LEARNING

OUTCOMES
APPLICATIONS OF LINEAR MOMENTUM BALANCE
IN INTEGRAL FORM

Acquire the concepts of simple flow analysis

for simple flow problems and its application
to determine forces associated in a flow
system and for balance.
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1
Pipe wall

Inlet
Control volume

Problem:
Determine the force exerted on pipe Pipe wall
associated to a steady fluid flow in a Inlet 𝑦𝑦
reducing pipe bend as shown in the Outlet
1 𝑥𝑥
figure.

𝒗𝟏
Outlet

𝒗𝟐
 FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1 Linear momentum equation

General form of linear momentum balance:

1

Net force
acting on c.v. 𝜕
" 𝑭 = % 𝜌𝒗 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + % 𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
# $

2
Net outflow of
momentum from
Assumptions c.v.
Rate of accumulation
1. Steady state of momentum within
c.v.
2. Incompressible flow/fluid

3. Uniform/constant velocities at inlet

and outlet
 FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1

𝑚̇ % = 𝑚̇ & = 𝑚̇
Flow in positive 𝒙-direction
𝜌% = 𝜌& = 𝜌 and negative 𝒚-direction
Flow only in positive
𝒙-direction 1 𝑣&,(
𝜃
𝑣&,)
𝒗𝟏 𝒗𝟐

Inlet 2
Outlet
Velocity with only
x-component Velocities with both
Analyze the properties and flow x-component and y-component
Cross section area, 𝐴%
components:
Cross section area, 𝐴&
𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴%𝒗%

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝐴&𝒗&
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1 The two-dimensional problem can be solved by separating
them into their respective components:

Determine forces involved and their expression.

1 𝜃
𝑷𝟏 𝑃&,(
𝑷𝟐
𝑊
𝑃&,)

2
Force 𝒙 − direction 𝒚 − direction

Inlet 𝑭* 𝑭*%,( = 𝑷%𝐴% 0

Forces
Outlet 𝑭* 𝑭*&,( = −𝑷&𝐴& cos 𝜃 𝑭*&,) = 𝑷&𝐴& sin 𝜃
Pressure difference, 𝑭*
Pressure and shear Weight 𝑭+ 0 −𝑊
Gravitational force, 𝑭+ stress by the pipe wall.
Pipe 𝑩 𝑩( 𝑩)
Unknown force, 𝑩
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1

𝑥
Write the expressions for momentum at 𝒙 𝜃
𝒗&,(
inlet and outlet. 𝒗𝟏 = 𝒗𝟏,𝒙
𝒗𝟐
𝑦 𝒗&,)
1

𝒙 − direction 𝒚 − direction

Inlet 𝑚(𝒗
̇ %) 0
2 𝑚(−𝒗
̇
Outlet 𝑚𝒗
̇ & cos 𝜃 & sin 𝜃)
 FLOW IN A REDUCING 1

PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1

Only at
Write the sum of forces/net force and the 2 outlet
net momentum outflow based on their
𝒚 − direction
respective components:

𝒙 − direction " 𝑭) = 𝑃&𝐴& sin 𝜃 − 𝑊 + 𝐵)

Net force
" 𝑭( = 𝑃%𝐴% − 𝑃&𝐴& cos 𝜃 + 𝐵( % 𝜌𝒗) 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑚(−𝒗
̇ & sin 𝜃)
#

= 𝜌𝐴&𝒗& −𝒗& sin 𝜃

% 𝜌𝒗( 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = ∑(𝑚̇ 𝒊 𝒗𝒊 )./0 − ∑(𝑚̇ 𝒊 𝒗𝒊 )12
# Net
= 𝑚𝒗
̇ & cos 𝜃 − 𝑚𝒗
̇ % = −𝜌𝐴&𝑣&& sin 𝜃
momentum
outflow
= 𝜌𝐴&𝒗& 𝒗& cos 𝜃 − 𝜌𝐴%𝒗% 𝒗%

= 𝜌𝐴&𝑣&& cos 𝜃 − 𝜌𝐴%𝑣%&

 𝒙 − direction
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1
" 𝑭( = % 𝜌𝒗( 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴
#

Write the linear momentum balance for the 𝑷%𝐴% − 𝑷&𝐴& cos 𝜃 + 𝐵( = 𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& cos 𝜃 − 𝜌𝐴%𝒗%&
respective components–substitute into the general
form. 𝐵( = 𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& cos 𝜃 − 𝜌𝐴%𝒗%& −𝑷% 𝐴% + 𝑷&𝐴& cos 𝜃

1 𝒚 − direction

" 𝑭) = % 𝜌𝒗) 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴
#

2
𝑷&𝐴& sin 𝜃 − 𝑾 + 𝐵) = −𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& sin 𝜃

𝐵) = −𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& sin 𝜃 − 𝑷&𝐴& sin 𝜃 + 𝑾

FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS PROBLEM 1 Equal magnitude but acting on
the opposite direction

Take note that 𝑩 is the force acted on the fluid (our c.v.) by
𝑹𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆
pipe while the question asked for the pressure acted on the
pipe by fluid. Let 𝑹 to be the force acted on pipe by water. 𝑅( = −𝐵(

= 𝜌𝐴%𝒗%& − 𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& cos 𝜃 +𝑷% 𝐴% − 𝑷&𝐴& cos 𝜃

𝑹 = 𝑅( 𝑖 + 𝑅) 𝑗
𝑅) = −𝐵)

= 𝜌𝐴&𝒗&& sin 𝜃 + 𝑷&𝐴& sin 𝜃 − 𝑾

FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS CASE 2

A jet of fluid exits a nozzle and strikes a vertical 𝐴780 = 0.005 𝑚&

plane surface as shown in the figure. Determine

the force, F required to hold the plate stationary if
the jet is composed of: 𝑭

𝑉780 = 12 𝑚/𝑠
i. Water, 𝜌3 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚4

𝑦
ii. Air, 𝜌516 = 1.206 𝑘𝑔/𝑚4

𝑥𝑥
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS CASE 2 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆

Define the control volume for the fluid system:

𝑐. 𝑣.
To determine the force to keep the plane at stationary, in order
to perform force balance on the plane, the force by jet on the
𝐴780 = 0.005 𝑚&
plane should be determined. Hence, the control volume must
cut/include the area where the jet is in contact with plane.

𝑭
Assumptions

𝑉780 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 1. Steady state

𝑦 2. Incompressible

3. Uniform/constant velocities
𝑥𝑥 at inlet and outlet
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS CASE 2
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒃𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆 on 𝒙 − 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏

𝑐. 𝑣. To keep the plate stationary, the forces on the

plane must be equally balanced:

𝐴780 = 0.005 𝑚& Only 𝒙 − direction is

involved. 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑦 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑗𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
=
𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝑭 𝑭780,( = −𝑭

𝑉780 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 Acting to the left – opposite

to the direction of 𝑭7
𝑦

𝑥𝑥 𝑭 + 𝑭780,( = 0
𝑭𝒋𝒆𝒕,𝒙
FLOW IN A REDUCING 𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝒚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
PIPE BENDS CASE 2

Linear momentum balance in 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛: 𝑖𝑛 (𝒙 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑦

𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒, 0
𝜕 𝑥𝑥
" 𝑭 = % 𝜌𝒗 𝒗 • 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + % 𝒗𝜌𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑡
# $
𝑜𝑢𝑡 (𝒚 − 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑭780,( = " 𝑚𝒗
̇ ./0 − 𝑚𝒗
̇ 12
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆𝒔

= 0 − 𝑚𝒗
̇ 12 The control volume/jet is exposed to atmosphere
hence there no force due to pressure gage

= −𝑚𝒗
̇ 780 different. The force by atmospheric pressure is
cancelled on the left and right side.
FLOW IN A REDUCING
PIPE BENDS CASE 2
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒄𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒌𝒆 𝒆 𝒑 𝒑𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒓𝒚

𝑭780,( = −𝑚𝒗
̇ 780
For water jet:

= −(𝜌𝐴780 𝒗780 )𝒗780 𝑭 = −(𝜌3 𝐴780 𝒗780 )𝒗780

Force from jet/control volume to 𝑭 = −720 𝑁

plane (reaction force):
𝑦
𝑦
𝑭780,( = (𝜌𝐴780 𝒗780 )𝒗780 For air jet:
𝑥
𝑥
From force balance: 𝑭 = −(𝜌516 𝐴780 𝒗780 )𝒗780

𝑭 + 𝑭780,( = 0
𝑭 = −0.868𝑁
𝑭𝒋𝒆𝒕,𝒙 𝑭
𝑭 = −𝑭780,(

𝑭 = −(𝜌𝐴780 𝒗780 )𝒗780