x 3 .... x n n
55. If (n N) lim 820,(n N ) then the value of n is equal to……..
x 1 x 1
[JEE-Mains 2020]
1/x
56. lim tan x is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]

x 0 4
(a) 2 (b) e (c) 1 (d) e2

1 x |x|
57. Let [t] denotes the greatest integer t. If for some R – {0, 1}, lim L , then L is
x 0 x [x]
(a) 1/2 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 1
2 2 2 2
1 x x x x
58. If lim 1 cos cos cos cos 2 k , then the value of k is [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 0 x8 2 4 2 4
( a 2 x )1/3 (3x )1/3
59. lim ( a 0) is equal to [JEE-Mains 2020]
x a (3 a x)1/3 (4x )1/3
1/3 4/3 1/3 4/3
2 2 2 2 2 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3 9 9 9 3 3
60. Suppose a differentiable function f(x) satisfies the identity f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) + xy2 + x2y. for
f (x)
all real x and y. If lim 1, then f '(3) is equal to __________. [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 0 x
tan 1 x , |x| 1
4
61. The function f(x) = is [JEE-Mains 2020]
1
(|x| 1), |x| 1
2
(a) both continuous and differentiable on R – {1}.
(b) Both continuous and differentiable on R – {–1}.
(c) continuous on R –{1} and differentiable on R – {–1, 1}.
(d) continuous on R – {– 1} and differentiable on R – {–1, 1}.
62. Let f : (0, ) (0, ) be a differentiable function such that f (1) = e and
2 2 2 2
t f ( x) x f (t )
lim 0. If f (x) = 1, then x is equal to: [JEE-Mains 2020]
t x t x
1 1
(a) (b) 2e (c) e (d)
2e e
k1 ( x )2 1, x
63. If the function f(x) = is twice differentiable, then the ordered pair (k1,
k2 cos x , x
k2) is equal to : [JEE-Mains 2020]
1 1
(a) ,1 (b) (1, 1) (c) , 1 (d) (1, 0)
2 2

-5.39-
1 cos( p( x ))
64. If is the positive root of the equation, p(x) = x2 – x –2 = 0, then lim is equal
x x 4
to [JEE-Mains 2020]
3 3 1 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
x
65. Let f(x) = x . x . , for – 10 < x < 10, where [t] denotes the greatest integer function. Then
2
the number of points of discontinuity of f is equal to ________ . [JEE-Mains 2020]
2 4
1 x x 1 /x
x e 1
66. lim [JEE-Mains 2020]
x 0
1 x2 x4 1
(a) does not exist (b) is equal to e (c) is equal to 0 (d) is equal to 1
2
( x 1)
t cos(t 2 )dt
67. lim 0
[JEE-Mains 2020]
x 1 ( x 1)sin( x 1)
(a) is equal to (b) is equal to 1/2 (c) is equal to –1/2 (d) does not exit
1
x 5 sin 5x 2 , x 0
x
68. Let f : R R be defined as f ( x ) 0 , x 0 . The value of which f (0)
1
x 5 cos x2 , x 0
x
exists is. [JEE-Mains 2020]
69. Let f : R R be a function defined by f(x) = max{x, x2}. Let S denote the set of all points in R,
where f is not differentiable. Then : [JEE-Mains 2020]
(a) {0, 1} (b) {0} (c) (an empty set) (d) {1}
x tan 2 x 2 x tan x
1. lim is (IIT Sc. 1999)
x 0 (1 cos 2 x ) 2
1 1
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) (d) –
2 2
sin( cos2 x)
2. lim equals (IIT Sc. 2001)
x 0 x2
(a) – (b) (c) (d) 1
2
1/ x
f (1 x)
3. Let f : R R be such that f (1) = 3 and f (1) = 6. Then lim equals (IIT Sc. 2002)
x 0 f (1)
(a) 1 (b) e1/2 (c) e2 (d) e3

-5.40-
x
x 3
4. For x R, lim = (IIT Sc. 2000)
x x 2
(a) e (b) e–1 (c) e–5 (d) e5
(cos x 1)(cos x e )
x
5. The integer n for which lim is a finite non zero number is (IIT sc. 2002)
x 0 xn
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
1 cos 2( x 1)
6. lim (IIT Sc. 1998)
x 1 x 1
(a) exists and it equals 2 (b) exists and it equals – 2
(c) does not exist because x – 1 0
(d) does not exist because left hand limit is not equal to right hand limit
7. The function f (x) = [x]2 – [x2] (where [y] is the greatest integer less than or equal to y), is
discontinuous at
(a) all integers (b) all integers except 0 and 1
(c) all integers except 0 (d) all integers except 1 (IIT Sc. 1999)
8. The left-hand derivative of f (x) = [x] sin ( x) at x = k, k an integer, is (IIT Sc. 2001)
k k–1 k k–1
(a) (–1) (k – 1) (b) (–1) (k – 1) (c) (–1) k (d) (–1) k
9. Let h(x) = min {x, x2} for every real number of x. Then (IIT Sc. 1998)
(a) h is continuous for all x (b) h is differentiable for all x
(c) h (x) = 1 for all x > 1 (d) h is not differentiable at two values of x.
10. Let f : R R be a function defined by f (x) = max {x, x3}. The set of all points where f (x) is not
differentiable, is (IIT Sc. 2001)
(a) {–1, 1} (b) {–1, 0} (c) {0, 1} (d) {–1, 0, 1}
11. The function f (x) = (x2 – 1) | x2 – 3x + 2 | + cos ( | x | ) is not differentiable at (IIT Sc. 1999)
(a) 3 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
12. Which of the following functions is differentiable at x = 0? (IIT Sc. 2001)

(a) cos ( | x | ) + | x | (b) cos ( | x | ) – | x | (c) sin ( | x | ) – | x | (d) sin ( | x | ) + | x |
13. Consider the following statements S and R : (IIT Sc. 2000)
S: Both sin x and cos x are decreasing functions in the integral , .

2
R : If a differentiable function decreases in an interval (a, b), then its derivative also decreases in
(a, b).
Which of the following is true?
(a) Both S and R are wrong
(b) Both S and R are correct, but R is not the correct explanation for S
(c) S is correct and R is the correct explanation for S
(d) S is correct and R is wrong

-5.41-
14. The following functions are continuous on (0, ) (IIT Sc. 1991)
x
1
(a) tan x (b) t sin dt
0 t
3
1, 0 x x sin x, 0 x
4 2
(c) (d)
3
2sin x, x sin( x), x
9 4 2 2
(( a n )nx tan x )sin nx
15. If lim = 0, where n is nonzero real number, then a is equal to (IIT Sc. 2003)
x 0 x2
n 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) n (d) n +
n n
16. The triangle formed by the tangent to the curve f(x) = x2 + bx – b at the point (1, 1) and the
co-ordinate axes, lies in the first quadrant. If its area is 2, then the value of b is (IIT Sc. 2001)
(a) –1 (b) 3 (c) –3 (d) 1
sin x
1
17. Value of Lim (sin x )1/ x is (IIT 2006)
x 0 x
(a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
18. f(x) and g(x) are two functions such that f (x) f ( x) , g ( x) f ( x) . Define
F ( x) f ( x / 2)
2
g ( x / 2) , F (5) = 5,then F(10) is equals to
2
(IIT 2006)
(a) 5 (b) 0 (c) 10 (d) 15
19. If f (x) = min (1, x2, x3), then (IIT 2006)

(a) not differentiable at 2 points
(b) continuous everywhere but not differentiable
(c) continuous x R
(d) f (x) 0 x 1
t 2 f ( x) x 2 f (t )
20. Let f (x) be differentiable on the interval (0, ) such that f (1) = 1 and lim 1 for
t x t x
each x > 0. Then f (x) is (IIT 2007 (P-I))
1 2x2 1 4x 2
1 2 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
3x 3 3x 3 x x2 x
sec2 x
f (t ) dt
21. lim 2
2
equals (IIT 2007 (P-I))
x
4 x2
16
8 2 2 1
(a) f (2) (b) f (2) (c) f (d) 4f (2)
2

-5.42-
( x 1) n
22. Let g(x) = ; 0 < x < 2, m and n are integers, m 0, n > 0 and let p be the left hand
log cos m ( x 1)
derivative of | x – 1 | at x = 1. If lim g ( x) p , then (IIT 2008 (P-I))
x 1
(a) n = 1, m = 1 (b) n = 1, m = –1 (c) n = 2, m = 2 (d) n > 2, m = n
23. Let f (x) be an non-constant twice differentiable function defined on (– , ) such that f (x) = f (1 – x)
1
and f = 0. Then, (IIT 2008 (P-I))
4
1
(a) f (x) vanishes at least twice on [0, 1] (b) f =0
2
1/ 2 1/ 2 1
1
(c) f x sin x dx 0 (d) f (t )esin t dt f (1 t )esin t dt
1/ 2 2 0 1/2
24. Let f and g be real valued functions defined on interval (–1, 1) such that g (x) is continuous, g(0)
0, g (0) = 0, g (0) 0 and f (x) = g(x) sin x. (IIT 2008 (P-I))
STATEMENT-1: lim[ g ( x) cot x g (0) cosec x] f (0) .
x 0
STATEMENT-2: f (0) = g(0).

(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 and Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True
25. Let g(x) = log f (x) where f (x) is a twice differentiable positive function on (0, ) such that
f (x + 1) = x f (x). Then, for N = 1, 2, 3, ...
1 1
g N g (IIT 2008 (P-II))
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(a) 4 1 .... (b) 4 1 ....
9 25 (2 N 1)2 9 25 (2 N 1)2
1 1 1 1 1 1
(c) 4 1 .... (d) 4 1 ....
9 25 (2 N 1)2 9 25 (2 N 1) 2
x2
a a2 x2
26. Let L lim 4 , a 0. If L is finite, then [IIT 2009]
x 0 x4
1 1
(a) a = 2 (b) a = 1 (c) L (d) L
64 32
p ( x)
27. Let p(x) be a polynomial of degree 4 having extremum at x = 1, 2 and lim 1 2.
x 0 x2
Then the value of p(2) is [IIT 2009]

-5.43-
x
1 t ln (1 t )
28. The value of lim dt is [IIT 2010]
x 0 x3 t4 4
0
1 1 1
(a) 0 (b) (c) (d)
12 24 64
29. Let f : R R be a function such that f ( x y) f (x) f ( y ), x, y R . If f (x) is differentiable at
x = 0, then [IIT 2011]
(a) f (x) is differentiable only in a finite interval containing zero

(b) f (x) is continuous x R
(c) f (x) is constant x R
(d) f (x) is differentiable except at finitely many points
x , x
2 2
30. If f ( x) cos x, x 0 , then [IIT 2011]
2
x 1, 0 x 1
ln x, x 1,
(a) f (x) is continuous at x (b) f (x) is not differentiable at x = 0

2
3
(c) f (x) is differentiable at x = 1 (d) f (x) is differentiable at x
2
1
31. If lim [1 x ln(1 b 2 )] x 2b sin 2 , b 0 and (– , ], then the value of is [IIT 2011]
x 0
(a) (b) (c) (d)

4 3 6 2
d f ( x)
32. Let y (x) + y(x)g (x) = g(x)g (x), y(0) = 0, x R, where f (x) denotes and g ( x) is a given
dx
non-constant differentiable function on R with g(0) = g(2) = 0. Then the value of y(2) is [IIT 2011]
x2 x 1
33. If lim ax b 4 , then [IIT 2012]
x x 1
(a) a = 1, b = 4 (b) a = 1, b = –4 (c) a = 2, b = –3 (d) a = 2, b = 3
1a 2a ... n a 1
34. For a R (the set of all real numbers), a 1, lim a 1
x n 1 [( na 1) ( na 2) ... (na n)] 60
Then a = [JEE-ADV. 2013]

15 17
(a) 5 (b) 7 (c) (d)
2 2

-5.44-
35. Let f : [a, b] [1, ] be a continuous function and let g: R R be defined as [JEE-ADV. 2014]
0 if x a
x
g(x) = f (t )dt i f a x b . Then
a
b
f (t ) dt if x b
a
(a) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at a

(b) g (x) is differentiable on R
(c) g (x) is continuous but not differentiable at b
(d) g (x) is continuous and differentiable at either a or b but not both
1 x
ax sin( x 1) a 1 x 1
36. The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which lim is
x 1 x sin( x 1) 1 4
[JEE-ADV. 2014]
37. Let f : R R and g : R R be respectively given by f (x) = |x| + 1 and g (x) = x2 + 1. Define
max { f ( x), g ( x )} if x 0
h:R R by h (x) = . The number of points at which h (x) is not
min { f ( x), g ( x )} if x 0
differentiable is [JEE-ADV. 2014]
Paragraph For Questions 38 and 39

1 h
Given that for each a (0, 1), lim t a (1 t ) a 1 dt exists. Let this limit be g(a). In addition, it is
h 0
h
given that the function g(a) is differentiable on (0, 1). [JEE-ADV. 2014]
1
38. The value of g is
2
(a) (b) 2 (c) (d)

2 4
1
39. The value of g is
2
(a) (b) (c) – (d) 0

2 2
40. Let f : ,g: and h : be differentiable functions such that f(x) = x3 + 3x + 2,

g(f(x)) = x and h(g(g(x))) = x for all x . Then [JEE-ADV. 2016]
1
(a) g´(2) (b) h (1) = 666 (c) h(0) = 16 (d) h(g(3)) = 36
15

-5.45-
f ( x)
41. Let f : (0, ) be a differentiable function such that f ´( x) 2 for all x (0, ) and
x
f (1) 1 . Then [JEE-ADV. 2016]
1 1
(a) lim f ´ 1 (b) lim f 2
x 0 x x 0 x
(c) lim x 2 f ´ x 0 (d) |f(x)| 2 for all x (0, 2)
x 0
x 2 sin( x)
42. Let R be such that lim 1. Then 6( ) equals [JEE-ADV. 2016]
x 0 x sin x
43. Let f : (0, ) and g : be twice differentiable functions such that f´´ and g´´ are
continuous functions on . Suppose f ´(2) 0, g (2) 0 and f ´´(2) 0 and g´(2) 0 . If
f ( x) g ( x )
lim 1 , then [JEE-ADV. 2016]
x 2 f ´( x ) g´( x )
(a) f has a local minimum at x = 2 (b) f has a local maximum at x = 2

(c) f´´(2) > f(2) (d) f(x) – f´´(x) = 0 for at least one x
44. Let a , b and f : be defined by f(x) = a cos(| x 3 x |) b | x | sin(| x 3 x |) . Then f is
[JEE-ADV. 2016]
(a) differentiable at x = 0 if a = 0 and b = 1 (b) differentiable at x = 1 if a = 1 and b = 0

(c) NOT differentiable at x= 0 if a = 1 and b = 0 (d) NOT differentiable at x=1 if a= 1 and b = 1
1 1
45. Let f : ,2 and g : ,2 be functions defined by f(x) = [x2 – 3] and g(x) = |x| f (x)
2 2
+ |4x – 7|f (x), where [y] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to y for y R. Then
[JEE-ADV. 2016]
1
(a) f is discontinuous exactly at three points in ,2
2
1
(b) f is discontinuous exactly at four points in ,2
2
1
(c) g is NOT differentiable exactly at four points in ,2
2
1
(d) g is NOT differentiable exactly at five points in ,2
2
1 x(1 |1 x|) 1
46. Let f ( x ) cos for x 1. Then [JEE-ADV. 2017]
|1 x| 1 x
(a) lim f ( x) does not exist (b) lim f ( x) does not exist
x 1 x 1
(c) lim f ( x ) 0 (d) lim f ( x ) 0

x 1 x 1

-5.46-
Answer Q. 47, Q.48 and Q.49 by appropriately matching the information given in the
three columns of the following table. [JEE-ADV. 2017]
Let f (x) = x + loge x - x loge x, x (0, ).
Column 1 contains information about zeros of f (x), f (x) and f (x).
Column 2 contains information about the limiting behavior of f(x), f (x) and f (x) at infinity.
Column 3 contains information about increasing/decreasing nature of f (x) and f ( x)
Column1 Column 2 Column 3
(I) f(x) = 0 for some x (1, e2) (i) lim f (x) 0 (P) f is increasing in (0, 1)
x
(II) f (x) = 0 for some x (1, e) (ii) lim f (x) (Q) f is decreasing in (e, e2)
x
(III) f (x) = 0 for some x (0, 1) (iii) lim f '(x ) (R) f is increasing in (0, 1)
x
(IV) f (x) = 0 for some x (1, e) (iv) lim f ''( x) 0 (S) f is decreasing in (e, e2)
x
47. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?
(a) (IV) (iv) (S) (b) (II) (ii) (Q) (c) (I) (i) (P) (d) (III) (iii) (R)
48. Which of the following options is the only INCORRECT combination?
(a) (II) (iii) (P) (b) (II) (iv) (Q) (c) (I) (iii) (P) (d) (III) (i) (R)
49. Which of the following options is the only CORRECT combination?
(a) (II) (iii) (S) (b) (I) (ii) (R) (c) (III) (iv) (P) (d) (IV) (i) (S)
50. For every twice differentiable function f : R [–2, 2] with (f(0)) +(f ’(0))2=85, which of the
2
following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE-ADV. 2018]

(a) There exist r, s R, where r < s, such that f is one-one on the open interval (r, s)
(b) There exists x0 (–4, 0) such that |f ’(x0)| 1
(c) lim f ( x ) 1
x
(d) There exists (–4, 4) such that f( )+ f ’’( ) = 0 and f ’( ) 0
51. Let f:R R and g : R R be two non-constant differentiable functions. If f ’(e(f(x) – g(x)))g’(x) for all x
R, and f(1)=g(2)=1, then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE? [JEE-ADV. 2018]
(a) f(2)< 1 – loge2 (b) f(2)>1 – loge2 (c) g(1) > 1–loge 2 (d) f(1)<1 – loge 2
f ( x )sin t f (t )sin x
52. Let f : (0, ) R be a twice differentiable function such that lim sin 2 x for
t x t x
all x (0, ). If f , then which of the following statement(s) is (are) TRUE?
6 12
x4
(a) f (b) f(x) < x 2 for x (0, )
4 4 2 6
(c) There exists (0, ) such that f ( ) =0 (d) f '' f 0 [JEE-ADV. 2018]
2 2

-5.47-
53. Let f 1 : R R, f2 : , R, f3 : (–1, e /2 –2) R and f4 : R R be defined by

2 2
2
(i) f1(x) = sin( 1 e x )
|sin x|
if x 0
(ii) f 2 ( x ) tan 1 x , where the inverse trigonometric function tan–1x assumes values in
1 if x 0
,
2 2
(iii) f3(x) = [sin (loge (x + 2))|, where, for t R denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to t,
1
x 2 sin if x 0
(iv) f 4 (x ) x [JEE-ADV. 2018]
0 if x 0
LIST-I LIST-II
P. The function f1 is 1. NOT continuous at x = 0
Q. The function f2 is 2. continuous at x = 0 and NOT differentiable at
x=0
R. The function f3 is 3. differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is NOT
continuous at x = 0
S. The function f4 is 4. differentiable at x = 0 and its derivative is continuous
at x = 0
The correct option is:
(a) P 2; Q 3; R 1; S 4 (b) P 4; Q 1; R 2; S 3
(c) P 4; Q 2; R 1; S 3 (d) P 2; Q 1; R 4; S 3
1
54. For each positive integer n, let yn (( n 1)( n 2)...(n n))1/n For x R, let [x] be the greatest
n
integer less than or equal to x. If lim y n L , then the value of [L] is _____ . [JEE-ADV. 2018]
n
55. Let f : R R be a differentiable function with f (0) = 0. If y = f (x) satisfies the differential equation
dy
(2 5 y )(5 y 2), then the value of lim f ( x ) is _____. [JEE-ADV. 2018]
dx x
56. Let f : R R be a differentiable function with f(0), = 1 and satisfying the equation f (x + y) = f (x) f
(y) + f (x) f(y) for all x, y R. Then, the value of loge(f(4)) is _____. [JEE-ADV. 2018]
1 3
2 .... 3
n
57. For a R |a| > 1, let lim 54 . Then the possible
n
1 1 1
n7/3 ...
( an 1)2 ( an 2)2 ( an n)2
values of a is/are [JEE-ADV. 2019]
(a) 8 (b) –6 (c) 7 (d) –9

-5.48-
58. Let f : R
R be a function. We say that f has
f ( h ) f (0)
PROPETY 1 if lim exists and is finite, and
h 0
|h|
f ( h) f (0)
PROPETY 2 if lim exists and if finite. Then which of the following options
h 0 h2
is/are correct? [JEE-ADV. 2019]
(a) f(x) = x|x| has PROPERTY 2 (b) f(x) = sinx has PROPERTY 2
(c) f(x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1 (d) f(x) = x2/3 has PROPERTY 1
59. Let the function f : be defined by f(x) = x3 – x2 + (x –1)sin and let : be an

arbitrary function. Let : be the product function defined by ( )( )= ( ) ( ). Then
which of the following statements is/are TRUE? [JEE-Advanced 2020]
(a) If is continuous at =1, then is differentiable at =1
(b) If is differentiable at =1, then is continuous at =1
(c) If is differentiable at =1, then is differentiable at =1
(d) If is differentiable at =1, then is differentiable at =1
60. Let denote the base of the natural logarithm. The value of the real number for which the
(1 x)1/ x e 1
right hand limit lim is equal to a nonzero real number, is [JEE-Advanced 2020]
x 0 xa
61. Let the functions :( and :( be defined by

f( )=|2 1|+|2 +1| and g( )= [ ],
where [ ] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to . Let :( 1) be the
composite function defined by ( )( )= ( ( )). Suppose is the number of points in the
interval ( 1) at which is NOT continuous, and suppose is the number of points in
the interval ( 1) at which is NOT differentiable. Then the value of + is _____
[JEE-Advanced 2020]
4 2(sin 3 x sin x )
62. The value of the limit lim is _____
x 3x 5x 3x
2 2sin 2 x sin cos 2 2 cos 2 x cos
2 2 2
[JEE-Advanced 2020]
63. Let : and : be functions satisfying

( + )= ( )+ ( )+ ( ) ( ) and ( )= ( )
for all , . If lim
x 0
g ( x) 1 , then which of the following statements is/are TRUE?
(a) is differentiable at every
(b) If (0)=1, then is differentiable at every
(c) The derivative (1) is equal to 1
(d) The derivative (0) is equal to 1 [JEE-Advanced 2020]

-5.49-
CHAPTER TEST
1
1. If g(x) is the inverse of f (x) and f (x) = then g (x) is equal to
1 x5
1 1
(a) (b) (c) 1 + (g(x))5 (d) none of these
1 f ( x) 1 ( g ( x )) 5
dy
2. If y = |x| + |x – 2|, then at x = 2 is
dx
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) does not exist (d) none of these
3. If f (x) = e–|x|, then
(a) L f (0) = –1 (b) R f (0) = 1
(c) f (x) is continuous at x = 0 (d) none of these
cx 2 d , 1 x 1
4. If f ( x ) 1 is continuous and differentiable, find c and d
, |x| 1
| x|
1 3 3 1 3 3
(a) , (b) 0, (c) ,0 (d) ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
x2
t2
t 2 .e dt
5. lim 0 is equal to
x 01 cos( x 3 )
3 2 4 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
2 3 3 3

2
f ( x) x 2 f ( )
6. Let f (x) be differentiable function for all x R+ and f(1) = 1. If lim 1 for every
x x
x > 0, then:
17 (2)1/3
(a) f (2) = (b) f (x) has local minima at x =
6 2
(c) f (x) is strictly increasing for all x 2 (d) f ´´(x) > 0 x R

-5.50-
2x x
7. Let f(x) = lim cot 1
, then
x k2
(a) f (x) is increasing function for all x R.
(b) f (x) differentiable for all x –{0}
(c) [ f ( x)]dx 0, where [.] represents greatest integer function

1
(d) f (|x|) is odd function.
max 4 x2 , 1 x2 ; 2 x 0
8. Let f(x) be defined in [–2, 2] by f ( x ) , then
min 4 x , 1 x
2 2
; 0 x 2
3
(a) f (x) is continuous at x but non-differentiable
2
3
(b) f (x) is discontinuous at x ,0
2
(c) f (x) is non-differentiable at x = 0

(d) f (x) is differentiable x ( 2, 2)
x y 2 f (x) f ( y)
9. Let f : R R be defined by functional relationship f and f '(0) = 2, then
3 3
which of the following statements are correct ?
(a) y = | f (x) | is continuous and non-differentiable at x = –1.
(b) y = sin (f (x)) is differentiable for all real x.

1
(c) [ f ( x )]dx 2, where [.] represents the greatest integer function.
1
2
(d) f ([ x ])dx 4
1
10. Let f (x) = | sin–1(sin x) | x R, then

n
(a) f (x) is non-differentiable at x ;n I
2
2
(b) Number of solutions of the equation f ( x) log3 x 0 are five
(c) [ f ( x)]dx 2, where [.] represents the greatest integer function.

0
(d) y = sgn(f (x)) is continuous x R

-5.51-

ONE is correct.
x y f ( x) f ( y)
Let f : R R be a differential function satisfying f for all x, y R. If f (0)
2 2
exists and equal to –1 and f (0) = 1.
Then answer the following questions
11. Find f (1)

12. If x (– , 0] then range of f (x) will be

(a) [0, ) (b) [1, ) (c) [2, ) (d) none of these
13. If g(x) = | f (x) | for all x R, then for g(x)

(a) 3 non-differential point (b) 2 non-differential point
(c) 4 non-differential point (d) none of these

sin x
14. A. lim (p) 0
x 0 x
sin x
B. lim (q) 1
x 0– x
sin x
C. lim (r) does not exists
x 0 x
D. lim [sin(sin 1 x )] (s) –1
x 1–

ORS.
( x 1)( x 2 1)( x3 1)( x 4 1)

15. lim is equal to
x 1 (( x 1)( x 2 1))2
16. lim log (tan 2 2 x) is equal to.

x 0 tan 2 x

-5.52-
17. Total number of points of discontinuity of f (x) = [3 + 4 sin x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function, in [ , 2 ] is equal to.
18. f (x) = [x] + { x}, where [.] and {.} denotes the greatest integer function and fractional part
respectively, then f (x) is. continuous but non-differentiable at x = 0. is equal to
x y f ( x) f ( y)
19. Let f for all x, y, R and n is a natural number other then 2. If f (0) = 2
n n
then find the value of f(3).
f ( x)
20. Let f (x) = x sin(sin x) – sin2 x and L lim . If limiting value ‘L’ is non-zero and finite, then
x 0 xn
value of ‘n’ must be equal to
sin 3 x
21. Let L lim . If the value of L is 3/2, then (2b + a – c) is equal to.
x 0 axe x b ln(1 x ) cxe x
n n 1 n 2
n4
22. Let Sn r 2 r 3 r ... n and lim is equal to ‘L’, then the value of L/3 is
r 1 r 1 r 1 n Sn
equal to.

-5.53-
ANSWERS
Chapter Assignment
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9 (b) 10. (b)
11. (a) 12. (d) 13. (c) 14. (a) 15. (b)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (b) 30. (c)
31. (c,d) 32. (a,c,d) 33. (d) 34. (a,c) 35. (d)
36. (a,c) 37. (a,d) 38. (a,b,c,d) 39. (a,b) 40. (a,b,c,d)
41. (c) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (b) 45. (c)
46. (b) 47. A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p) 48. A-(r); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)
49. (2) 50. (0) 51. (0) 52. (7) 53. (2)
54. (3) 55. (1) 56. (3) 57. (4) 58. (2)

1. (a): By using basic formula of limit.
2. (b): Simplify.
3. (c): Basic theory.
4. (a): Using double differentiation.
5. (b): 1 (formula)
6. (b): 1 (formula)
7. (a): Basic theory.
8. (c): Using proporties of limit
9 (b): 1 (formula)
10. (b): Using definition of continuity.
11. (a): Use properties of G.I.F.
12. (d): Using properties of continuity. Check point of discontinuity.
13. (c): Using properties of continuity.
14. (a): Using properties of G.I.F.
15. (b): Using of continuity definition.
16. (c): Apply L’ Hospital rule.
1 1 1 1
17. (a): Use etc
1.3 2 1 3

-5.54-
18. (b): Rationalize and simplify:

19. (a): Use the expansion of (1+x)1/x and put is given.
log a
20. (c): Use base changing formula logba =
log b
21. (a): LHL = 0, RHL = 0

22. (c): Divide Nr and Dr by x
23. (d): Apply definition of continuity.
24. (c): Formula based.
25. (d): Divide Nr and Dr by e1/x
26. (c): f is cont. at x = 1 and calculate LHD and RHD at x = 1.
n(n 1) 2
27. (c): Use (1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x .... provided x is very small.
2!
28. (c): Rationalize the Nr.
29. (b): Put x = h,h 0

4
30. (c): Use sin–1 = cos–1(1 – 2
) etc. and concept of inverse trigonometry.
31. (c,d): F is defined if [x] > 0 x (1, ) and [x] is continuous for x R – I and discontinuous for
x I.
32. (a,c,d): F is defined every where but discontinuous only when sin x I i.e. sin x = 1, sin x = –1
or sin x = 0 so f is discontinuous at x = , 0, .
2
33. (d): Given equation can be written as a. 2–1 + b = e–1

None of the values in (a), (b), (c) satisfy this equality.
34. (a,c): F is discontinuous if x 0 or cos 4x = 1

n
i.e. on the set (– , 0] ;n I
2
35. (d): F is continuous if x4 – 26x2 + 25 0
i.e. (x2 –25) (x2 –1) 0 i.e. x ±5, ±1
36. (a,c): It is form.
1
37. (a,d): lim f ( x) lim (6 5 x) 1, lim F( x) = lim (2 x2 3) 1
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 5
and f (1) = 1 but F(3) = 0 and lim F( x ) 9
x 3
38. (a,b,c,d): The function is defined if

-5.55-
1 1 1 7
cos x , cos cos while
2 2 4 2 4
3 5 1
cos cos . So y is defined at these points y = Fog, f (x) = x
4 4 2
1
g (x) = – cos2x, which are continuous functions.
2
39. (a,b): F(0) = 0, lim F( x) 0 . However lim F( x) x does not exist.
x 0 x 1/2
40. (a,b,c,d): For c (0, 1), [c] = 0, x – [x] = x,

1 1
, (–1) [x] = 1 and [sin x] = 0
x [ x] x
for all x (0, 1). Hence all the function in (a), (b), (c), (d) are continuous function on (0, 1)
41. (c): F(0) = 0, Let I (0, ). Since F is continious

so F(x) = x x I a F (x) = –x x I
Similarly, if J (– , 0), F(x) = x x J
and F(x) = – x. combining all these possibilities we have F(x) = x x R
F(x) = –x x R
F(x) = |x| or F(x) = –|x|
42. (d): F(x) = 1, x [0, 1]
Let If possible there is c [0, 1] such that
F(c) ± 1 so F(c) < 1 or F(c) > 0
Suppose that c < 1/2. Consider the interval [c, 1/2], by above result (comprehension) F takes all
values between F(c) and 1 but F take only rational values. This contradicts our hypothesis.
43. (a): F(x) = 1 x 2 of F(x) = 1 x2
Satisfy the given condition. Apply the result (comprehension) to show that these are the only
possibilities.
47
44. (b): 3
1047 3
1000 47 = 10 3 1
1000
47
=10 1 = 10 (1 + 0.016) =10.16
3000
45. (c): 7144 = 8000 + 144
46. (b): 1080 = 1024 + 56
47. A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)

-5.56-
1 cos7( x ) 2sin 2 ((7 / 2)( x )) 49

lim = lim . ( x) = 0
x x x ((7 / 2)( x)) 2 4
sin x sin( x) 2
lim lim
x x2 x (17 x )( x) 2
1 2
48. A-(r); B-(p); C-(q); D-(s)

1
F(x) = is trivially continuous except at x = 2
x 2
sin x
1
x
f(x) = , |sin x| 1 and 1/x 0 as x .
sin x
1
x
lim F( x ) 1
x
Also lim x sin 0 = F(0)

x x
so F (x) = x sin is continuous on R.

x
1
tan–1 as x 0+ where as
x 2
1
tan–1 as x 0–
x 2
49. (2): Using L’ Hospital rule.

1
64
2 x 4
50. (0): f (0) = lim F( x) lim 8
x 0 x 0 2cos 2 x
99 100
51. (0): lim1 2 x .... 99 x98 1 2 3 .... 99 4950
x 1 2
F( x)enx g (x)
52. (7): lim lim nx
lim F( x) F(1)
x 1x e 1 x 1
53. (2): a + b = 2
x3 x 2 16 x 20
54. (3): F(2) = lim =7
x 2 ( x 2) 2
3(3 tan nx tan 3 x) 8 tan x
tan x
55. (1): lim 1 3tan x
2
1 tan 2 x
x 0 x tan x
2
1 1 8/3 8
lim 3 1 16
x 0 x2 3 1 tan 2 x 1 tan 2 x
56. (3): The given function is not defined at x = 0, 2, 4 and at x = (2x + 1) ,n I

2
Except these point the function is required set is

-5.57-
(2n 1) ; n I {0, 2, 4}
2
Thus the integral no of discontinuances is 3.
(2 x 2
1)210 log 2
57. (4): F(2) = lim 26 = 25 = 32
x 2 (4 n 2
1)24 log 4
sin x
x x
sin
sin x sin x sin x x 1
58. (2): lim = lim 1 1 = e–1
x 0 x x sin x x 0 x
1 1
(1 x )
lim x 1 x lim[1 ( x 1)] e 1
x 1 x 1
so there sum = 2e–1.

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b)
16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (d)
26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (b) 29. (c) 30. (c)
31. (a) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (c)
36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (36) 45. (3)
46. (b) 47. (5.00) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (40.00)
56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (8) 59. (a) 60. (10)
61. (3) 62. (d) 63. (a) 64. (a) 65. (8)
66. (d) 67. (d) 68. (5.00) 69. (a)

-5.58-
IIT-JEE/JEE-ADVANCE
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (d)
11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (d)
16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (a) 19. (b,c) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (c) 23. (a,b, c,d) 24. (b) 25. (a)
26. (a,c) 27. (0) 28. (b) 29. (b, c) 30. (a,b,c,d)
31. (d) 32. (0) 33. (b) 34. (b,d) 35. (a,c)
36. (2) 37. (3) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b,c)
41. (a) 42. (7) 43. (a,d) 44. (a,b) 45. (b,d)
46. (b,c) 47. (b) 48. (d) 49. (a) 50. (a,b,d)
51. (b,c) 52. (b,c,d) 53. (d) 54. (1) 55. (2/5)
56. (2) 57. (a,c) 58. (c,d) 59. (a,c) 60. (1.00)
61. (4) 62. (8) 63. (a,b,d)
Chapter Test
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b)
6. (a,b,c,d) 7. (b,d) 8. (a,c) 9. (a,b,d) 10. (a,b,c)
11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. A-(p); B-(p); C-(p); D-(p)
15. (6) 16. (1) 17. (8) 18. (1) 19. (6)
20. (6) 21. (6) 22. (8)

-5.59-

Class XII Unit IV Mathematics

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2. Determinants 2.1 – 2.55

4. Inverse Trigonometric Functions 4.1 – 4.31

5. Limits, Continuity And Differentiability 5.1 – 5.59

R1 a11 a12 ..... a1n

is called an m × n (read as m by n) matrix.

1.1. CONSTRUCTION OF A MATRIX

a11 a12 a13 a14

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1.1.1. Types of Matrices

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1.2. OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

1.2.1. Equality of Matrices :

(i) m = r i.e. the number of rows in A = the number of rows in B.

Solution: Since, in equal matrices, corresponding elements are equal, therefore

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1.2.2. Sum of Matrices :

Two matrices can be added by adding the corresponding elements.

Only matrices of same order can be added.

(i) Matrix addition is commutative

(ii) Matrix addition is associative

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–A is called additive inverse of A.

(v) Cancellation laws hold good for matrix addition

1.2.3. Subtraction of Matrices :

then A–B = A + (–B)

1.2.4. Scalar Multiplication :

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Properties of Scalar Multiplication :

(i) k(A + B) = kA + kB (ii) (k + m)A = kA + mA

(iii) (km)A = k(mA) = m(kA) (iv) (–k)A = –(kA) = k(–A)

(v) 1A = A (vi) (–1)A = –A

1.2.5. Matrix Multiplication :

= ai1.b1k + ai2.b2k + ..... + ain.bnk

i.e. (i, k)th element of AB

For product AB to be defined, we must have number of columns in A = number of rows in B.

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Similarly, (AB)22 = –14,

Properties of Matrix Multiplication :

(i) Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general.

i.e. in general AB BA.

(ii) Matrix multiplication is associative

i.e. (AB)C = A(BC)

(iii) Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix addition.

i.e. A.(B + C) = A.B + AC

and (A + B)C = AC + BC.

(iv) If A is an m × n matrix, then

i.e. if AB = 0, it is not necessary that either A = 0 or B = 0.

(vii)If AB = O, then it is not necessary, that BA = O.

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1.2.6. Transpose of a Matrix

for all i = 1, 2, ..., m; j = 1, 2, ..., n.

i.e. (i, j)th element of A =(j, i)th element of A.

Let A and B be two matrices. Then

(ii) (A + B) = A + B , A & B being of the same order

(iii) (KA) = KA , K being any scalar (real or complex)

(iv) (AB) = B A , A and B being conformable for the product AB.

(This is called the reversal law)

1.2.7. Trace of a Matrix

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Properties of trace of a matrix:

1.2.8. Positive integral powers of a square matrix:

Let A be a square matrix. Then we define