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Geosystems An Introduction to
Physical Geography Updated Canadian
4th Edition Christopherson Solutions
Manual
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URLs listed in Chapter 3 thoroughly that it behaves as if it were a single
gas.
Baumgartner jump: This modern atmosphere is, in reality, a
• www.redbullstratos.com gaseous mixture of ancient origins—the sum of
• vimeo.com/10992331 all the exhalations and inhalations of life on
CO2 monitoring: Earth throughout time.
• ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/co2/trends/
co2_mm_mlo.txt 2. Characterise the various functions the
• www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions atmosphere performs that protect the
Noctilucent clouds: surface environment.
• lasp.colorado.edu/science/atmospheric A membrane around a cell regulates the
Ionosphere: interactions of the delicate inner workings of that
cell and the potentially disruptive outer environ-
• science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-
ment. Each membrane is very selective as to
nasa/2008/30apr_4dionosphere_launch
Stratospheric ozone predicament: what it will and will not allow to pass. The modern
atmosphere acts as Earth’s protective membrane.
• ozoneaq.gsfc.nasa.gov/ozone_overhead
The atmosphere absorbs and interacts with
_all_v8.md
harmful wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation,
• www.ec.gc.ca/uv/default_asp?lang=En&n=C
the streams of charged particles in the solar wind,
74058DD-1/
and natural and human-caused space debris—all
• www.epa.gov/sunwise/uvindex.html protecting the delicate aspects of the biosphere in
• www.ec.gc.ca/ozone/ the lower troposphere. As critical as the
• ozonewatch.gsfc.nasa.gov/ atmosphere is to us, it represents only a thin-
• ozone.unep.org/new_site/en/index.php skinned envelope amounting to less than one-
• earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/WorldOf millionth of the total mass of Earth.
Change/ozone.php
• earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/ 3. What three distinct criteria are employed
view.php?id=49874 in dividing the atmosphere for study?
• www.aeryon.com/products/avs/aeryon- The atmosphere is conveniently classified using
skyranger.html three criteria: composition, temperature, and
Air pollution observations and agreements: function. Based on chemical composition the
• www.cdc.gov/nceh/airpollution atmosphere is divided into two broad regions:
• www.lung.org the heterosphere and the homosphere. Based
Acid deposition: on temperature the atmosphere is divided into
• www.hubbardbrook.org four distinct zones: the thermosphere,
mesosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere.
Finally, two specific zones are identified on the
Chapter Review Questions basis of function relative to their role of removing
most of the harmful wavelengths of solar
• Draw a diagram showing three profiles of radiation—these are the ionosphere and the
atmospheric structure based on three criteria for ozonosphere, or ozone layer. See the right-hand
analysis—composition, temperature, and column in Figure 3.1.
function.
4. Describe the overall temperature profile of
1. What is air? Where did the components in the atmosphere and list the four layers
Earth’s present atmosphere originate? defined by temperature.
Earth’s atmosphere is a unique reservoir of The temperature profile in Figure 3.1 shows that
gases, the product of billions of years of temperatures rise sharply in the thermosphere,
development. The modern atmosphere is up to 1200°C and higher at the top of the
probably Earth’s fourth general atmosphere. The atmosphere. Individual molecules of nitrogen
principal substance of this atmosphere is air, the and oxygen and atoms of oxygen are excited to
medium of life as well as a major industrial and high levels of vibration from the intense radiation
chemical raw material. Air is a simple additive present in this portion of the atmosphere. This
mixture of gases that is naturally odorless, kinetic energy, the energy of motion, is the
colourless, tasteless, and formless, blended so vibrational energy stated as temperature,
although the density of the molecules is so low
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Language: Italian
CESARE CANTÙ
EDIZIONE POPOLARE
RIVEDUTA DALL'AUTORE E PORTATA FINO AGLI ULTIMI EVENTI
TOMO XIII.
TORINO
UNIONE TIPOGRAFICO-EDITRICE
1877
INDICE
LIBRO DECIMOSESTO
CAPITOLO CLXXV.
La Rivoluzione francese.