University OF Engineering & Technology Mardan

Department of Electrical Engineering

LAB REPORT #1
LINEAR CIRCIT ANLYSIS
SEMESTER#1 SECTION A
SUBMITTED BY

ANDUL HAFEEZ AHMAD REG NO# 32MDELE515

SUDAIS RAHIM REG NO#23MDELE483
MUHAMMAD WASEEM REG NO# 23MDELE461
AZLAN SHAH REG NO# 23MDELE529
SUBMITTED TO
SIR HASSAN WASIM
I. Introduction:
Fire Alarm Circuits are indispensable safety devices crucial for
early fire detection, preventing potential harm to people and
property. This lab report aims to provide a comprehensive
overview of the construction and operational principles of a Fire
Alarm Circuit utilizing the widely used 555 Timer IC.
II. Objectives:
1. Construct a Fire Alarm Circuit using easily accessible
electronic components.
2. Gain a profound understanding of the functioning of an
astable multivibrator with the 555 Timer IC.
3. Explore and appreciate the practical applications of fire
alarm systems in various environments.
III. Materials Used:
 IC: 555 Timer (1)
 NPN Transistor: BC547 (1)
 Thermistor NTC: 10K (1)
 Resistors: 1K, 100K, 4.7K (1, 2, 1)
 Variable Resistor: 1M (1)
 Capacitor: 10uF (1)
 Buzzer (1)
 Battery: 9V (1)
 Breadboard (1)
IV.Working Explanation
When there is no heating element, the thermistor remains at 10k
ohm. At this point, the transistor remains at an ON state because
there is sufficient voltage across the base-emitter of the
transistor, which keeps it ON. When the transistor is ON, Pin 4
(RESET) is connected to the ground, and when the Reset pin is
at the Ground, the IC doesn’t operate.

Now when we apply heat to the Thermistor through a fire

source, its resistance starts to decrease, and when its resistance
decreases, the voltage at the base of the Transistor starts to
decrease and when the voltage becomes less than the operating
voltage of the transistor, then transistor turns OFF. And the
Reset pin of the 555 timer IC, gets positive voltage through R3,
the 555 IC starts to work, and the buzzer beeps.

V. Procedure:
4.1. Breadboard Setup: Begin by carefully placing the 555
Timer IC, BC547 transistor, thermistor, resistors, variable
resistor, capacitor, buzzer, and 9V battery on the breadboard as
per the provided circuit diagram. Ensure meticulous attention to
detail to prevent potential malfunctions.
4.2. Polarity Check: Verify the correct placement and polarity
of each component to guarantee the proper functioning of the
circuit. This meticulous step ensures the seamless operation of
the fire alarm circuit during subsequent testing.
4.3. Heat Simulation: Gradually apply controlled heat to the
thermistor using a heat source, simulating a potential fire
scenario. Observe and meticulously record the behavioral
changes in both the NPN transistor and 555 Timer IC under
varying temperature conditions.
VI. Results:
Upon subjecting the thermistor to simulated heat, the circuit
exhibits a prompt response, effectively triggering the alarm
through the astable multivibrator configuration facilitated by the
555 Timer IC. The observed seamless shift in states highlights
the circuit's robust design, ensuring reliable fire detection
capabilities.
VII. Discussion:
The 555 Timer IC operates as an astable multivibrator,
producing oscillations with a frequency determined by the
resistor-capacitor (RC) time constants. Delve deeper into the
circuit's response by discussing the influence of different resistor
and capacitor values on sensitivity and response time. Explore
how these adjustments can be tailored to specific environments,
emphasizing the adaptability of the fire alarm circuit.
VIII. Applications:
1. Industrial Fire Protection: Integral for ensuring human
safety in industrial settings.
2. Commercial and Residential Areas: Crucial for fire
detection and alarm systems in modern buildings,
enhancing overall safety measures.
VIIII. Conclusion:
The Fire Alarm Circuit employing the 555 Timer IC emerges as
a reliable and cost-effective solution for fire detection. This in-
depth exploration of its components and operational principles
contributes to a better understanding of fire safety measures
applicable across diverse settings.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
FINAL RESULT