CALCULATORS

CALCULATION BEFORE CALCULATORS

Counting on Counting on Counting through

Figures Slates Stones
 WHAT IS CALCULATION AND WHY IS IT
REQUIRED ?
Calculation is a mathematical process that transforms one or more inputs
into one or more outputs or results to nd an accurate value.

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 WHAT ARE CALCULATORS ?
A device to preform arithmetic operations on numbers.
 EARLY MANUAL CALCULATORS

Abacus Napier’s bone

• First manual calculating device
used by roman and greeks
• Calculations like addition and
subtraction.
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• Made by John Napier
• Simpli ed complex
multiplication.
 MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Pascaline calculators
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1649
• Could do addition and subtraction
• Around 50 pieces in total were manufactured
• It was a gift to mathematics ,philosophy and theology

• Due to lack of technology and skilled men it was tough to

manufacture it at that time

• It was very expensive for that period of time. So it became

a thing for elite class only.
 MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Arithmometer
• Invented by Charles Xavier Thomas in1820
• First commercially successful mechanical.
• Shift from human calculators to calculating machines
• A lot of companies started making its clones in 1883’s , due
to which it was available in cheaper rates and more people
were able to use it
• Scienti c ,military and other government institutes also
accepted this calculator
• After this the term calculator was replaced by arithmometer
in some calculators till 1940’s
• It lead to a idea to create a micro process for faster results
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 MECHANICAL CALCULATORS
Difference engine 1 and 2
• Invented by Charles
Babbage in 1882 • Invented by Charles
• Lead the foundation Babbage in 1882 but
for modern computers. was manufactured
after his death
• Error free
mathematical tables • Had ability to print
for scienti c and results of calculations
engineering elds automatically.
• Used for solving • Increased
polynomial equation. programmability
• Lacked to perform
general purpose
calculation
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 AUTOMATIC CALCULATORS
Analytical engine
• Invented by Charles Babbage in1842
• First design for general purpose computer.
• Took punched cards as a form of input
• It inspired modern programming practices
• Had storage that would hold both data and input. Thus
inspired electronic memory.
• Challenged traditional computation .
• Left a lasting legacy.
 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
Busicom 141-PF
• Invented by Busicom corporation in1970
• First commercial calculator with microprocessor
• 4004 intel microprocessor was developed for the calculator
• This bought technological and industrial advancements.
• The chip also provided storage . That become base for
future storage device
• The chip could also be programmed for ping pong games
and gps etc.
• Provided scope for inventions and innovations to engineers
 ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS
Casio fx-58
• Invented by casino in1973
• Energy suf cient
• More convenient for users due to small batteries
• Sustainable technology
• Better display because of contrast ratio
• Cells were costly but had a long life term.
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 INTRODUCTION OF CALCULATORS IN
EDUCATION AND IN OTHER PROFESSIONS
 DESKTOP CALCULATORS
Casio FX 7000G
• Invented in1985
• First graphing calculator
• To solve the problem with electric power line transmission
• Impacted education in middle and high schools.
• Eased visualisation and increased the level of thinking and
questioning.
• Impacted on casio’s reputation
• Widen the range of tasks a calculator can perform.
• Programmability helped users to customise the device
according to their needs.
 DESKTOP CALCULATORS
Casio fx-991EX
• Invented in early 2000’s
• Facilitates the learning process
• Cost ef cient
• Extended battery life
• Natural display
• Qr code technology
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ICONIC CALCULATOR

Designed by Dieter Rams in 1978

ICONIC CALCULATOR

Inspired by the Braun calculator

ICONIC CALCULATOR

Invented by casino in 1987

THANK YOU

Hemali Samridhi Arush