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【L03 課程大綱】Ch31-pre
【L03 課程大綱】Ch31-pre
Fungi
Biology
Eighth Edition
Neil Campbell and Jane Reece
Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Overview: Mighty Mushrooms
Reproductive structure
Hyphae
Spore-producing
structures
20 µm
Mycelium
• Some fungi have hyphae divided into cells by
septa, with pores allowing cell-to-cell
movement of organelles
• Coenocytic fungi lack septa
Cell wall
Nuclei Cell wall
Pore
Septum Nuclei
Plant
Fungal hypha cell
wall
Plant cell
Plant cell
plasma
Haustorium membrane
(b) Haustoria
Fig. 31-4a
Hyphae
Nematode 25 µm
Plant
Fungal hypha cell
wall
Plant cell
Plant cell
plasma
Haustorium membrane
(b) Haustoria
• Mycorrhizae are mutually beneficial
relationships between fungi and plant roots
• Ectomycorrhizal fungi form sheaths of
hyphae over a root and also grow into the
extracellular spaces of the root cortex
• Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi extend hyphae
through the cell walls of root cells and into
tubes formed by invagination of the root cell
membrane
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic
(unfused nuclei from
different parents)
Diploid (2n)
Spore-producing
structures
Spores
ASEXUAL Mycelium
REPRODUCTION
GERMINATION
Fig. 31-5-2
Key
GERMINATION
Fig. 31-5-3
Key
MEIOSIS
GERMINATION
GERMINATION
Spores
Sexual Reproduction
2.5 µm
• Other fungi that can reproduce asexually are
yeasts, which inhabit moist environments
• Instead of producing spores, yeasts reproduce
asexually by simple cell division and the
pinching of “bud cells” from a parent cell
10 µm
Parent
cell
Bud
• Many molds and yeasts have no known sexual
stage
• Mycologists have traditionally called these
deuteromycetes, or imperfect fungi
Opisthokonts
UNICELLULAR,
FLAGELLATED Nucleariids
ANCESTOR
Chytrids
Fungi
Other fungi
• DNA evidence suggests that fungi are most
closely related to unicellular nucleariids while
animals are most closely related to unicellular
choanoflagellates
• This suggests that fungi and animals evolved
from a common flagellated unicellular ancestor
and multicellularity arose separately in the two
groups
• The oldest undisputed fossils of fungi are only
about 460 million years old
50 µm
Are Microsporidia Closely Related to Fungi?
10 µm
Host cell
nucleus
Developing
microsporidian
Spore
The Move to Land
Fungal hypha
Hyphae 25 µm
Fungal hypha
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Fig. 31-12
Flagellum
4 µm
• Until recently, systematists thought that fungi
lost flagella only once in their evolutionary
history
• Molecular data indicate that some “chytrids”
are actually more closely related to another
fungal group, the zygomycetes; chytrids are a
paraphyletic group
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
• The life cycle of black bread mold (Rhizopus
stolonifer) is fairly typical of the phylum
PLASMOGAMY
PLASMOGAMY
Zygosporangium
KARYOGAMY
Diploid
nuclei
Fig. 31-13-3
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
Spores
Sporangium Diploid
nuclei
MEIOSIS
Fig. 31-13-4
Key
Haploid (n)
Heterokaryotic (n + n)
Diploid (2n)
PLASMOGAMY
Sporangium Diploid
ASEXUAL
nuclei
REPRODUCTION MEIOSIS
Dispersal and
germination
50 µm Mycelium
• Some zygomycetes, such as Pilobolus, can
actually “aim” their sporangia toward conditions
associated with good food sources
0.5 mm
Glomeromycetes
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Fig. 31-15
2.5 µm
Ascomycetes
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Fig. 31-16
Morchella esculenta,
the tasty morel
Conidiophore
Mycelium
Fig. 31-17-2
Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia) Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Dispersal Diploid (2n)
Germination Mating
ASEXUAL type (+)
REPRODUCTION
Hypha PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
Conidiophore (dikaryotic)
Mycelia Dikaryotic
Mycelium hyphae
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Fig. 31-17-3
Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia) Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Dispersal Diploid (2n)
Germination Mating
ASEXUAL type (+)
REPRODUCTION
Hypha PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
Conidiophore (dikaryotic)
Mycelia Dikaryotic
Mycelium hyphae
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY
Diploid nucleus
(zygote)
Fig. 31-17-4
Conidia;
mating type (–)
Haploid spores (conidia) Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n + n)
Dispersal Diploid (2n)
Germination Mating
ASEXUAL type (+)
REPRODUCTION
Hypha PLASMOGAMY
Ascus
Conidiophore (dikaryotic)
Mycelia Dikaryotic
Mycelium hyphae
Germination SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION KARYOGAMY
Dispersal
Diploid nucleus
Asci Eight (zygote)
Ascocarp ascospores
Four
haploid
nuclei MEIOSIS
Basidiomycetes
Chytrids
Zygomycetes
Glomeromycetes
Ascomycetes
Basidiomycetes
Fig. 31-18
Maiden veil fungus
(Dictyphora), a
fungus with an
odor like rotting
meat
Puffballs emitting
spores
Puffballs emitting
spores
Fig. 31-18c
Shelf fungi, important
decomposers of wood
• The life cycle of a basidiomycete usually
includes a long-lived dikaryotic mycelium
• In response to environmental stimuli, the
mycelium reproduces sexually by producing
elaborate fruiting bodies call basidiocarps
• Mushrooms are examples of basidiocarps
• The numerous basidia in a basidiocarp are
sources of sexual spores called basidiospores
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+)
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n+n)
Diploid (2n)
Fig. 31-19-2
Dikaryotic mycelium
Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+) Gills lined
with basidia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Basidia
(n+n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Dikaryotic (n+n)
Diploid (2n)
Fig. 31-19-3
Dikaryotic mycelium
Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+) Gills lined
with basidia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Basidia
(n+n)
KARYOGAMY
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid Dikaryotic (n+n)
nuclei Diploid (2n)
Fig. 31-19-4
Dikaryotic mycelium
Haploid mycelia PLASMOGAMY
Mating
type (–)
Mating
type (+) Gills lined
Haploid with basidia
mycelia
SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
Basidiocarp
(n+n)
Dispersal and
germination
Basidiospores
(n)
Key
Haploid (n)
Diploid Dikaryotic (n+n)
1 µm Basidiospore nuclei Diploid (2n)
Fig. 31-20
Concept 31.5: Fungi play key roles in nutrient
cycling, ecological interactions, and human welfare
• Fungi interact with other organisms in many
ways
RESULTS
20 10
10 5
0 0
E–P+ E+P+ E–P+ E+P+
Fungus-Animal Symbioses
Crustose
(encrusting)
A fruticose (shrublike) lichen lichens
A foliose
(leaflike)
lichen
Fig. 31-23a
Crustose
(encrusting)
lichens
Fig. 31-23c
A foliose
(leaflike)
lichen
• The fungal component of a lichen is most often
an ascomycete
• Algae or cyanobacteria occupy an inner layer
below the lichen surface
Ascocarp of fungus
Soredia
Fungal
hyphae Algal
layer
Algal cell
20 µm
Fungal hyphae
• The algae provide carbon compounds,
cyanobacteria provide organic nitrogen, and
fungi provide the environment for growth
• The fungi of lichens can reproduce sexually
and asexually
• Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation or the
formation of soredia, small clusters of hyphae
with embedded algae
(a) Corn smut on corn (b) Tar spot fungus on (c) Ergots on rye
maple leaves
Fig. 31-25a
Staphylococcus Penicillium
Zone of
inhibited
growth
Fig. 31-UN6
Fig. 31-UN6a
Fig. 31-UN6b
Fig. 31-UN6c
Fig. 31-UN6d
Fig. 31-UN6e
Fig. 31-T1
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