FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

AND TOXICOLOGY
Laboratory Manual
St. John Paul II College of Davao
Ecoland Drive, Matina, Davao City
A.Y. 2023-2024

NAME :____________________________________________________________________________________________
YEAR/SECTION :____________________________________________________________________________________________
SUBJECT/COURSE:____________________________________________________________________________________________
TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Experiment No.1:
Introduction to forensic chemistry and toxicology 4
Experiment No.2: 7
The Microscope and Its Parts
Experiment No. 3: 12
Identifying Physical Evidence
Experiment No. 4: 15
Identifying Trace Evidence
Experiment No. 5 18
Observing the Chain of Custody and the Evidence Custodian
Experiment No. 6: 23
Procedures in Paraffin Testing
Experiment No. 7: 26
Identification of Different Household Poisons
Experiment No. 8: 30
Blood Typing
Experiment No. 9: 34
Identifying the difference Between Human and Animal Blood
Experiment No. 10: 37

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Preliminary Test for Blood Using Saline Solution
Experiment No. 11: 40
Preliminary Test for Blood Using Benzidine Reagent
Experiment No. 12: 42
Microscopic Examination of Seminal Fluid
Experiment No. 13: 43
Physical Examination of Seminal Stain
Experiment No. 14: 45
Principles of Casting and Molding Used in Shoe Prints and Tire Impressions
Experiment No. 15: 47
Microscopic Analysis of Hair

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 1
INTRODUCTION TO FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

I. Objective: To trace back the humble beginning and development of the Forensic Chemistry and Scientific Crime Laboratory in the
Philippines.
II. Materials: Manual, ballpen, paste/glue, and printed papers like; journals, articles, newspapers, and magazine.
III. Instructions: Create a timeline showing the beginning and development of forensic chemistry history.
a. Search for significant events in the development of Forensic Chemistry in the Philippines using printed materials such as
newspapers, articles, journals, or magazine.
b. Cut the part of the printed material with information and paste it on the manual using glue or any paste material.
c. Make sure that the information pasted on your manual are in chronological order according to its time or the event happened.

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DATE/TIME EVENT

b. Answer the following questions extensively.

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1. What is the scope of Forensic Chemistry?

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2. Briefly discuss the importance of forensic chemistry in a scientific criminal investigation.

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Student’s Name:

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 Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 2
The Microscope and Its Parts
In this activity, the students are expected to draw and label the different parts of the compound microscope in order to familiarize
themselves with its operation and maximize its use during future experiments.

1. Objective: To identify and label the different parts of a compound microscope

II. Materials: Compound microscope
III. Instructions:
1. Draw and label the different parts of a compound microscope.
2. Describe the different parts of a compound microscope.
3. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.

V. Illustration:

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V. Description:

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 TERM FUNCTION

1. Eyepiece

2. Body Tube

3. Mirror

4. Fine adjustment

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5. Course adjustment

6. Low power objective

7. High power objectives

8. Diaphragm

9. Stage

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10. Stage clip

11. Handle

12. Base

Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:

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 Room:

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 3
Identifying Physical Evidence
Learning through experience is said to be the best approach in identifying the different types of physical evidence that may be found in every
crime scene. Each crime scene is unique in its own special way. Thus, the proper identification and appreciation of physical evidence that is suitable
for every crime scene scenario is one of the best ways to get useful samples for forensic analysis. In this experiment, the students will learn to
distinguish among different types of physical evidence vital in the prosecution of a crime.
I. Objective: To identify the kind of physical evidence present in a crime scene.
II. Materials: Provided by the students for four classroom scenarios: bank robbery, rape, bombing, and shooting incident.
III. Instructions:
1. Group yourselves into four.
2. A scenario is assigned to each group.
3. Each group shall spend 30 minutes to come up with the said scenario.
4. Students should make a list of all possible types of physical evidence that can be found in each scenario. 5. Conclude by stating what you
have learned from this experiment.

IV. Identification: Identify the types of physical evidence in the four scenarios (bank robbery, rape, bombing, and shooting incident) using the
format given on this page.
EVIDENCE LOG

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QTY DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN COLLECTED TIME SPECIFIC REMARKS SIGNATURE OF
COLLECTED BY COLLECTED PLACE SEARCHER

V. Conclusion

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Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:

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 Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 4
Identifying Trace Evidence

Trace evidence comprises the most difficult type of evidence to collect. However, they are much sought after by forensic investigators and
scene of crime operatives (SOCO), in this activity, students will learn how to identify each type of trace evidence that can be found at a particular
crime scene scenario. Keen observation and intelligent know-how are essential in identifying minute and trace evidence in support of the criminal
investigation.
I. Objective: To identify the types of trace evidence found in a crime scene.
II. Materials: Provided by the students for four classroom scenarios: bank robbery, rape, bombing, and shooting incident.
III. Instructions:
1. Group yourselves into four.
2. A scenario is assigned to each group.
3. Each group shall spend 30 minutes to come up with the said scenario.
4. Students should make a list of all possible types of physical evidence that can be found in each scenario. 5. Conclude by stating what you
have learned from this experiment.
IV. Identification: Identify the types of trace evidence found in the given four scenarios (bank robbery, rape, bombing, and shooting incident)
using the format given on this page.
EVIDENCE LOG

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QTY DESCRIPTION OF SPECIMEN COLLECTED TIME SPECIFIC REMARKS SIGNATURE OF
COLLECTED BY COLLECTED PLACE SEARCHER

V. Conclusion:

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Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:

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 Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 5
Observing the Chain of Custody and the Evidence Custodian

In the prosecution of crimes, evidence found at the crime scene should follow the proper chain of custody, wherein pieces of evidence must be
properly turned over from the collector up to the evidence custodian. In this manner, the integrity and identity of the evidence can be properly
established, and the court litigating the case can have a better appreciation of the evidence presented during the trial.
Such documents as the chain of custody form, inventory of evidence collected, evidence logbooks, pictures, sketches of where the evidence
was taken, and persons involved in the handling and storage of evidence are sufficient to prove the proper handling of evidence found in a crime
scene scenario.
L. Objective: To observe the chain of custody in a crime scene and understand the importance of the evidence custodian.
II. Materials: Provided by the students for four classroom scenarios: bank robbery, rape, bombing, and shooting incident.
III. Instructions:
1. Group yourselves into four.
2. A scenario is assigned to each group.
3. Each group shall spend 30 minutes to come up with the said scenario.
4. Each group should select a team leader, sketcher, evidence collector, recorder, evidence custodian, and an investigator on the case.

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 5. Students should make a list of all possible types of physical evidence that can be found in each scenario. Each team will collect all the
physical and trace evidence that can be found in the assigned scenario.
6. The group creates a documentation on the proper chain of custody observed from the turn-over of the crime scene from the investigator on
the case to the team leader and its personnel, up until the collection and safekeeping of evidence by the evidence custodian.
7. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment
IV. Documentation:
The following areas are needed in the proper documentation of the crime scene:
a. Sketch of the crime scene
b. Photographs taken.
c. A list of persons present at the crime scene during sample collection.
d. Inventory of collected evidence.
V. Conclusion:

SCENE OF THE CRIME EXAMINATION WORKSHEET

SKETCH DETAILS AND MEASUREMENT

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 N

LEGEND:

INVENTORY OF EVIDENCE COLLECTED

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1. Case Number: ______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Time and Date of Inventory: ___________________________________________________________________________________
3. Facts of the Case:
a. Nature of the Case: _____________________________________________________________________________________
b. Victim/s or Complainant/s: _______________________________________________________________________________
c. Suspect/s: _____________________________________________________________________________________________
d. Place of Incident: _______________________________________________________________________________________
4. Evidence Collected at the Crime Scene:
a. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
b. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
c. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
d. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
e. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
f. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
g. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
h. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
i. _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
VI. Conclusion:

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Student’s Name:

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 Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 6
Procedures in Paraffin Testing

In an alleged shooting incident, the hands of the gunman or victim must be subjected to a procedure called paraffin testing. This test extracts
gunpowder nitrates by pouring paraffin wax on the hands of the gunman. This paraffin cast is strengthened with the addition of layers of cotton.
Diphenylamine (DPA) is then used to visualize the presence of nitrates on the paraffin wax. A blue coloration indicates the presence of nitrates, but a
blue coloration with tailings indicates the presence of gunpowder nitrates.
1. Objective: To identify the procedures involved in paraffin casting and to know how to test for the presence of nitrates.
II. Materials: Paraffin wax, cotton, hot plate, a small pot, medicine dropper, forceps, DPA, and 2 sheets of long bond paper
III. Instructions:
1. Assign two volunteers per group for the paraffin casting.
2. The volunteers are required to do the following:
a. The first volunteer washes his hands with plain water.
b. The second volunteer washes his hands using laundry detergent and water.

3. Melt the paraffin wax at 37 °C on a small pot placed over a hot plate.

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4. The two subjects must place both their hands on a long bond paper. Their names and signatures must be written on the paper for proper
labeling.
5. Place an ideal amount of cotton on the melted paraffin wax; using a pair of forceps, mix the solution carefully.
6. Test the temperature of the melted paraffin wax. To make sure that the volunteers can handle the temperature, place several drops of the
melted paraffin wax on both hands. Repeat procedure number 6 until both hands are completely covered with the melted wax.
7. Cover the volunteers' hands with the first layer of cotton and then cover it with the additional layer of paraffin wax.
8. Repeat procedure number 7.
9. Allow the paraffin cast to dry for 30 minutes.
10. One by one, remove the hands slowly and remind the subject to not submerge his hands in water immediately, to avoid injury.
11. Place several drops of the diphenylamine reagent on both paraffin casts and take note of the color reaction.
12. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.

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IV. Observations and conclusions:
A. Reaction of the paraffin cast with the diphenylamine reagent.

Subject number The reaction of paraffin cast with the DPA

B. Conclusion:

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 7
Identification of Different Household Poisons
Household cleaning products that contain chemicals, such as bleach, muriatic acid, liquid sosa, and naphthalene balls, are the most
common sources of poison. Thus, these should be stored carefully in a place where children cannot easily retrieve them.
Poisons can either be acidic or basic. Knowing these properties can help forensic investigators determine the possible poisons used in
alleged intoxication and suicide cases.
1. Objective: To determine the nature of different household poisons
II. Materials: Ball pen, color material, and manual
III. Instructions:
a. Draw at least five (5) things that can be found inside your house and considered as poisons.
b. Label it and apply the color material that is available.
c. Discuss each drawing how these things become poison.

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IV. Drawings:

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V. Drawings:

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VI. Conclusion:

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Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 8
Blood Typing

Blood groups are generally divided into Type A, Type B, Type AB, and Type O. Knowing these different blood types is very essential
because crimes can be resolved using blood types and DNA testing.
1. Objective: To study the technique of blood grouping
II. Materials: 0.9% salt solution, Anti A and Anti B sera, glass slides with wells, and sterilized pin or needle
III. Instructions:
1. One member from each group to do the blood testing.
2. Prick the finger of the subjects and extract 0.5 ml of blood.
3. Put the extracted blood to the glass slide and label it as A and B.
4. Add Anti Sera A and Anti sera B.

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 IV. Observations:

Subject Anti A serum Anti B serum

Blood Type

V. Conclusions:

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 9
Identifying the Difference Between Human and Animal Blood

Human blood consists of erythrocytes, leukocytes, blood platelets, and plasma. It is important for a forensic investigator to be able to
differentiate between human and animal pod especially when traces of blood are found in a crime scene. Knowing the difference am help an
investigator determine the source of the blood sample in aid of investigation.

I. Objective: To identify the difference between human and animal blood.

II. Materials: Microscope, 2 ml of fresh blood extracted from a pig, 1 ml of fresh human blood, glass slides, glass slips and
medicine dropper
III. Instructions:
1. Place a drop of human blood on a glass slide.
2. Under a microscope, observe and take note of the following details: erythrocytes, leukocytes, and plasma.
3. Repeat the same procedure using animal blood.
4. Note the observations obtained from the experiment and derive a conclusion from the experiment.

IV. Observations:
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 Blood Sample Erythrocytes Leucocytes Plasma

Human Blood

Animal Blood

V. Conclusions:

Student’s Name:

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 Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 9
Preliminary Test for Blood Using Saline Solution

Blood is the circulating tissue of the body. The significance of blood and blood stains as evidence in crimes of violence in crimes like
stabbing, vehicular accidents, robbery, burglary. It is also a very important component in parental dispute. Preliminary tests for blood maybe
made by police officers, detective or investigating agent in cases of emergency provided there is enough blood sample left that will be used for
further examination of an expert.
First question that an investigator should bear on his mind is if the stain is blood or not. To answer the question, several screening tests
are conducted. One of the tests is called Saline Test, using a saline solution with a chemical ingredient of 0.9 percent sodium chloride (salt),
which is like the sodium concentration in blood and tears.

I. Objective: To determine if the stain is blood or not using saline solution.

II. Materials: Clothes having the stain of blood, catsup, soy sauce and other subject like a blood stain, saline solution, and
vacutainer.
III. Preparation of Reagents: Saline solution- In a clean container just add 1 cup (250 ml) distilled water then add ½ teaspoon (2.5
g) salt to the water.
IV. Instructions:
Solution tests
1. Collect/obtain at least three specimens. Label it as Stain A, Stain B, and Stain C.

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 2. If the stain is wet: put an amount of stain to vacutainer and add a saline solution. If the stain is dry: cut the materials that
suspected to have stain into small pieces, then put inside the vacutainer.
3. Repeat the same procedure for stains B and C.
Note: The positive result shows a light red or pink color.
VI: Observation:

Specimen Saline Test Result

Stain A

Stain B

Stain C

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VII. Conclusion:
1. How many specimens contain blood?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the principles involving saline solution?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. After performing the tests and a POSITIVE RESULT was obtained in the alleged blood stain, can you conclude that the stain
is really blood? Please explain.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 10
Preliminary Test for Blood Using Benzidine Reagent
The Benzidine reagent forms a blue precipitate upon oxidation by the heme group of hemoglobin in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. It
serves as a histochemical stain specific for differentiated red blood cells (G.H. Thomsen, 1995)

I. Objective: To identify if the stain is blood or not, using Benzidine solution.

II. Materials: Clothes having a stain of blood, catsup, soy sauce and other subjects like a blood stain, benzidine reagent, hydrogen
peroxide, and petri dish.
III. Preparation: Benzidine tests: Place 13 cc of glacial acetic acid in a small flask and warm in a water bath at 50 C. Dissolve 1.5
grams of pure Benzidine in the acid solution. Remove the flask from the water bath and add 57 cc of distilled water. Hydrogen
Peroxide (3% solution)
IV. Instructions:
Benzidine Test
1. Cut a small piece of stained material A and place in a test plate.
2. Add a drop of Benzidine solution, then a drop of hydrogen peroxide. If blood is present, an intense blue color forms immediately
after the addition of hydrogen peroxide.
3. Repeat the same procedure for stains B and C.

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V. Observation:

Specimen Saline Test Result

Stain A

Stain B

Stain C

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VI. Conclusion:
1. How many specimens contain blood?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Discuss the principles involving Benzidine?
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. After performing the tests and a POSITIVE RESULT was obtained of the alleged blood stain, can you conclude that the stain is
really blood? Please explain.
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 11
Microscopic Examination of Seminal Fluid

Semen refers to the body fluid produced by the male sex organ. Semen consists of the seminal fluid and the formed cellular elements
that include spermatozoa, epithelial cells, and crystals comprising choline and lecithin. One ejaculation produces approximately 2.5 to 6.0 ml
of seminal fluid, and each ml contains about 100 million or more spermatozoa. In terms of characteristics, fresh semen has a viscid and
gelatinous or sticky texture, it becomes more fluid as it is exposed.
In a criminal investigation, the presence of semen can establish the elements of rape which is a capital offense in the Philippines. Under
a microscope, it can be visualized for the presence of spermatozoa.

I. Objective: To determine the characteristics of seminal fluid when observed under a microscope.
II. Materials: 1 ml of fresh semen, glass slides, microscope, glass slip covers, 0.5% salt solution, medicine dropper and
methylene blue.
III. Instructions:
1. Place a drop of the specimen onto a glass slide label this glass slide as "1."
2. Add a drop of salt solution and cover it with a glass slip.
3. Examine the slide under a high-power microscope.
4. Observe the spermatozoa.
5. Place a drop of the specimen onto a glass slide label this glass slide as "2.
6. Add a drop of water.
7. Dry slide #2 and stain it with blue dye solution.

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 8. Dry for 1 minute. Rinse with water and dry.
9. Examine slide #2 under a high-power microscope.
10. Observe the spermatozoa.
11. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.

IV. Observations:

A. Salt Solution B. Blue Dye Solution

V. Conclusion:

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Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 12
Physical Examination of Seminal Stain

I. Objective: To study the physical and chemical methods of identifying semen and seminal stain.
II. Materials: Semen, glass slide, biological microscope
III. Instructions:
1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
A. Fresh semen- place about 2 cc of fresh semen in a glass slide and describe as follows:

1. Odor: _________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Color: _________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Feel/Touch: _____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Appearance: ____________________________________________________________________________________
5. Character when exposed to air for one hour: ___________________________________________________________
6. Reaction with litmus paper: _________________________________________________________________________
B. Semina Stain- remove the dried semen on a piece of cloth and describe the following:

1. Odor: ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Color: ________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Feel/Touch: ___________________________________________________________________________________
4. Appearance: ___________________________________________________________________________________

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 13
Principles of Casting and Molding Used in Shoe Prints and Tire Impressions
When such everyday items as a shoe or a rubber tire strike a receptive surface, it often leaves patterns that show distinct characteristics
associated with the object. This is called an impression. The collection and analysis of impression evidence found at a crime scene can play an
important role in a criminal investigation.
The major types of impression evidence include tire tracks, shoeprints, and toolmarks found on a fired bullet, to name a few. Impressions can
be found in various types of surfaces, such as carpet, grass, mud, dust, and even blood. Collecting impressions as forms of evidence is an important,
specialized forensic task. This is because, unlike a hair or bullet, an impression is very fragile and cannot just be packed and transported back to the
forensic lab. Furthermore, given the fragile nature of impression evidence, collection must be done precisely and appropriately.
Casting and molding is the main method used in extracting an impression through the use of a cast, such as plaster of Paris inside a mold, in
order to recover patterns to be processed during laboratory analysis. Casting is the method of replicating 3D prints or marks and is widely used to
obtain exact replicas of toolmarks, tracks, shoeprints, and even animal and human teeth. Casting and molding is very important as it allows a SOCO
investigator to collect an identical copy of a toolmark or print that, in turn, can be compared to a seized tool, shoe, or tire, thus helping the investigator
establish a link between a crime scene and a suspect.
I. Objective: To identify the principles of casting and molding used in shoe prints and tire impressions.
II. II. Materials: Plaster of Paris, shoe box filled with soil, 1000 ml beaker, 1000 ml water, ladle, pieces of barbeque sticks, metal strips and
cardboard.
III. Instructions:

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 1. Using a shoebox with soil, create a distinct shoeprint. The cardboard acts as support for the shoebox. Use metal strips to guard the
sides of the shoeprint. In using the metal strip, give at least 2 cm allowance for each side.
2. Place the plaster of Paris in a beaker and dissolve it with enough water.
3. Pour the mixture evenly onto the shoebox containing soil with the shoeprint.
4. When reaching approximately 1 cm thickness, use barbeque sticks as reinforcement to make the cast stronger. Then pour the
remaining mixture.
5. Use the ladle to distribute the mixture and to smoothen the surface. Make a cast that is at least 2 cm thick.
6. Allow the cast to set.
7. Before the cast is fully dried, use a barbeque stick to make the necessary marking as to who made the cast as well as the time and
date at which it was taken, and the location where the cast was made.
8. Let the cast dry until it can be removed from the casting mold.
9. Once removed, wash the cast with water. 10. Be careful in handling the small details of the cast.
10. Allow it to dry.
11. Repeat the procedure, this time using a tire impression.
12. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.
IV. Observations:

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 14
Microscopic Examination of Hair
Hair is a collective term for the slender and threadlike outgrowths of the epidermis of mammals, thus forming the body covering
characterizing mammals. In fact, only mammals have true hair. In forensic investigation, hair is one of the most common types of trace
evidence found in any crime scene. Aside from teeth and bones, hair is also decay-resistant. Hair transfer may occur during physical contact
between a victim and a suspect. At any time, hair may fall out so a suspect is often unaware that he/she may be leaving evidence in a crime
scene. Although it is seldom considered conclusive as evidence, it has proven to be an important aid in investigation, especially when taken in
conjunction with other pieces of evidence found in the crime scene.
I. Objective: To compare the different types of hair and visibly compare their characteristics under a microscope
II. Materials: Scanning electron microscope (SEM), glass slide and different types of hair from the human body
a. Head hair
b. Pubic hair
c. Facial hair
d. Limb hair
III. Instructions:
1. Group the students into four (4) groups.
2. Collect human hair from different body parts.
3. Place each type of sample on a glass slide.
4. Take a glass slide containing a specific hair type and examine it via SEM.
5. Observe the characteristics ( color, bending, elasticity, and diameter).
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 6. Note the observations and compare these with the characteristics of the other hair types being observed.
7. Discuss your observations with the group.
8. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.

IV. Descriptions:
Hair taken from Characteristics Observation under SEM

V. Conclusion:

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 Student’s Name:
Year/Section: Date:
Instructor: Score:
Room :

EXPERIMENT NUMBER 15
Types of Glass Fracture: Radial and Concentric Fractures
There are two types of glass fractures-radial and concentric fractures. Radial fractures (ie., primary fractures) consist of large cracks
that resemble the spoke of a wheel Here, the radiating rod originates at a common point. By contrast, concentric fractures (ie., secondary
fractures) often have a cobweb like appearance.
Glass fractures and glass fragments often provide information upon which investigators can base their interpretations on the following
cases: whether a fragment of glass originated from a specific object that has been broken (e.g., fragment of headlight lens at the scene of a
vehicle accident). For this reason, glass and glass fragments are considered very important factors in the investigation of various criminal
offenses (e.g..breaking and entering, burglary, fleeing the scene of vehicular accidents, and others). The ultimate value of this material-either
as evidence or an investigative lead-is dependent on the investigator's knowledge and training in glass as well as the proper procedures of
collection, preservation, and examination and analysis.
I. Objectives: To determine and distinguish the characteristics of radial and concentric fractures.
II. Materials: Clear glass measuring 9×9, hammer, illustration board, clear tape, and mark.
III. Instructions:
1. Using clear tape, attach the 9x9 clear glass onto the white background of the 4-illustration board.
2. Strike the hammer on the glass. Observe the fracture and encircle the fracture that has been created. Label this as "Fracture 1."3.

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 3. Again, strike the hammer on the glass. Observe the fracture and encircle the fracture that has been created. Label this as "Fracture
2."
4. Illustrate the glass fractures.
5. Conclude by stating what you have learned from this experiment.
IV. Illustration:
FRACTURE 1 FRACTURE 2

V. Conclusion:

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