Computer Networking A Top-Down Approach 7th Edition Kurose Solutions Manual

Computer Networking A Top-Down

Approach 7th Edition Kurose Solutions
Manual
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9. SSL operates at the application layer. The SSL socket takes unencrypted data from
the application layer, encrypts it and then passes it to the TCP socket. If the
application developer wants TCP to be enhanced with SSL, she has to include the
SSL code in the application.
10. A protocol uses handshaking if the two communicating entities first exchange control
packets before sending data to each other. SMTP uses handshaking at the application
layer whereas HTTP does not.

11. The applications associated with those protocols require that all application data be
received in the correct order and without gaps. TCP provides this service whereas
UDP does not.

12. When the user first visits the site, the server creates a unique identification number,
creates an entry in its back-end database, and returns this identification number as a
cookie number. This cookie number is stored on the user’s host and is managed by
the browser. During each subsequent visit (and purchase), the browser sends the cookie
number back to the site. Thus the site knows when this user (more precisely, this
browser) is visiting the site.

13. Web caching can bring the desired content “closer” to the user, possibly to the same
LAN to which the user’s host is connected. Web caching can reduce the delay for all
objects, even objects that are not cached, since caching reduces the traffic on links.

14. Telnet is not available in Windows 7 by default. to make it available, go to Control

Panel, Programs and Features, Turn Windows Features On or Off, Check Telnet
client. To start Telnet, in Windows command prompt, issue the following command
> telnet webserverver 80

where "webserver" is some webserver. After issuing the command, you have
established a TCP connection between your client telnet program and the web server.
Then type in an HTTP GET message. An example is given below:

Since the index.html page in this web server was not modified since Fri, 18 May 2007
09:23:34 GMT, and the above commands were issued on Sat, 19 May 2007, the
server returned "304 Not Modified". Note that the first 4 lines are the GET message and
header lines inputed by the user, and the next 4 lines (starting from HTTP/1.1 304
Not Modified) is the response from the web server.
15. A list of several popular messaging apps: WhatsApp, Facebook Messenger, WeChat,
and Snapchat. These apps use the different protocols than SMS.

16. The message is first sent from Alice’s host to her mail server over HTTP. Alice’s
mail server then sends the message to Bob’s mail server over SMTP. Bob then transfers
the message from his mail server to his host over POP3.

17.
from 65.54.246.203 (EHLO bay0-omc3-s3.bay0.hotmail.com)
Received: (65.54.246.203) by mta419.mail.mud.yahoo.com with SMTP; Sat, 19
May 2007 16:53:51 -0700
from hotmail.com ([65.55.135.106]) by bay0-omc3-s3.bay0.hotmail.com
Received: with Microsoft SMTPSVC(6.0.3790.2668); Sat, 19 May 2007 16:52:42 -
0700
from mail pickup service by hotmail.com with Microsoft SMTPSVC; Sat,
Received:
19 May 2007 16:52:41 -0700
Message-ID: <BAY130-F26D9E35BF59E0D18A819AFB9310@phx.gbl>
from 65.55.135.123 by by130fd.bay130.hotmail.msn.com with HTTP;
Received:
Sat, 19 May 2007 23:52:36 GMT
From: "prithula dhungel" <prithuladhungel@hotmail.com>
To: prithula@yahoo.com
Bcc:
Subject: Test mail
Date: Sat, 19 May 2007 23:52:36 +0000
Mime-Version:1.0
Content-Type: Text/html; format=flowed
Return-Path: prithuladhungel@hotmail.com

Figure: A sample mail message header

Received: This header field indicates the sequence in which the SMTP servers send and
receive the mail message including the respective timestamps.
In this example there are 4 “Received:” header lines. This means the mail message
passed through 5 different SMTP servers before being delivered to the receiver’s mail
box. The last (forth) “Received:” header indicates the mail message flow from the
SMTP server of the sender to the second SMTP server in the chain of servers. The
sender’s SMTP server is at address 65.55.135.123 and the second SMTP server in the
chain is by130fd.bay130.hotmail.msn.com.
The third “Received:” header indicates the mail message flow from the second SMTP
server in the chain to the third server, and so on.
Finally, the first “Received:” header indicates the flow of the mail messages from the
forth SMTP server to the last SMTP server (i.e. the receiver’s mail server) in the
chain.
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