CONCEPT OF MEASUREMENT AND ERROR

ENGR. MERCURY SAHIJUANIE GARGARITANO

ERROR
- Defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity and is
often beyond the control of the one performing the operation.

MISTAKES
- Are inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation
is performed by the surveyor with carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and improper
execution. Also caused by a misunderstanding of a problem, inexperience, or indifference of the
surveyor.

TYPES OF ERRORS

SYSTEMATIC ERRORS
- This type of error is one which will always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field
conditions remains constant and unchanged. Will repeat itself in other measurements still
maintaining the same sign, and thus will accumulate. Can be computed and their effects be
eliminated by applying corrections, employing proper techniques in the use of instruments or by
adopting a field procedure which will automatically eliminate it.

ACCIDENTAL ERRORS
- This type of error is purely accidental in character. Caused by factors beyond the control of the
surveyor and are present in all surveying measurements. Usually of minor importance in
surveying operations since they are variable in sign and are of a compensating nature.

SOURCES OF ERRORS

INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
- Due to imperfections of the instrument used, either from faults in their construction or from
improper adjustments between the different parts prior to use. Measuring with a tape of incorrect
length. Using a leveling rod with painted graduations not perfectly spaced

NATURAL ERRORS
- Caused by variations in the phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination,
temperature, humidity ,wind , refraction , gravity and curvature of the earth.

PERSONAL ERRORS
- Arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human
observer which are likely to be inaccurate.
ex. error in determining a reading on a rod which is out of plumb