02 Lecture Outline

Essential University Physics
Fourth Edition, Global Edition
Chapter 2
Motion in a Straight Line
Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Learning Outcomes
2.1 Define fundamental motion concepts:
position, velocity, and acceleration.
2.2 Distinguish instantaneous from
average velocity and acceleration.
2.3 Determine velocity and position when
acceleration is constant.
2.4 Describe how gravity near Earth’s
surface provides an example of constant
acceleration.
2.5 Use calculus to deal with nonconstant
acceleration.

Average Motion: Coordinate Systems
• In one dimension, position can be
described by a positive or negative
number on a number line, which is
called a coordinate system:
– The origin of the coordinate
system can be placed at any
convenient location.
– In the figure, the positive
direction is shown north of the
origin—but we could have
made south the positive
direction, if desired.
Position and Displacement
• Position gives our current location in
relation to the origin.
• Displacement gives our change in
position: For motion along the x
direction, displacement is designated
Dx :
Dx = x2 - x1
where x1 and x2 are the initial and final
positions, respectively.
Example: As we move from International
Falls to Des Moines, our displacement is
negative ( Dx < 0) even though our position
is always positive ( x > 0).
Average Motion: Speed and Velocity
• Average speed is distance divided by time.
• Average velocity over a time interval Dt is defined as the
displacement divided by the time:
Dx
v = COMP: Change end period to
comma after the equation and
Dt before “ and your average.”
• For a round-trip, the

average velocity is zero
even though the average
speed is not zero!

Instantaneous Velocity (1 of 2)
• Instantaneous velocity is the limit of the average velocity as the time
interval becomes arbitrarily short:
Dx
v=
• This limiting procedure Dt
defines the derivative:
Dx dx
v = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
– Velocity is the slope of
the position-versus-
time curve.
• Instantaneous speed is
the magnitude of the
instantaneous velocity.
Instantaneous Velocity (2 of 2)
• Consider the four position–time graphs. Which graph

represents an object:
– moving with a constant speed?
– reversing its direction of motion?
– starting slowly and speeding up?
Using Calculus to Find Derivatives
• In calculus, the derivative gives the result of the limiting
procedure:
– Derivatives of powers are straightforward:
( ) = bnt
d bt n n -1
dt
– Other common derivatives include the trig functions:
d ( sin bt )
= b cos bt
dt
d ( cos bt )
= - b sin bt
dt
Example
The altitude of a rocket in the first half-minute of its ascent is given by x = bt2,
where the constant b is 2.90 m/s2. Find a general expression for the rocket’s
velocity as a function of time and from it the instantaneous velocity at t = 20 s.
Also find an expression for the average velocity, and compare your two velocity
expressions.

Acceleration (1 of 2)
• Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity:
– Average acceleration over a time interval Dt
is defined as the change in velocity divided by the
change in time:
Dv
a=
Dt
– Instantaneous acceleration is the limit of the average
acceleration as the time interval becomes arbitrarily
short:
Dv dv
a = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
Acceleration (2 of 2)
– Average acceleration is the slope
of the line that connects two points
(secant line) on the velocity-
versus-time curve corresponding
to a particular interval:
Dv
a=
Dt
– Instantaneous acceleration is
the slope of the velocity-versus-
time curve (tangent line) at a
given point:
Dv dv
a = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
Conceptual example
This figure shows the velocity as a function of time for two cars accelerating from
0 to 100 km/h in a time of 10.0 s. Compare (a) the average acceleration; (b)
instantaneous acceleration; and (c) total distance traveled for the two cars.

Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
• We cannot determine the velocity of an object knowing
only its position at a moment in time—we must know how
fast its position changes around that moment:
Dx dx
v = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
• Similarly, we cannot determine the acceleration of an
object knowing only its velocity at a moment in time—we
must know how fast its velocity changes around that
moment:
Dv dv
a = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
Position, Velocity, and Acceleration
Graphs
• The first graph shows the height
(position) of a ball tossed upward from
the ground.
• The velocity is determined from the slope
of the position graph. Note that the
instantaneous velocity is zero at point P.
• The acceleration is determined from the
slope of the velocity graph, which is
constant.
• At the peak of its trajectory, the ball is
instantaneously at rest but it’s still
accelerating.
Constant Acceleration (1 of 2)
• When acceleration is constant, position, velocity,
acceleration, and time are related by:
v = v 0 + at
x = x0 + 21 (v 0 + v ) t
x = x0 + v 0 t + 1
2
at 2
v 2 = v 02 + 2a ( x - x0 )
where x0 and v0 are initial values at time t = 0, and x and v

are the values at an arbitrary time t.

Constant Acceleration (2 of 2)
• With constant acceleration:
– velocity is a linear function of time.
– position is a quadratic function of time.
v = v 0 + at
x = x0 + v 0t + 21 at 2

Example
A speeding motorist zooms through a 50 km/h zone at 75 km/h (that’s 21 m/s)
without noticing a stationary police car. The police officer immediately heads after
the speeder, accelerating at 2.5 m/s2 . When the officer catches up to the
speeder, how far down the road are they, and how fast is the police car going?

The Acceleration of Gravity
• At a given point, objects in free fall have
the same acceleration, regardless of
mass.
• Near Earth’s surface, this acceleration

has a nearly constant magnitude:
g = 9.8 m / s2.
• Therefore, the equations for constant
acceleration apply:
– In a coordinate system with the y axis
upward, they read:
v = v 0 - gt
y = y 0 + 21 (v 0 + v ) t Strobe photo of a falling ball shows
y = y 0 + v 0t - 21 gt 2 increasing spacing resulting from the
v 2 = v 02 - 2g ( y - y 0 ) acceleration of gravity.

Example: The Acceleration of Gravity
• You toss a ball straight up at 7.3 m/s; it leaves your hand
at 1.5 m above the floor. Find its maximum height and
when it hits the floor.

Example: Solution (1 of 2)
• At its maximum height, the ball is instantaneously at rest
(even though it’s still accelerating). Solving the fourth
equation of motion with v = 0 gives the maximum height:
0 = v 02 - 2g ( y - y 0 )
or
v 02 (7.3 m / s)2
y = y0 + = 1.5m + 2
= 4.2 m
2g (2)(9.8 m / s )

Example: Solution (2 of 2)
• Setting y = 0 in the third equation of motion gives a quadratic in time;
the result is the two values for the time when the ball is on the floor:
t = − 0.18 s and t = 1.7 s.
• The first answer tells when the ball would have been on the floor if it
had always been on this trajectory; the second is the answer we want.
0 = y 0 + v 0t - 21 gt 2
(
t = v 0 ± v 02 + 2y 0g / g )

When the Acceleration Isn’t Constant
• When the acceleration is not constant, things are more
difficult.
• However, if the acceleration is a known function of time,
a(t), we may solve for v(t) and x(t) by integration:
v (t ) = ò a(t )dt
x (t ) = ò v (t )dt
• Which object experiences a
constant acceleration?
• Which object has the greatest
change in its velocity?
Summary
• Position, velocity, and acceleration are the quantities that characterize
motion:
– Velocity is the rate of change of position.
– Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
• When acceleration is constant, simple equations v = v 0 + at

relate position, velocity, acceleration, and time. x = x0 + 21 (v 0 + v ) t
– An important case is the acceleration due to x = x0 + v 0t + 21 at 2
gravity near Earth’s surface, where we set v 2 = v 02 + 2a ( x - x0 )
a = -g = -9.8 m / s2 .
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Essential University Physics

Fourth Edition, Global Edition

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

• For a round-trip, the

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

• Consider the four position–time graphs. Which graph

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

where x0 and v0 are initial values at time t = 0, and x and v

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

• Near Earth’s surface, this acceleration

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

• When acceleration is constant, simple equations v = v 0 + at

This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is

Copyright © 2021 Pearson Education, Ltd. All Rights Reserved

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