REVIEWER IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1
1. Granum, Thylakoid, and Stroma are
components of the chloroplast
involved in photosynthesis, while
Cytosol is part of the cytoplasm in a
cell.
2. The Krebs Cycle produces 3 NADH, 1
FADH2, and 1 ATP (or GTP) per turn.
Since two molecules of pyruvate are
generated from one molecule of
glucose, the overall ATP producSon is
2 ATP (or GTP) in the Krebs Cycle.
3. Amino acids are linked together by
pepSde bonds to form proteins.
PepSde bonds form through a
dehydraSon synthesis reacSon
between the amino group of one
amino acid and the carboxyl group of
another.
4. Muscle cells store energy in the form
of glycogen, which is a
polysaccharide composed of glucose
units. Glycogen serves as a readily
available source of glucose during
periods of high energy demand, such
as muscle contracSon.
5. In the presence of oxygen, aerobic
cellular respiraSon can generate a
maximum of 34 ATP molecules per
glucose molecule. This occurs
through glycolysis, the citric acid
cycle, and the electron transport
chain.
6. Aerobic cellular respiraSon occurs in
the mitochondria, where glucose is
oxidized to produce ATP through a
series of complex biochemical
reacSons.
7. Lactose is a disaccharide composed
of two sugar molecules, glucose, and
galactose. It is commonly found in
milk and serves as a source of energy
for infants and young animals.
8. The accumulaSon of H+ ions
between the inner and outer
membrane of the mitochondria leads
to the formaSon of an electrical
chemical gradient, the generaSon of
electrical potenSal, and the release
of energy, all of which are part of the
process of chemiosmoSc
phosphorylaSon in ATP synthesis.
9. Aerobic respiraSon requires oxygen,
while anaerobic respiraSon occurs in
the absence of oxygen and may
involve processes like lacSc acid
fermentaSon or alcoholic
fermentaSon.
10. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-
carotene are key pigments in
photosynthesis. They absorb light
energy and play essenSal roles in
capturing sunlight for the process.
11. The accumulaSon of H+ ions
between the inner and outer
membrane of the mitochondria leads
to the formaSon of an electrical
chemical gradient, the generaSon of
electrical potenSal, and the release
of energy, all of which are part of the
process of chemiosmoSc
phosphorylaSon in ATP synthesis.
12. Glycolysis, Kreb Cycle, and
ChemiosmoSc PhosphorylaSon are
processes associated with cellular
respiraSon, while the Calvin-Benson
Cycle is part of the photosynthesis
process.
 REVIEWER IN GENERAL BIOLOGY 1

13. Chlorophyll absorbs and captures 20. In photosynthesis, carbon dioxide is

energy from sunlight within a specific reduced to form glucose, and oxygen
range of the visible spectrum. It is not is released. The carbon dioxide
equally effecSve across the enSre molecule loses oxygen during this
spectrum. process.

14. Photosynthesis involves three main

stages: light-dependent reacSons,
the Calvin-Benson Cycle (dark
reacSons), and the producSon of ATP
through chemiosmoSc
phosphorylaSon. Glycolysis and the
Krebs Cycle are part of cellular
respiraSon, not photosynthesis.
15. In cellular respiraSon, oxygen serves
as the final electron acceptor in the
electron transport chain.
16. Organic molecules primarily consist
of carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen
(O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and
sulfur (S). These elements form the
basis of the molecular structure in
living organisms.
21. LacSc acid fermentaSon is used in the
producSon of various food products,
including cheese, sauerkraut, and
yogurt, where lacSc acid is produced
as a metabolic byproduct.
22. Muscle cramps or faSgue
experienced during excessive
exercise can be aeributed to lacSc
acid fermentaSon. In this process,
pyruvate is converted to lacSc acid in
the absence of sufficient oxygen,
leading to the accumulaSon of lacSc
acid in muscles.

17. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and β-

carotene are key pigments in
photosynthesis. They absorb light
energy and play essenSal roles in
capturing sunlight for the process.

18. Proteins are highly diverse and

perform a wide range of funcSons in
cells. They contribute to structural
support, enzymaSc reacSons,
transportaSon, and various other
cellular processes.

19. The process used to make wine from

fruits involves alcohol fermentaSon,
where sugars are converted into
ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide.