GHAPTEh 2

Piton - hs work morkel start of makorn chene stry (1203)

1. Elements are made of atoms
2. all atoms of an element
eqialent
3. comens are
tomid et atoms of mre hbn 1 clement
the rats INEGEAS or SIMrLE rACTIOS
4 chemeal eacton only inwolves the seperaton, ombinatn or
re arrongcment of atoms

law ot oefinte popxrtions (1t5-Prost) :

elements in
dferent samdes of the Sane cOMOUND contan its costtuerds
he sanne padrton by

law of muhpe prooions (Dalton~ 102)

! tus ements can combine ogeher fo form more than one compoond,
Hhat combne wth o FKED MASS of the
the MASSES ot one elemant
rher element ar in small, whoie wnber, rahos.

Structre of ncleus (1910 - Aulhenforgol experincnt)

a porides par heles OME defiected but MoST went thrgh

cOKLUSIONS
gd abms
ofom is mo:ty empty sace
psi hve charge s al conenthal uthn fhe neeus

anl shong erugh fo defket the he a purik

skrites in H an He
becavie of masS rato
Netn was pred ctel

element but siferent of neetns

Istops: Sone

number=#p + #n
A: mars

X: element
Penal tle
3 categores:
Metats -) oal kat elecical onue tor
electric ty
.Nont mehls vay pr ondctr of haat
inlemedate prrtes
Grop t. halags
évap 2 ahale carth meals Gunp 8& e gascs

lons (cations ) taNony =) -)

non -etals
) hetas tend to form catons
MOVO ATUMIC tONS 4 abm
0yATOMIC ONS imac than atom [oH, NH,
chem ormulas
MoLECULAA FURMULAS: show exacl tt of afums
E MPI ACAL FORMdLAS she sinalst inteyer of abms
ALLOTAOrES Same molecudar formua boi diferent shueture (grohite - damgndi)

Nanitg corpounds
1) lonk ComgoUns (mela! + 1on-reta)
) binary =) me fal ca thon + hon netalle on
Jac Sodun chlortE hame of elenent +

2) Moleculor com pourds (non -metalk)

) bary -) frst element t secondt ide
EX ydtogen chlor l0E
s) Aes
yel) H wren n tho
anons hat en in de have acids (hydro chbric)
-) OxoncidsH, O+ 3° element)
Hdo, standart end with - ic
rules
10
) adng to anic (om =) per' - "
2) re mioving 10 tem a - ic fem -)- os
20
ferm hgço- us
ruies

all H
t) -"ate
H

OH in H,o

GHAPTEA3- sTOAIOMETRY (how to solve pcblern)

%amen of one element= n Yolar mass 100

malar mass of compon
n moles of element

Ths can be AVERSED

1) mass Jo obain anount of
fer eoch element

2) find # mds for esch ekment

3) net wbele numbess then divide by the smallkst
4) fnd a mulhpcr hat geld "all antegers
molarr mass + of empeal fera in molecuaf foinula
empircol melar mass

Yields
yeld actual el 1
thewretcal yied
 5olution : homoqeneous mixture oi 2 or more subst ances
Can h -) more abndont -) sOLVET
solid, qu
- les )soUTE

Electroly tes -) can conluct electriaty once di ssolvel

Ly sTAO N =)

Hlydraton => pwces of srondng (ons with water nolecules

AECIPTATION AEACIONS
preci piBat isolvbe sold thal separates from solution
-)
mathathesis reacton =)) exchange of parts behueen 2 om puunds
solvbility )anont of solute ihat can dissolve 9:Ven anount of
soivent at
temgeratre
sreps for ioNIC NET IONIC equotions
i) balaned molecular formula
and table to
2) wrte 1ONIC equaton: Jetermne
shoy dissoles peeies as frre ioNs
preaipitote
Ex 3 BaCNo,),
Al, (sOa), 3Boaso, + 2A(Na)
3 Bo + 6 NO +
2 A| + 350 ’3 Ba so, (6) + 2 AI
3) cancel spectato tons On Both sides
a) check
3 Bot
chorges NET ONC EaUATION
350 3Baso V
AuDs
- Socr faste

react with certan metals to yve H

carbonate /bcarbonates to give O,
conduct electrcity in Solution
 in od aater

can be yli
)etals in coytun
n an nn stat
EN

a ed to loe ceutns (oxdze)

*twr klty of
L

wans o he redol (gan 1e)

cONCE NIRATION
Molrity meles ot seloeeri of salwtions
Srame tr: findn mas of r a r compornt of
anals
rec hunt b analymg mats of AEC IPIANT contaning thal comporent
(orl gatk if prepitte s FuLY sOLUPLE)
EX

solve in water t
1.30>g Aglpipitate

m(a) 35 4s
143.4
mass o d O2412

ber ause he 1.36020.36!

ignd comvn alho
<antaneJ sane amww o ns
 CHAPTE 5GASES
(asses cho racter'stets
asUme volure of contanecs
most compressblk slates of mter
w.ll
evtnly and ompealely in the sae on'arer
- low densty
fAESSURE = foree
Area

n fluds, presue is exerhe in every direction

Lb ends on
hew shongly noeales imgct the utgace
how freqently
sea level
1 atm - pressure that sgorts tocm of mercry at
1.0732s 1o Pa

GAS LAWS
1) Boyle's law

=) presure gas
at k- T s inye rsdy paaporhonal b the
vo lune of the gas

2) Temperalre -Volume Aelatonshp

eyans hn HEATED
) a constant presre, VOLUME of gs
JME of
and contracts when cOOLED,

VkT
 3) Volme amount relatunshp: Ayogadros law
=) af constant TJ9 the V of a gas is
drectly
to the t moles n

l deal gas Equatons

PVnAT by combning all 3 laws

nder STP corditons

densty<|3B molar mass

PM
beuse m= nM
V nT
Gas storchiometry
1) amount of
reactants- 2) moles of
reactant
3) moles of platct ’ 4)
Amont of padvct
DALTONS LAW of PAATIAL PAESsUAES
’ ota pressure uerted trom
o mxture of
of the presues that eoch gasses is fhe sum
gas wou exert if it wee
present alore
P Pa + P valume T are const ant)
Pr na n,) AT Ae ae gass)
 N m M

heov er fhe slower

GAS DIFFUSION ERFUSION

of molecules of dhferent gasses based on thar

molecules
gradal myng
knete ete porcties
asy ddfuse they ht ofhr molewles sbna dun the gness
FASTER pes

gratems law of difusion ) Mi

are

-) as nder presxE escapes compartenent tirough a jind

pning
rate of efsen s foster pr hghter imokecules
DEVI ATlo N FAOM IDE AL BEHAVIOR

pV. 1 (ks n=1) only atPs5atm, afk hu

there are a daiafons
as macoJes moleules get clser n
that ntmdekr fores efect th iton
J
Pideal Presl+
Curretion acwn fex intrnsar
yerimenlaly term fures
Jetermined
 volme of contaner V nb " fectve ananer Vàume
yolme orpedns (ormdecue v)
mdes
hy n mdes

Wan er Wakls ecatoa

a b vales caleated for ciferent gasies
CHAPTEA 12~THE RMODYNAMICS
SPONTANE OUS PAXESES

a echon Soon as the reoctants are brovght forether

under ecife condi tions

ne dYcctun uill not do the
peeses hat hagn syontahe uly
same f reeSe
can't bebe sle predek by enoles themicity
Siontervity can't
ENTAOPy difrent
energy of a 15 amony the
spreas out the
that it can contain energy
posi bde uw uys
of arr ange ment
micrstaes =)
posble ways
dstribu ton(anargemont /state)
the probub, ity of (mevostae:) mchch the de str bution can
coponds on the
be achive

wherc:
W tt mrostates

AS k lo Wt
Wi
ENTAoPy
W ) increas
tncreG Se
<Ninges tate

arend t vons

slandrd enly

yntres press
for an tbim pes

mie oles hay

) tufat nntbv
 changes stat
becie maicles free to nee
mtiestales are etabile

the

ons (A, re") te neese

amuye men of a0 moleaes
rond the ions

standurd entogy
absoite antry of a subs tance at 1 atm and 2S°

SEcOND LAW oF THEAMODYN AMICS

fhe entrop f fhe unese n
spontareous process
anl remans unchanged for an process
SfeN ANEOS

As
55° (a))
stundard enropg of teachun

2n3(pnls) -Zms° (eactants)

Aues
1){reaction )rsducess mre gas mole celes (han GonsUmes (hes
2) it tutah numbe qas malecules din'nghes -) S <0
3) no chye SS can be both ) o
but w be relatvely sinal maynitule
Crothermic -)incyease Siyrr (heale p)
endothone (codel doun)

an

mratre ST pals th entry

THAO LAW oF THERMoDYNAMCS
at abioute zer
tematwre ) Wa1

Chanoe n ntay hen soblance (pre crytalline) bates from Ok to

Ly absolure entrop3

GIS35 FAEE E NE BGY

ilss[fenchon fhat bant inNolve sroundg)

mlhpy by -1 and fup
SHsgs -TOS
6- H- TS
g-bs free energy =)
-) S6- H- TAS
heuc forn S non -ynfaneus
gontas
equlibium, no net change
neF
 tandar e in9) of eaction (A6ron)
e - hej hange for a eac thon ender standrd Conditions
when raclanls ) sfndrd statepocls standard state

stundad fhee- tne y of formaton =) free -energs chang that

1md of amyunlis ynlhesized frm is elements
their standurd state

Phase trasihons
systen s at Equ hbsiom so
FAEE ENERGY CHE MICAL EQuiLIalOM

arng raeton not all om

ther stsndar states
relahanohp
whre

gas constant
Q reacton oushient
at euhhiwm
prtucls are
faveed
bG- AT Ink
yAT E
QULIBAIy M
the dechen
reachon
santareitg