Momentum Notes - Annotated - 10-6

Momentum Notes January 10, 2021
Momentum
Momentum = Mass x velocity.
small
Momentum
small / inertia
large
Mass Large inertia
Inertia high
Speed or velocity
low
Tendency of an
object to oppose any small
action applied to it. inertia
1
Momentum depends on:

1. Mass
2. Velocity of a body.
(P) (M) (V)
Momentum = Mass x velocity.
Kg m/s
Force kgm/s
Scalar Vector
Vector
egg Mass, M egg Mass, M

egg
egg breaks will not
on Impact. break
soft
Concrete floor. \ surface
pillow
Momentum Mass
Momentum Velocity.
2
Note:
Momentum is a property of moving matter or
object. Momentum = Mass x velocity.
Momentum describes the tendency of an

object to keep going in the same direction with
the same speed.
Changes in momentum results from forces or

created forces acting on the object.
Momentum of the ball depends on its mass and

velocity
1kg, 1m/s
A B 1kg, 3m/s
Ball B has more momentum than ball A
3
Inertia is property of mass that resists

changes in velocity; however, inertia depends
only on mass.
Inertia is a scalar quantity
Momentum is a property of moving mass that

resist changes in a moving object's velocity.
It's a vector quantity.
Inertia Momentum.
• Inertia is a • Momentum depends on
property of mass. both Mass and velocity'
• It resists motion or • It resist changes in it's
changes in velocity. speed or velocity(the
object's speed)
• Only depends on • It depends on direction
Mass. always.
• It's a scalar quantity • It's a vector quantity.
4
Direction of
force of Direction of
momentum velocity
Momentum p=mxv
(kg.m/s)
p = mv
velocity (m/s)
mass (kg)
Momentum, P=M x V
Units Kg.m/s
It is a vector quantity.
5
Conservation of Momentum.
In an Isolated (closed) system
Total Momentum before collision is equal
to total Momentum after Collision.
⇒ Isolated or closed object ⇒ No external

force affect the motion.
Impulse direction
of the ball
Baseball
Impulse(force)
depends on
time point of
Impact.
Baseball
bat direction of
force of the Bat
Impulse is directly proportional to time.
I=F x t
6
Impulse = Force x time.
=Fxt
Impulse = change in momentum
Note:
A given impulse is the Same
Irrespective of the change in
Momentum.
force =6N
time = 2s
if a resultant force, F, acted on a ball for a

time t, causing a change in velocity from
V1 to V2,
I=Fxt =Mv2Mv1 = M (V2V1)
then
Impulse = change in momentum
Fxt = mv2 mv1
7
Ft = mv2mv1
Ft= m (v2v1)
Changes in
speed
F=m(v2v1)
t acceleration 'a'.
F=ma v2v1 =a
t
Therefore,
the Impulse exerted on an object
equals to the change in
momentum.
8
Impulse (I)
The change in momentum is called the impulse of the
force
• Impulse is a Vector quantity(has direction & magnitude)
• Units: kg * m/s
J = Δp = FavgΔt
• p = Momentum
• J = Impulse
• Favg = Average force
• Δt = Elapsed time
ımpulse ıs sımply the change ın

momentum of an object.
9
Law of Conservation of Momentum

• Momentum is always conserved in a
collision
In closed, isolated system – total momentum
remains constant
§Special case of Newton’s 3rd Law
§Closed system = nothing enters or leaves
§Isolated = no net external forces act on system
§All changes within system cancel each other out
so total momentum stays same
10
Types of Collisions
1. Elastic Collision:
When two objects collides and bounce off each other,
the collision is considered elastic.
uA uB vA vB
A B = A B
⇒ Momentum is conserved.
MAuA + MBuB = MAvA + MBvB.
Also kinetic energy is conserved
Total kinetic before collision = Total kinetic energy after collision
½MAu2A + ½MBu2B = ½MAv2A + ½MBv2B
Note:
No change in energy of the object occur after collision.
11
2. Inelastic Collision.
when two objects collide and stick together or crumbles,
and move together with a common velocity, then the
collisions are said to be inelastic.
uA uB v
A B = A B
* Momentum is conserved
MAuA + MBuB =(MA + MB)V.

* Kinetic energy is not conserved.
⇒ some of the energy is transformed into sound or heat
energy, some into transforming the shape of the object.
Two Types of Collisions

• Elastic Collisions: The objects collide and rebound.
• Total KE remains same before and after collision

• Objects involved in collision “bounce” off each other

• Inelastic Collisions:The objects collide and stick
together.
• Some KE is lost as heat .

• Objects involved in collision become stuck together or
become deformed
12
• Newton’s cradle: Demonstration
• ELASTIC
• Both energy & momentum are conserved
• INELASTIC
• Momentum conserved, not energy
• Perfectly inelastic ‐> objects stick
• Lost energy goes to heat
Examples of Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

• Catching a baseball
• Football tackle
• Cars colliding and sticking
• Bat eating an insect
• Examples of Perfectly Elastic

Collisions
• Superball bouncing
• Electron scattering
• Bouncing ball
13
Note:
The principle of conservation of momentum also
applies to explosions. Explosions are the opposite to
collisions. In explosions objects move apart.
An example of this is a rocket. A rocket gains

momentum by the controlled explosion
of fuel as the hot exhaust gases move in one
direction the rocket moves in the opposite direction.
Thus the momentum of the hot exhaust gases equals

the momentum of the rocket.
Elastic collision in 1‐dimension

• Conservation of Energy:

Conservation of Momentum:
MAuA + MBuB = MAvA + MBvB

Rearrange both equations and divide:
MA(uA ‑ vA) = MB(vB ‑ uB)
14
Resultant force
• The greater the net force, or the longer
the interval of time it is applied, the more
the object’s momentum changes à the
same as saying the impulse increases
Typically, an object will change its momentum when its
velocity changes.
• If you want to decrease a large momentum, you can

have the force applied for a longer time. If the change
in momentum occurs over a long time, the force of
impact is small.
• Examples:
> Air bags in cars.
Example:
If your change in momentum is constant,

how can you MINIMIZE the force applied to
you?
15
Answer:
• By increasing the time of contact

• By bending knees upon impact, rolling with
the punches, crumble zones in vehicles,
running shoes, air bags in vehicles and
collision prone objects etc..................
• If the change in momentum occurs over

a short time, the force of impact is
large.
• Baseball player swings a bat and hits
the ball, the duration of the collision
can be as short as 1/1000th of a second
and the force averages in the
thousands of newtons
• The brief but large force the bat
exerts on the ball = Impulsive force
16
Example:
A pitcher throws a 0.1‐kg baseball at a speed of
40.0 m/s. What momentum does it have?
A force can cause a change in momentum.

Because a force causes an acceleration or a change
in velocity (v) A force acting through a period of
time(t) is called an impulse.
Ft = mv
Calculation:
Momentum p = mv
p=0.1kg x 40.0 m/s
p= 4.0 kg m/s
This equation says Ft ‐ impulse; and mv ‐ change in

p or momentum are equal.
Any impulse will cause the same change in
momentum.
17
Example:
If the 0.1kg baseball leaves the bat at a speed of
‐50.0 m/s, what was the impulse the bat exerted
on the ball?
Calculations:
impulse = change in p = Ft
impulse = mv
impulse = 0.1 kg (‐50.0 m/s ‐ 40.0m/s)
impulse = 0.1 kg ( ‐90.0 m/s)
impulse = ‐ 9.0 kg m/s
18
If the bat was in contact with the ball for 0.2 s,

what was the force of the bat on the ball?
Ft = mv = p
F(0.20 s) = ‐9.0kg m/s
F = ‐ 45.0 N
Example 2:
During an autumn storm, a 0.012‐kg hail stone
traveling at 20.0 m/s made a .002‐m‐ deep dent
in the hood of Casey's new car.
(A) What momentum did the hail stone have?
p = mv
p = (0.012 kg)(20.0 m/s)
p = .24 kg m/s
19
(B) With what force did the car exert to stop the
damaging hail stone?
Ft = mv
Since the hail stone came to a stop the change in
p = 0.012 kg ( 0 ‐ 20 m/s)
p = ‐.24 kg m/s
To find the time use the following steps:
d = average. v x t
average v = (final v + initial v)/2
avg. v = (20.0 + 0) / 2 = 10.0 m/s
.002 m = (10.0 m/s) t
t = .0002 s
F (.0002 s) = ‐.24 kg m/s
F = ‐ 1200 N
20
Soft vs. Hard?

When something is brought to a stop, the change
of momentum and the impulse is the same
whether it hits something hard or something soft.
The difference is the time: ‐
• things that are "soft" allow more time to stop
F x t = Impulse.
thus requiring less force (Ft)
• things that are "hard" require less time thus a
greater force (Ft).
Bus traveling down highway struck by bug which

splatters on windshield:
§Same force acts on both bug and bus
§Time of impact same for both
§Both experience same impulse
§Both experience same change in momentum (impulse)
§Bug – greater change in velocity because mass much
smaller
§Bus – no noticeable change in velocity because mass huge
compared to bug
§Bug suffers much greater damage than bus
21
Question
A Cannon of Mass 750kg shoots a cannon ball
of Mass 30kg with a velocity of 20m/s. Find the
recoil velocity of the cannon.
Momentum is conserved.
string
Bullet Mass: U=250m/s Wood at rest

0.5kg → 0.3kg
Find the final speed of the wood and bullet, given the bullet
get lodged inside the wood.
22
In a collision, two or more objects exert

forces on each other for a brief instant of
time, and these forces are significantly
greater than any other forces
they may experience during the collision
Examples:
Question 1.
A spacecraft in outer space increases velocity
by firing its rockets. How can hot gases
escaping from its rockets change the velocity of
the craft when there is nothing in space for the
gases to push against?
Momentum is conserved
23
Answer:
The gases push against the spacecraft and
the spacecraft pushes back so the spacecraft
and gases move in opposite directions.
⇒ Conservation of momentum.
Total Momentum before collision = Total
Momentum after collision
Question 2.
The white cue ball travels across a pool table

and collides with the stationary eight ball.
The two balls have equal mass. After the
collision the cue ball is at rest. What must
be true of the speed of the eight ball?
24
Answer:
All momentum of cue ball transferred to eight

ball and since they have same mass, the eight ball
will move at same velocity as the cue ball.
Question 3
Two trucks that look the same collide. One was

originally at rest. The trucks stick together and
move off at more than half the original speed of
the moving truck. What can you say about the
contents of the two trucks?
25
Answer:
Moving truck is more massive than the other truck.

If it had same mass, velocity would have become
half when their mass doubled. Since velocity is
more than half the original velocity, the stationary
truck must have less mass than the moving truck.
Steps taken in solving Conservation of

Momentum problems:
1. Read problem.
2. Identify objects’ masses and velocities before and
after collision.
3. Remember – if objects become stuck together –
add their masses after collision.
4. Use x to represent missing velocity.
5. Calculate objects’ momentums before and after
collision.
6. Set up momentums into algebra equation with
equal sign separating before and after collision.
7. Solve for x.
26
27
Momentum
Momentum is inertia in motion.
It is determined by:
1. Mass
2. velocity
Momentum(p)=Mass(m) x Velocity(v)
p=mv
28
Means:
Total momentum
29
30
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32
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34
35
Elastic Collisions
Inelastic Collisions:
36
37
p = mv
where
p ‐ momentum; Unit is kg.m/s
m ‐ mass‐ kg
v ‐ velocity in m/s
38
39

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Momentum Notes January 10, 2021

Momentum depends on:

egg Mass, M egg Mass, M

Momentum describes the tendency of an

Changes in momentum results from forces or

Momentum of the ball depends on its mass and

Ball B has more momentum than ball A

Inertia is property of mass that resists

Inertia is a scalar quantity

Momentum is a property of moving mass that

It's a vector quantity.

⇒ Isolated or closed object ⇒ No external

Impulse = Force x time.

Impulse = change in momentum

if a resultant force, F, acted on a ball for a

Impulse = change in momentum

Fxt = mv2 ­ mv1

ımpulse ıs sımply the change ın

Law of Conservation of Momentum

MAuA + MBuB = MAvA + MBvB.

Also kinetic energy is conserved

Total kinetic before collision = Total kinetic energy after collision

½MAu2A + ½MBu2B = ½MAv2A + ½MBv2B

MAuA + MBuB =(MA + MB)V.

Two Types of Collisions

• Total KE remains same before and after collision

½MAu2A + ½MBu2B = ½MAv2A + ½MBv2B

• Some KE is lost as heat .

• Newton’s cradle: Demonstration

Examples of Perfectly Inelastic Collisions

• Examples of Perfectly Elastic

An example of this is a rocket. A rocket gains

Thus the momentum of the hot exhaust gases equals

Elastic collision in 1‐dimension

½MAu2A + ½MBu2B = ½MAv2A + ½MBv2B

MAuA + MBuB = MAvA + MBvB

MA(uA ‑ vA) = MB(vB ‑ uB)

• If you want to decrease a large momentum, you can

If your change in momentum is constant,

• By increasing the time of contact

• If the change in momentum occurs over

A force can cause a change in momentum.

This equation says Ft ‐ impulse; and mv ‐ change in

If the bat was in contact with the ball for 0.2 s,

To find the time use the following steps:

Soft vs. Hard?

Bus traveling down highway struck by bug which

Bullet Mass: U=250m/s Wood at rest

In a collision, two or more objects exert

The white cue ball travels across a pool table

All momentum of cue ball transferred to eight

Two trucks that look the same collide. One was

Moving truck is more massive than the other truck.

Steps taken in solving Conservation of

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Fxt = mv2 mv1