DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, BULANDSHAHR

Class: X (Session: 2023-2024)

Subject: Physics Light: Reflection and Refraction Date: 18.03.2023

Wave:-

1. When a particle moves through space, it carries kinetic energy with itself. Wherever the particle goes, the
energy goes with it. So energy is transferred/ transported from one point to another with the actual permanent
transfer of particles just like we ride a car and are taken from Lucknow to Varanasi with the car.

2. There is another way to transport energy from one part of space to the other without any bulk motion/
permanent transfer of material together with it.

Examples:- (i) When raindrops hit the surface of calm water, circular waves can be seen travelling on the
surface, where energy is transferred to boundaries without the actual permanent transfer of particles/ matter.
This type of disturbance is called wave on water surface.

(ii) When one end of string is provided a jerk then energy is transferred from one end to another without the
actual permanent transfer of particles/ matter. This type of disturbance is called wave in string.

(iii) When one end of spring is fixed and another end is stretched then energy is transferred from one end to
another without the actual permanent transfer of particles/ matter. This type of disturbance is called wave in
spring.
(iv) Sound is transmitted from speaker to listener in air without the actual permanent transfer of particles/
matter.

(v) Light (electromagnetic wave) emitted from source travels in different directions without the actual
permanent transfer of particles/ matter.

Definition of wave:- Wave is a disturbance in any medium in which energy is transferred from one point to
another without the actual permanent transfer of particles/ matter/ physical medium.

Classification of waves:-

I. Classification based on involvement of particles:-

(i) Mechanical waves:- Waves, which require any medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves.
Ex- wave on water surface, wave in string, wave in spring, Sound wave.

(ii) Non- mechanical waves:- Waves which do not require any medium their propagation are called non-
mechanical waves. Ex- Light and other electromagnetic waves.

II. Classification based on line of oscillation of particles:-

(i) Longitudinal waves:- If line of oscillation of disturbance/ disturbed quantity is along the length of wave then
wave is called longitudinal wave. Ex- wave in spring, Sound wave.

(ii) Transverse Wave:- If line of oscillation of disturbance/ disturbed quantity is perpendicular to the length of
wave then wave is called longitudinal wave. Ex- wave in string, wave on water surface, Light wave and entire
electromagnetic waves.

Note- Light is non- mechanical transverse wave.

Representation of wave:-

Terminology of wave:-

1. One wave:- Wave in between two consecutive points of same phase.

 OR

Smallest segment of wave which is continuously repeated in wave is called one wave.

2. Wavelength (λ):- Length of one wave.

OR
Length of wave in between two consecutive points of same phase.
S.I. Unit- meter.

3. Time- Period (T):- Time taken by wave to complete one wave.

S.I. Unit- Second.

4. Frequency (𝝂):- No. of waves/ oscillation in one second.

Formula: Frequency = 1/ Time-period

𝝂 = 1/T
S. I. Unit:- 1/sec, sec-1, Hz.

5. Wave-speed (v):- Speed = Distance/time Frequency is only property of

v = λ/T source and it is independent off
medium.
v = 𝝂. λ
Frequency is only property of
S.I unit:- m/sec. source and it is independent off
medium.
Note- v = 𝝂. λ
Frequency is only property of
source and it is independent off
medium.
Depends on medium.
Depends on medium. Frequency is only property of
source and it is independent off
medium.
Question: Find ratio of speeds of any wave in two media in terms of its wavelength in two media.

Electromagnetic Waves:- Waves in which disturbances are in form of electric and magnetic effects (fields) are
called electromagnetic waves.

Electromagnetic Spectrum:- Arrangement of different parts of electromagnetic wave in increasing/ decreasing

order of energy, frequency or wavelength is called electromagnetic spectrum.

Light:- Light is form of energy which gives us sensation of vision.

OR

Light is that part of electromagnetic wave/radiation which helps us to see things around us.

Nature of light:-

Wave nature:- (i) Light is an electromagnetic wave. It is non-mechanical transverse wave.

(ii) It travels with speed 3 X 108 m/sec in air/ vacuum.
(iii) Phenomena like interference, diffraction, scattering confirm wave nature of light.
Particle nature:- (i) Light or electromagnetic radiation is made of small discrete packets of energy called quanta
(plural of quantum, which means some fixed amount) or photons.
(ii) Each photon has some fixed amount of energy and frequency. It travels with speed 3 X 108 m/sec in air/
vacuum.
(iii) Rest mass of photon is zero.
(iv) Phenomena like photoelectric effect and Compton effects confirm particle nature of light.

De Broglie’s conclusion:- Behaviour of light in some phenomena can be explained only by particle nature and in
some phenomena can be explained only by wave nature so light has dual nature both particle as well as wave.

Rectilinear Propagation of light:- Traveling of light in a straight line is called rectilinear Propagation of light.

Ray:- Pictorial/ diagrammatic representation of rectilinear propagation of light is called ray.

Beam:- Group of rays.

Types of beam:- Parallel Beam, Divergent Beam, Convergent Beam.

Luminous Object:- Object which emits its own light.

Non- luminous Object- Object which does not emit its own light.

Important condition to see any object:- Light ray (either its own light or reflected) coming from object
must enter in our eyes. Luminous objects are visible due to their own light (radiation/ emission of light
from them) and non- luminous objects are visible due to reflected light. Since luminous objects are visible
due to their own light so refection is not the necessary condition of visibility of object.

Medium:- Anything through which light can pass.

Transparent Object/medium- Object/medium through which light passes completely.

Translucent object/ medium- Object/medium through which light passes partially.

Opaque objet/medium- Object/medium through which light can’t pass.

Isotropic Medium:- Medium in which properties of medium remains same in every direction so light
travels with same speed in every direction. Ex- Amorphous sollid, Glass, Water, Air.

An-isotropic Medium:- Medium in which properties of medium does not remain same in every direction
so light travels with different speed in different direction. Ex- Crystalline solids (quartz, calcite).

Homogenous Medium:- Medium which has uniform (same) composition everywhere. Ex- Glass, diamond,
distilled water, a sheet of clear plastic, vacuum, pure alcohol, etc.

Hetrogenous Medium:- Medium which has different composition at different points. Ex- Air of
atmosphere, fog, mist, clouds, smoke, etc.

Optical object:- Object is anything from where light rays are coming, either its own light or reflected light.
Image:- Reoccurence of the shape of object by any optical phenomenon such as reflection or refraction.

Position of image:- Position of image is that point, where the light rays coming from an object either meet
or appears to meet after reflection or refraction.

Real Image:- (i) If light rays coming from an object meet at a particular point in reality then image is called
real image.

(ii) Real image can be obtained on any screen( opaque surface).

(iii) Real image are formed in front of reflecting side of mirror and on the other side of incident rays in case
of lenses.

Virtual Image:- (i) If light rays coming from an object does not meet at a particular point in reality, instead
they appear to meet at a particular point then image is called virtual image.

(ii) Virtual image can’t be obtained on any screen( opaque surface).

(iii) Virtual image are formed behind reflecting side of mirror and on the same side of incident rays in case
of lenses.

Reflection:- Phenomenon of bouncing back of light from any surface is called reflection.
Laws of reflecction:- 1) Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection.

2) Incident ray, normal at the point of incidence and reflected ray all three should be in a same plane.
Types of reflection:-
1) Regular reflection or specular reflection:-
(i) Reflection taking place from smooth surface is called regular reflection. Ex- Reflection in a mirror, a
water surface and highly polished floors, are examples of regular reflections.
(ii) Reflected rays will be parallel, if incident rays are parallel i.e. why sometimes a bright patch (illuminated
region is formed on any wall/surface, when light is reflected from any polished surface.

2) Irregular reflection or diffused reflection:-

(i) Reflection taking place from rough surface is called irregular reflection. Ex- when a ray of light is incident
on a wall or wood, which is not smooth or polished. In this case, the different portions of the surface
reflect the incident light in different directions. In such cases no definite image is formed, but the surface
becomes visible. Thus diffused reflection makes non-luminous objects visible. Most of non-luminous
objects are visible to us just because of diffused reflection.

(ii) Reflected rays will be parallel, if incident rays are parallel i.e. why sometimes a bright patch (illuminated
region is formed on any wall/surface, when light is reflected from any polished surface.

Reflection from plane surface/ mirror:-

Properties:-
(i) Erect, (ii) Virtual, (iii) Laterally inverted, (iv) height of image = height of object, (v) perpendicular image
distance from mirror = perpendicular object distance from mirror.

Note- Understand and learn, how to draw ray diagrams.

Question- Draw ray diagram for reflection from plane mirror if:
a) Object is real, b) object is virtual,
c) object is a point object d) object is extended type of object.

Multiple images:- (not required for boards):- If angle between two plane mirrors is Ɵ and:
(i) 3600/ Ɵ = even integer, no of images = (3600/ Ɵ) – 1.
(ii) 3600/ Ɵ = odd integer and object is kept symmetrical between the two mirrors,
no of images = (3600/ Ɵ) – 1.

(iii) 3600/ Ɵ = odd integer and object is kept symmetrical between the two mirrors,
no of images = (3600/ Ɵ) – 1.

Effect of rotation of plane mirrror:- If mirror is rotated by Ɵ then-

(i) normal at the point of incidence will shifted/ changed by angle Ɵ .

(ii) direction of incident ray will remain same but angle of incidence will change by angle Ɵ.
(iii) angle of reflection will change by angle 2Ɵ and direction of reflected ray will change by 2Ɵ.

Angle of deviation in reflection (𝛿) (not required for boards):-

Since light ray bounces back in reflection so it changes its direction, the angle by which reflected light
changes its direction is called angle of deviation.

In given diagram, angle of deviation is

1800 – 2i in anticlockwise and 1800 + 2i in
clockwise sense.
INTRODUCTORY ASSIGNMENT 01 TOPIC-- LIGHT
1. Define followings:
i) Light, ii) Luminous objects, iii) Non- luminous objects, iv) Transparent objects, v) Translucent
objects, vi) Opaque objects, vii) Ray, viii) mirror, viii) Medium, ix) anisotropic medium, x) heterogeneous
medium, xi) real image, xii) virtual image
2. What is rectilinear propagation of light?
3. What is important condition to see any object? Write the name of two ways/processes by which objects
become visible to us.
4. What are the processes responsible for visibility of luminous and non- luminous objects?
5. Write a short-notes on dual nature of light. What is photon?
6. Classify materials in transparent, translucent, opaque:
Clean Water, dusty water, Muddy water, clean air, fog, thin cloud, thick cloud, rain droplets, glass slab, lens,
mirror, prism, gold, silver, diamond.
7. Classify objects in luminous and non-luminous:
The Sun, moon, the earth, the mercury, Pulsar (Highly magnetized rotating compact star emitting e-m
radiation out of its poles), Titan (largest moon of the Saturn and second largest natural satellite of our solar
system), Fire-fly, candle, bulb, mirror, lens.

INTRODUCTORY ASSIGNMENT 02 TOPIC-- LIGHT

1. Define following terms:
(i) Incident ray, ii) Point of incidence, iii) Normal at the point of incidence, iv) Angle of incidence v)
Reflected ray, vi) Angle of reflection.
2. Write true/ false.
(i) laws of reflection are not applicable in case of diffused reflection?
(ii) laws of reflection are applicable in case of regular reflection?
(iii) Laws of refection are applicable in lenses.
(iv) Laws of refection are applicable in mirrors.
(v) Luminous objects are visible to us due to reflection of light.
(v) Non- luminous objects are visible due to emission of their own light.
3. A ray of light is changing its medium from air to water, what will be impact on its wavelength, frequency
and speed? Find frequency of violet colour light in air and water, if its wavelength is 400 nm and speed is 3
x 10 8 m/sec in air.

4. Draw ray diagram for reflection from plane mirror if:

a) Object is real, b) object is virtual,
c) object is a point object d) object is extended type of object.