Chabachensties oAlpathr

npvt
2) OUtpot
3) Delin.enes.s
4 Froiteness
sEectieress
Analy3e an Algohn /Tne
J
ime
2. Spa Ce
enp a - 1
3. Nelwonk [oba a -b 1
Pow b tenp-
S CPo Repisls 3
Yo):3
Space
a-I

enp
Sn 3
Asuptotc Notations
of lhe eficiency
T 1s sed fo
HeaSure
tools to e Pre Sert the
algeithnsss nalbetabical
Alpashithins
ne Conplexxily
Asynpletie nofatiens
nofabions
h'ade Hainly hvree
Bry-0 Notakion (o)
OMega Notsbon (a .

Treha Netaben (e

OPPeh bound lown boun ¥AVenaqe bou nd

C

-O

T)O01) Oerel)
Me cunnence S
call f
when an algoilhr Conlain a secu NSNe

by SecuIIeNCe
Hsel, ils unning Me
fline Can be dlescr:be
eguaticn
These ae toun riethods to Solve Secu 9ence oelain
elation

&ubet tution melhod

1henhien nehod
3hecursienre meth
Maskn tethod
Exrarnple or qenesal fomula
F.od the inst 4 lerns the olloing 1ecue ndes ebtion

k 2aK- +K fo all22 , a)

a2a- +2 k
2a+2
2x1 +2

ag 2agt 3 3
2a2 +3
2x 3

2a3+4 Seies L4, I1, 2 .

 Teel V 1est (ini
Test(
2
P
TesD
P 1
estCn-)
X
1oCing ee 3
TestCs
The naJon Wo9n in above algonithn is Tast pminting iequies
equirels
unit o tine
In above algon; thn prinfs 3, ,
So
So,
Se, 1 needs 3 unis oTine
But he Total no of calls ahe 3+l4

So,
Se, n+ calls ave equlred and
Prin Values
no o calls
The The wbsnk ene 's depends on

Tne Corplexly1) n+1 on)

This
his PoCess s Known 1pracinqee
Ke cuyenle ne
E- Vo: estiota
1
1n-n
fonioin ; i+

(n) Tn-2
TestCn-

1
(n-1)4-
2

TO
X

.O+l+2+ +n-+ ) An-)

2

Tn) (n9
0/
Sobsf ulion relle!-E oid fest (:nt n
T
1.

) . a-)+|>0

we
n-)?
Know

n)-tn-)+T)-1n-I)+|
1n-)- 1-i+
Subs:ule 1n-n e O
10)1- n-
1n-?
1-1n-i+t>9
Subslihule
we know

1(n7/n-)+
1n-2 in eq 1n-Tn-)+1
1)-in-+2
1)-Tn-3)+3>
Continue Yo k nes

1-1-)+k/->0
Asure that n-K) o

Tn)- To) +n
Tn)1+ Soa)>O)
Mastenheoer

T s used to detesnine Sonnin ine alge¡bhn

tine

in Terns oB aSumplofic notajions

where
n: Size o Inpo
a o ot Subph»blens in ecugio)

Size o Sobphobler
recursive Call.
Cos f te woak done ouse the

C eSa
CaSe-1 K hen 1)-e)

CaSe-2
If a -
f P - then T/)- o lof:'
then
re-) then T-e
CaSe-3
K
Tt acb"

afP2o, then ) -6(

then 1n)- o (*)
if Peo
T)- 31 %)+
nasos Thehon 1)aT(A)+ F{
P

a:3,b2, k-2 P:o

Cortpae a and
3. and 2

34
1hS ConeS UndeP CaSe-3B
Pn.
1-9T/4)+
Hasfer's Theyr
-aA)+1)
)
a : 4 , b 2 , k:2, Po

Conpahe a tb

a
This S CaSe2

Now the Value of Pro

1-9

n3 1 1/4)+
1-a1)+f)
a : b : 2 , 2 , P:o

ConPabe a4K

14
ac
This S Cale 2

Now the Valae of fao

So, / loo n
Banch4 Bound
and boun d s One othe technigue
Bnanch
ohving. t is SiH:lah to hehe
USEd So Poblert
backiack:ng sts dlso uges the State SpaCe toee
Tts UseSonSohunq the optization pio blens
and Mini rfi~otion oble s S
 naVel:q Sales Han roben
cilyothe 31htingending oint
) Conside
neneake Los o csies
olln-)! Pomukatons
evoy
fonufaion and keep trek
3 Calcalakehe cst of

the Minur Cost fbrukio

with Minirtum Cost
4 ReAeham the PehHukalion

ne Cornplexiky O(n)
19naVe lling Salesrnan ob ler -

8unch4 Boond
3
o 20 30
I6 2
33
19 18 o 3
s16 14

Reduce the Mat

Subtrock that Min Valae tnon eath ow

oo lo 20 o

13 2

3 Mid-
31
3

s12 3 12

Tolal Cost f educlion lo+24243+4 =2

Valae Sron Cach Colar1
Seblac ek hal Mn

olo 17 O
12
3
3

Tofal cos }ieducBion y

So Mninun Cos 2 +429

Notw Solve Bnanch 4 Round
USn
node
Dratw the state. Space ee of cvy
upfes= Oo

93/ e-25
)
Cust onede ]
makeok colann , ) ) a. a
A

2
o+ 29 +O
od O 22

12
12 do

Cost of 3node to
S

toake ew ot C31) aß a oo
Colunn

c(13)4%+b 12 2
17+2S + 11
53
3
12

2
2
3
Cos o node t
1ake row & 4h colamn &
(1,1) s a c

e)x" 12 e 6
O+2540 33 2
2S
12

Cost ofS node1to 9

Take
Make S ow4 s"
colann (s,/) a a

cs co 2
+25+5
S
31 12
C2S

C S 10 9 O
C: 3 O
C 2S
12
(
12
eSo

Cost o iode to&

Make 4 row 42d colunn & l,) ag a o

c
c
3 25+o
28
I
 h
Cost of 7hede 7
Make 'ow 3 colunn and

cic+" 12
2 2
12+ 2S + 13

So

Cost o" noke4to

th
Make s"colarn on
ow as

c4s+c[+ 12

t 2 525+1
36
C2S

e
c:3S
e-S3
CS

3
e-

c - 5 2

C
Cos o"nodeto
o

Make neai A ?d colymh and3 o3 a

es

28 + )3 C

S2
.

Cos lo node g to lo
nd
hake So colann 4si aRca

ce.3+c]"
O 28 +O
2 23

TouiSI 2 >S 3|
lo+6+ 24+3
23
 Dynah'c Poqa1102
thsbreaks he poblens
fhe
1s a technique iuture
and' Saves he Resul fo
nto Sub-poblens
do not
to Coftpule the
need to
poses So that We
So
Haip. USe ot dyaiC phoqt1M
phoqtihi
e solt again. The
Phabns.
istoe ophitizatin
thak if s aa tec hniq. T
Prografi1ing. Says
Dyoatic nst beaking
poblern b
o Bolvin a Conplex
subpsobleris Soluna
SiMple
nto
nto aa ,
Collection

Sobpnblern Tos and and 1hen stonin ein

Cach Co1pulatian
golaions to gVoid Snepeitine
 Bonaute toNCe
S an affoach that
bate foTCe appMeach Satisaetb
nds all the Poss:ble solutons to nd a
Pnoblen. The algon
brule Yopce algan th
th
Solution fo 7 Ven
a

es out
ies allhe fpss:blthes ill a salisaSafistao
Soluion is no found

have haVE wo peS

Sae 1sicin1
oplinizin
kest soution is shrs indio Isoethon
Tn this ase, the
bes} solan, ls Soon as he sakisacbor
Yound. To Pind he Soluion s ound
Hay ethen nd all he
Solution to ind the
PoSSble
best 8olactiun.
 91aVelinq Salepeyson Poe -|Dyna proqaMMin
lo2S 39
3

+19 23
O lo 2
13+48- 16- . o
lo415-(2). 3),
(y)13 13 12

L48-26
-4-3 10 5s 44-1 13S

The Cost of Shontrst 1oo 35

Sgnute Foce Appoac h Sfanting Ventex
S Set o Vesntex
Dynanic Pho9narnhing
p:i
9-Pio,
ES
+s-
-
w+9() 15+5-4
)+92:1 413-13
1+2o
+13)-1o+1s
)-inu)+9Gu>
12 +8
.Hn+16)
20
+
IS
i*molu(s,a 3+13/
ns+3(. 2+13
nn

3) 3()
28

s9mo)+1
(13

3
Min
.21

+6
(
+3
13+
18
Backnackia
1 is a Vedp inpotant s:llSekto sol
ne CusVe Solutiong Backlracking
nane Syagests
ifsel} SqesEs

had we ae .ng bac an coHing o97wa.

} sakislies the condhon, hen peton uctess
clse e qo bck aan
 Ceedy Algathr
Helwd s the Si1plest and slbtiplSoundy
The Gee
s Dot an i s a leehoaue.
algonifht bu
appeac
Ma,n
Ma;n function of this appoach s that he detision s

the Cunneny qvailable Intasnakia.

taken on e basis o
chaactenistis
To Construct the solution n on optinal way,
Knap Srck
to=l lo n wWeiqht w
dox]-o nea
weiqht retunn xX
fon11 to n
if weiht +w[) ew then | Tine lonplexst
weiht weight + [:7
clse
x]-/W-weith),
Factiona
Knapsack piobler reedy nethod
12 3 S 6
obTecfs
rotr S413 2
wenhi()-
S3-3 3 75 8 3

d99went twayS
hre e Thvee
stwih rlaxinur Puit
obJects f wehto Rertainin iwenpt

3 S S-9 lo
2 3 lo3 = 7

3 4-3-
S 4-3 3

3 3-3-
Total poiB 472
 oth ninmun Weight

oe cs i weqht Rertaininwejght
15-1 1
S
13-2
2 3 8
3
8-3 S

5x1:3

Hax, nuM
with

ol Tecs roti)weiqht (u) Kenaibing weiyk

14-1 3
13-3lo

3 S-32
2

Fro three
above methods is he
is the best

3 , we Should llo he e h to
KnapSack phoble twith
Salue the roctian
the
Grmerd Meiho
D4nanic Proq1a1nin

3,) max 1,4-,,) +6

3 , M=6
t2 P
3P 2
P5
1,- ax 1.,3.,(6-..).
May , 9,(6-)+
rax S9,(0 9./4-+
: i»0, ,()+
nax

n
Hann9, Max ,,, )+9,,(0-)+.
Hax )+,(6-)+6
Hay ,+%(4-3J+ 2
nax +1,+2
3,0) May 4, D
+32+1 2+1)+
Hax 3,+3,(-+R
- nax S,+ +5
 9naph a Ve9a
The qrph has Tuo pesf Taveal.algsn:Bhns
Rreadlh Fist Sadrh BFS Depth st SevehDFS

foni to n do
ton eách Ventex w adJacent tron
U do
fo - I to n d
VIS:hed].)4hen DFS

Stack

QUeue Resal
o3,16,5, 2
eato3,2,5,,4
3
Single orCe

0-
Shan tect
o to Al Pasps
Oto = 12

o to 3 19
o to y 2/
o ko 1

o to 9
&
o to 7 3
o fo 8 7
1O 3 oo
8O 2 o
3 o

S
6
r
8

o
 C e
a 1
O

O oo
-
J ected qnap

Reachab:l:ly Matnix
ransVe clous

23

3I
MiAiHr SPanning bee knuskalS
ohden o} weights
S9t he edjes n ascending
iht.
2 Pick he ed ge w:h he lexst we Checkf

tree twill tonn aCycle I} yes

in
edges Sponn'ing
SfaOning
No then addto
then1oNe I i
J
nee tee ha
the slep2 Untill spannn
3 Repeat
v-1) edes o(E l
 Ri's
Select the Stanting Vtex.
peatinn sleps 3 and4 onil the Sinal velices
keeP
keep
Select an edge Connecting the tre Veatex an
wc'pht
Tinal Vetex haUing he inHuM

AAb he choSe ed to HST t dofsnonr1

an dosed Cycle

ime Corplex:hy O(v+E) lov)

Gaph k e Algath n Min'ru
Frd Minarn caston the }ven 9p

D 16 O
(Y S

19 3
12
1o+25+22 +12+1,+19
neTe aSne wo Me thods
Ksuskol alaositbn 9iMS wge'sit hry

-0 l 6 0

2S

.
s

O, o +25+2z +/2+/6t!y
lo425+22z+l2+ +l4

-
- 11
 (

CTT
opolgicd Son
o tices 9Such Ha
aa
ineasodnin

Fo7 evo diected

V o
V n he ndei
the ohdein
beohe Uent y
0to V Vcones

DAG has as oological ade

Evey

Sh ->
Find nConin edes
haVin 2cro
incon
,n9.
Find noo

3Ebirnanabe 3ero

'2,3S

1, 21 S3
Nettwon Ylow

Stat Cwifh nitial: flow

these S a augnenting palh 9oM
2)tohile
Souse to Sin

Ad this Path- low fo fbw

4 Retun low
Tre Cornple :On*
no no oB edgeS
Ma MaxialL tlo
Nw low

He
Soe

slep
In: to

Find o Path Randanly So[e to snk

 Path flow

-2-5-7 S

akh low
1-3- 7

fafh flow
-24S-7 2

ath flow
0-3-4-9-
 Onit-

1Pmclobepsbleri
A prodlert thl Is S/labe by aPolynotal-hre
aclasle phsberi. his poblems
can

algomi tht1 s ouwn a

be Solued n hebny wll a3 poNLHIY.
Exartp/
Unond esred hst
Sabrchin on

Motun Sponinq ine

Intaclable poblet1
tirie
A Probe that Cant de solved b a folyborial-
algonithrt s nown os Tniebbe Proble
Exorple
List of oll patiukations on nutbess
Corplexsty closses
whoSe Solafions ae
The exist Poblets
Sotte
ae divded
nto clasces kmuon
not yet lound, thal problers can be Sol ved
n heor
SolVed in
hot
heary buot
This phoblens
Coplevjs clasSes,
Cotple no in pnaches

Types ot Corplexsy
chases p Coltpk
N
) f class
DNp classs
-Aph
3) MP Conplee
4 Np Hahd
 P-chss 1te.
in P-class slands fon lq non al
The Yes
ollecfion deciSion rblens Jwith
1s he de len mio Istie
delesrtin tstie
No answos
Can be Slued by a

in polyno1ie ine
Machine
S esy to nd
1he Sluion to P probles thot ae
clasS co Conpulabenal p blens
P S a

Soluable and 1racable.

Findin a MaxMyM toukching

the qeutest CoHrioh diViso
Calcalodinq
NP- closs Non-
delomnisbe

p clags Sands fo
The NP tn

Poly no 1ial hne phoblens

blers that ee
Can
a n

ol dec:Son pao
collechion Polyno Hial ine
> T S the
> T non
derebninisthc
nachirein

Solued by hahd to Sind

S
to Prolens
solution p
he 2A
Gmph
Grph ColoP0
Boolean sabisiab:bl roblors4
 NP-hah css tke
Np-hahd Poblen s als os hahd asg
An
dest pho bler in P
Pho bles ane Not n Np
ALL Np-hand

T takes lonq ne to chec her twhe he i ts

Riqht & hok

Qual:ved Baolean anulas

Halinq Probler

Np-onplete closs
Isoth Np and
and
A probler1 is Np-Cormplele +
Np-hand
phoblerns ahe hehad poblers nn NWe
NP
Mp-Conplebe

EVenlex Cove
knapknapSack,
Ck's heoert
in P Can be neducedn PolynoMial
T Any Poblett
luring Machi0e fo the Rle
Boo lea)
ie
tine by a
by Q de tepttinStic

heone SAT S Np-Conplete

ConSists o s e p
Non-
Non-
oi a polynortial tirne
The execution
GnVent
Hachine to a bonch ot
Delebrti nstic eninq Sormola &as i c
&s}ic i
thad
Yopred fonHul uch
ored
The Hachine atept ppot. Topmula s polyno rtial
m}ks o
ole
aShou he SuM
0 the SiRe opoble t
NP phoblera to L
Can poliyneMjally 9educe any
Np-Haed(-
Np
Corplete-LENp inlynonial tine
forL thls
uns

LEN N01 ton np

Probn
1odtl e hale
An NO11 s the onk
SA1ENP ahbi
ahbifoal
Neduce and
an

w e Can olune tially and

olyne tiod N01Mto SA

we have ProVen SAT 15 Np Conpet
-

So
Dete HinShc and Non-dele9t1iOS tic Alqomthr13

Deernstic n which evey opeotion 1S

The Algoith
S Galled delesmnskie alqamithr
uniqueldeined
Non- Deteminsti not
The Algesithr 10which the operalion
ae
The
Lrnted to Speche t PoSS6tes
Uniquel
un'quelybut
S olled Non- deleninsthe Algohi
Yo eVey opealian
folletngfonctions
1 s used n

choice: chooSes one o theHrent en et

Fayluore: Indicalks an Unsudess fal Coipletta)

Sudess Tndicates Ss ul conpleto

a Sacte

A Non- Detesnostic Alaonitht S Cons, dered a a

Superset of detemhishc Ahoyithr1

D.A ahe Spe cial Case N-D.A

A Else
i-choile(1:0)
del
S(A then Fallabe C;

Sulle SsC
 ( O

De leninis/ic Alantlh
Non-deleinstic Agonilhr

For
For a Pambicalan input the Fon a ftalsh np th
Compubes 4vill 93Ve alsays the Ctpuder wil iue dS Serent
Safte ootpPt orputs an eent everukin
Can alue the poben ant 3olue the
in
n polynaM) al ie obleh pyntal lirn
Ney step o
Ney F Cxeculon* Next sp o
Cxeation
Co be deer1intd Cont bt dekesmied
• G lLon~u H Conru }ir1J ""
• ;f 1J IS a. n o!}leo... oY' U'HfJeJJ Scie flce H,J us.e,s
the f"ioci ples ot [u qnhJt1 fheoJ?J-
?f1l f)(f\qi"-~ tht: behqVioJ-1 c,i ene"J)' al\J Ha.te'J?l ,J on
the o.loH ;e, qnJ .subJ-oHic levels
)'. qlllqrJuM (ot1ruh1 uses .suL,.toHIC l""J,cJs _) Such
~
19 a.S elec~~ns Eh pho h,ns. Quqr,{4t1 b·, 6 oJ/ t.v /heS?L
0

" pa91hcle.s }o exis~ lll HoJ>{!, -lt-,qf) OM s~. Gt lJ

~ oJ. LHl
Uses arJ 8e ne ~, b. c,~ Qu,)"'"' 0" I" f; "j
fhe &int
19
!"i- - -Qll"-~h~f-\ __-
{ot1fJ;J -- ~
eou.ld Col\~9';b..k JJ-l~f!J fo ~.
h~
)- i e Id 6 \- ~!'C4j'l l ~J J \, I\ "'(\Lt...J t J~
,.., i Li o,J, ~q_ '1.J,J_, J j) 4J cl ts n 1
\ol.rHJ' Jesj "'J 13 ij D~ .;,""1cl, r k - - -
Wo,i}:J J. ~Lw1f«1-1 Cot1futinj
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os;e'd HoJJ A +he one. CJ/LL be. ~oc~·,nJ Ofl_, i.S

L +he !,4qfl}C\M CiXu) HodJ·
 1n3tr ... J o~ b·,n<1J> G:>Jr_, r,qntu.H Ci91G4.lf &Mf4h"J!

on Jo; t &i o.11)' vo.J.4.e be (.Jee/1 ~o rta.k co..lo.J~oA.s.v_

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n«11 \,u,
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Cc, n
o
Lt se. e>J ~ I- -1~ bite:
'2-55,_,

l--o_ 81e~;
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