Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A.

Arslan

Investigation of slopes stability:-

To check the U/S and D/S slopes stability many methods were suggested , all
these methods depend on the fact of that each soil mass which has slope at it's
end is submerged to shear stresses on internal surfaces in the soil mass near the
slope.
Fellenius method for locating a critical slip surface

Table :- (11)
slope 𝛼 𝛽

1:1 27.5° 37°

2:1 25° 32°

3:1 25° 35°

4:1 25° 36°

5:1 25° 37°

 Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

O1

r1

Height of the dam

(r)
r1
r2
r3 O2
4.5 Z
r4

Slip arc
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Slice no. W 𝛼 Wcos𝛼 Wsin𝛼

1 W1 𝛼1

2 W2 𝛼2

3 W3 𝛼3

4 W4 𝛼4
∑

The factor of safety for any slip surface

Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Spillways:-
The spillway is the over flow portion of the dam which surplus discharge flows
from the reservoir of the downstream side.
Types of the spillways:-
1- Over flow spillway (Ogee).
2- Side channel spillway.
3- Siphon spillway.
4- Shaft spillway.
5- Stepped spillways.
Ogee spillway:-
This type of spillway is the most common of all types , the profile of the
spillway can be determined inconformity with the shape of the lower surface of
the flow nappe over a sharp-crested weir.
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Q = C Le H𝑒 3/2
2 √𝑚
C = 3 √2𝑔 Cd with units 𝑠𝑒𝑐

√𝑚
Q = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 m m1.5 = m3/sec

Q : discharge m3/sec over the spillway

Cd : discharge coefficient

He : total head over the crest (including the approach velocity head Ha)
Hd : the head (excluding Ha)
He = Hd + Ha
𝑉𝑎2
Ha : approach velocity head = 2𝑔

For controlled spillway :-

Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Lw = L1+L2+L3+L4+…
Lw = net water way.
𝑄
Va = (𝑝+𝐻𝑑)∗𝐵

B = width of the channel

Upstream side.
For high spillway Ha≃zero then He≃Hd
𝑝
𝐻𝑑
> 1.33 for high spillway.

Le = Lw−2(Kp*N+Ka)He
Le : effective water way.
N : number of piers =(number of gates−1)
Kp : pier contraction coefficient.
Ka : abutment contraction coefficient.
The equation of the spillway surface or face. Xn = K Hdn-1 y
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Table (12):-
Slope of v/s K n
V:H

vertical 2 1.85
3:1 1.936 1.836
3:2 1.939 1.81
3:3 1.873 1.776

𝑑𝑦
Find 𝑑𝑥 for the equation above to find the point of tangency XT,YT.

1- For vertical U/S face :-

d2 = S`c = 0.282 Hd
d1= d`c = 0.175 Hd
r1= dc = 0.5 Hd
r2=SS' =0.2 Hd
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

2- for 3:1 face :-

d1= d`c = 0.139 Hd
d2= S`c = 0.237 Hd
r1= dc = 0.68 Hd
r2= SS' = 0.21 Hd
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

3- for 3:2 face :-

d2= S`c = 0.214 Hd
d1= d`c = 0.115 Hd
r2= SS' = 0.22 Hd
r1= dc = 0.48 Hd

0.214Hd
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

4- for 3:3 face :- one arc and one distance

d= S'c = 0.119 Hd
r= dc =0.45 Hd

see charts .
*
Ex:- A) a free (uncontrolled) spillway with crest level 12m above the river bed
and inclined upstream face 3:3 , designed for flow rate 270 m3/sec. the distance
2 √𝑚
between the abutments of the spillway is 44m use c= √2𝑔 Cd =2.01 .
3 𝑠𝑒𝑐
Find the elevation of water surface above the river bed.

B) if a five span bridge is provided over the above spillway. the bridge piers were
0.95m wide with Kp=0.01 , Ka=0.1 , by using the same C .
find the elevation of water surface and calculate the coordinates of D/S of the
spillway (6 points) and the elevation above the river bed , D/S slope slope 0.6:1
(H:V) , use your calculations to draw U/S and D/S faces and the crest profile .

C) 3:1 , 3:2
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Solution ;
A-

Q = C Le He3/2
C = 2.01
Le = 44
Q = 270
If the spillway was high
then find He ≃ Hd
270 = 2.01 * 44 * He3/2
He = 2.104 m

The elevation above river bed = 12+2.104 = 14.104

above river bed.
𝑃 12
= = 5.7 ≫ 1.3
𝐻𝑑 2.104
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

B- for the case of controlled spillway assume a high spillway . check He , Hd

Lw = 44 – 4*0.95 = 40.2 m
Q = C Le He3/2
270 = 2.01 [ 40.2 – 2 (0.01*4+0.1) He]*He3/2
find He = 2.26 m
𝑃 12
𝐻𝑑
= 2.26
= 5.3 ≫ 1.3
He ≃ Hd = 2.26
elev. of water surface = 12 + 2.26 = 14.26 m
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

x1.776 = 1.873 * 2.260.776 y

1
y= x1.776 ‫(ـــــــــــــــ‬1)
3.526

𝑑𝑦 1 1.776
= =
𝑑𝑥 0.6 3.526
x0.776 = 0.5036 x0.776
1
0.6
= 0.5036 x0.776 ‫(ــــــــــــــ‬2)

xT = 4.67 ‫ ـــــــــــــــ‬in eq. (1)

yT = 4.3819
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

x 0 1 2 3 4 4.67
y 0 0.283 0.971 1.995 3.32 4.3819
Elevation
Above 12 11.71 11.029 10.005 8.68 7.6181
river bed
eq. (1)

distance = 0.119 Hd = 0.2689 m

r = 0.45 Hd = 1.017 m
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

When the spillway is not high , Ha has a considerable value then He ≠ Hd the
value of discharge coefficient Cd , C is dependent on the value of approach
velocity head (Ha) , (when the spillway is considered as a low spillway).

Special curves were plotted by many researchers to find the corresponding

discharge coefficient and the value of (Hd) must be found as :-

1- Assume any rational value for Hd1 as a 1st trail.

𝑄 𝑉𝑎2
2- Find 𝑉𝑎 = ( , Ha =
𝑃+𝐻𝑑1 )∗𝐵 2𝑔

3- Check the value of Hd1 as :-

He-Ha=Hd2 → if Hd was so far from Hd2

4- use the new value of Hd2 and repeat from step (2) till Hd(i-1) = Hdi

Design of the spillway face at the toe :-

The spillway face at the toe is designed depending on theoretical velocity of
flow at the toe

𝐻𝑑
Vt = √2𝑔 (𝑍𝑚 − 2
)

Vt : theoretical velocity
Zm and Hd are as in figure.
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Zm can be assumed as dam height.

or Vt = √2𝑔 (𝑍𝑚 + 𝐻𝑎 − 𝑦1)

actual velocity Va ≃ Vt
and can be found from figure (6-10).

The spillway surface at the toe :-

The spillway surface at the toe is designed as a cur‫ر‬e bucket with
(𝑉𝑎+6.4 𝐻𝑑+16)
𝑅 = 10 (3.6 𝐻𝑑+64)

Va fps actual velocity at the spillway toe.

Hd ft design head over the crest.
R ft
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Or
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Ex:- Design an ogee spillway for a gravity dam which has d/s slope as 0.9:1(H;V)
with spillway discharge 7118 m3/sec , crest level of the spillway 200 m , bed level
= 120m the spillway is provided with 8 spans with 7m clear width , Kp = 0.01 ,
√𝑚
Ka=0.1 , C=2.2𝑠𝑒𝑐 . Design the spillway d/s face and determine spillway toe shape
, the spillway surface U/S is vertical .

Solution: Q = C Le He3/2
Le = Lw – 2(Kp*N + Ka) He
=7*8 – 2(0.01*7+0.1) He
=56 – 0.34 He
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

7118=2.2 *(56-0.34 He) *He 3/2

He=16m assume the spillway is high

Ha=zero , He=Hd , Hd= 16m

P/hd= (200-120)/16 = 5 > 1.33 high spillway

Xn=K*(Hd)n-1 y
X1.85 =2*(16)0.85 y
𝑥1 .85
𝑦= --------------(1)
21.11

Point of tangency can be found by ;

𝑑𝑦 1.85 𝑥0.85
=
𝑑𝑥 21.11
1 1.85 𝑥0 .85
= …………(2)
0.9 21.11

XT=19.52 ------------in eq (1)

YT=11.558

x 0 2 4 6 8 19.52
y 0 0.171 0.616 1.303 2.22 11.558

d2=0.282 Hd=4.51m
d1=0.175 Hd=2.8m
r1=0.5 Hd=8m
r2=0.2Hd=3.2 m
Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Hd=16m ,Zm=(200-120)+Hd=96m ,Zm in ft=314.96ft

Hd in ft = 52.49 ft, Vt = √2𝑔(𝑧𝑚 − 𝐻𝑑/2) =41.55 m/sec , =136.32 fps

From figure va/vt = 0.97

VA= 132.23 ft

R= 10(484.166/252.96) = 81.28ft = 24.77m

Hydraulic structures Lecture notes. Prof. dr . Cheleng A. Arslan

Or

1
𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
0.9