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WEEK 2
Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform
acceleration in one dimension into a mathematical description
(STEM_GP12Kin-Ib12)
Le
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Lesson 1
DESCRIBING MOTION
The concept of describing motion such as
speed, velocity and acceleration - is already part of
everyday language but we rarely think about them.
Just consider the number of times each day you
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At the end of the module, you should be able
Pre-test
Directions: Read each item carefully then choose
the letter of the correct answer from the options.
Write the letter only in your answer sheet
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a. constant c. slowing down
b. speeding up d. not moving
6. Describe the speed of the object from 2-5 seconds using the
speed vs. time graph.
7. A bicycle takes a curved, scenic ride at the park at 4.5 m/s. This
illustrates ________ of the bicycle.
a. acceleration c. constant velocity
b. speed d. velocity
8. Which of the following statements about speed and velocity is
correct?
a. Only velocity includes the direction an object is travelling
b. Velocity only describes an object’s rate of motion.
c. Speed describes how an object is changing its velocity.
d. Speed and velocity both describe how an object is
speeding up.
9. Acceleration describes how an object’s velocity is changing.
Which of the following scenarios provides the best example of an
accelerating object?
a. A car driving at a constant speed
b. A toy train travelling in a circle
c. A book sitting on top of a high shelf.
d. A toy boat floating on a bathtub.
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10. Describe the object whose motion is shown in the
graph.
Learning Activities
ELICIT
Preliminary Activity:
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Do you wonder why some objects move several times
faster than the others?
➢ How far is the X mark from the man if 1 unit of a cable is equivalent to 1km?
➢ What is the vector sum of the path from the man’s position to the X mark?
➢ What are the possible ways in order for the man to get to the X mark the
fastest?
ENGAGE
Picture analysis: Study the pictures and answer the guide questions below.
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(A) (B)
(C) (D)
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Activity
1: Distance and Displacement
1. True or False: An object can be moving for 10 seconds and still have zero
displacement.
A. True B. False
2. If the above statement is true, then describe an example of such a motion. If the above
statement is false, then explain why it is false.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. Suppose that you run along three different paths from location A to location B. Along
which path(s) would your distance traveled be different than your displacement?
4. You run from your house to a friend's house that is 3 miles away. You then walk home.
Observe the diagram below. A person starts at A, walks along the bold path and
finishes at B. Each square is 1 km along its edge. Use the diagram in answering the
next two question
5. This person walks a distance of ________ km.
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1. Suppose you are considering three different paths (A, B and C) between the same two
locations.
Along which path would you have to move with the greatest speed to arrive at the
destination in the same amount of time? ____________
Explain._______________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
2. True or False: It is possible for an object to move for 10 seconds at a maximum speed
and end up with an average velocity of zero.
a. True b. False
3. If the above statement is true, then describe an example of such a motion. If the above
statement is false, then explain why it is false.
4. Suppose that
you run for 10
seconds along
three different
paths.
a. Rank the three paths from the lowest average speed to the greatest average
speed. __________
b. Rank the three paths from the lowest average velocity to the greatest average
velocity. __________
1. You run from your house to a friend's house that is 3 miles away in 30 minutes. You then
immediately walk home, taking 1 hour on your return trip
a. What was the average speed (in mi/hr) for the entire trip? ________________
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b. What was the average velocity (in mi/hr) for the entire trip? _______________
length is in meters.
a. Calculate the average speed (in m/min) and the average velocity (in m/min) of the
skier during the three minutes of recreation.
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3. The graph below shows Bolt’s split times for his 100-meter record breaking run in the Rio
Olympics in 2011.
a. At what point did he experience his greatest average speed for a 10 meter
interval? Calculate this speed in m/s.
b. What was his average speed (in m/s) for the overall race?
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Activity 4: Acceleration
The table below shows the situations, the graph and the meaning of the shape of the graph.
Match column A with column B and column B with column C:
Situation (A) Graph (B) Description of the Graph (C)
1. Bill drives and sees a red
light. He slows down to
a stop. His average
acceleration from 0 to Acceleration is both + and -
10 seconds is . Positive velocity
Sketch the graph of his
velocity over time.
3. Wonderwoman, from
rest, runs until reaching
her flight takeoff speed of
15 m/s to the eastward. Constant acceleration, slope
is zero
As an object moves, its location undergoes change. There are two quantities that are
used to describe the changing location. One quantity - distance - accumulates the amount of
total change of location over the course of a motion. Distance is the amount of ground that is
covered. The second quantity - displacement - only concerns itself with the initial and final
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position of the object. Displacement is the overall change in position of the object from start to
finish and does not concern itself with the accumulation of distance traveled during the path
from start to finish.
Example 1: Example 2:
Distance
11 meters
Distance
7 meters
Displacement 3 meters, right
(Start to Finish) Displacement
5 meters,
N of E
Also, positive (+) usually right, up, North and east and
forward while negative (-) left, down, South, West and
backward signs can show direction.
On the other hand, velocity is a vector quantity that refers to "the rate at which an
object changes its position." Imagine a person moving rapidly - one step forward and one step
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back - always returning to the original starting position. Since velocity is defined as the rate at
which the position changes, this motion results in zero velocity. If a person in motion wishes to
maximize their velocity, then that person must make every effort to maximize the amount that
they are displaced from their original position. Every step must go into moving that person
further from where he or she started. For certain, the person should never change directions
and begin to return to the starting position.
In finding the velocity is computed using this formula
When evaluating the velocity of an object, one must keep track of direction. It would not
be enough to say that an object has a velocity of 65 km/hr. One must include direction
information in order to fully describe the velocity of the object. For instance, you must describe
an object's velocity as being 65 km/hr., East. This is one of the essential differences between
speed and velocity. Speed is a scalar quantity and does not keep track of direction; velocity is
a vector quantity and is direction aware.
Calculating Average Speed and Average Velocity
The average speed of an object is the rate at which an object covers distance.
The average velocity of an object is the rate at which an object changes its position.
Thus,
Speed, being a scalar, is dependent upon the scalar quantity distance. Velocity, being
a vector, is dependent upon the vector quantity displacement.
Let's begin implementing our understanding of these formulas with the following problem:
Sample Problem 1: While on vacation, Bianca traveled a total distance of 440 miles. Her trip
took 8 hours. What was her average speed?
To compute her average speed, we simply divide the distance of travel by the time of travel.
Bianca’s averaged a speed of 55 miles per hour. She may not have been traveling at a
constant speed of 55 mi/hr. She undoubtedly, was stopped at some instant in time (perhaps
for a bathroom break or for lunch) and she probably was going 65 mi/hr at other instants in
time. Yet, she averaged a speed of 55 miles per hour. The above formula represents a
shortcut method of determining the average speed of an object. As to her velocity, you can
indicate a place or direction where Bianca travelled, such as South Luzon or Albay.
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Sample Problem 2:
Use the diagram to determine the average speed and the average velocity of the skier during
these three minutes.
Answer: The skier has an average speed of (120 m) / (3 min) = 140 m/min and an average
velocity of (140 m, right) / (3 min) = 46.7 m/min, right
The data tables below depict objects with constant and changing
speed.
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Acceleration
Acceleration is the rate at which an object's velocity changes. The velocity of an
object refers to how fast it moves and in what direction. The acceleration of an object
refers to how fast an object changes its speed or its direction. Objects with a high
acceleration are rapidly changing their speed or their direction. As a rate quantity,
acceleration is expressed by the equation:
This general principle can be applied to determine whether the sign of the
acceleration of an object is positive or negative, right or left, up or down, etc. Consider the
two data tables below. In each case, the acceleration of the object is in the positive
direction. In Example A, the object is moving in the positive direction (i.e., has a positive
velocity) and is speeding up. When an object is speeding up, the acceleration is in the
same direction as the velocity. Thus, this object has a positive acceleration. In Example
B, the object is moving in the negative direction (i.e., has a negative velocity) and is
slowing down. According to our general principle, when an object is slowing down, the
acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity. Thus, this object also has a
positive acceleration.
This same general principle can be applied to the motion of the objects represented
in the two data tables below. In each case, the acceleration of the object is in the negative
direction. In Example C, the object is moving in the positive direction (i.e., has a positive
velocity) and is slowing down. According to our principle, when an object is slowing down,
the acceleration is in the opposite direction as the velocity. Thus, this object has a
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negative acceleration. In Example D, the object is moving in the negative direction (i.e.,
has a negative velocity) and is speeding up. When an object is speeding up, the
acceleration is in the same direction as the velocity. Thus, this object also has a negative
acceleration.
Sample Problem 1: A car starts from rest and accelerates uniformly over a time of 5.21
seconds for a distance of 110 m. Determine the acceleration of the car.
Answer: Using equation 2, solve for acceleration:
Given: Find: d = 110 m t = 5.21 s vi = 0 m/s a = ??
d = vit + 0.5at2
110 m = (0 m/s)(5.21 s)+ 0.5(a)(5.21 s)2
110 m = (13.57 s2)*a
a = (110 m)/(13.57 s2)
a = 8.10 m/ s2
Sample Problem 2: An object at 100 m/s accelerates at a rate of 120 m/s. What will be
the velocity of the object after 100 seconds?
Answer: Using equation 1 to solve for the final velocity.
Given: vi = t = 100 s A = 120 m/s2 vf = ??
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1 .0 = (vf - 100.) vf =
2 112 m/s
How can you determine the displacement of an object? Also, how do
know the change in velocity for every time interval of a moving object. In this
part of the lesson, we will learn how a plot of velocity versus time and
acceleration versus time respectively and determine the area of displacement
and change in velocity as well.
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Multiplying the acceleration by the time interval is
equivalent to finding the area under the curve. The area
under the curve is a rectangle, as seen in the diagram
below.
Area = 4 m/s2×9 s =
36 m/s
Velocity-time
The most important thing to remember about velocity-time graphs is that they are
velocitytime graphs, not position-time graphs.
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On a velocity-time graph…
o slope is acceleration
o the "y" intercept is the initial velocity
o when two curves coincide, the two objects have the same velocity at
that time
The curves on the previous graph were all straight lines . A straight
line is a curve with constant slope. Since slope is acceleration on
a velocity-time graph, each of the objects represented on this
graph is moving with a constant acceleration. Were the graphs
curved, the acceleration would have been not constant.
On a velocity-time graph…
o average acceleration is the slope of the straight
line connecting the endpoints of a curve.
A curved line has no single slope, therefore, it can be a graph of average acceleration
or an instantaneous acceleration. If the average acceleration is desired, draw a line
connecting the endpoints of the curve and calculate its slope. If the instantaneous
acceleration is desired, take the limit of this slope as the time interval shrinks to zero,
that is, take the slope of a tangent.
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On a velocity-time graph…
o instantaneous acceleration is the slope of the line
tangent to a curve at any point
Speed decreases whenever the curve returns to the origin. Above the horizontal axis this
would be a negative slope, but below it this would be a positive slope.
On a velocity-time graph…
o positive slope implies an increase in velocity in the positive
direction
o negative slope implies an increase in velocity in the negative
direction
o zero slope implies motion with constant velocity
o he area under the curve is the change in position
Acceleration is the time rate of change of velocity, so that can be found from the slope
of a tangent to the curve on a velocity-time graph. But how could position be
determined? Let's explore some simple examples and then derive the relationship.
Start with the simple velocity-time graph shown to the right. (For the sake of simplicity,
let's assume that the initial position is zero.) There are three important intervals on this
graph. During each interval, the acceleration is constant as the straight line segments
show. When acceleration is constant, the average velocity is just the average of the
initial and final values in an interval.
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0–4 s: This segment is triangular. The area of a triangle is one-half the base times the
height.
Essentially, we have just calculated the area of the triangular segment on this graph.
4–8 s: This segment is trapezoidal. The area of a trapezoid (or trapezium) is the
average of the two bases times the altitude. Essentially, we have just calculated the
area of the trapezoidal segment on this graph.
8–10 s: This segment is rectangular. The area of a rectangle is just its height times its
width. Essentially, we have just calculated the area of the rectangular segment on this
graph.
The area under each segment is the change in position of the object during that interval.
This is true even when the acceleration is not constant.
On a velocity-time graph…
o he area under the curve is the change in position
Acceleration-time
The acceleration-time graph of any object traveling with a constant velocity is the same.
This is true regardless of the velocity of the object. An airplane flying at a constant 270
m/s (600 mph), a sloth walking with a constant speed 0.4 m/s (1 mph), and a couch
potato lying
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motionless in front of the TV for hours will all have the same
acceleration-time graphs — a horizontal line collinear with the
horizontal axis. That's because the velocity of each of these
objects is constant. They're not accelerating. Their
accelerations are zero. As with velocity-time graphs, the
important thing to remember is that the height above the
horizontal axis doesn't correspond to position or velocity, it
corresponds to acceleration.
A large acceleration corresponds to a rapid change in velocity, but it tells you nothing
about the values of the velocity itself. When acceleration is constant, the acceleration-
time curve is a horizontal line.
On an acceleration-time graph…
o slope is jerk
o the "y" intercept equals the initial acceleration
o when two curves coincide, the two objects have the same acceleration at that
time
o an object undergoing constant acceleration traces a horizontal line
o zero slope implies motion with constant acceleration
Given an initial velocity of zero (and assuming that down is positive), the final velocity of
the person falling in the graph to the right is…
∆v = a∆t
∆v = (9.8 m/s2)(1.0 s)
∆v = 9.8 m/s = 22 mph
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∆v = (5.0 m/s2)(6.0 s)
∆v = 30 m/s = 67 mph
There are more things one can say about acceleration-time graphs, but they are trivial
for the most part.
On an acceleration-time graph…
o the area under the curve equals the change in velocity
PRACTICE PROBLEM
Sample problem 1: The graph on the right shows velocity
as a function of time for some unknown object.
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Answer:
a. You can't immediately determine where the object is from this graph. You can say
what direction it's moving, how fast it's going, and whether or not it's accelerating,
however. The motion of this object is described for several segments in the graph.
Plot these values as a function of time. Since the acceleration is constant within each
interval, the new graph should be made entirely of linked horizontal segments.
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c. Displacement is the product of velocity and time. To find displacement, calculate
the area under each interval.
Find the cumulative areas starting from the origin (given an initial displacement of
zero)
0s→ 0 = 0m
04 s → 0+8 = +8 m
08 s → 0+8−8 = 0m
12 s → 0 + 8 − 8 − 16 = −16 m
16 s → 0 + 8 − 8 − 16 − 8 = −24 m
20 s → 0 + 8 − 8 − 16 − 8 + 0 = −24 m
24 s → 0 + 8 − 8 − 16 − 8 + 0 + 8 = −16 m
30 s → 0 + 8 − 8 − 16 − 8 + 0 + 8 + 24 = +8 m
Plot these values as a function of time. Pay attention to the shape of each segment.
When the object is accelerating, the line should be curved.
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Answer the following:
1. A rabbit is trying to cross the street. Its velocity v as a function of time t is given in the
graph below where rightwards is the positive velocity direction
2. A lost chicken is trying to cross the street. Its velocity v as a function of time t is given in the
graph below where rightwards is the positive velocity direction. What is the chicken's
displacement x from t=2s to 4s?
EVALUATE
POST TEST
A. Multiple choices: Select the correct answer.
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The diagram above presents the position and elapsed time of a motorbike that starts
from rest and accelerates at a constant rate. Use it to answer questions 5 and 6.
3. Starting from the origin, a person walks 6 km east during first day, and 3 km east the
next day. What is the net displacement of the person from the initial point in two
days?
A. 6 km, west B. 3 km, east C. 10 km, east D. 5 km, west E. 9
km, east
The diagram above illustrates a person who, starting from the origin, walks 8 km east
during first day, and 5 km west the next day. Use it to answer questions 18 and 19.
4. What is the net displacement of the person from the initial point in two days? A. 9
km, east B. 3 km, east C. 10 km, west D. 5 km, west
5. A snapshot of three racing cars is shown on the diagram above. All three cars start the
race at the same time, at the same place and move along a straight track. As they
approach the finish line, which car has the lowest average speed?
a. Car I
b. Car II
c. Car III
d. All three cars have the same average speed
6. An object moves at a constant speed of 6 m/s. This means that the object:
a. Increases its speed by 6 m/s every second
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b. Decreases its speed by 6 m/s every second
c. Moves 6 meters every second
d. Has a positive acceleration
8. A car and a delivery truck both start from rest and accelerate at the same rate.
However, the car accelerates for twice the amount of time as the truck. What is the
final speed of the car compared to the truck?
a. Half as much
b. The same
c. Twice as much
d. Four times as much
9. Starting from the origin, a car travels 4 km east and then 7 km west. What is the
traveled distance of the car from the initial point?
a. 3 km b. 5 km c. 4 km d. 11 km
The velocity as a function of time of a moving object is presented by the graph to the
right. Use this graph for questions 14 through 15.
11. How far from the origin does the object move in first 6 s?
a. 4 m b. 16 m c. 20 m d. 28 m
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12. A cheetah chases a gazelle, reaching a speed of 28m/s. A graph of its
acceleration over time is shown below, where rightward is the positive
acceleration direction.
b. c. d.
a. b. c.
d.
14. Justin drives west at 20 m/s then slows to a stop at the red light. A graph of his
acceleration over time is shown below, where eastward is the positive
acceleration direction.
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Which graph shows his velocity over time?
b. b. c. d.
15. Sarah drives east at 30m/s, then slows to a stop at the red light. A graph of her
acceleration over time is shown below, where eastward is the positive
acceleration direction.
a. b. c. d.
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17. The graph below shows the altitude of a skydiver initially at rest as a function
of time. After 7 s of free fall the skydiver's chute deployed completely, which
changed the motion abruptly?
Sketch the corresponding graphs of…
a. velocity-time
b. acceleration-time
EXTEND
In order for you to be guided and enhance your understanding about this topic, you
can visit these links of tutorial videos.
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/
accelerationtutorial/v/why-distance-is-area-under-velocity-time-line
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/one-dimensional-motion/
accelerationtutorial/v/acceleration-vs-time-graphs
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These are the terms that were used in this module.
TERMS DEFINITION
Acceleration is the rate of change of the velocity of an object with respect to
time.
Average Acceleration is the change in velocity divided by an elapsed time.
Displacement a vector quantity that refers to "how far out of place an object is";
it is the object's overall change in position.
Distance is a scalar quantity that refers to "how much ground an object has
covered" during its motion.
Velocity is the rate of change of its position with respect to a frame of
reference, and is a function of time
Average Velocity is its total displacement divided by the total time taken.
Instantaneous Velocity is the velocity the body has at a specific time in a particular point
of its trajectory.
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