Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A.

Arslasn

Aqueducts:-
This structure is used to carry a discharge over a depression, valley,
…….etc.
There are two types of this kind of structures:-
A-Pipe types.
B-Flume types.
A-pipe types:-
pipe diameter can be determined using the following equation which
takes the head loss in consider :-
124.6𝑛2 𝐿 𝑣 2
∆𝐻 = [𝐾1 + 𝐾2 + 4⁄ ]
𝐷 3 2𝑔

K1:-inlet loss coefficient.

K2:-outlet loss coefficient
n :-Manning roughness coefficient for pipe material.
D :-pipe diameter.
∆H ; Total head loss.
V :-velocity of flow in the pipe.
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

This design should be checked using the following equation:-

𝐿𝑠 =
𝑓𝑠.𝐷 1⁄
0.91[ 𝐷 ] 2
30+
𝑡
𝐿𝑠 > 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Ls:-safe span in meter .
Fs:- steel stress can be taken 93000 KN/m2
t:- thickness of the pipe.
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

Ex: - design pipe type aqueduct carry a discharge over depression

from a lined canal with following information’s :- canal section is
rectangular , n for the lining = 0.0148, S0=0.000143 , B=1.9m , depth
of flow =1.3m.
The depression dimensions are ; bed width=4m , depth=6m , side
slopes ≅ 2:1 h:v , k1=0.5 , k2=1 , n for steel = 0.01 thickness of pipe
can be taken as 9.5mm , the allowable head loss = 0.015m
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

Sol; 1-Find Q from manning eq.

A=1.9*1.3 = 2.47 m2
P=4.5m
R2/3=0.67

Q=1.337 m3/sec =( 1/0.0148) * 2.47 * 0.67 * √0.000143

L=4+2(2*6)=28 m length of the pipe.
∆H=[k1+k2+124.6* n2 L/D4/3] v2/2g
0.015 = [0.5 + 1 + 124.6 * (0.01)2 * 28/D4/3] * (10337/𝜋 D2/4)2/2g
By try and error
D=2m
Check the safe span length.
𝑓𝑠. 𝐷 1⁄
𝐿𝑠 = 0.91[ ] 2
𝐷
30 +
𝑡

93000.2 1
𝐿𝑠 = 0.91[ ] ⁄2
2
30 +
9.5 ∗ 10−3
=25.33m
L needed = 28m > 25.33m two supports are needed.
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

B - Flume type
Most commonly used sections are rectangular sections which are half
square.

Flume equation :-

𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 𝑛2 𝐿
∆𝐻 = [(𝐾1 + 𝐾2)( )+ ]
2𝑔 𝐵 4⁄3
( )
4
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

V1:-velocity of flow in the channel.

V2:-velocity of flow in the flume.
A=B * 1/2B = B2/2
P=B+2*1/2B = 2B
R=B2/2 . 1/2B = B/4
B :-bed width of the flume which is the bed width of the canal also.
Ex :- design a reinforced concrete flume with effective span = 28m to
carry a discharge = 1.8m3/sec , k1=0.5 , k2=1 , bed width of the canal
= 1.5m , velocity of flow in the canal = 0.702m/sec, n con.= 0.015
S=200cm/km if it is needed ∆Hallowable=0.21m

Sol./
𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2 𝑣2 2 𝑛2 𝐿
∆𝐻 = [(𝐾1 + 𝐾2)( )+ ]
2𝑔 𝐵 4⁄3
( )
4
𝑣2 2 − 0.7022 𝑣2 2 0.0152 ∗ 28
0.21 = [(0.5 + 1)( )+ ]
2𝑔 1.5 4⁄3
( )
4
Find v2 by trial and error :-
V2=1.543m/sec
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn

1 2 ⁄ 3 1⁄ 2
𝑉2 = 𝑅 𝑠
𝑛

𝐵𝑦 1.5𝑦
𝑅= =
𝐵 + 2𝑦 1.5 + 2𝑦

1 1.5𝑦 2⁄3 200 1⁄2

1.543 = ∗( ) ∗( )
0.015 1.5 + 2𝑦 1000
y= 0.78m
Take free board =0.2*y m Then height of flume = y+0.2
y=0.78+0.2*0.78=1m
Hydraulic structures Lecture Notes Prof. dr. Cheleng A. Arslasn