MICRO-PROJECT REPORT

2023-2024

This Micro-Project Work Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of

Requirement for the Award of Diploma In

CIVIL ENGINEERING
Under The Guidance Of
Miss. P. Y. Bagade
(Lecturer in Civil Engg. Dept.)

SUBMITTED BY

1. Ajajkhan S. Pathan 2201210342 19

 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI
DIST-CHANDRAPUR
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Certificate
This is to certify that the following students of this institute have carried out
this project work on “Brief Study Of Shear Rainforcement "under the
guidance of Miss. P. Y. Bagade mam lecturer in the Department of Civil
Engineering during the session 2023-2024. This work has been done in the
partial fulfillment of the award for Diploma in Civil Engineering from
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education, Mumbai.

SUBMITTED BY

1. Ajajkhan S. Pathan 2201210342 19

Miss. P.Y. Bagade Dr. S.R. Kukadapwar

Project Guide Civil Engg. Department
(Civil Engg.) (H.O.D.)
 GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC, BRAMHAPURI

DIST-CHANDRAPUR

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my Design of

structure Teacher , Miss. P.Y. Bagade who gave me an opportunity to
do this project and provided support in completing in my project.

I would also like to extend my gratitude to our Head of Department Dr.S.

R. Kukadapwar for providing me with all the facilities that were required.

MICRO-PROJECT SUBMITTED BY

1. Ajajkhan S. Pathan 2201210342 19

DATE: / / 2023 PLACE: BRAMHAPURI

 INDEX

Sr.No. Title Page No.

Part A
1 Aim 4

2 Course Outcome 4

3 Propose Methodology 4

4 Action Plan 4

5 Resources required 5

6 Name of the student with roll no. 5

Part B

1 Rationale 6

2 Aim of Micro Project 6

3 Course Outcomes Integrated 6

4 Literature Review 6

5 Actual Methodology Followed 7

6 Actual Resources Used 7

 PART - A

"Brief Study Of Shear Rainforcement "

1.0 AIM
To learn the information regarding different types column and beams
usedin rcc design

2.0 COURSE OUTCOMES

1.We have studied the concept of Rcc Design with respects to columns

2.Study the types and application of filled.

3.0 PROPOSED METHODOLOGY

• To discuss the topic of the project among the team members.

• To take guideline from subject teacher about the project.
• To prepare proposal of project.
• To collect required resources.
• To prepare report.
• To submit report of the project.
4.0 ACTION PLAN:

Sr. Name of the

Planed start Planed finish
Details of activity responsible
No. date date
team member

Discuss about the topic Ajajkhan S.

1.
of the project Pathan

Collecting information Ajajkhan S.

2.
about project Pathan

Editing information Ajajkhan S.

3.
about project Pathan

Ajajkhan S.
4. Prepared proposal
Pathan

Submission of micro Ajajkhan S.

5.
project Pathan
5.0 RESOURCES REQUIRED

Sr.No. Name of Material Specifications Quantity

1. Book Design of structures 1

2. Internet wikipedia 1

6.0 Name of the student with Roll No.

1. Ajajkhan S. Pathan 2201210342 19

 PART – B
1.0RATIONALE:

Columns are usually considered as vertical structural elements,

butthey can bepositioned in any orientation (e.g. diagonal and
horizontalcompression elements in atruss). Columns are used as major
elements intrusses, building frames, andsub-structure supports for bridges
(e.g. piers).

2.0 AIM

To learn the information regarding different types column

andbeams used in rccdesign

3.0 COURSE OUTCOMES

1.We have studied the concept of Rcc Design with respects to

columns.

2.Study the types and application of filled.

4.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

In practice, shear reinforcement is provided in three forms;

stirrups,inclined bent-up bars and combination system of stirrups and bent-
up bars.In reinforced concrete building construction, stirrups are most
commonlyused as shear reinforcement, for their simplicity in fabrication
andinstallation
5.0 ACTUAL METHODOLOGY FOLLOWED

• We discuss on the topic.

• We took guidance form subject teacher about the project.
• We have prepared proposal of project.
• We collected required resources related to project.
• We had prepared a report.
• Finally, we summated report of the project.

6.0 ACTUAL RESOUECES USED

Sr.
Name of Material Specifications Quantity
No.

1. Book Design of structure 1

2. Internet Wikipedia 1
 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Introduction
Shear failures in structural elements result in dangerous and sudden
structural failures. Therefore, designers must always prevent shear
failure and, a well-designed reinforced concrete structure, even
when subjected to extreme loadings, should not fail in shear. Unlike
flexural failures, shear failures demonstrate very brittle failure
patterns, especially, members with inadequate shear reinforcement
can explicitly fail with limited prior warning. Therefore,it is generally
required to provide adequate shear reinforcement to avoid brittle
failure after the formation of the critical diagonal shear crack, and
also to maintain the crack width at a satisfactory level .
In general, reinforced concrete beams constructed out of High
Strength Concrete (HSC) have shown very brittle failure modes due
to smooth crack surfaces .
Further, beams with larger depths and lower amounts of longitudinal
reinforcement can experience very brittle failure due to the larger
width of the diagonal cracks .
In both scenarios, the aggregate interlock mechanism is
incapacitated resulting in a lower shear strength after the formation
of the critical shear crack. Thus,
in a transversely reinforced beam, stirrups perform a major role in
safeguarding the aggregate interlock mechanism by controlling the
crack width of diagonal shear cracks . According to shear design
practice, if the design sectional shear force is greater than the
sectional shear resistance provided by the concrete,
shear reinforcement should be provided to balance the design shear
Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)
 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

force and the sectional capacity. If the design shear strength is

lower than the shear resistance provided by concrete, depending on
the size of the member, a minimum amount of shear reinforcement
should be provided to account for uncertainties in evaluating the
shear capacity provided by concrete .
The reserve strength index, which was initially introduced by
Johnson and Ramirez, waseffectively used in evaluating the shear
resistance of shear reinforcement . It is always necessary to
maintain a uniform reserve strength and reserve deflection in order
to minimize the brittle failures, especially for HSC elements and
deeper elements .
According to the shear design guidelines in the Australian
concrete design code (AS 3600- 2018) and the Canadian code
(CSA A23.3-04), a minimum amount of shear reinforcement
should be provided depending on the level of the design shear
force .

The AS 3600-2018 and Australian bridge design code (AS

5100-2017) provide two different limiting levels of shear force to
decide the requirement of shear reinforcement.
This difference can lead to confusion among structural engineers.
Later, AS 3600-2018 amendment 2 was released for public
discussion, in which a new factor, ks was defined . Further,
Eurocode 2 recommends providing the minimum amount of shear
reinforcement if VEd≤VRd,c except for members such as slabs
(solid, ribbed or hollow core slabs) and

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

members with minor structural importance (e.g. lintels) . Moreover,

according to the current ACI code (ACI 318-19), minimum shear
reinforcement must be provided if the design shear force is greater
than ∅λfc'bwd (psi) .
Thus, it is clear that design codes have imposed different levels of
requirements to provide
shear reinforcement. It is now a suitable time to resolve this concern
since two major code provisions were published recently (AS
3600-2018 and ACI.
This paper presents a database of shear tests of beams with
minimum shear reinforcement collected from literature and an
investigation into parameters which influence the reserve strength
of shear reinforcement.

This paper also discusses the differences among requirements to

provide shear reinforcement among current codes of practice. The
safety margins to provide shear reinforcement according to AS
3600-2018, AS 3600-2018 amendment 2, ACI 318-19 and AS
5100-2017 were reviewed using a database of shear tests of
beams without shear reinforcement.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Background to minimum shear reinforcement requirement

The shear failure of RC beams with shear reinforcement goes through

two failure
modes: diagonal tension failure and diagonal compression failure,
depending on the shear span to depth ratio. In most experimental
studies, a large amount of longitudinal Reinforcement was used
against flexural failures. Initially, flexural cracks are formed in the
maximum moment region as the bottom concrete surface reaches
its tensile capacity. These cracks are almost perpendicular to the
longitudinal direction of the beam. As the load increases, flexural
cracks spread to shear span of the beam. Further increase of the
load causes the flexural cracks to pass through the longitudinal
reinforcement and propagate intothe mid depth of the beam. Due to
the effect of shear stress at the mid depth of the beam, these cracks
gradually incline towards the loading point creating the so called
flexural-shearcracks .
After the formation of the critical flexural shear crack in beams
without shear reinforcement, shear failure can occur due to the
failure of the aggregate interlock mechanism or concrete crushing
in the uncracked compression zone. However, using at least the
minimum amount of shear reinforcement can improve the ductility
of the member and increases the shear strength significantly .
Therefore, the failure of beams with minimum shear reinforcement
is governed by the yielding of shear reinforcement. If the shear

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

reinforcement has sufficient strain hardening, the reserve strength

can be significantly higher.
As a widely accepted practice, shear resistance provided by the
concrete and shear reinforcement are compatible for arithmetic
addition. Therefore, in general, the shear resistance of a beam with
minimum shear reinforcement is provided by:

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Shear design provision of the AS 3600-2018 mostly resemble those

of the Canadian code [and Fib model code 2010 which are based on
the simplified modified compression field theory . In fact, the
contribution of shear reinforcement, Vs is to be calculated using the
same equation as all other codes of practice. The concrete’s
contribution to the shear strength depends on the kv factor and the
compressive strength of concrete. If a beam has less than minimum
shear reinforcement or no shear reinforcement, kv is defined as the
product of the strain effect factor and the size effect factor. The
strain effect factor is inversely proportional to the longitudinal strain
in concrete. Under the “no slip” condition, strain in concrete is equal
to the strain in longitudinal reinforcement which is inversely
proportional to the longitudinal reinforcement ratio. Thus, when
longitudinal reinforcement ratio decreases, longitudinal strain of
concrete increases. Subsequently, more flexural shear cracks will be
formed, and cracks will get wider incapacitating the aggregate
interlock. Thus, longitudinal strain of concrete is critically important
in predicting the shear response of RC beams without shear
reinforcement.

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Shioya, et al. found that crack spacing at mid-depth was augmented

by the effective depth of the beams and crack widths at mid-depth
were also increased as member depths increased . Consequently,
shear due to aggregate interlock, which contributes to
approximately 70 % of the total shear resistance of a cracked
section of normal strength concrete, is deteriorated resulting in
brittle shear failures . Crack width estimation is a key step in
predicting shear response. The Fib model code suggested that
crack width at mid-depth can be evaluated as the product of crack
spacing and longitudinal strain. It is reasonably accurate to assume
that longitudinal strain is equal to the half of the strain in the
longitudinal reinforcement .
Simplified MCFT of Bentz, et al. incorporates a size effect factor to
their solution procedure in order to compensate for the influence of
crack spacing. In AS 3600-2018, the second term of the “kv”
represents the so-called size effect factor. Note that for elements
containing bothlongitudinal and shear reinforcement, the spacing of
the diagonal cracks were typically less than 300 mm (11.8 in).
Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that crack spacing is equal to
300 mm (11.8 in) for beams Av > Av,min . It must also be noted that
for RC beams with transverse reinforcements, the shear response is
independent of the size effect factor .
Thus, kv requires the longitudinal strain of a beam and the
maximum size of the aggregates to calculate the flexural-shear
crack spacing along the shear span of the beam. It must also be
noted that, AS 3600-2018 provides an estimation of the angle of

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

the inclination of the concrete compressive strut to the longitudinal

axis as a function of the longitudinal strain.
(1)Vuc=kvbvdvf'c(mm-N)Where:
fc' = Characteristic compressive (cylinder) strength of concrete at 28
days (fc' < 8 MPa (1160psi)).
bv = Width of the section
dv = Effective shear depth of
the member Determination of
the kv and θv,
For a section with at least minimum shear
reinforcement;(2)kv=(0.41+1500εx)(13001000+kdgdv)Where,
Ifc'≤ 65 MPa (9427 psi) and not light-weight

concrete(3)kdg=[3216+dg]

fc'> 65 MPa (9427 psi) or

light-weight concrete(4)kdg=2.0

Determination of the longitudinal strain in concrete

εx,(5)εx=M*dv+V*-Pv+0.5N*-Aptfpo2(EsAst+EpApt)(mm-N)
The angle of inclination of the concrete compression strut to the
longitudinal axis of the member (θv) shall be calculated as
follows:(6)θv=(29+7000εx)
In the latest version of ACI 318, which was published in October
2019, the one-way beam shear equation for non-prestressed
concrete has been changed completely.
This has been done to include the size effect and the
longitudinal reinforcement ratio, as lightly reinforced members
experienced lower shear strength than the predictedshear strength
of ACI 318-14 []. The new equation presented in ACI 318-19
[includes the term ρw with the power of 1/3. Previous studies ,

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

which had performed regression analysis of experimental results,

stated that shear response of an RC beam is proportional to ρw1/3.
The size effect factor in the new equation is based on the proposal of
Bažant, et al. and further reviewed in Yu, et al. .
Note that for beams without shear reinforcement, the size effect is
neglected if the effective depth of the beam is less than 254 mm (10 in).
Further, if the beam is provided with at least the minimum amount of
shear reinforcement, the size effect can be neglected unlessthe effective
depth is greater than 2540 mm (100 in). One-way slabs not reinforced in
shear can significantly be influenced by the size effect. Unlike one-way
slabs, in most practical situations, beams are reinforced in shear, thus
becoming size independent. The new design approach in ACI 318-19
and other codes limit the contribution of high strength concrete to shear
strength. ACI 318-19 limits the concrete strength to 69 MPa (10,000 psi),
unless the member is provided with minimum shear reinforcement. Apart
from the aforesaid change,
for non-prestressed beams, the minimum amount of shear
reinforcements is required in all regions where Vu>∅λfc'bwd replacing
the ∅Vc2 from the previous code . More details of the minimum shear
reinforcement provisions are discussed later in this paper.
For sections with
Av<Av,min,(7)Vc=[8λsλρw13f'c+Nu6Ag]bwd(in-lb)
(8)Vc=[0.66λsλρw13f'c+0.037NuAg]bwd(mm-N)
Note that axial load, Nu is positive for compression and negative for
tension. Vc shall be in the range of 0 and 5λf'cbwd (in-lb). The value of
Nu6Ag shall not be taken greater
than 0.05f'c (in-lb).
Size effect modification factor, λs, shall be determined
by,(9)λs=2(1+d10)(in-lb) (10)λs=21+d254(mm-N

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

According to the current codes of practice, minimum shear

reinforcement must be provided to prevent brittle shear failure. AS
3600-2018, CSA A23.3-04 and Fib model code recommend providing
minimum amount of shear reinforcement, if the design shear is less
than the shear capacity of concrete.
Thus, providing minimum shear reinforcement also ensures the
safety margin, although, the design methods are associated with
uncertainties in predicting concrete shearresponse (Vc).
However, both ACI 318-14 and ACI 318-19 have mentioned four
conditions , where the need for minimum shear reinforcement can be
waived even if the design shear is less than ∅Vc. The use of steel fibers
in reinforced concrete has received more attention from the structural
engineers in the past few decades.
This strongly indicates that the use of steel fibers significantly
increases the post crackingshear strength of reinforced concrete and
reduces the spacing and the width of diagonalshear cracks .
After a comprehensive review of experimental studies, ACI 318-08
initially introduced a waiving condition for minimum shear reinforcement
allowing the use of steel fibers having a volume fraction greater than
0.75 % as minimum shear reinforcement for normal strength concrete of
which the design shear falls between 0.5∅Vc≤Vu≤∅Vc . Several studies
concluded that the use of steel fibers with volume fraction greater than 0.75 %
has
significantly increased the shear capacity of normal strength concrete
supporting the waiving condition of minimum shear reinforcement
according to ACI 318 . However, further studies are encouraged to
investigate the effects of other variables on the shear capacity of
beams without shear reinforcement.
Eurocode 2 suggests omitting the minimum shear reinforcement in
members such as hollow core slabs where transverse redistribution of

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

load is possible, and also due to manufacturing difficulties [. Several

studies have confirmed that deeper precast prestressed hollow core
slabs demonstrated lower shear

capacity than what is predicted by the design standards .

Moreover, members with minor importance can also avoid providing
minimum amount of shear reinforcement. Due to these reasons, this
paper discusses the importance of providing a sufficient amount of
minimum shear reinforcement where it is necessary.

• 2.4 Factors governing the reserve strength of minimum shear

reinforcemnt
Extensive experimental studies have been conducted in the past to
investigate the effect of concrete strength on the shear behaviour of
reinforced concrete beams without shear reinforcement . High
strength concrete shows high tensile strength having very high
cracking strength.
Thus, a larger amount of minimum shear reinforcement is
inevitably required to prevent sudden shear failure. The
abovementioned experimental studies further demonstrated that
the amount of minimum shear reinforcement should be a function of
thecompressive strength of concrete .
Johnson and Ramirez conducted eight beam tests with
minimum shear reinforcement where the concrete strength was in
the range of 35 MPa to 72 MPa. After evaluation of the test results,
it was concluded that the reserved strength provided by shear
reinforcement diminished after the formation of the diagonal shear
cracks for the beams with higher compressive strengths of concrete .

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Further, Roller and Russell tested ten reinforced high strength

concrete beams containing minimum shear reinforcement and
concluded that the minimum shear reinforcement specified by the
ACI 318-83 must increase as the compressive strength of concrete
increases .
Thus, all the design standards considered in this paper
proposed equations where minimum shear reinforcement is a
function of the square root of concretestrength.
illustrates the variation of amount of minimum shear
reinforcement with compressive strength of concrete for different
codes of practice. However, Cladera and Mari proposed a new
equation for minimum shear reinforcement where it is directly
proportionalto the tensile strength of concrete, fct,m .
It was seen that this minimum shear reinforcement also
achieved appreciable reserve strength. It is also important to note
that the expression for amount of minimumshear reinforcement in
both AS 3600-2018 and Fib model code are the same. Therefore,
data corresponding to AS 3600 and Fib model code coincided as
observed in .

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Recommended minimum amount of shear reinforcement with

concrete strength.
In fact, very few studies have been conducted to investigate the
influence of other parameters such as longitudinal reinforcement
ratio, shear span to depth ratio and size of the beam (size effect).
There are different viewpoints on the size effect of RC beams
withshear reinforcement.
Frosch investigated the influence of size effect on reinforced
concrete beams with minimum shear reinforcement where two
large-scale beams with minimum shear reinforcement provided
according to the ACI 318-95 were tested until shear failure .
Frosch also reported that based on the comparison of the
large-scale beams and the smallerscale beams with minimum shear
reinforcement, the size of beam did not disturb the reserve strength
provided by the minimum shear reinforcement .
Further, Lubell et al. proved the fact that the minimum shear
reinforcement specified by ACI 318-08 can eliminate the size effect
on the reserve strength of shear reinforcement . However, Yu and
Bažant found that the size effect cannot be suppressed completely
for beams with minimum or heavier shear reinforcement, especially,
for those beams with a depth greater than 1 m . Because of these
highly variable conclusions, a complete understanding of the
influence of the size effect on beams with minimum shear
reinforcement is still far from satisfactory.

Lee and Kim investigated the effect of longitudinal

reinforcement ratio and shear span to depth ratio on beams with
minimum shear reinforcement . Twenty-six RC beams with minimum
shear reinforcement specified as per ACI 318-05 were casted and
tested until shear failure. None of the design codes consider the
effect of longitudinal reinforcement ratio and shear span depth ratio
in calculating minimum reinforcement. However, it was observed in
this study that the reserve strength of shear reinforcement

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

increased as the longitudinal reinforcement ratio increased, but,

decreased when shear span to depth ratio increased. No further
studies were reported to ascertain the conclusions of Lee and Kim.
Therefore, the code provisions on minimum shear reinforcement were still
kept unchanged.
Table B1 of Appendix B summarises the geometric properties,
material properties and the failure shear forces of the RC beam tests
found in literature as discussed previously.

3.Minimum shear reinforcement provisions in codes of

practice

There are three conditions to provide minimum shear

reinforcement according to AS 3600- 2018. Also note that, Fib
model code has the same minimum shear reinforcement provision
except Fib code recommends to provide shear reinforcement
irrespective of the design section shear force
If one of the following conditions is satisfied, transverse shear
reinforcement should beprovided,

V*>∅(Vuc+Pv) (11)

*>0.25∅Tcr (12)
The overall depth of the member D≥750 mm
The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using the
followingequation:(13)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Shear reinforcement shall be provided in all regions for any of

the following cases –V*-γpPv>ks∅Vuc (14)
where:

if D ≤ 300 mm, ks=1.0; or

if 300 mm < D < 650 mm,
ks=(1000-D)/700 ; else if D ≥ 650
mm, ks=0.5
and γp is given in Clause 8.2.1.3.
Irrespective of the above, where it is shown by rational calculation
to be satisfying conditions of equilibrium and compatibility that a
shear failure of the structural component under consideration will
not cause collapse of the structure, ks may be taken as 1.0.

T*>0.25∅Tcr
The overall depth of the beam or one-way slab D ≥ 750 mm

The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using

the followingequation.(15)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

3.3 AS 5100-2017
Requirements for shear reinforcement in AS 5100-2017 (Australian
Bridge Design code) areas follows.

Shear reinforcement shall be provided in the following conditions

except for slabs less than300 mm in depth and walls.

T*>0.

25∅Tcr

The overall depth of the member D≥750 mm

The amount of minimum shear reinforcement shall be calculated using
the followingequation.(17)Asv,mins=0.08fc'bvfsv,f
It must be noted here that the only difference between the
AS3600-2018 and AS5100-2017 is the 0.5 factor (Eq. 16) which is
utilized to grade down the predicted shear force which relates to
the necessity of shear reinforcement.

According to ACI 318-19, for non-prestressed beams, the minimum

amount of shear reinforcement should be provided in all regions
where Vu>∅λfc'bwd, except for the caseslisted below;
Shallow beams, h < 254 mm (10 in

Integral with slab, h≤ greater of 2.5 tf or 0.5 bw and h ≤ 610 mm (24 in)

For beams constructed with steel-fiber-reinforced normal-weight

concrete confirming to specific requirement of Steel Fiber
Reinforcement Concrete (SFRC) andwith fc' < 41 MPa. (6000 psi)

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Note that, the above cases were also listed in ACI 318-14. However,
according to the ACI 318-14, the minimum amount of shear
reinforcement had to be provided if the design shear force was
greater than ∅Vc2. According to the ACI 318-19, minimum shear
reinforcement shall be calculated as
follows;(18)ρmin=0.065fc'fy(MPa)

A minimum area of shear reinforcement must be provided in the

following conditionsaccording to CSA A23.3-04

In regions of flexural members where the factored shear

force, Vf, exceeds Vc+Vp;In regions of beams with an overall

thickness greater than 750 mm; and

In regions of flexural members where the factored torsion, Tf,

exceeds 0.25 Tcr. The amount of minimum shear
reinforcement shall be calculated as follows.
(19)Av=0.06fc'bwsfy
According to Eurocode 2, shear reinforcement is not required, if VEd
≤VRd,c. However, according to the detailing rules in section 9.2.2 of
Eurocode 2(9), the minimum amount of shear reinforcement should
be provided except for members such as slabs (solid, ribbed or
hollow core slabs) and for members with minor importance which
do not contribute significantly to the overall resistance and stability
of the structure.
The minimum amount of shear reinforcement according to section

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

4.Reserve strength of shear reinforcement

Using the shear test database presented in Appendix B, shear
design provisions of AS 3600- 2018 and ACI 318-19 were reviewed
for beams with minimum amount of shear reinforcement]. The
reserve strength of shear reinforcement is a critical factor in
evaluating the performance of shear reinforcement in preventing
brittle shear failures.
Thus, the reserve shear strength index, which was proposed by
Johnson and Ramirez, iseffectively used in evaluating the adequacy
of provided shear reinforcement .
Moreover, the effect of test parameters:
compressive strength of concrete, size of the beams, shear span to
depth ratio and amount of longitudinal reinforcement, were
assessed using the database with 155 shear tests (see Appendix
B). The reserve strength can be defined as the relationship between
the diagonal cracking strength and the failure shear stress.
In other words, it is measure of the remaining shear strength after
concrete diagonal cracking. As far as reserve strength index is
concerned, it can be defined as VfVc, where Vf is the failure shear
force and Vc is shear force carried by concrete. Increasing the
amount of shear reinforcement explicitly increases the reserve
strength index.
Thus, higher the amount of shear reinforcement higher the reserve
capacity after diagonalshear cracking. In , it is seen that between 0.
3 and 0.4 MPa (ρyfy) of shear reinforcement, the reserve strength
index varies from 0.1 to 0.9.
Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)
 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

This appears to be the effect of other test parameters such as

compressive strength of concrete, shear span/depth ratio and
effective depth of beams on the reserve stren

Reserve strength variation with amount of shear reinforcement (ρyfy).

shows variations in reserve strength index with compressive
strength of concrete beams with fairly constant (0.3−0.4 MPa)
amount of shear reinforcement. It is important to note that in , , , an
equal number of data points (38 points each) were considered. The
reserve strengths of shear reinforcement decrease as the
compressive strengths of concrete increase, confirming the
conclusions of previous studies . As far as average reserve
strengths are concerned, the highest average reserved strength
index was observed for compressive strength of concrete between

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

40 MPa and 50 MPa. Consequently, the average reserve strength

index was reduced with compressive strength, where 0.251, 0.317, 0.
236 and 0.236 of average reserve strength indexes were observed
in beams with compressive strength of concrete were in the ranges
of 50 MPa-60 MPa, 60 MPa-70 MPa, 70 MPa-80 MPa and 80
MPa-90 MPa respectively. In order to maintain a uniform reserve
strength, the amount of minimum shear reinforcement must
increase proportionally to the increase of compressive strength of
concrete. Therefore, as agreed by all aforementioned codes of
practice, minimum amount of shear reinforcement has to be a
function of compressive strength of the concrete.
shows agreement with the fact that increasing shear span to
depth ratio (a/d), reduces the reserve strengths of the shear
reinforce

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

men Variation of reserve strength index with compressive strength

of concrete with constant amount of shear reinforcement (0.3-0.4
MPa).

Variation of reserve strength index with shear span to depth ratio

of beams with fairly constant amount of shear reinforcements
(0.3-0.4 MPa).

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)

 l OM oAR cPSD| 318134 54

Downloaded by Ajaj Khan (ajajkhan22659@gmail. com)