Kimy’s Reviewer in Biology huhu

Unit 2: Cell Structure and Function

Lesson 2.2 Structures and Functions of Animal Cells

Hierarchy of Biological Organization (11)

1. Chemical
 atoms and molecules that make up the basic unit of
life
 biomolecules or molecules associated with life:
carbohydrates, proteins, lipids or fats, and nucleic
acids

2. Organelle
 distinct and specialized subcellular structures that
contribute to the cell’s maintenance and
reproduction; membrane-bound structures in
eukaryotic cells
 example: mitochondria, nucleus, Golgi apparatus,
endoplasmic reticulum

3. Cell
 the smallest, basic, functional unit of life formed
when different atoms and molecules combine and
function together
 example: skin cells, blood cells, muscle cells or
fibers, neurons

4. Tissue
 groups of cells that work together to perform a
specialized function
 four types of animal tissue: epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue

5. Organ
 groups of tissues that work together to perform a
specialized function
 example: skin, heart, leg muscle, brain
 6. Organ System
 groups of organs that work together to perform a
certain process in the body
 example: integumentary system, circulatory system,
muscular system, and nervous system

7. Organism
 formed by different organ systems that create
complex interactions with one another to maintain
balance or homeostasis, and sustain life
 example: humans, grasses, dogs, cats, and
mushroom

8. Population
 organisms that belong to the same species and live in
the same area
 example: humans living in the same house, koalas
living in an area of the forest

9. Community
 different populations living in the same area
 example: humans, cats, and dogs living in the same
house; koalas, kangaroos, and various tree species in
an area of the forest

10. Ecosystem
 includes all the communities interacting with one
another and with their environment
 example: humans, cats, dogs, and grasses getting
resources from nonliving things like soil, water, and
sunlight

11. Biosphere
 includes all the different kinds of ecosystem
 example: the entire surface of Earth where life
thrives

Main Types of Animal Tissue

 1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Connective Tissue
3. Muscle Tissue
4. Nervous Tissue

Tissue - are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function

A. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
 epithelial tissue or epithelium
 type of animal tissue that forms the inner and outer
lining of organs
 the covering in surfaces, and the primary glandular
tissue of the body.
 made up of tightly packed cells because they cover
and protect bodily structures
 it can be classified based on cell arrangement
(simple, stratified, pseudostratified) and cell shape
(squamous, cuboidal, columnar).

Types of Epithelial Tissues (7)

1. Simple Squamous Epithelium
 layer and shape: one layer, flat – scale like
 examples: air sacs or alveoli, capillary walls
 site of diffusion or exchange of substances; secretion

2. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

 layer and shape: one layer, cube-shaped
 examples: glands and their ducts, ovaries, and lining
of the kidney tubules
 absorption and secretion

3. Simple Columnar Epithelium

 layer and shape: one layer, elongated or column-
shaped
 examples: walls of gastrointestinal tract and body
cavities
  absorption and secretion

4. Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

 layer and shape: one layer, elongated or column-
shaped
 examples: the lining of the respiratory tract
 absorption and secretion; usually ciliated, cells have
unequal length and position of nucleus forming a
false layering of cell

5. Stratified Squamous Epithelium

 layer and shape: more than one layer, flat – scale like
 examples: the epidermis, lining of mouth,
esophagus, and vagina
 protection against abrasion or constant exposure to
friction

6. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

 layer and shape: more than one layer, cube-shaped
 examples: sweat glands, salivary glands, and
mammary gland
 protection and secretion

7. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

 layer and shape: more than one layer, elongated or
column shaped
 examples: male urethra and ducts of some glands
 protection and secretion

B. CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 group of tissues that maintain the form of the body
and its organs and provide support
 made up of cells and an extracellular matrix that
connects, protects, and supports body parts
Types of Connective Tissue (5)
1. Bone or Osseous Tissue
 layers of a very hard matrix with calcium salts and
collagen fibers
 consist of bone cells called lacunae
 examples: skull and ribs
 protection and support
2. Cartilage
 more flexible matrix than bone
 cartilage cells called chondrocytes
 examples: hyaline cartilage, fibro cartilage, elastic
cartilage
 protection and support

3. Dense Connective or Dense Fibrous Tissue

 matrix is predominantly made up of collagen fibers
and has lesser cells
 this is a fibroblast of fiber-forming cell
 examples: tendon and ligament
 support

4. Loose Connective Tissue

 matrix contains more cells and lesser fibers than
dense connective tissue so it is softer
 examples: areolar tissue, adipose tissue or fat tissue,
reticular connective tissue
 protection, insulation, storage, and support

5. Blood
 plasma, cellular components consist of blood cells,
with fibers only visible during clotting because they
are made up of soluble protein
 examples: blood and blood cells
 transport of substance, immune response, and blood
clotting
 C. MUSCULAR TISSUE
 types of muscle tissues differ in their general
structure but more or less perform the same function,
i.e., to elicit movement.
 made up of highly specialized cells that contract to
cause movement

Types of Muscular Tissue (3)

1. Skeletal Muscle
 location: attached to the skeleton or bones
 long cylindrical, striated (with visible stripes), and
multinucleated (with more than one nucleus)
 muscle control: voluntary

2. Smooth Muscle
 location: walls of hollow organs such as intestine,
stomach, bladder, blood vessels, and uterus
 made up of nonstriated uninucleated, and spindle-
shaped (have pointed ends cells)
 muscle control: involuntary

3. Cardiac Muscle
 location: found in the heart
 uninucleated (one nucleus) and has striations, has
intercalated disks
 muscle control: involuntary

D. NERVOUS TISSUE
 made up of neurons that receive and conduct
electrochemical signals and supporting cells (glial
cells) that support, protect, and insulate neurons.
Types of Nervous Tissue (6)
1. Astrocytes
 location: Central Nervous System (CNS)
  these are star-shaped cells that support and control
the chemical environment around the neurons

2. Microglial Cells
 location: Central Nervous System (CNS)
 these are ovoid cells in the CNS that can transform
into a phagocytic macrophage to clean neuronal
debris and wastes

3. Ependymal Cells
 location: Central Nervous System (CNS)
 these are ciliated cells that line the central cavities of
the brain and the spinal cord and form a fairly
permeable membrane between the cavities with
cerebrospinal fluid and the tissues of CNS

4. Oligodendrocytes
 location: Central Nervous System (CNS)
 these are responsible for the production of the
myelin sheath

5. Satellite Cells
 location: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 They surround the cell body of a neuron

6. Schwann Cells
 location: Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
 they surround all the nerve fibers and produce
myelin sheath similar to the oligodendrocytes