Tank Heat Losses Cal.

for uninsulated tank

Table of contents

№ Content Pages

1 Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks 2

2 Properties ambient air 6
Properties of air
3 Heat transfer outside, roof 7
Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall
4 Properties tank medium 8
Properties of heavy fuel oils
5 Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom 9
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
6 Gas properties 10
Properties of air
7 Heat transfer outside, shell 11
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
8 Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell 12
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
9 Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell 13
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
10 Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof 14
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: Internal Flows
11 Physical properties of heating medium 16
Properties of Water and Steam
12 Condensation in the tube 17
Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a
horizontal tube
13 J1.3 Doku 21
Form for equations
14 Heat transfer coil around tubes 22
Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows

Appendix
A Program annotations A1

Layout

Input values: 1.234 or 1.234

Calculated values: 1.234 or 1.234
Critical values: 1.234 or 1.234
Estimated values: 1.234 or 1.234

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 Tank Heat Losses Cal. for uninsulated tank

Calculation of heat loss of storage tanks

Global conditions
Product temperature ϑP 50 °C
Inside pressure pi 1 bar
Air temperature ϑL 0 °C
Wind speed uW 4 m/s
Ground temperature ϑB 0 °C

Geometry of storage tank

Ground plan Round sketch
Tank inside diameter DT 4200 mm
Circumference 13195 mm
Area 13.85 m²

Tank height HT 8000 mm

Filling level HF 7000 mm

Volume of the storage medium V 96.98 m³

Mass of the storage medium m 85140 kg

Properties
Storage medium HFO 100
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Gas above storage medium

Medium name Air
Density ρ 1.134 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02692 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01889 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.666e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003262 1/K

Wall thickness and thermal conductivity of baseplate, tank and the insulation
Bottom Shell Roof
Thickness of the 8 mm 8 mm 6 mm
wall
Thermal 54.01 W/(m·K) 54.01 W/(m·K) 54.01 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Insulation 0 mm 0 mm 0 mm
thickness
Thermal 0 W/(m·K) 0.0497 W/(m·K) 0.0497 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Soil
Thermal 2 W/(m·K)
conductivity

Heat losses
Bottom Shell Roof
0.8006 kW wet part 58.69 kW 3.47 kW

dry part 2.467 kW

Total heat loss Qtotal 65.43 kW

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Bottom
Thickness of the wall sW,B 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,B 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,B 1.481e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,B 0 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,B 0 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,B 0 m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,B 24.74 W/(m²·K)
Thermal conductivity of soil λSoil 2 W/(m·K)

Contact surface AB 13.85 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,B 1
Wall temperature inside, bottom ϑi,B 47.66 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,B 47.66 °C
Temperature outside, bottom ϑa,B 47.66 °C
Heat flow to outside Qa,B 0.8006 kW

Shell
Thickness of the wall sW,M 8 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,M 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,M 1.481e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,M 0 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,M 0.0497 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,M 0 m²·K/W
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,M 17.59 W/(m²·K)

Shell wet part

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,M,b 46.11 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AM,b 92.36 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,b 1
Wall temperature inside, shell ϑi,M,b 36.22 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,M,b 36.13 °C
Temperature insulation outside, shell ϑa,M,b 36.13 °C

Heating performance Qh,M,b 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,b 58.69 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,b 58.69 kW

Shell dry part

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi,M,t 4.753 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AM,t 13.19 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,M,t 1
Wall temperature inside, shell ϑi,M,t 10.66 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,M,t 10.63 °C
Temperature insulation outside, shell ϑa,M,t 10.63 °C

Heating performance Qh,M,t 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,M,t 2.467 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,M,t 2.467 kW

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Roof
Thickness of the wall sW,D 6 mm
Thermal conductivity of the wall λW,D 54.01 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the wall βW,D 1.111e-4 m²·K/W
Thickness of the insulation sInsu,D 0 mm
Thermal conductivity of the insulation λInsu,D 0.0497 W/(m·K)
Thermal resistance of the insulation βInsu,D 0 m²·K/W
Emissivity of the roof εD 0.8
Emissivity of the product εP 0.9
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa,D 13.4 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient inside (total) αi,D 8.006 W/(m²·K)

Contact surface AD 13.85 m²

Correction factor for contact surface cA,D 1
Wall temperature inside, roof ϑi,D 18.72 °C
Temperature (wall-insulation) ϑg,D 18.69 °C
Temperature insulation outside, roof ϑa,D 18.69 °C

Heating performance Qh,D 0 kW

Heat flow from inside Qi,D 3.47 kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,D 3.47 kW

Balance
Heating performance Qh,total 0 kW
Heat flow from inside Qi,total kW
Heat flow to outside Qa,total 65.43 kW

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Calculation of the heating coil

Number of parallel heating circuits 1

Heating medium Steam
Mass flow m 116.9 kg/h
Volume flow V 22.73 m³/h
Pressure (abs.) P 10 bar
Inlet temperature ϑe 180.4 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 179.4 °C
Mean temperature ϑm 179.9 °C

Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm

Tube wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Tube inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Thermal conductivity of tube material λR 54.01 W/(m·K)
Fouling inside fi 1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling outside fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W

Properties of the heating medium

Density ρ 887.1 kg/m³ ρD 5.145 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 4405 J/(kg·K) cpD 2715 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.6747 W/(m·K) λD 0.0354 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.1505 mPa·s ηD 0.01498 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.696e-7 m²/s νD 2.912e-6 m²/s
Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg

Properties of the storage medium at ϑ 103 °C

Density ρ 844.3 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 2141 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.123 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 13.07 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.549e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.506e-4 1/K

Result
Tube-side velocity u 2.919 m/s
Heat transfer coefficient inside αi 1871 W/(m²·K)
Heat transfer coefficient outside αa 186 W/(m²·K)
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 151.6 W/(m²·K)
Tube length per heating circuit L 17533 mm
Area per heating circuits A 3.321 m²
Total tube length of all heating circuits Ltotal 17533 mm
Total area of all heating circuits Atotal 3.321 m²

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Properties ambient air

Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ1 9.347 °C ϑ2 °C
Pressure p1 101325 Pa p2 Pa

Density ρ 1.25 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1006 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02507 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01768 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.415e-5 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7096 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 1.994e-5 m²/s a m²/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9995 Z
Specific enthalpy h -15751 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s -54.3 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003552 1/K β 1/K

Speed of sound w 337.1 m/s w m/s

Constants
Molar mass M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³

Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³

Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar

Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kg∙K) T = 298.15 K = 25°C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

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Heat transfer outside, roof

Heat transfer in flow past a plane wall
Geometry
Heated plate length l 4200 mm
Flow velocity w 4 m/s

Properties
Mean pressure p 101325 Pa
Mean temperature ϑ 0 °C

Fluid liquid /gaseous? gaseous

Density ρ 1.251 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1006 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02506 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01768 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.413e-5 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7095

Mean wall temperature ϑW 18.69 °C

Exponent for gases nG 0.12

Heat transfer
Reynolds number Re 1188612
Nusselt number laminar Nulam 645.7 (1)
Nusselt number turbulent Nuturb 2169 (2)
Nusselt number average Nul,0 2264 (5)
Nusselt number with wall correction Nu 2246 (6)

Heat transfer coefficient α 13.4 W/(m²·K)

Equations

(1)

(2)

(5)

(6)

Correction factor K (Effect of temperature dependent property variations)

Gases

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Properties tank medium

Properties of heavy fuel oils
Properties of Heavy Fuel Oils (HFO)
Selected oil: HFO 100

Oil selection: 6

State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ 50 °C ϑ 103 °C

Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³ ρ 844.5 kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1.95 kJ/(kg·K) cp 2.141 kJ/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K) λ 0.123 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s η 13.07 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s ν 1.548e-5 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 1347 Pr 227.6
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K β 7.506e-4 1/K
Thermal diffusivity a 7.401e-8 m²/s a 6.801e-8 m²/s

Pr = ν/a = η∙cp/λ
a = λ/(ρ∙cp)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, bottom

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
4. Horizontal plane surfaces
Heat emission at upper side (lower surface cooled)

Boundary conditions
Area of the body flown-around A 13.85 m²
Perimeter of the projection surface U 13195 mm

Characteristic length l 1050 mm (11)

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 47.66 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 2.336 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 48.83 °C
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 1347
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 1929986 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 2.6e+9 (4)

Prandtl function f2(Pr) 0.9817 (20)

Nusselt number laminar Nul 58.29 (18)
Nusselt number turbulent Nut 205 (19)
Nusselt number Nu 205

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient αa 24.74 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 13.85 m²
Convective heat flux Q -0.8006 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(11)

(18)

(19)

(20)

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Gas properties
Properties of air
State 1 State 2
Temperature ϑ1 34.36 °C ϑ2 °C
Pressure p1 100000 Pa p2 Pa

Density ρ 1.133 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³

Specific heat capacity cp 1007 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02694 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.0189 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.668e-5 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.7063 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 2.362e-5 m²/s a m²/s
Compressibility factor Z 0.9998 Z
Specific enthalpy h 9423 J/kg h J/kg
Specific entropy s 34.9 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.00326 1/K β 1/K

Speed of sound w 351.7 m/s w m/s

Constants
Molar mass M 28.96 g/mol
Gas constant R 287.1 J/(kg·K)
Standard density ρN 1.293 kg/m³

Critical data
Critical temperature Tc -140.6 °C
Critical pressure pc 3786000 Pa
Critical density ρc 342.6 kg/m³

Validity range
-150 °C ≤ ϑ ≤ 1000 °C
1 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar

Composition of the air

Mol-% Wt-%
N2: 78.12 75.570
O2: 20.96 23.161
Ar: 0.92 1.269

Normalization of Enthalpy and Entropy

h = 0 kJ/kg, s = 0 kJ/(kg∙K) T = 298.15 K = 25°C, p = 1.01325 bar
for the pure components

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Heat transfer outside, shell

Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
Heat loss in insulated pipelines (exposed)

Parameters
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Air temperature ϑa 0 °C
Inside diameter of the pipe d1 4200 mm
Inside heat transfer coefficient αi 46.11 W/(m²·K)
Wind velocity w 4 m/s

Heat transfer

Thickness Thermal conductivity

Tube wall s0 8 mm λ0 54.01 W/(m·K)
Insulation 1 s1 0 mm λ1 1 W/(m·K)
Insulation 2 s2 0 mm λ2 1 W/(m·K)

Calculation
Outside diameter of the pipe d2 4216 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 1 d3 4216 mm
Outside diameter of the insulation 2 d4 4216 mm
Temperature difference │ϑi-ϑa│ 50 °C

Auxiliary variable D 0.02192 m²·K/W

Outside heat transfer coefficient αa 17.59 W/(m²·K)

Heat loss per unit of length Q/l -8407 W/m

Pipe length l mm
Heat loss absolute Q kW

Temperatures
Temperature medium inside ϑi 50 °C
Wall temperature inside ϑWi 36.18 °C
Wall temperature outside ϑWa 36.09 °C
Insulation ϑIso 36.09 °C
Surface temperature ϑo 36.09 °C
Air temperature ϑa 0 °C

Equations

For wind (w>0) follows

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, wet shell

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)

Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 7000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 4200 mm

Characteristic length l 7000 mm

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 36.22 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 13.78 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 43.11 °C
Density ρ 877.9 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1950 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 87.54 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 9.971e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.1267 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.233e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 1347
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 3.373e+9 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 4.54e+12 (4)

Prandtl function f1(Pr) 0.9796 (13)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 2546 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 2548 (14)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 46.11 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 92.36 m²
Convective heat flux Q -58.69 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(12)

(13)

(14)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, dry shell

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
2. Vertical areas (Cylinder)

Boundary conditions
Height of the cylinder h 1000 mm
Diameter of the cylinder D 4200 mm

Characteristic length l 1000 mm

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 10.66 °C

Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 39.34 K

Properties
Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 30.33 °C
Density ρ 1.134 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01889 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.666e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02692 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003262 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 0.7069
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 4.537e+9 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 3.207e+9 (4)

Prandtl function f1(Pr) 0.3464 (13)

Nusselt number for plate NuP 176.3 (12)
Nusselt number Nu 176.5 (14)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 4.753 W/(m²·K) (2)
Exchange surface A 13.19 m²
Convective heat flux Q -2.467 kW

Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(12)

(13)

(14)

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Inside heat transfer coefficient, roof

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: Internal Flows
Horizontal flat layers (heated from below)

Boundary conditions
Layer thickness s 1000 mm
Heated area A 13.85 m²
Emission rate of the heated surface (Ka) ε1 0.9
Emission rate of the cooled surface (Ka) ε2 0.8

Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperature on the heated surface ϑ1 50 °C

Temperature on the cooled surface ϑ2 18.72 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ1 - ϑ2) Δϑ 31.28 K
Temperature difference (T14 - T24) ΔT 3.648e+9 K^4

Properties
Mean temperature ϑm 34.36 °C
Density ρ 1.134 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 1008 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01889 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.666e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.02692 W/(m·K)
Thermal diffusivity a 2.357e-5 m²/s
Coefficient of expansion β 0.003262 1/K

Characteristic values
Grashof number Grs 3.608e+9 (6)
Prandtl number Pr 0.7069 (7)
Rayleigh number Ras 2.55e+9 (8)
Nusselt number Nus 116.9 (11/12)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient α 3.148 W/(m²·K) (5)
Heat flux (conduction and convection) QLK 1.365 kW (3)

Radiation exchange coefficient C12 4.166e-8 Ka (7)

Heat flux (radiation) QS 2.105 kW Ka (6)

Total heat flux QSLK 3.47 kW

Equivalent heat transfer coefficient αSLK 8.006 W/(m²·K)

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Equations

(6)

(7)

(8)

- without convection Ras < 1708 Nus = 1

- laminar 1708 ≤ Ras < 2.2∙104 Nus = 0.208 ∙ Ras0.25 (11)

- turbulent Ras ≥ 2.2∙104 Nus = 0.092 ∙ Ras0.33 (12)

(5)

(3)

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Physical properties of heating medium

Properties of Water and Steam

State 1 State 2
Calculation for saturation? Yes No

Temperature ϑ1 179.9 °C ϑ2 167.8 °C

Pressure p1 1000000 Pa p2 1000000 Pa

Properties of liquid water or superheated steam

State 1 State 2
Liquid Liquid

Density ρ 887.1 kg/m³ ρ 899.8 kg/m³

Spec. isob. heat capacity cp 4405 J/(kg·K) cp 4361 J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.6747 W/(m·K) λ 0.6797 W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.1505 mPa·s η 0.1621 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.696e-7 m²/s ν 1.801e-7 m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 0.9826 Pr 1.04
Thermal diffusivity a 1.726e-7 m²/s a 1.732e-7 m²/s
Specific volume v 0.001127 m³/kg v 0.001111 m³/kg
Spec. isoc. heat capacity cv 3397 J/(kg·K) cv 3447 J/(kg·K)
Specific enthalpy h 762683 J/kg h 709747 J/kg
Spec. internal energy u 761556 J/kg u 708635 J/kg
Specific entropy s 2138 J/(kg·K) s 2020 J/(kg·K)
Compressibility factor Z 0.005391 Z 0.005461
Surface tension σ 42.22 mN/m σ 44.89 mN/m
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.001221 1/K β 0.001136 1/K
Isentropic exponent κ 1718 κ 1826
Speed of sound w 1392 m/s w 1425 m/s
Dielectric constant ε 38.26 ε 40.51

Properties of vapour fraction of wet steam

State 1 State 2
Density ρ 5.145 kg/m³ ρ kg/m³
Spec. isob. heat capacity cp 2715 J/(kg·K) cp J/(kg·K)
Thermal conductivity λ 0.0354 W/(m·K) λ W/(m·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 0.01498 mPa·s η mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 2.912e-6 m²/s ν m²/s
Prandtl number Pr 1.149 Pr
Thermal diffusivity a 2.534e-6 m²/s a m²/s
Specific volume v 0.1943 m³/kg v m³/kg
Spec. isoc. heat capacity cv 1930 J/(kg·K) cv J/(kg·K)
Specific enthalpy h 2777120 J/kg h J/kg
Spec. internal energy u 2582771 J/kg u J/kg
Specific entropy s 6585 J/(kg·K) s J/(kg·K)
Compressibility factor Z 0.9295 Z
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 0.003116 1/K β 1/K
Isentropic exponent κ 1.291 κ
Speed of sound w 500.9 m/s w m/s
Dielectric constant ε 1.043 ε

Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg Δhv J/kg

Entropy of evaporation Δsv 4447 J/(kg·K) Δsv J/(kg·K)
Fraction vaporized x - x -
Enthalpy of wet steam hx J/kg hx J/kg
Entropy of wet steam sx J/(kg·K) sx J/(kg·K)

Characteristics
Validity
Molar mass M 18.02 g/mol 0.01°C ≤ ϑ ≤ 800°C
Gas constant R 461.5 J/(kg·K) 0.00612 bar ≤ p ≤ 1000 bar
Critical temperature Tc 373.9 °C 0.01°C ≤ ϑ ≤ 2000°C
Critical pressure pc 2.206e+7 Pa 0.00612 bar ≤ p ≤ 500 bar
Critical density ρc 322 kg/m³

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Condensation in the tube

Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a horizontal tube
Filmwise condensation of pure vapors - Condensation in a horizontal tube
Tube outside diameter da 60.3 mm
Tube inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Thermal conductivity of tube material λW 54.01 W/(m·K)
Number of tubes n 1

Saturation temperature ϑS 179.9 °C

Physical properties
Physical properties of liquid at saturation temperature
Specific heat capacity cpF 4405 J/(kg·K)
Density ρF 887.1 kg/m³
Thermal conductivity λF 0.6747 W/(m·K)
Dyn. viscosity ηF 0.1505 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity νF 1.696e-7 m²/s
Prandtl number PrF 0.9826
Heat of evaporation Δhv 2014437 J/kg

Physical properties of vapour at saturation temperature

Density ρD 5.145 kg/m³
Dyn. viscosity ηD 0.01498 mPa·s

Physical properties of liquid at wall temperature

Dyn. viscosity ηW 0.1621 mPa·s

Total mass flow (vapour + condensate) Mtotal 116.9 kg/h

Vapour Inlet Outlet

Vapour mass fraction x 1 0.9 -
Local mass flow of vapour MD 116.9 105.2 kg/h
Local mass flow of condensate MF 0 11.69 kg/h
Velocity of vapour uD 2.894 2.643 m/s

Cooling medium (shell-side)

Mass flow m kg/h
Specific heat capacity cp J/(kg·K)
Inlet temperature ϑe 50 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 50.1 °C

Heat transfer coefficient (shell-side) αa 186 W/(m²·K)

Fouling (shell-side) fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling (tube-side) fi 1e-4 m²·K/W

Results (with shear stress) Vapour Inlet Outlet

Local Nu number Nu•F,x 0.2768 0.1027
Heat transfer coefficient α•F,x 13043 4840 W/(m²·K)
Overall heat transfer coefficient kx 164.8 160.8 W/(m²·K)

Mean overall heat transfer coeff. k 162.8 W/(m²·K)

Heat flux Q 6.543 kW
Heat transfer area A 0.3095 m²
Tube length l 1634 mm
Pressure drop Δp 18.27 Pa

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Intermediate results
Vertical tube without shear stress
Stationary vapour Vapour Inlet Outlet
Local trickle density Γx,e 0.00197 0.0197 kg/(m·s)
Characteristic length L 0.01432 0.01432 mm
Local Reynolds number of film ReF,x 13.09 130.9
Correction for rippling fwell 1.108 1.215
Correction factor fη 0.9816 0.9816
Local laminar Nu number NuF,x,l 0.2935 0.1362
Local turbulent Nu number NuF,x,t 0.01269 0.04559
Local Nu number (without shear) NuF,x 0.3195 0.1686
Local heat transfer coefficient αF,x 15059 7943 W/(m²·K)

Horizontal tube with shear stress

Flowing vapour Vapour Inlet Outlet
Hydraulic diameter dh 52.43 52.31 mm
Relative gas Reynolds number ReD-F 52121 47491
Flow parameter F 2.225e-4 7.651e-4
Volumetric vapour fraction ε 0.9981 0.9935
Film thickness δ+F 0.02471 0.08464 mm
Friction factor hydraulic smooth ξ°g 0.02096 0.02135
Friction factor ξ°r 0.02493 0.03524
Shear stress τD 0.1343 0.1585 N/m²
Dimensionless shear stress τD* 0.6248 0.2152
Correction factor, laminar KPh,l 0.9946 0.9979
Correction factor, turbulent KPh,t 0.9992 0.9997
Local laminar Nu number Nu+F,x,l 0.2781 0.0992
Local turbulent Nu number Nu+F,x,t 0.01085 0.02732
Local Nu number (with shear) Nu•F,x 0.2768 0.1027
Local heat transfer coefficient α•F,x 13043 4840 W/(m²·K)

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Equations
Stationary vapour

fwell = ReF,x 0.04 for ReF,x ≥ 1, else fwell = 1 fwell = 1.108

Flowing vapour

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J1.3 Doku
Form for equations
Tables

Comment
Film condensation in horizontal tubes

xe xa Alpha e Alpha a k-value Length dp

- - W/(m²·K) W/(m²·K) W/(m²·K) mm Pa

1 1 0.9 13043 4840 162.8 1634 18.27

2 0.9 0.8 4840 3639 159.8 1664 20.15
3 0.8 0.7 3639 3073 158.1 1682 19.91
4 0.7 0.6 3073 2671 156.7 1698 19.53
5 0.6 0.5 2671 2359 155.3 1713 19.14
6 0.5 0.4 2359 2073 153.8 1729 18.05
7 0.4 0.3 2073 1780 152 1750 16.28
8 0.3 0.2 1780 1453 149.3 1782 13.8
9 0.2 0.1 1453 1050 144.5 1841 10.57
10 0.1 0 1050 464.3 129.8 2049 6.775
11
12
13 17542 162.5
14
15

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Heat transfer coil around tubes

Heat Transfer by Free Convection: External Flows
5. Horizontal curved areas (Cylinder)

Cylinder
Outside diameter do 60.3 mm
Wall thickness s 3.91 mm
Inside diameter di 52.48 mm
Thermal conductivity λ 54.01 W/(m·K)
Characteristic length l 94.72 mm
Acceleration due to gravity g 9.81 m/s²

Temperatures and properties

Temperature on the surface ϑ0 155.9 °C
Temperature of fluid outside the boundary layer ϑ∞ 50 °C
Temperature difference (ϑ0 - ϑ∞) Δϑ 105.9 K

Mean temperature (ϑ0 + ϑ∞) / 2 ϑm 103 °C

Density ρ 844.3 kg/m³
Specific heat capacity cp 2141 J/(kg·K)
Dynamic viscosity η 13.07 mPa·s
Kinematic viscosity ν 1.549e-5 m²/s
Thermal conductivity λ 0.123 W/(m·K)
Coefficient of thermal expansion β 7.506e-4 1/K

Characteristic values
Prandtl number Pr = ν · ρ · cp / λ Pr 227.6
Grashof number Gr = g · l3 · β · Δϑ / ν2 Gr 2763779 (3)
Rayleigh number Ra = Gr · Pr Ra 6.29e+8 (4)

Prandtl function f3(Pr) 0.9422 (24)

Nusselt number Nu 143.2 (22)

Heat transfer
Heat transfer coefficient αa 186 W/(m²·K) (2)
Convective heat flux Q 65.43 kW

Balance for the calculation of the surface temperature

Heating medium
Specific heat capacity cp 2014437 J/(kg·K)
Density ρ 5.145 kg/m³
Mass flow m 116.9 kg/h
Volume flow V 22.72 m³/h
Inlet temperature ϑe 180.4 °C
Outlet temperature ϑa 179.4 °C
Mean temperature ϑm 179.9 °C

Duty QH -65.43 kW

Tube-side velocity u 2.918 m/s

Heat transfer coefficient inside αi 1871 W/(m²·K)

Fouling inside fi 1e-4 m²·K/W
Fouling outside fa 4.1e-4 m²·K/W
Overall heat transfer coefficient k 151.6 W/(m²·K)

Length of the cylinder L 17535 mm

Area of the cylinder A 3.322 m²

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Equations

(2)

(3)

(4)

(22)

(24)

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Appendix: Program annotations

№ 7 Heat transfer outside, shell Page 11
Heat loss of walls and pipeworks
==> Thermal resistance in wind 1/alpha_a: Calculation of this
value only with extrapolation! Extrapolation up to higher
values?

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