Temperature and

Heat
Readings: Chapter 17 (12th edition),
pp. 570 - 609
PowerPoint® Lectures for
University Physics, Twelveth Edition
– Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman

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 Learning Goals
By the end of this lecture students
should be able to:
• distinguish between heat and
temperature
• explain the meaning of thermal
equilibrium
• explain how different thermometers
function
• explain how object’s dimensions
change with temperature
• calculate the amount of heat in a
body
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 Temperature
Temperature is a measure of “hotness” or “coldness” of
a body.
To measure temperature, a property of the body that
varies with temperature is required.
e.g. Resistance
Volume
Pressure
Length
Any of these can be used to construct a Thermometer.

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 Thermal equilibrium

When two bodies with different temperatures are

placed in contact with each other for long, heat
flows between them till they have a common
temperature. At that point they are said to be in
thermal equilibrium.

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 The Zeroth Law
Consider several bodies A, B, C initially at different temperatures.

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 Thermometers
There are several thermometers.
• Liquid-in-tube
• Resistance thermometers
• Temporal artery – modern more accurate
The main scales and units for temperature are
• Celcius scale, reads 0 -100 in (oC)
• Farenheit scale, reads 32 -212 in (oF)
• Kelvin scale, read 0 - . . Reads in K
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 Conversions
Celcius  Farenheit

Forenheit  Celcius

Celcius  Kelvin

Fig. 17.7 P. 576

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Linear and volume thermal expansion
An object of initial length Lo, expands as
temperature increases by Δ𝑇 as

where 𝛼 is called the coefficient of linear expansivity.

Volume expansion with temperature is similarly defined

as

Most often, β ≈ 3α

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 Coefficients of expansion

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Specific heat
• Temperature dependents on the state of a body and is
a measure of coldness or hotness.
• Heat is energy
• Let’s denote heat by Q, and temperature by T
The amount of heat, Q, needed to raise the temperature
of a body by Δ𝑇 is proportional to the mass of the body

c is known as the heat capacity of the body [J Kg-1 K-1].

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 = 186.22 Watt-Hour
= 25W x 7:30 Mn

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.
 Molar heat capacity

Closely related to heat capacity, c, is molar heat

capacity C
Because the mass of a body, m, is the mass per mole,
M, times the number of moles, n,
𝑚 = 𝑛𝑀 ⇒
𝑄 = 𝑛𝑀𝑐Δ𝑇
= 𝑛𝐶Δ𝑇
The unit of molar heat capacity is J mol-1 K-1

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 Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Heat transfers by three main mechanisms:
• Conduction
• Convection and
• Radiation

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 Conduction
Conduction occurs within a body, or between bodies in contact.
• Requires a medium
• Requires temperature difference between two points
• Conduction normal to a cross sectional area, A, is found to
be proportional to the A, and inversely proportional to the
length L (along direction of conduction).
• The rate of heat transfer, dQ/dt can be expressed as:

• TH – hotter temperature
• TC – colder temperature
• K – coefficient of thermal conductivity [W m-1 K-1]
• L - length

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 .

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 TXT MSG: There are three
experimental facts why convection is
not described by a single equation.
Students to find these out and remember them in
their own interest!

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 Radiation
Raidation is the transfer of heat by electromagnetic waves. It is
the means by which solar energy reaches the earth.
• Requires no medium
The rate of transfer of heat, H (=dQ/dt ) can be expressed
quantitatively as

A – surface area of radiator

e – emissivity [0, 1]
𝜎 = 5.67 × 10−8 𝑊m−2 𝐾 4 (Stefan-Boltzmann Constant)

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Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education Inc.