CE303 Engineering Hydrology

Evapotranspiration Estimation
Course Instructor
Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna
Assistant Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Email: vvamsikr@nitw.ac.in
Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna
Department of Civil Engineering
National Institute of Technology Warangal
FAO Penman Monteith Equation
• Penman Monteith equation for reference surface:

900
0.408Δ 𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺 + 𝛾 𝑢 (𝑒 − 𝑒𝑎 )
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 + 273 2 𝑠
𝐸𝑇0 =
Δ + γ(1 + 0.34u2 )

• 𝐸𝑇0 - reference evapotranspiration [mm/day]

• Rn - net radiation at the crop surface [MJ/m2day]
• G - soil heat flux density [MJ/m2day]
• 𝛾 - psychrometric constant [kPa/°C]

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 2
National Institute of Technology Warangal
FAO Penman Monteith Equation
• Data required for ET computation:
• Air temperature
• Relative humidity
• Net radiation
• Wind speed

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 3
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Estimation of Net Radiation
• Extraterrestrial Radiation (𝑅𝑎 ): The solar radiation received at the top of the
earth’s atmosphere on a horizontal surface is called extra-terrestrial solar
radiation. It is a function of latitude, date and time of a day.

24 60
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑟 [𝜔𝑠 sin 𝜙 sin 𝛿 cos 𝜙 cos 𝛿 sin 𝜔𝑠 ]
𝜋
𝑅𝑎 - extra-terrestrial radiation (𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦), 𝐺𝑠𝑐 - Solar constant = 0.0820 𝑀𝐽/
𝑚2 𝑚𝑖𝑛, 𝑑𝑟 - inverse relative distance Earth-Sun, 𝜔𝑠 - sunset hour angle (rad), 𝜙 –
Latitude (rad), 𝛿 – solar declination (rad), J – Julian day

2𝜋𝐽 2𝜋𝐽
𝑑𝑟 = 1 + 0.033 cos 𝛿 = 0.409 sin − 1.39 𝜔𝑠 = arccos − tan 𝜙 tan 𝛿
365 365
Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna
Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 4
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Solar or Shortwave Radiation
• As the radiation penetrates the atmosphere, some of the radiation is
scattered, reflected or absorbed by the atmospheric gases, clouds and dust.
The amount of radiation reaching a horizontal plane is known as the solar
radiation, 𝑅𝑠 .
𝑛
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏𝑠 𝑅𝑎
𝑁
𝑅𝑠 - solar or shortwave radiation (𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦), n – actual duration of sunshine
(hour), N – Maximum possible duration of sunshine or daylight hours (hour), 𝑎𝑠
- regression constant, expressing the fraction of extraterrestrial radiation
reaching earth on overcast days, 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏𝑠 - fraction of extraterrestrial radiation
reaching earth on clear days. 𝑎𝑠 = 0.25, 𝑏𝑠 = 0.50
24
𝑁= 𝜔𝑠
𝜋
Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna
Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 5
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Net Radiation
Net Shortwave radiation
𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 1 − 𝛼 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑛𝑠 - Net solar or shortwave radiation (𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦), 𝛼 – albedo, 𝑅𝑠 - Incoming
solar radiation (𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦)
Net Longwave radiation
4 4
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾 + 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 𝜎 0.34 − 0.14 𝑒𝑎 1.35 − 0.35
2 𝑅𝑠𝑜
𝑅𝑛𝑙 - Net longwave radiation [MJ/m2day], 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾 – maximum temperature [°K], 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾 –
minimum temperature [°K], 𝑒𝑎 – mean actual vapour pressure [kPa], 𝜎 – Stefen-Boltzmann
constant - 4.903 × 10−9 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝐾 4 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑠 − 𝑅𝑛𝑙

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 6
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Estimation of Saturation Vapour Pressure
𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑠 =
2
𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒0 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 0
100 + 𝑒 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 100
𝑒𝑎 =
2

17.27𝑇
𝑒0 𝑇 = 0.6108 exp
𝑇 + 237.3

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 7
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Problem
On December 21st the weather reported at Bapatla, India (15.9059° N) is as
follows: Maximum temperature = 28.5 °C, Minimum Temperature = 14.6 °C,
Maximum RH = 84%, minimum RH = 53%, wind speed measured at 2 m height
= 4 km/h and actual bright sunshine hours = 9.25. Estimate the
evapotranspiration using Penman – Monteith method, for the paddy crop at this
location. The plant height and leaf area index for that crop on this day are 0.8 m
and 3 respectively. The stomatal resistance of the leaf is 100 s/m and soil heat
flux can be considered not significant. Assume the psychrometric constant to be
67.36 𝑃𝑎/℃ , von Karman’s constant = 0.41, density of water as 1 kg/m3
Specific heat at constant pressure as 1.005 × 10−3 𝑀𝐽/𝑘𝑔𝐾and density of air as
1.225 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 .

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 8
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Solution
Maximum temperature = 28.5 °C Minimum Temperature = 14.6 °C Maximum
RH = 84% Minimum RH = 53% Actual bright sunshine hours = 9.25 h Crop
height = 0.8 Leaf area index = 3 Bulk stomatal leaf resistance = 100 s/m Cp =
1.005 kJ/kg.K Wind speed – 4 km/h

𝜌𝑎 𝐶𝑝 𝑒𝑠 − 𝑒𝑎
Δ 𝑅𝑛 − 𝐺 +
𝑟𝑎
𝐸=
𝑟
𝜌𝑙𝑣 Δ + 𝛾 1 + 𝑠
𝑟𝑎

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 9
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Aerodynamic resistance
𝑍𝑚 − 𝑑 𝑍 − 𝑑
. 𝑙𝑛 ℎ
𝑙𝑛
𝑍𝑜𝑚 𝑍𝑜ℎ
𝑟𝑎 =
𝑘 2 𝑢𝑧
• Height of reference crop, ℎ = 0.8 𝑚
• Von Karman’s constant, 𝑘 = 0.41

2 − 0.533 2 − 0.533
𝑙𝑛 . 𝑙𝑛
0.0984 0.00984
𝑟𝑎 = 2
= 72.386 𝑠/𝑚
0.41 × 1.11

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 10
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Surface Resistance
𝑟𝑙
𝑟𝑠 =
𝐿𝐴𝐼𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒

100
𝑟𝑠 = = 66.67𝑠/𝑚
1.5

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 11
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Vapour Pressure
𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 + 𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑒𝑠 =
2

17.27 × 28.5
𝑒0 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.6108 exp = 3.8914 𝑘𝑃𝑎
28.5 + 237.3

17.27 × 14.6
𝑒0
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.6108 exp = 1.6619 𝑘𝑃𝑎
14.6 + 237.3
3.8914 + 1.6619
𝑒𝑠 = = 2.7767 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑎𝑥 2
𝑅𝐻𝑚𝑖𝑛 84 53
𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 + 𝑒 0 𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥 1.6619 × + 3.8914 ×
𝑒𝑎 = 100 100 = 100 100 = 1.7292 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2 2
Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna
Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 12
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Saturation Vapour Pressure Gradient
17.27𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
4098 0.6108 exp
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 + 237.3
Δ=
𝑇𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 + 237.3 2

17.27 × 21.55
4098 0.6108 exp
21.55 + 237.3
Δ= = 0.1573 𝑘𝑃𝑎/℃
21.55 + 237.3 2

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 13
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Extraterrestrial Radiation
24(60)
𝑅𝑎 = 𝐺𝑠𝑐 𝑑𝑟 𝜔𝑠 sin 𝜑 sin 𝛿 + cos 𝜑 cos 𝛿 sin 𝜔𝑠
𝜋
2𝜋
𝑑𝑟 = 1 + 0.033𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∗ 355 = 1.03
365
2𝜋
𝛿 = 0.409 sin 355 − 1.39 = −0.41 𝑟𝑎𝑑
365
𝜔𝑠 = arccos −𝑡𝑎𝑛 0.28 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −0.41 = 1.45 𝑟𝑎𝑑
24(60)
𝑅𝑎 = 0.0820 ∗ 1.03 1.45 ∗ sin 0.28 sin −0.41 + cos 0.28 cos −0.41 sin 1.45
𝜋

𝑅𝑎 = 27.86 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 14
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Maximum Possible Sunshine Hours
24
𝑁= 𝜔𝑠
𝜋

24
𝑁= 1.45 = 11.05 ℎ
𝜋

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 15
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Net Shortwave Radiation
𝑛
𝑅𝑠 = 𝑎𝑠 + 𝑏𝑠 𝑅𝑎
𝑁

9.25
𝑅𝑠 = 0.25 + 0.5 27.86 = 18.6259 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦
11.05

𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 1 − 𝛼 𝑅𝑠

𝑅𝑛𝑠 = 1 − 0.23 18.6259 = 14.3419 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 16
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Net Longwave Radiation

4 4
𝑇𝑚𝑎𝑥,𝐾 + 𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛,𝐾 𝑅𝑠
𝑅𝑛𝑙 =𝜎 0.34 − 0.14 𝑒𝑎 1.35 − 0.35
2 𝑅𝑠𝑜

𝑅𝑠𝑜 = 0.25 + 0.5 18.6259 = 20.8950 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

301.54 + 287.64 18.6259

𝑅𝑛𝑙 = 4.903𝐸 − 9 0.34 − 0.14 1.7292 1.35 − 0.35
2 20.8950
= 4.9266 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 17
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Net Radiation
𝑅𝑛 = 𝑅𝑛𝑠 − 𝑅𝑛𝑙

𝑅𝑛 = 14.3419 − 4.9266 = 9.4153 𝑀𝐽/𝑚2 𝑑𝑎𝑦

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 18
National Institute of Technology Warangal
Net Evapotranspiration
−3 (2.7767 − 1.7292)
0.1573 × 9.4153 + 1.225 × 1.005 × 10
𝐸𝑇 = 72.386
66.67
2.45 × 0.1573 + 0.0673 1 +
72.386
= 2.1339 𝑚𝑚/𝑑𝑎𝑦

Dr. V. Vamsi Krishna

Department of Civil Engineering CE303 Engineering Hydrology 30-11-2022 19
National Institute of Technology Warangal