RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE AND AGRO-

INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT
(RAWE AND AIA)

AT
KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, BIKANER
AND
SHRI CHAR BHUJA AGRO INDUSTRIES, BIKANER

RAWE AND AIA REPORT

Submitted to School of Agriculture RNB Global University for partial fulfillment for
the degree of
B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture

BY
PRATIBHA SHAURYA
ENROLLMENT NO:
RNBGU201800069

Under the Guidance of

Dr. DIPALI GUPTA
(Associate Professor)
Mr. AVINASH SHARMA
(Assistant Professor)

RNB Global University, Bikaner

January, 2022
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report would not have been possible without the assistance and participation of
many people. I sincerely appreciate and acknowledge their contribution.

First of all, I would like to extend my gratitude to RNB Global University for
providing us all the facilities and support during our RAWE and AIA training
programme which helped me to enhance my personal as well as professional skills.

Sincere thanks to Respected Dr. Durga Singh sir (Head) KVK, Bikaner, Dr. Keshav
Mehra sir, Dr. Madan Lal Regar sir, Dr. Dataram sir, Dr. Sushil sir and Dr.
Namrata ma’am our Guides at KVK, Bikaner and Dr. Gyan Singh Meena sir our
Guide at Shri. Char Bhuja Agro. Industries, Bikaner for their constant support and
guidance throughout the training period.

I would like to express my profound gratitude and deep regards to respected Dean of
Agriculture Dr. Surendra Shekhawat sir. Also, our RAWE and AIA course
coordinators Dr. Dipali Gupta ma’am and Mr. Avinash Sharma sir for their
exemplary guidance, monitoring, and constant encouragement throughout our entire
training programme.
I feel fortunate to have such wonderful guides who cared so much about my work,
and who responded to my questions and queries so promptly without their support this
report would not have seen the light of the day.

Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for their constant support. Also, I acknowledge
my colleagues and all other people who directly or indirectly helped me during
RAWE and AIA training programme.
 CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY

I ‘Pratibha Shaurya’ hereby certify that I have completed my RAWE and AIA
training in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Bachelors of
Science in Agriculture.
I have done my training at “KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, BIKANER” and
“SHRI CHAR BHUJA AGRO INDUSTRIES, BIKANER” from 3-08-2021 to
5-12-2021.

I, hereby declare that the Project entitled “RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK

EXPERIENCE AND AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT” report is written
and submitted by me to the department of Agriculture at RNB Global University,
Bikaner in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
Bachelors of Science (Agriculture) under the guidance of Assistant Professor
Dr. Dipali Gupta ma’am and Assistant Professor Mr. Avinash Sharma sir.
This is my original work and the conclusions drawn therein are based on the material
collected by myself.

PRATIBHA SHAURYA
B.Sc. (HONS.) AGRICULTURE, VII th Semester
RNB GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER
CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL GUIDE

(RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK EXPERIENCE)

CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL GUIDE

(AGRO-INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT)
 CERTIFICATE OF INTERNAL GUIDE

Enrolment No: RNBGU201800069

This is to certify that Mr/Mrs Pratibha Shaurya of B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture
has completed this Summer Internship/ Research Project under my supervision
in partial fulfillment for the award of the Bachelor’s Degree in Science: B.Sc.
(Hons.) Agriculture from RNB Global University, Bikaner.

Dean
(Signatures with Seal)

Course Name:
Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Agro Industrial Attachment
(AIA)
Course Code :………………..

Dr. DIPALI GUPTA PRATIBHA SHAURYA

(Associate Professor) [B.Sc.(Hons.) Agriculture,
VIIth Semester]

Mr. AVINASH SHARMA

(Assistant Professor)

SIGNATURE’S OF SIGNATURE OF STUDENT

INTERNAL FACULTY GUIDE

…………………….

PLACE: RNB GLOBAL UNIVERSITY, BIKANER

DATE: …………………….
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The report focuses on the two main Ready Components i.e., Ready Component-I
Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) and Ready Component-II Agro-
Industrial Attachment (AIA)

In the report all the aspects related to the RAWE and AIA training has been covered.

The Ready Component-I report is divided in different sections which includes

‘AGRONOMY’ which will cover the various topics such as, the field layout
preparation, Cucurbits and Okra seed sowing methodology, Art of thinning in Moth
Beans and the use of Drone Technology for Insecticide spraying in Groundnut fields.

Under ‘HORTICULTURE’ the topics covered are the art of Pruning in Pomegranate
plant is explained, Nursery visit which includes the steps to grow cuttings of Nag
Champa, Rose and Bougainvillea, Methodology to fill Pro-Trays, Step-by-Step
explanation about Vermicomposting and Vermiwash uses, Marigold seed sowing and
steps explaining correct method of Pot-Filling.

The report also includes a detailed explanation about the wonderful Project i.e.,
‘MARU-SHAKTI AGRI INNOVATIVE FOODS’

In the report information regarding the crops grown and problems faced by ‘Deepak
Saharan Ji’ farmer living in the village name ‘Sharah Koojiya’ under ‘Village
Attachment Program’ has also been included.

In Ready Component-II a detailed information regarding ‘SHRI CHAR BHUJA

AGRO INDUSTRIES PVT. LTD.’ has been included along with that explanation
about different seed processing machines, Seed treatment practices, Labelling.
Packaging of seeds, Stacking, Fumigation, etc.

Also, step-by-step procedure of groundnut seed processing plant is included in the

report.

At last, details about Plant Clinic have also been included in the report.
 INDEX

S.No. CONTENTS PAGE No.

I. CHAPTER I-
READY COMPONENT -I
[Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)]

• INTRODUCTION
• AGRONOMY 1-4
• ENTOMOLOGY 5-17

• HORTICULTURE 18-20

• SKRAU NURSERY VISIT 21-23

• VISIT TO MARU-SHAKTI AGRI 24-36

INNOVATIVE FOODS 37-43

• VILLAGE ATTACHMENT
44-91

II. CHAPTER II-

READY COMPONENT-II
[Agro Industrial Attachment (AIA)]
• INTRODUCTION 92-98
• THEORY 99-109
• VISIT TO CHAR BHUJA GROUNDNUT 110-115
INDUSTRY

III. CHAPTER III-

PLANT CLINIC 116-119

IV. GROWN KVK SEEDS WITH UPDATED 120-121

RESULTS

V. CONCLUSION 122-123
VI. APPENDIX 124-132
WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORTS
(RAWE and AIA)
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Title Page No.

1.1 Roles of KVK 3

2.1-2.2 Reporting At KVK, Bikaner 4
3.1 District Map 4
4.1-4.4 Making Field Layout using 6
Pythagorean Theorem at KVK

5.1 Removing weeds in the field 7

6.1 Seed Sowing using Hand 7
7.1 Equipment used for Sowing 8
7.2 Line Sowing 8
8.1-8.9 ‘OKRA’ Seed Sowing in the Field and Vegetative and 9-10
Reproductive Stages
9.1-9.4 Doing thinning in the field in Moth Beans 11
10.1 Using Drone at Field 12
11.1 Image of ‘White Knight Drone’ 12
12.1 Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ 12
13.1 Attack on leaf by Foliage Feeders 12
14.1 Setting Drone Batteries for flight mission 13
15.1 Building Connection using GPS 14
16.1 Drone Mapping 14
17.1 Filling ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ in the Tank 15
18.1 Drone Spraying Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ 16
in the Groundnut field
19.1 Live Demonstration of ‘Drone Technology’ at KVK, 17
Bikaner by ‘Garuda Aerospace’ team from Chennai
20.1 Identification of Pests in Cotton Crop 18
21.1-21.2 Attack by Jassids on Leaves of Cotton 19
22.1 Theory Class on Groundnut Pests 20
23.1 Pruning in Pomegranate Plant 21
24.1 Doing Pruning using Pruning Shears 22
25.1 Picture of Pomegranate Plant Before Pruning 23
25.2 Picture of Pomegranate Plant After Pruning 23
26.1 SKRAU Nursery 25
27.1-27.3 Growing Plumeria Cuttings at Nursery 25
28.1-28.2 Growing Rose Cuttings at Nursery 26
29.1-29.2 Growing Bougainvillea Cuttings 27
30.1-30.4 Pro Tray Filling at Nursery 28
31.1 Visit to Vermicomposting Unit 29
32.1 Beds Preparation for making Vermicompost 30
33.1 Earthworm species Eisenia fetida 31
34.1-34.2 Vermiwash 32
35.1 Sir giving instructions for seed sowing 33
36.1 Separating Marigold flowers from garland 33
37.1 Marigold Seed Sowing 34
38.1-38.2 Marigold seeds emergence 34
39.1 Grown up plants after 1 month 16 days 34
40.1 Making space for plant to be potted 35
41.1 Removing the compacted soil from the bottom 35
42.1 Placing the Dracaena plant in the pot 36
43.1 Watering the plant 36
44.1-44.3 Visit to Maru-Shakti Innovative Foods 37
45.1 Dough Keeping Platform 38
46.1 Dough pressing Platform 38
47.1 Piled up Khakhra 38
48.1 Khakhra Roasting Machine 39
49.1 Ready to Eat Khakhra 39
50.1 Machine for mixing Butter, Ghee and Sugar 40
51.1 Dough Kneader Machine 40
 52.1 Atta Biscuit Making Machine 41
53.1-53.2 Hot air oven for baking cookies 42
54.1 Packaging Machine 42
55.1 Packaging Area 42
56.1- 56.2 MARU SHAKTI AGRI INNOVATIVE FOODS 43
57.1 Photogarph with Deepak Saharan Ji (Farmer) 44
58.1 Collecting Details from the farmer 44
59.1 Artificial water storage pond ‘Man-Made Digi’ 88
60.1-60.2 ‘Army Bel’ growing as weed in the field 88
61.1 Guar or Cluster Bean 89
62.1-62.2 Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) 89
63.1-63.2 Sesame (Sesamum indicum) 89
64.1-64.3 Phyllody disease of Sesame 90
65.1 Reddening in Cotton Leaves used due to nutrient 90
deficiency of N, P, K or Mg
66.1 Waste Decomposer used by farmer to control insects 90
and pests in field and to do seed treatment
67.1 Forage Crop (Napier) 91
68.1 Napier Cob 91
69.1 Identified Termites problem in the roots of Groundnut 91
Plant
70.1 Identified Grey Weevil in Napier 91
71.1 Identified Jassids in Napier 91
72.1 Company Basic Details 92
73.1 Contact Details of the Company 92
74.1-74.2 Visit to Shree Charbhuja Agro Industries Private 98
Limited
75.1 Seed Cleaner 100
76.1 Seed Grader 100
77.1 Indented Cylinder 101
78.1-78.2 Gravity Separator 101
79.1 Grading 102
 80.1 Dry Powder Seed Treatment 103
81.1 Liquid/Slurries Seed Treatment 103
82.1 Labelling 103
83.1-83.2 General Details on Label 104
84.1 Fumigation 105
85.1 Mud Coating at the borders of the door 106
86.1 Stacking 108
87.1 Visit to Char Bhuja Groundnut Industry 110
88.1 Shell Collection Room 111
89.1 Colour Sortex Machine 112
90.1-90.4 GROUNDNUT PROCESSING MACHINES 112-113
91.1 Digital Moisture Meter 115
92.1 Neem Coated Urea 116
93.1 DAP 116
94.1 MOP 116
95.1 Imidachloprid 116
96.1 Thiamethoxam 116
97.1 Dimethoate 30 %EC 116
98.1 Quizalofop-Ethyl 5% EC 117
99.1 Gramoxone 117
100.1 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid 117
101.1 Clodinafop-Propargyl 15% WP 117

102.1 Metasulfuron Methyl 20% WP 117

103.1 Chlorpyriphos 20 EC 117
104.1 Carbendazim 118
105.1 Streptocycline 118
106.1 Micro Food 119
107.1 KVK Seeds 120
108.1 Harvesting Spinach 120
109.1-109.2 Harvesting Methi 121
110.1-110.2 Harvesting Radish 121
111.1 Carrot Plants 121
112.1 Bean Plants 121
113.1 Group Photograph at field 123
114.1 Group Photograph at KVK, Bikaner 123
 CHAPTERS

CHAPTER I-

READY COMPONENT -I

[Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE)]

INTRODUCTION TO RAWE PROGRAMME

The Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) is a compulsory course offered in

Vital Semester to B. Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture students primarily to understand the rural
situations, status of Agricultural technologies adopted by farmers, prioritize the
farmers problems and to develop skills & attitude of working with farm families for
all-round development in rural area.

The Experiential learning approaches towards problem solving and improving

interaction with the world outside. The learning process essentially provides a
direction to the students to think and act and eventually creates self-confidence. It
helps the students develop their competence, capability, capacity building, skills,
expertise, in short, a holistic development. However, it requires an individual’s total
commitment, involvement, participation, reception, active interest, dedication, skill,
curiosity, vision and mission.

The word “RAWE” stands for Rural Agriculture Work Experience, it is basically
awareness to Agriculture graduates about the actual situation and status of the farmers
and farming practices.

Agricultural education needs to be evolved in a very rapid manner to meet the

expectation of the society. Though the students of agriculture are learning substantial
basic and applied issues of science and technology, they do not possess adequate
confidence in starting own commercial venture. Under this situation, Rural
Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) is an important competence and confidence
building Programme introduced in Agriculture universities in India.

1
PRINCIPLES OF RAWE PROGRAMME-

1. Go to the people.

2. Live with them.

3. Learn from them.

4. Motivate them.

5. Learning by doing.

6. Seeing is believing.

7. Start with what they know

THE MAIN OBJECTIVES OF THE RAWE PROGRAMME –

1. To provide an opportunity to the students to understand the rural setting in relation

to agriculture and allied activities.

2. To get the students familiar with socio-economic conditions of the farmers and
their problems with reference to agricultural development.

3. To impart diagnostic and remedial knowledge to the students relevant to real field
situations through practical training.

4. To develop communication skills in students using extension teaching methods in

transfer of technology.

5. To develop confidence and competence to solve agricultural problems.

6. To help students to acquaint with on-going extension and rural development

programmes. 7. To explore the high-tech agricultural technology and the factors
affecting the adoption of modern methods of agriculture.

8. To initiate awareness, understanding & skills among the students with special
reference to the scientific model of “Integrated Development of Agriculture” i.e.,
Crop Husbandry, Horticulture, Argo Forestry, Animal husbandry, Fisheries, Poultry,
Dairying, Argo-based Industries, Processing, Marketing etc.

2
 KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA

KVKs are to provide a key facilitating role in the refinement of technologies to

specific conditions, by acting as a two-way link between research and farmers.

Application of technology/products through assessment, refinement and

demonstration for adoption, thus, is the main mandate of the KVKs.

FIGURE 1.1 - Roles of KVK

To achieve this mandate effectively, each KVK is expected to

perform following activities:

1. On-farm testing to identify the location specificity of agricultural

technologies under various farming systems
2. Frontline demonstrations to establish its production potentials on the
farmers’ fields.
3. Training of farmers and extension personnel to update their knowledge and
skills in modern agricultural technologies.
4. Work as resource and knowledge centre of agricultural technologies for
supporting initiatives of public, private and voluntary sector for improving
the agricultural economy of the district.
5. Produce and make available technological products like seed, planting
material, bio agents, young ones of livestock etc to the farmers.
6. Organize extension activities to create awareness about improved
agricultural technologies to facilitate fast diffusion and adoption of
technologies in agriculture and allied sectors.

3
 ACTIVITIES DURING RAWE TRAINING AT KVK, BIKANER

Reporting and Joining at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner

On

3rd August, 2021

FIGURE 2.1 FIGURE 2.2

FIGURE 2.1 and 2.2: Reporting At KVK, Bikaner

LOCATION : Beechwal (Bikaner)

AREA OF THE FARM : 14 ha

FIGURE 3.1 - District Map

4
 I. AGRONOMY-

Agronomy is derived from a Greek word ‘agros’ meaning ‘field’ and ‘nomos’
meaning ‘management.

It is defined as an agricultural science deal with principles and practices of crop

production and field management.

1. LEARNED TO MAKE FIELD LAYOUT USING 3-4-5

PYTHAGOREAN THEOREM METHOD-

➢ In the field at KVK under the guidance of Madan Lal Regar Sir we have
learned the technique to make field layout using 3-4-5 Method.
➢ The 3-4-5 rule is popularly known as Pythagorean theorem and is used to
make 90 degree right angled triangle which helps in making the field layout.
To obtain a perfect rectangular layout of field this 90-degree corner is made.
➢ Laying out a square or rectangular plot from the uneven land requires first a
straight baseline.
Baseline is an imaginary line drawn parallel to a fence or roadway. The lines
at right angle to the baseline are drawn at both ends of the plot.
➢ With the help of measuring tape or rope we had measured 4m length, which is
kept along the baseline then 3m is measured by placing measuring tape
approximately at a right angle and finally both the ends of 3m and 4m is
joined and line is drawn which measures 5 m to form a triangle.
➢ Equal distance marking is done on both the sides (in either direction) by
extending ropes to desired length of field.
➢ Finally, wooden pegs are fixed at equal distance and now, the field layout is
ready.

5
 FIGURE 4.1

FIGURE 4.2

FIGURE 4.3

FIGURE 4.4

FIGURE 4.1, 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 - Making Field Layout using Pythagorean Theorem at
KVK

6
2. SEEDS SOWING OF CUCURBITS SUCH AS RIDGED GOURD
(Turai), LONG MELON (Kakdi), and WATERMELON USING KHERA
TECHNIQUE-

➢ At first to prepare the field for sowing we were asked to remove the ‘Cynodon
Dactylon’ weeds.

FIGURE 5.1: Removing weeds in the field

➢ With the help of Manual hand Drawn Equipment (Local Plough) drawn lines
in the allotted field. We have sown different Cucurbitaceae Crops such as
• Ridged Gourd (Turai)
• Long Melon (Kakdi)
• Watermelon

FIGURE 6.1: Seed Sowing using Hand

7
 ➢ Seed sowing was done using ‘KHERA – PORA’ method.
KHERA- Khera method or Technique is used when seeds are sown by hands
in furrow as these seeds require wide spacing.
PORA – Pora Method is used for close spacing crops in which seeds are
dropped through a Pora or Nai or Hazara.

FIGURE 7.1: Equipment used for Sowing FIGURE 7.2: Line Sowing

➢ We were told that seeds should be placed in the soil according to their size.
Small seeds should not be sown very deep inside the soil as this will prevent
the emergence of plumule. Whereas, Big seeds should be sown little deeper in
the soil.
➢ After sowing, the seeds should be covered slightly with the soil.

REMEMBER-

Increased Sowing Depth is Directly Proportional to the delayed seedling Emergence

and reduced Seedling Relative Growth Rate.

TERMINOLOGIES: -

GERMINATION- Sprouting of a seed and its development into a new plant.

EMERGENCE- Coming out of a seedling from the soil (Plumule grows towards the
soil surface and comes out from the soil.

8
3. BHINDI (Okra) SEED SOWING-

We were divided in the group of four students and allotted a small plot of size
(3×4) m + (3×4) m i.e., (6×8) m from the main field Layout that we had made
earlier.

LAND PREPARATION-
➢ First, we were asked to make bunds on all four borders of our plot
using Spade (Fawda)

FIGURE 8.1
➢ Field preparation was done by ploughing it using Hand Harrow and
Spade to loosen the soil, for breaking the clods and to remove weeds
manually.

FIGURE 8.2
➢ We levelled the allotted plot properly using the Hand drawn leveller.

FIGURE 8.3

9
 ➢ We added Fertilizers such as Urea and DAP in the entire field and
mixed it with the help of Spade and again levelled the field with
Leveller.
➢ For Bhindi Seed sowing we maintained 15 cm distance Row×Row and
Plant×Plant and made lines using sticks in the field.

FIGURE 8.4
➢ Seed Sowing was done in the entire allotted plot and emergence of
small plants were observed after 4 days.

FIGURE 8.5 FIGURE 8.6

FIGURE 8.7 FIGURE 8.8 FIGURE 8.9

FIGURES 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 8.5, 8.6, 8.7, 8.8 and 8.9 are of ‘OKRA’ Seed Sowing in
the Field and Vegetative and Reproductive Stages

10
4. THINNING IN MOTH BEANS-

Defining Thinning-
• It is the removal of some plants or parts of plants to make room for the
better growth or it is the removal of excess plant that germinate at one
place due to close sowing of seeds. It helps to maintain adequate
spacing between 2 plants.
• It must be carried out at 20 to 25 days after sowing the seeds.
• Thinning helps in allowing proper growth, reducing competition for
water and nutrients from nearby plants and allows good air circulation
between plants.

FIGURE 9.1 FIGURE 9.2

FIGURE 9.3 FIGURE 9.4

FIGURES 9.1, 9.2, 9.3 and 9.4: Doing thinning in the field in Moth Beans

11
 5. INSECTICIDE SPRAYING USING DRONE IN THE GROUNDNUT
FIELD WAS DONE AT THE FIELD OF KVK, BIKANER-

FIGURE 10.1: Using Drone at Field FIGURE 11.1: Image of ‘White Knight Drone’

➢ Live Demonstration of ‘Drone Technology’ at KVK, Bikaner by

‘Garuda Aerospace’ team from Chennai.
➢ Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ was used in the Groundnut
Field to control Foliage Feeders using ‘WHITE KNIGHT DRONE’
➢ Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ 0.5 gram/litre or 5gram/litre
(actual measure) can be used to control foliage feeders.

FIGURE 12.1: Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ FIGURE 13.1: Attack on leaf by Foliage

Feeders

12
➢ DRONE is an unmanned aerial Vehicle. It can be controlled using
receiver and transmitters.
➢ Hexacopter Drone was used in the field, i.e., means six motors with six
wings.
➢ Drone has FCB- Flight Control Board. Lithium polymer batteries of
16000mAh are used fly and we can fly the drone for 12 minutes with 1
set of battery.
Once the battery gets discharged it takes 20 minutes to get fully
charged.
➢ From the battery the power goes to the PDB-Power Distribution Board
then from PDB it goes to 6 parts. In 6 parts it first goes to motor in
motor we have ESC (Electronic Speed Controller) it helps to control
the speed of the motor from ESC to motor and receiver is connected to
the Flight Control Board.
➢ FCB connection is done to GPS (Global Positioning System) to
stabilise the drone. It connects the drone to the satellite.

DRONE BATTERIES-

➢ 1 set of batteries comprise of 2 batteries. For 1 mission 3 sets of

batteries, toolkits and extra propeller sets are provided by the ‘Garuda
Aerospace’ team.
➢ 3 blades of the Drone rotates clockwise and 3 rotates Anticlockwise for
stability.
➢ Lithium polymer batteries are used in the drone and it can fly for 12
minutes with 1 set of battery.

FIGURE 14.1: Setting Drone Batteries for flight mission

13
 DRONE MAPPING-

➢ Drone can be controlled Manually or Automatically for Automation

we have to map the area.
➢ In Autonomous mode using X-axis and Y-axis we have to plot the
whole area and Drone will fly using Global Positioning System.
➢ Agri Assistant Software is used for Mapping.

FIGURE 15.1: Building Connection using GPS

3 Types of Mapping can be Done-

• Transmitter Mapping
• Phone Mapping
• Drone Mapping (Generally Drone Mapping is used as it is more
accurate)

FIGURE 16.1: Drone Mapping

14
 FILLING ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ IN THE TANK –

In the Tank 10 litres of quantity of solution can be filled. But, the tank
capacity of drone is of 12 litres. It is advised not to fill 12 litres of
solution in the tank as it can drain out the drone’s battery quickly.

FIGURE 17.1: Filling ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ in the Tank

15
 INSECTICIDE SPRAYING USING DRONE IN THE
GROUNDNUT FIELD-

➢ Drone takes 12 minutes to spray 1 Acre of field area.

➢ 20 Litres can be sprayed at once and pump motor will spray 3.5
l/minute.
➢ It can fly upto 300 meters (range can be adjusted) and can go upto
3kms (1.2 kms maximum range)

FIGURE 18.1: Drone Spraying Insecticide ‘Emacectin Benzoate 5sg’ in the

Groundnut field

Advantages of Drone Technology: -

➢ It Reducing Farm’s Operational Costs. Labor costs are reduced by regular

use of Drones in agriculture.
➢ Spraying Fertilizers and Insecticides is made easy using Drone Technology.
➢ It helps to save water, time and pesticides.

Disadvantages of Drone Technology: -

➢ Expensive cost is high

➢ Operation is not so easy. It can be complicated to certain people.
➢ Legal Restrictions

16
 WAY FORWARD-

➢ By the ‘Garuda Aerospace’ team from Chennai the rent basis drone
facility is also made available.
CHARGES-
Rs. 300-400 without Chemicals
Rs. 800 with Chemicals (1 Tank)

➢ They also arrange 40 days practice sessions for farmers who are willing to
learn Drone Technology.

FIGURE 19.1:
Live Demonstration of ‘Drone Technology’ at KVK, Bikaner by
‘Garuda Aerospace’ team from Chennai

17
 II. ENTOMOLOGY-

Entomology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of insects or

Entomology is the scientific study of insects , a branch of Zoology.
It includes morphology, physiology, behaviour, genetics , biomechanics,
taxonomy, ecology, etc of insects.

1. INSECT- PEST IDENTIFICATION IN COTTON CROP (Identified

White Flies, Jassids and Thrips)

FIGURE 20.1: Identification of Pests in Cotton Crop

I. WHITE FLY-

➢ In the field we have identified small white flies at underside of leaves.

➢ They suck the sap of leaves and cause damage to the entire plant.
➢ They are white in color and nearly 2-3mm in length.
➢ If not controlled on time can cause CLCuD i.e., Cotton Leaf Curl Disease.

18
 II. JASSIDS-

➢ We have identified Jassids in the cotton filed. They are light green in
color.
➢ They walk diagonally.
➢ They are also sap suckers.
➢ In case of severe infestation leaves turn bronze in color leading to
browning and
Or causing “Hopper Burn” symptoms. Yellowing of leaves.
➢ Generally, we use systematic insecticides to control them.

FIGURE 21.1 FIGURE 21.2

FIGURE 21.1 and 21.2: Attack by Jassids on Leaves of Cotton

III. THRIPS-

➢ Right Mandible in Thrips is absent.

➢ Silvery appearance observed underside of leaves.

19
 2. THEORY CLASS ON GROUNDNUT PESTS’ MANAGEMENT-

Discussion on Groundnut pests was done and the lecture was taken by Dr. Keshav
Mehra sir.

THE PESTS CAN BE DIVIDED IN 3 CATEGORIES-

➢ Foliage Feeders- examples: Tobacco Caterpillar, Leaf Miner, Pod Borer

➢ Sap Suckers- examples: Aphids, Thrips, Jassids
➢ Soil Insects- examples: Termites

FIGURE 22.1: Theory Class on Groundnut Pests

20
 III. HORTICULTURE-

The word horticulture comes from two Latin words “hortus” and “cultura”, which
means garden culture. Horticulture is a branch of agriculture that deals with
certain features involving utilization of fruits, vegetables, flowers and other plants.

Horticulture is the art, science and practice of growing and maintaining plants in
different types of environments. It involves the propagation, cultivation and
processing of fruits, vegetables, herbs, spices, ornamental plants and flowers.
It deals with production and processing of fruits, vegetables, ornamentals plants,
spices, herbs and flowers. It involves intensive cultural practices where plants or
species are usually given individual attention.

1. PRUNING IN POMEGRANATE PLANT-

DEFINING PRUNING-
Pruning, in horticulture is the removal or reduction of parts of a plant, tree, or
vine that are not requisite to growth or production, are no longer visually
pleasing, or are injurious to the health or development of the plant.
It is common practice in orchard and vineyard management for the
improvement of flowering and fruiting.

FIGURE 23.1: Pruning in Pomegranate Plant

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➢ We were asked to prune the ‘suckers’, the offshoots, the drooping branches,
cross branches, diseased branches from the pomegranate plant as these take
extra nutrition from the plant.
➢ Pruning will help to maintain the vegetative as well as the overall growth of
the plant.

➢ Discussion on (Seasons for Pomegranate Flowering)-

June-July: Mrig Bahar (Best for arid regions)

September-October: Hasta Bahar
January-February: Ambe Bahar

➢ Pruning Shears, also called as Hand Pruners or Secateurs are type of scissors
which are used to prune hard branches (2cm thickness) of trees and shrubs.

FIGURE 24.1: Doing Pruning using Pruning Shears

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FIGURE 25.1: Picture of Pomegranate Plant Before Pruning

FIGURE 25.2: Picture of Pomegranate Plant After Pruning

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2. SKRAU NURSERY VISIT: -

DEFINING NURSERY AND Its IMPORTANCE-

➢ Nursery is consequently the basic need of horticulture. Plant propagation

techniques and practices is the core of horticulture nurseries. A nursery is a
portion of land dedicated to propagate plants, provide nourishment for initial
times, grow young seedlings and finally sell out for transplanting for
commercial agriculture, horticulture, or hobby gardening like Kitchen
Gardening, etc.

➢ It is a place where plants are grown for transplanting, for use as stock
for budding and grafting, or for sale. Commercial nurseries produce and
distribute woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamental trees, shrubs,
and bulb crops. While most nursery-grown plants are ornamental, the nursery
business also includes fruit plants and certain perennial vegetables used in
home gardens.

➢ The nurseries are grown in favourable conditions until the plant reaches a
usable and comparatively robust growth to face adverse climatic conditions
like winds, heavy rain, scorching sunlight, etc. It is easy to take care of these
seedlings in a small area in soil beds or small containers.

➢ Seedlings and grafts are produced in nursery and the fruit orchards and
ornamental gardens can be established with minimum care, cost and
maintenance.

➢ The nursery planting materials are available at the beginning of the planting
season. This saves the time, money and efforts of the farmers to raise
seedlings.

24
➢ In SKRAU Nursery varied varieties of Fruit plants, Vegetable plants,
Ornamentals and Medicinal plants were available at reasonable price.

FIGURE 26.1: SKRAU Nursery

a. GROWN CUTTINGS OF NAG CHAMPA, ROSE AND

BOUGAINVILLEA-

GROWN NAG CHAMPA (Plumeria) CUTTINGS –

➢ Take the desired healthy-looking branch from a mature Plumeria Plant.
Cuttings should be between 12 and 18 inches long and made 45-degree cuts.
➢ Remove all the leaves from the cuttings.
➢ Now, place the cuttings 4 inches deep in the soil and manure filled poly bags.
➢ Root development will take place in 4-8 weeks.

FIGURE 27.1 FIGURE 27.2 FIGURE 27.3

FIGURE 27.1, 27.2 and 27.3: Growing Plumeria Cuttings at Nursery

25
 GROWN ROSE CUTTINGS-

➢ Cut the stem above the first set of leaves at a 45-degree angle. The cutting
should be 6 to 8 inches in length.
➢ Take your cutting from a younger part of the plant so it will have a better
chance of taking root.
➢ If you can, try to leave 2 nodes above ground for leaves to sprout out of, as
well as 2 nodes that will be below ground, where roots can grow.
➢ Remove all of the leaves except the ones at the top using the pruning shears or
sharp scissors.
➢ Create holes with a stick or pencil for the cuttings. Use a stick or pencil to
make a hole in the soil for each of your rose cuttings that is 3–4 inches deep.
➢ Place the cuttings into the soil. Gently push the cutting down several inches
into the soil, or half the length of the cutting. Once the cutting is in place, pat
down the soil around the stem.
➢ Keep an eye on the cuttings to make sure they’re never dried out, as well as to
make sure the cuttings are taking root. You can test to see if the roots are
growing by gently tugging on the cuttings. You should be able to feel a slight
resistance after a week or 2, meaning the roots are growing well.

FIGURE 28.1

FIGURE 28.2
FIGURE 28.1 and 28.2: Growing Rose Cuttings at Nursery

26
 GROWN BOUGAINVILLEA CUTTINGS (Double flower Variety)-

➢ Cut a mature stem to a length of 6–8 inches from the parent plant Use a pair of
sharp pruning shears to snip the lower end of the stem at a 45-degree angle.
Cutting the stem at an angle increases its surface area, allowing it to take up
more moisture and nutrients from the planting soil.
➢ Take semi-ripe or hardwood for your cuttings rather than younger sections that
are still green.
➢ The cutting should have at least 7 nodes on it to produce a healthy plant.
➢ Prune the leaves from the stem. Also, remove thorns from the stem.
➢ Insert the cutting into the soil. Sink the stem 1.5–2 inches (3.8–5.1 cm) below
the surface of the soil to ensure that it’s anchored firmly.
➢ Inserting the stem into the soil at a slight angle may help more of the existing
nodes sprout into roots.
➢ The cutting will begin to sprout within 6-10 weeks.

FIGURE 29.1

FIGURE 29.2

FIGURE 29.1 and 29.2: Growing Bougainvillea Cuttings

27
b. PRO TRAY FILLING (Method)-
➢ A Pro tray of 40 cells is filled with equal part of Sand, Cocopeat and
Vermicompost in the ratio of 1:1:1 (Cost of Cocopeat in the market is
Rs.50/Kg)
➢ Now the Vegetable seeds such as Tomato, Brinjal, Chilli, etc are sown in each
cell and cover it with the medium.
➢ Cover it with polythene sheet till germination starts.
➢ After few days remove the polythene sheet and keep the trays in shade net for
further growth.
The benefits of pro-tray nursery are as follows:
➢ Production of pest free quality seedlings
➢ Having independent area for each seed to grow
➢ Improved seed germination and saves lot of expensive seeds.
➢ Better root development
➢ Minimized seedling mortality and damping off disease
➢ Provides uniform, healthy and early maturity Easy handling and cheaper
transportation
➢ Good main field establishment and crop stand

FIGURE 30.1 FIGURE 30.2

FIGURE 30.3 FIGURE 30.4

FIGURE 30.1, 30.2, 30.3 and 30.4: Pro Tray Filling at Nursery

28
c. VISIT TO VERMICOMPOSTING UNIT AND VERMIWASH
USES-

“Vermicomposting is a process in which the earthworms convert

the organic waste into manure rich in high nutritional content.”

FIGURE 31.1: Visit to Vermicomposting Unit

Defining Vermicomposting: -

➢ Vermicomposting is the scientific method of making compost, by using

earthworms. They are commonly found living in soil, feeding on biomass and
excreting it in a digested form.

➢ Vermiculture means “worm-farming”. Earthworms feed on the organic waste

materials and give out excreta in the form of “vermicasts” that are rich in
nitrates and minerals such as phosphorus, magnesium, calcium and potassium.
These are used as fertilizers and enhance soil quality.

➢ The nutrients profile of vermicomposts are:

• 1.6 per cent of Nitrogen
• 0.7 per cent of Phosphorus.
• 0.8 per cent of Potassium.
• 0.5 per cent of Calcium
• 0.2 per cent of Magnesium.

29
PROCEDURE-

1. At first beds are to be prepared of width 3 ft, depth 1.5 ft and length 12 ft.

FIGURE 32.1: Beds Preparation for making Vermicompost

2. At the bottom of the tank or bed make a 3-inch layer of dried leaves, Neem
leaves, straw, etc.
3. Cover the tank with a thatch roof (6-7 feet) or with shade to prevent the
entry of ants, lizards, mouse, snakes, etc. and protect the compost from
rainwater and direct sunshine.
4. Now prepare fine bedding by adding partially decomposed cow dung,
dried leaves and other biodegradable wastes collected from fields and
kitchen.
5. Continue adding both the chopped bio-waste and partially decomposed
cow dung layer-wise into the tank up to a depth of 0.5-1.0 ft.
6. After this for 5-6 days sprinkle water over it and after ever 2 days gently
with hands turn the mixture so that extra heat and gases releases out from
cow dung.
7. Now, release the earthworm species (Eisenia fetida) over the mixture and
cover the compost mixture with dry straw or gunny bags.

30
 FIGURE 33.1: Earthworm species Eisenia fetida

8. Sprinkle water on a regular basis to maintain the moisture content of the

compost.
9. Have a frequent check to avoid the compost from overheating.
10. Maintain proper moisture (30-35 %) and temperature.
11. The Vermicompost at SKRAU Nursery gets ready in 45 days.
12. After 45 days stop sprinkling the water over the mixture as we will see that
as soon as the compost gets dried the earthworm will move downwards
and we can separate the top layer of vermicompost and use it further in the
fields.

THE MAJOR BENEFITS OF VERMICOMPOSTING ARE-

1. Develops roots of the plants.

2. Improves the physical structure of the soil.
3. Vermicomposting increases the fertility and water-resistance of the soil.
4. Helps in germination, plant growth, and crop yield.

THE DISADVANTAGES OF VERMICOMPOSTING ARE-

1. The bin should not be too dry or too wet. The moisture levels need to be
monitored periodically.
2. They nurture the growth of pests and pathogens such as fruit flies,
centipede and flies.

31
 VERMIWASH AND IT’S USES–

➢ Vermiwash is the organic fertilizer decoction obtained from units of

vermiculture/vermicompost as drainage. It is the liquid extract collected after
the passage of water through the different layers of worm culture unit.
➢ It is a collection of excretion called vermicasts, which contains lot of nutrients
particularly soluble K, Ca & Mg
➢ Vermiwash contains beneficial microbes which helps in plant growth &
prevent infections.
➢ Vermiwash is an eco-friendly natural fertilizer prepared from biodegradable
organic wastes and is free from chemical inputs. It helps to develop resistance
against various disease & pests in plants.
➢ It helps in initiating good flowering and produce good yield in some vegetable
crops. Vermiwash is a liquid fertilizer & reported that at 20-30% dilution
inhibits the mycelial growth of pathogenic fungi. Acts as a biopesticide when
diluted with 10%cowurine or neem extract or garlic extract. It does not have
any adverse effect on soil, plant and environment.
➢ It improves soil aeration, texture and tilth thereby reducing soil compaction. It
improves water retention capacity of soil because of its high organic matter
content.
➢ It promotes better root growth and nutrient absorption. It improves nutrient
status of soil-both macro-nutrients and micro- nutrients. It can also be added to
compost pits to hasten the degradation process.

FIGURE 34.1 FIGURE 34.2

FIGURE 34.1 and 34.2: Vermiwash

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d. MARIGOLD SEED SOWING –

FIGURE 35.1: Sir giving instructions for seed sowing

➢ In the field first of all we have separated the marigold petals along with the
seeds from the garland.

FIGURE 36.1: Separating Marigold flowers from garland

➢ In the allotted field we have made furrows and sown many seeds at once
because these are the seeds taken from the garland so we were not sure about
the germination percentage. After that watering was done gently.

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 FIGURE 37.1: Marigold Seed Sowing

➢ After 16 days the germination in marigold seeds was observed.

FIGURE 38.1 FIGURE 38.2

FIGURE 38.1 and 38.2: Marigold seeds emergence

FIGURE 39.1: Grown up plants after 1 month 16 days

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e. CORRECT METHOD OF POT FILLING-
➢ First, we have to make the potting mix. For that mix the soil and compost in
equal proportions ratio 1:1.
➢ Now, take an empty pot preferably, ‘MITTI KA POT’ and make sure it has a
proper drainage hole.
➢ Cover the drainage hole with curved stone piece so that excess water can pass
out from the hole easily.
➢ Put the prepared potting mix in the pot and level it properly leaving a 2-inch
space at the top for watering.
➢ Make the space for the plant in the center of the pot by pushing the potting
mix to the sides of the pot.

FIGURE 40.1: Making space for plant to be potted

➢ Now, cut the poly bag of desired plant (here it is Dracaena) with the sharp
blade and little bit loosen up the soil from bottom of the plant so that roots can
grow in new potting mix easily. But make sure not to damage the roots.

FIGURE 41.1: Removing the compacted soil from the bottom

35
➢ Now, quickly place the plant in the centre of the pot and apply little pressure
downwards at the centre of the pot with the hands to firmly fix the plant in the
pot.

FIGURE 42.1: Placing the Dracaena plant in the pot

➢ Now, gently tap the pot on the ground and water the plant thoroughly.

FIGURE 43.1: Watering the plant

36
 VISIT TO COMMUNITY NUTRITION CENTRE, CHSc,
BIKANER
(MARU-SHAKTI AGRI INNOVATIVE FOODS)

The main focus of the project is to process and do value addition of Arid
Horticulture foods using Post Harvest Technologies.
They are making commercialized Bajra Products and Wheat Khakhra.
Also providing training on Jam, Jelly preparations of Arid foods, making
Karonda Kakadiya, Amla, Ber Jams, Karonda jelly, Amla Candy, Karonda
Candy, Amla Chyawanprash, Pickles of Tumba, AloeVera, ready to eat
roasted Tumba seeds and many more items.

FIGURE 44.1

FIGURE 44.2 FIGURE 44.3

FIGURE 44.1, 44.2 and 44.3: Visit to Maru-Shakti Innovative Foods

Learned about different machines that are used to make Wheat

Khakra, Bajra Cookies and Bajra Cup Cakes.

37
1. WORKING OF KHAKHRA MAKING MACHINE: -

➢ Khakhra Machine installed at CHSc. is a Semi-Automatic machine. First, we

have to knead the dough for Khakhra and make dough balls of big size and
keep it at the machine platform.

FIGURE 45.1: Dough Keeping Platform

➢ It will go to conveyor belt and the dough balls will get pressed into a round big
Chapati. We have to remove the extra dough from the sides.

FIGURE 46.1: Dough pressing Platform

➢ At First, the Khakhra will be semi-baked at 200 degrees Celsius.

Automatically it will get piled up at one place.

FIGURE 47.1: Piled up Khakhra

38
➢ For, roasting of Khakhra a separate machine is installed. In that machine 3
Khakhra’s is roasted for 37.6 seconds.
➢ Finally, the crunchy Wheat Khakhra is ready.

FIGURE 48.1: Khakhra Roasting Machine

FIGURE 49.1: Ready to Eat Khakhra

39
2. BAJRA COOKIES AND CUP CAKE MAKING MACHINES-

➢ For making Bajra cookies the bajra grains are first washed then Blanched in
hot boiling water for 1-2 minutes as blanching will inactivate the lipase
enzyme present in bajra and will make further processing easy. Also, this will
increase the shelf life of bajra products.
➢ After blanching the grains are dried and after complete drying milling of
grains is done then the further processing is completed.
Different Machines used are -

FIGURE 50.1: Machine for mixing Butter, Ghee and Sugar

FIGURE 51.1: Dough Kneader Machine

(It can Knead upto 30 Kgs of dough at a time)

40
 FIGURE 52.1: Atta Biscuit Making Machine
(In the cavity of the machine we have to fill the dough and apply pressure
from above by rotating it downwards. Atta biscuits are ready to be baked.)

HOT AIR OVEN FOR BAKING COOKIES-

➢ The complete tray rack trolley is inserted inside the oven.

➢ The rack rotates inside the oven so that the hot air can bake all the cookies
properly.
➢ Oven’s engine works on Diesel and 30 litres of diesel is consumed in 15-20
days.
➢ 1 worker makes around 12 Kg biscuits per day.
➢ In 20 minutes, time 1 trolley is baked. But sometimes time also depends on the
texture of the biscuits., like Bajra biscuits take around 17-20 minutes to get
baked.
➢ Temperature required for baking.,
Biscuits at 150-170 degrees Celsius
Cup Cakes at 170-180 degrees Celsius
➢ The cost of the machine is approx. 2.7 Lakhs

41
 FIGURE 53.1 FIGURE 53.2

FIGURE 53.1 and 53.2: Hot air oven for baking cookies

FIGURE 54.1: Packaging Machine FIGURE 55.1: Packaging Area

AVAILABLE PRODUCTS AT ‘MARU SHAKTI AGRI INNOVATIVE

FOODS’: -

➢ Coconut Bajra Biscuits - 120/-

➢ Nuts Bajra Biscuits - 130/-
➢ Choco Chips Bajra Biscuits - 140/-
➢ Plain Elaichi Bajra Biscuits - 120/-
➢ Bajra Till Biscuits - 120/-
➢ Atta Biscuits - 220/-
➢ Wheat Khakhra (200 gms) - 50/-
➢ Bajra Muffins (1 Box) - 60/-

42
 FIGURE 56.1 FIGURE 56.2

FIGURE 56.1 and 56.2 : MARU SHAKTI AGRI INNOVATIVE FOODS

43
 VILLAGE ATTACHMENT

FIGURE 57.1: Photogarph with Deepak Saharan Ji (Farmer)

DETAILS :-
1. Name of the Village - Sharah Koojiya
2. Name of the Gram Panchayat - Bambloo
3. Name of the Farmer - Deepak Saharan
4. Total Land Holding of Farmer - 50 Bigha
5. Crops grown in field during - Groundnut, Til, Guar, Moong, Moth
Kharif Season
6. Total Livestock - Eight (Buffaloes, Cows, Dog and Cat)

FIGURE 58.1: Collecting Details from the farmer

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 PHOTO GALLERY

(Village Attachment)

FIGURE 59.1: Artificial water storage pond ‘Man-Made Digi’

(A plastic big drum was used as a water stopper valve that was ‘Desi Juggad’ and it
seems so interesting)

FIGURE 60.1 FIGURE 60.2

FIGURE 60.1 and 60.2: ‘Army Bel’ growing as weed in the field

(Deepak Ji told us that he has discovered that when this bel is fed to the cows it
increases their milk production)

88
 FIGURE 61.1: Guar or Cluster Bean

(Cyamopsis tetragonoloba)

FIGURE 62.1 FIGURE 62.2

FIGURE 62.1 and 62.2: Mung Bean (Vigna radiata)

FIGURE 63.1 FIGURE 63.2

FIGURE 63.1 and 63.2: Sesame (Sesamum indicum)

89
 FIGURE 64.1 FIGURE 64.2

FIGURE 64.3

FIGURE 64.1, 64.2 and 64.3: Phyllody disease of Sesame

FIGURE 65.1: Reddening in Cotton Leaves FIGURE 66.1: Waste Decomposer

due to nutrient deficiency of used by farmer to control

N, P, K or Mg insects and pests in field

and to do seed treatment

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 FIGURE 67.1: Forage Crop (Napier) FIGURE 68.1: Napier Cob

FIGURE 69.1: Identified Termites problem in the roots of Groundnut Plant

FIGURE 70.1: Identified Grey Weevil in FIGURE 71.1: Identified Jassids

Napier in Napier

91
CHAPTER II-

READY COMPONENT-II

[Agro Industrial Attachment (AIA)]

INTRODUCTION: -

Shri Charbhuja Agro Industries Private Limited is a RAJASTHAN based private

ltd. Company Registered at dated 21-FEB-2020 on Ministry of Corporate Affairs
(MCA), The Corporate Identification Number (CIN) of Shree Charbhuja Agro
Industries Private Limited is U01114RJ2020PTC068344 and registration number
is 068344.

It has been classified as non-govt company and is registered under Registrar of

Companies Rajasthan India. Authorized share capital of Shree Charbhuja Agro
Industries Private Limited is Rs.100000 and its paid-up capital is Rs. 100000. It
aspires to serve in activities agriculture, hunting and related service
activities activities across the India.

DIRECTOR DETAILS: -

SURENDRA KAMEDIYA
KARPA RAM CHOUDHARY

FIGURE 72.1: Company Basic Details

FIGURE 73.1: Contact Details of the Company

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We the students of RNB Global University, Bikaner visited ‘Seed Processing Plant’
of ‘Shri Char Buja Agro Industries, Bikaner on 29 th November, 2021 under the
guidance of Gyan Singh Meena Sir. Sir told us about the different seed processing
machines that were installed in the plant such as, Pre-Cleaner, Grader, Indent
Cylinder and Gravity Cleaner.

We have also seen different seed treatment machines, learned about how grain bags
are stacked, techniques of fumigation, pests’ control, different pests and how final
packaging is done.

FIGURE 74.1

FIGURE 74.2

FIGURE 74.1 and 74.2: Visit to Shree Charbhuja Agro Industries Private Limited

98
THEORY-

❖ CLASSES OF SEEDS AND TAGS USED-

1. Breeder Seeds - Golden Yellow Tag
2. Foundation Seeds - White Tag
3. Certified Seeds - Blue Tag

❖ SEED PROCESSING AND IT’S BENEFITS-

➢ Seed Processing or seed conditioning is the preparation of harvested seed

for marketing to farmers.
The processes involved include drying, threshing, pre-cleaning, cleaning,
size grading, seed treatment, quality testing, packaging, and labelling.
➢ In addition to enhanced purity, health and germination, well- cleaned and
good quality seeds have other benefits, all of which increase their market
value:
Improved visual appearance, reduced seed rate, uniform emergence and
crop stand, high yield and long shelf-life.

STEPS INVOLVED-

The raw seeds collected from farmers which contains inert materials, stones, etc are
put in feeder

↓
From that the raw seeds are taken to pre-cleaner by the elevator

↓
PRE-CLEANER- It removes the undesirable impurities- like dust, chaff, mud balls,
minor stones, etc. It segregates over-sized material

The seeds then go to the Grader Machine

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 FIGURE 75.1: Seed Cleaner

↓
GRADER MACHINE- It helps to maintain seeds of specific size by removing
oversize, undesirable, and broken seeds.

The seeds then move to the Indented Cylinder

FIGURE 76.1: Seed Grader

↓
INDENTED CYLINDER- It can do very precise separation by using length
difference. It comprises a cylindrical shell with imprinted pockets on inside surface.

The cylinder grades seed by length and removes any unwanted materials that are
longer or shorter than the required seed.

Rest broken cut grains are separated

100
Seeds are fed into the hopper and through the elevator goes to the specific gravity
separator

FIGURE 77.1: Indented Cylinder

↓
SPECIFIC GRAVITY SEPERATOR- The gravity separator separates seeds of
similar size but of different specific weight (Density)

FIGURE 78.1 FIGURE 78.2

FIGURE 78.1 and 78.2: Gravity Separator

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 ↓
Now, finally grading of seeds is done according to different grades such as I, II and III

FIGURE 79.1: Grading

❖ SEED TREATMENT -
➢ Seed Treatment is the application of suitable products to the seed in order
to protect it against attack by insects or disease, both during storage and at
seedling stage in the field.
➢ Treatment products may be insecticides, fungicides or both, and they can
be applied as dust, liquids or slurry.
The principle objective is to thoroughly coat the seed with the correct
quantity of product.
➢ We have seen 2 machines that is used in the seed processing plant for seed
treatment.
1. Treatment applied in form of Slurry or Liquid
2. Treatment applied on seeds in dust / powder form.

DUST- Dry powder chemicals mechanically applied to the seed.

LIQUIDS- True solutions of the chemical dissolved in water and applied.

SLURRIES- Mixtures of water and wettable powders or grains

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FIGURE 80.1: Dry Powder Seed Treatment FIGURE 81.1: Liquid/Slurries

Seed Treatment

❖ LABELLING-

➢ Labels need to be prepared and ready before packaging. According to

national legislation in most countries, a label is a legal document.
➢ We have seen that on the 2 Kg bag of Methi seeds ‘Truthful Label’ was
been stitched.

FIGURE 82.1: Labelling

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General Details on Label that was mentioned were as follows: -

Class of Seed : Truthful

Crop : Methi or Fenugreek
Variety : CBS-101
Net Weight : 2 Kgs
Moisture : 8%
MRP : 350/-

The label was of Opaque Green colour following details were

mentioned: -

Germination% : 70%
Inert Matter : 2%
Genetic Purity : 98%
Physical Purity : 98%
Moisture : 8%
Weight : 2 Kg

FIGURE 83.1 FIGURE 83.2

FIGURE 83.1 and 83.2: General Details on Label

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❖ PACKAGING: -

➢ Once cleaned (and treated if necessary), the seed is sent for packaging.
➢ We have seen that the Methi seeds were been packed in 2 kgs bags,
which were weighed on weighing scales and then the bag was stitched
along with the label.
➢ Bags were pre-printed with details indicating name of seed of seed
enterprise (and logo), seed class and net weight.

❖ VISIT TO FUMIGATION ROOM: -

FIGURE 84.1: Fumigation

Fumigation: -
➢ Fumigation is a technique where a fumigant at specific temperature
and at specific pressure can exist in gaseous state.
The fumigant or chemicals, in sufficient concentration is used to
eradicate pests.

➢ Gyan Singh Meena Sir told that ‘Celphos Tablets’ also known as
‘Aluminium Phosphide’ is used as fumigant.
It is used for control of wide range of field rodents and insect pests
along it is highly effective, economical and easy to use.

105
➢ In the room 50 Kg moong Bags were kept. We were told that 60%
tablets are placed on the top of the bags and 40% are kept in sideways
for proper gas penetration.
Celphos decomposes to release Phosphine Gas upon contact with
moisture in the air.

➢ Phosphine gas quickly spreads and penetrates into the commodity

being fumigated.
It reaches insects by diffusing through air spaces between stored grains
and stacks of packed material.

➢ Phosphine gas has downward movement and because we have kept the
tablets sideways the vertical movement of gas is also observed.

➢ During the fumigation the entire room should be packed completely.

The windows were also covered with newspaper so that the gas doesn’t
go out.
Also, we have observed that the door was completely sealed with mud
coating from the sides to prevent the leakage of fumigation gas.

FIGURE 85.1: Mud Coating at the borders of the door

106
 ➢ OTHER IMPORTANT POINTS: -

1 Tablet is of 3 grams
334 Tablets of Celphos comes in 1 Kg
In 1 Ton or 10 quintal, 3 Tablets are used i.e., 9 grams.

❖ STORED GRAIN PESTS: -

Sir told us about 3 main pests-

1. Rhyzopertha dominica-
It is also known as ‘Lesser Grain Borer’.
Both the adults and grubs cause damage. They bore into the grains feed
and reduce them to mere shells with many irregular holes.

2. Tribolium castaneum-
It is also known as ‘Red flour Beetle’.
The insect is light red in colour, flies and moves fast and causes damage in
wheat-flour, dry fruits, pulses, etc.
Both the larvae and adults cause damage.

3. Sitophilus-
They are small in size and dark in colour (Reddish Brown).
Both Grub and Adults cause the damage. Grains are hollowed out; kernels
are reduced to mere powder.

107
❖ STACKING: -

➢ Once sewn, the bags are taken to the finished goods store.
We have observed that at the bottom 5 bags were kept and above those
7 bags were stacked.

➢ Therefore, (7+5=12), 12 bags stacking was done at bottom.

And when we did the lengthwise calculation of bags, they were 19 in
number.

➢ So, 19×12=228 bags.

So, this means that in 1 block 228 bags were kept.

➢ Remember to leave ample space around the stack, between stacks and
between the stack and the wall.
Advantage: Small stacks are practical for inspection, counting and
fumigation.

FIGURE 86.1: Stacking

108
❖ DISCUSSION ON PHYSICAL PURITY AND
GERMINATION PERCENTAGE CALCULATION-

1. Physical Purity-
It is the cleanliness of seed from other seeds, debris, inert matter, diseased
seed and insect damaged seed.
The seed with physical purity should have uniform size, weight and colour.

Example: -
We have taken 100 g sample
Inert Matter = 20 grams

So, Physical Purity would be,

= Total sample weight -Inert matter weight

= 100-20 grams
= 80% Physical Purity

2. Germination Percentage-
Germination percentage is an estimate of the viability of a population of seeds.

Example: -
Take 100 seeds
↓
Seed is sown in the field
↓
After around 7-10 days seed get germinated
↓
Now, count the number of seeds that gets germinated
Example., 80 seeds are germinated

So,
Germination Percentage,

= Total Seeds Germinated/Total seeds× 100

= 80/100×100
= 80%
Therefore, 80 % Germination is observed

109
 VISIT TO CHAR BHUJA GROUNDNUT INDUSTRY,
HUSANGSAR, BIKANER

Under the guidance of Gyan Singh Meena sir and Sohan Lal Choudhary sir
we have learned about the complete process of how groundnut seeds are
processed and graded in the industry on 2nd December, 2021.

Also, we were told about how selling percentage is fixed or calculated. The
quality test of groundnut seeds was shown and we gained good knowledge
about how to use Digital Moisture Meter for moisture calculation in groundnut
seeds.

FIGURE 87.1: Visit to Char Bhuja Groundnut Industry

Feed Groundnut seeds at the feeding point

↓
The elevator lifts the seeds up and transfer it to the hopper

↓
From the hopper it goes to the de-stoner in which the stones and the mud is
removed

↓
Raw groundnut seeds are left and the dirt is separated out

110
 ↓
Moisture is required now to break the groundnut shell. So, water is added and
the groundnut mixed with water goes to the hopper

↓
Two hoppers of 1,500 tons are installed and for 5-7 hours groundnut shells are
kept in the hopper undisturbed

↓
Now after 5-7 hours conveyor takes it to the elevator from the elevator moves
to the next conveyor where 3 fans are installed which breaks the groundnut
shells

↓
Groundnut seeds are separated and moves in a pipe and shells are separately
collected in the shell collection room and the unbroken groundnuts shells
undergoes the same process again

FIGURE 88.1: Shell Collection Room

↓
Now, the groundnut seeds are fed to the hopper and then moves to the gravity
separator where pure seeds are collected and other pieces are separated

↓
The seeds are fed to the ‘Z’ elevator and then it goes to the ‘Colour Sortex
Machine’
Where, the machine separates the groundnut seeds according to the colour.
Pure groundnut seeds are sent further and Yellow, Black, or other colour seeds
and materials are removed
111
 FIGURE 89.1: Colour Sortex Machine

↓
From the ‘Z’ elevator the seeds are fed to the hopper
↓
Final removal of any other stones, etc manually by women’s
Then the seeds are passed through the conveyor belt
↓
Now, the seeds go to the elevator and then finally to the hopper

↓
Groundnut seeds are ready to pack and graded in grading machine
(Grade I, II and III)

FIGURE 90.1

112
 FIGURE 90.2

FIGURE 90.3

FIGURE 90.4

FIGURE 90.1, 90.2, 90.3 and 90.4: GROUNDNUT PROCESSING MACHINES

113
SELLING PERCENTAGE CALCULATION-

Weigh 100 grams Groundnut seeds along with shell

↓
Then break the shell and remove seeds by hands

↓
Then weigh the Groundnut seeds

So, after weighing-

Weight of seeds = 70 grams
Weight of shells = 30 grams

If selling percentage is above 70% then it is considered as best and below this
it is poor.
If seeds weight is more than the selling percentage will be more

114
 DIGITAL MOISTURE METER

Weigh 26 grams Groundnut seeds

↓
Put it in the Cup Tray

↓
Rotate the handle and press it gently till the reading comes to 4.5

↓
Now, press the ‘READ BUTTON’

↓
The final reading that shown on Digital Moisture Meter was 8.1%

FIGURE 91.1: Digital Moisture Meter

115
 CHAPTER III-

PLANT CLINIC

I. What are the commonly used and purchased fertilizers by the

farmers?
• Urea OR Neem Coated Urea
• Di-ammonium Phosphate (DAP)
• Muriate of Potash (MOP)

FIGURE 92.1: FIGURE 93.1: DAP FIGURE 94.1: MOP

Neem Coated Urea

II. What are the commonly used and purchased Insecticides?

• Imidachloprid
• Thiamethoxam (Actara)
• Dimethoate (Rogor)

FIGURE 95.1: FIGURE 96.1 : FIGURE 97.1 :

Imidachloprid Thiamethoxam Dimethoate 30 %EC

116
III. What are the commonly used and purchased Herbicides?

FIGURE 98.1 : FIGURE 99.1 : FIGURE 100.1 :

Quizalofop-Ethyl 5% EC Gramoxone 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic
Acid

FIGURE 101.1 : FIGURE 102.1 :

Clodinafop-Propargyl 15% WP Metasulfuron Methyl 20% WP

IV. (A) In Groundnut, for termite control which insecticide is used?

Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @ 2ml/litre or 20 EC = 300 ml/litre, 50 EC = 200 ml/litre

FIGURE 103.1: Chlorpyriphos 20 EC

117
 (B) How farmers can treat Groundnut seeds?
Treat the Groundnut seed with 2-2.5 gram/Kg Carbendazim

FIGURE 104.1: Carbendazim

V. (A) For Jassid and Aphid control in Guar which Insecticide is

commonly purchased by farmers?

• Spray 35% and 70 % of Thiamethoxam (Actara)

• Dimethoate (Rogor) 3ml/litre

(B) How farmers can control Black Leaf Spot disease in Guar?
Spray Streptocycline @ 5gram/100 litre water

FIGURE 105.1: Streptocycline

118
VI. Do farmers purchase Nano-Urea?
No farmers don’t have enough knowledge about Nano-Urea

VII. Do farmers purchase any Organic Fertilizer?

No.
Farmers usually prefer buying chemical fertilizers and some farmers
purchase ‘Micro Food’

FIGURE 106.1: Micro Food

119
 GROWN KVK SEEDS WITH UPDATED RESULTS

At Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK), Bikaner on 17th September, 2021 the

Vegetable seeds were distributed to the farmers as well as to all the students.

We have received seeds of Spinach, Methi, Radish, Carrot and Beans.

So, after receiving the seeds in the month of October I had sown all the seeds
and after few days I was so happy to see the baby plants emerging out and
after few months leafy veggies and Radish was ready to be harvested.

FIGURE 107.1: KVK Seeds

FIGURE 108.1: Harvesting Spinach

120
 FIGURE 109.1 FIGURE 109.2
FIGURE 109.1 and 109.2: Harvesting Methi

FIGURE 110.1 FIGURE 110.2

FIGURE 110.1 and 110.2: Harvesting Radish

FIGURE 111.1: Carrot Plants FIGURE 112.1: Bean Plants

121
 CONCLUSION

It was a wonderful experience and a great opportunity during the RAWE and
AIA training program (2021-22) where we have gained hands on training and
practical exposure in all the areas of Agricultural Sciences.

I have learned many things in the field which includes correct way of pruning,
growing plants using plant cuttings, field layout preparation, insect-pest
identification in the field, pro-tray and correct pot filling methods, use of
different agricultural tools in the fields, learning about latest Drone
Technology, Vermicompost preparation, gaining knowledge about different
seed processing machineries, and the list goes on.

It was a great exchange of knowledge during Village Attachment program

where we had tried to provide solution to the farmers for the problems they
were facing and gaining immense knowledge from the farmers about the
various technologies used by them in their fields.

The things which we have learned theoretically is now been applied in the
field practically was just the best experience for me.

From entering KVK till the last day at Industry has been an unforgettable
journey of learnings, gaining experience and exploring the magic of practical
based Agriculture.
I have realised that it takes lots and lots of hard work and patience to work in
the field and it is not that easy.

Also, during this period I have learned that it is true that the things which we
practically see and do lasts longer in our memory.
At Last, I want to conclude by saying,
‘LEARNING BY DOING IS THE KEY’ to master the Art of Agriculture

Overall, the training was truly very Productive and Fruitful

122
FIGURE 113.1: Group Photograph at field

FIGURE 114.1: Group Photograph at KVK, Bikaner

(BATCH 2021-22)

123
 APPENDIX

WEEKLY PROGRESS REPORTS (RAWE and AIA)

COMPONENT – I: RURAL AGRICULTURAL WORK

EXPERIENCE (RAWE)

PERFORMA FOR DAILY DIARY OF STUDENT

(To be maintained by the student in ruled notebook)

1. Name of the student : Pratibha Shaurya

2. Enrolment No. : RNBGU201800069
3. Name of the College : RNB GLOBAL UNIVERSITY,
BIKANER
4. Name & address of the contact farmer : Deepak Saharan Ji, Sharah Koojiya
5. Research Station / KVK : Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bikaner
6. Abstract of work : Learning Field Work At KVK,
Bikaner

WEEKLY REPORT
WEEK 1:

124
WEEK 2:

WEEK 3:

125
WEEK 4:

WEEK 5:

126
WEEK 6:

WEEK 7 :

127
WEEK 8:

WEEK 9:

WEEK 10:

128
WEEK 11:

WEEK 12:

129
WEEK 13:

130
COMPONENT – II: AGRO INDUSTRIAL ATTACHMENT

INDUSTRY NAME - Shri Char Bhuja Agro Industries

INDUSTRY ADDRESS - F-135, RIICO Industrial Area, Beechwal, Bikaner

GUIDE - Gyan Singh Meena Sir (9414232742)

WEEK 1:

WEEK 2:

131
WEEK 3:

132