SCP Fore2

ST.
JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION
Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached
SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR

SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING
Fore 2- Personal Identification Techniques
This Simplified Course Pack (SCP) is a draft version only and may not be
used, published or redistributed without the prior written consent of the
Academic Council of SJPIICD. Contents of this SCP is only intended for
the consumption of the students who are officially enrolled in the
course/subject. Revision and modification process of this SCP are
expected.
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ST. JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO
By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing quality,

Vision economically accessible, and transformative education
grounded on the teachings of St. John Paul II.
Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates

through quality teaching and learning, transparent governance,
Mission holistic student services, and meaningful community-oriented
researches, guided by the ideals of St. John Paul II.
● Respect
● Hard Work
● Perseverance
Core Values
● Self-Sacrifice
● Compassion
● Family Attachment
● Inquisitive
● Ingenious
Graduate Attributes
● Innovative
● Inspiring
Course Code/Title FORE2/ Personal Identification Techniques
The course covers the fundamental study of ancient and modern
methods of personal identification with emphasis on
Dactyloscopy, Orthodontology and Palmistry, which embraces
the identification and comparison of fingerprint patterns and
Course Description
ridge characteristics; the scientific method of recognition,
development and preservation of latent prints; and the recording
and classifying of fingerprints that include the Henry System and
the FBI Extension.
Course Requirement Compilation of Fingerprint Classification
Time Frame 90 Hours
Grading System “Based 40” Cumulative Averaging Grading System
Periodical Grading = Attendance (5%) + Participation (10%) + Quiz (25%) + Exam
(60%)
Final-Final Grade = Prelim Grade (30%) + Midterm Grade (30%) + Final Grade
(40%)
Contact Detail
Dean/Program Head Liezl Mae S. Artogue,RCrim (09308058188)
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Course Map
FORE2- Simplified Course Pack (SCP)
SCP-Topics: Prelim Period SCP- Topics: Midterm Period SCP- Topics: Final Period
Historical development of Illustrate the various ridge Identify the proper collection and
Week 1 Week 7
fingerprint identification characteristics Week 13 preservation of fingerprint
evidence
Week 2 Pioneers of Fingerprint Science Compare the different fingerprint

Week 8 Practice the proper
patterns and ridge characteristics
documentation, identification and
Week 14
court presentation of fingerprint
evidence
Scientific methods of personal Explain the methods of classifying
Week 3 Week 9
identification fingerprint patterns
Demonstrate the proper recording
Week 15
of fingerprint impressions
Review the basic principles Discuss the proper lifting of Latent
Week 4 Week 10
involved in the study of fingerprint fingerprint impressions
Week 16 File fingerprint classification
Explain the different fingerprint Discuss the proper recording of

Week 5 Week 11
patterns fingerprint impressions
Demonstrate the classification of
Week 17
fingerprints
Week 6 Prelim Examination Week 12 Midterm Examination

Week 18 Final Examination
Course Outcomes
1. Trace the historical development of fingerprint identification;
2. Explain the different ordinary and scientific methods of personal identification;
3. Define and explain the basic principles involved in the study of fingerprint;
4. Identify, illustrate and explain the different fingerprint patterns;
5. Identify and illustrate the various ridge characteristics;
6. Define and explain the methods of classifying fingerprint patterns;
7. Develop and lift Latent fingerprint impressions;
8. Conduct the proper recording of fingerprint impressions, and
9. File fingerprint classification
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Welcome Aboard! The course covers the fundamental study of

ancient and modern methods of personal identification with
emphasis on Dactyloscopy, Orthodontology and Palmistry, which
embraces the identification and comparison of fingerprint patterns
and ridge characteristics; the scientific method of recognition,
development and preservation of latent prints; and the recording and
classifying of fingerprints that include the Henry System and the FBI
Extension.
SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

Week 1
Lesson Title Historical development of fingerprint identification
Learning Discuss the historical development of fingerprint
Outcome(s) identification
At SJPIICD, I Matter!
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
The term "Finger Print" has metamorphosed into "Fingerprint". The former
was based from the title of Sir Francis Galton's publication in 1892, "Finger
Prints"; the two-word form was in use for many years until FBI started using
'fingerprints' in the title of their publication, "The Science of Fingerprints". In
1954, there was more movement to the one-word version when Frederick R.
Cherrill published, "The Fingerprint System at Scotland Yard'. In July 1972, the
"Finger Print and Identification Magazine" of the Institute of Applied Science
became the "Fingerprint and Identification Magazine," which is the last
authoritative publication to have had adopted the one-word version Fingerprint.
Dactylography is defined as the study of fingerprints as a method of

identification. This term was popularized by Henry Faulds in his published
journal, Dactylography. It is the title of Dr. Henry Fauld's published book in
1905, However, modern researchers suggested not using this term as it is not
appropriate as it originally pertains to "writing with fingers" which is widely used
for "typewriting", And yet, modern fingerprint dictionary like of Michele Tripletť's
is considering Dactylography as pure science while fingerprint identification as
applied science.
Essential Content
Dactyloscopy refers to the comparison or classification of fingerprints for
identification. It was reportedly the term used by Juan Vucetich who devised a
Classification system, which was an expansion of Francis Galton's, in Argentina.
It is known also as Dactiloscopy or Dactiloscopia or Dactiloscopico, and used in
most areas of South America. Originally named the Icnofalangometric System
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and developed in 1891. It was Dr. Francisco Latzina, a fingerprint pioneer that
is credited with influencing Vucetich to change the name of his classification

system from Icnofalangometrica (meaning in Argentina: "finger track
measurement") to Dactiloscopia (meaning in Argentina: "finger description") in
1896. Taken from a recent article written in Spain, the term Dactyloscopy refers
to "the scientific study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification".
The term Dactyloscopy as used in European countries is formed of two

Greek words, dactylos, meaning "a finger" and skopein, meaning to examine,
thus it means "an examination of the fingers. "Daktulos" is Greek for finger.
However, it could be either mean as "finger" or “toes”. The Philippines has
obviously adopted both terms Fingerprint Identification and Dactyloscopy: the
NBI has its Dactyloscopy Division, while the PNP is having Fingerprint
Identification Division. Both divisions perform similar function.
Pelmatoscopy is the science which studies the friction ridges of the soles,
while Chiroscopy is the examination of the hand (i.e. palms). Interestingly,
Ridgeology has been invented to encompass all of the friction ridges in both of
the palmar side of the hand and the plantar side of the foot, not just the distal
phalange of the fingers and thumbs as Dactyloscopy would imply (see discussion
of Ridgeology below).
Dermatoglyphics is the study of the surface markings of the skin, the friction
ridges. This term (derma = skin, glyph = carving) was coined by Prof. Harold
Cummins and Charles Midlo, who were professors of Microscopic Anatomy at
Tulane University in the United States, in 1926. They wrote the book,
"Fingerprints, Palms and Soles," in 1943. Doctor Cummins is universally
acknowledged as the Father of Dermatoglyphics. He studied all aspects of
fingerprint analysis, from anthropology to genetics, from embryology to the study
of malformed hands with from two to seven fingers. He pulled together the
diverse work of his predecessors, added original research and set the standards
of the field still in force to the present. His famous Down Syndrome studies
predicted a genetic link to the disease based upon the presence of the Simian
Crease.
Crime Scene Prints and Ten-Print Record

While it is a recognized fact that law enforcement has been using friction
ridge impressions, its use is actually divided into two categories: crime scene and
ten-print record.
The first is the crime scene print (latent print as used in the USA or mark
as used in the UK) developed on crime scene evidence, which purpose is to
identify the owner of such latent prints. These hidden prints are usually
smudged, faint, overlapping each other and partial. The second is the ten-print
which is usually inked full rolled print recorded on cards or piece of paper for
the purpose of filing, thus could be used as reference during subsequent arrest,
application, or decedent. In identifying persons using latent prints, it needs
scientific knowledge and comparative skills, while comparing inked prints during
arrest against inked prints in the record-file may only need good eyesight and
sound interpretation of different fingerprint configurations, and nothing else.
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Latent print in the form of sweat residue
Ink Ten-print on card
Friction Ridge Skin

The term "Fingerprint" is generally used not only to denote an impression
made by the fingers and thumbs but also to palmar surface of the hand and
plantar surface of the feet. Fingerprint is the generic term for all friction ridge
skin impressions. Friction ridge skin is found on the hands and feet of human
beings and other primates; it is a combination of raised portions of skin, known
as ridges, and depressed portions, known as furrows.
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Friction Ridge Skin
In 1918, a book of Wentworth and Wilder, published in title "Personal

Identification", introduced the term, "In many of the lower mammals, especially
the monkeys, these ridges are much coarser and heavier than in man, and
perform the important function of preventing the surfaces from slipping, or
'skidding’, during the rapid movements involved in a life in the trees. They are
hence called ‘friction ridges’, and the skin areas thus marked are called 'friction
skin’.
The US v. Mitchell (1999) could be found to have frequently mentioned

phrase "friction ridge skin" in every part of its court's proceedings. The attorneys
and examiners who were involved in the preparation of this case anticipated that
challenges might move on to palm and footprints. For example, the prosecutor
during the first day of the hearing had introduced an exhibit which read as
follows:
a. that human friction ridges are unique and permanent,

b. that human friction ridge skin arrangements are unique and
permanent, and
c. that individualization, that is positive identification, can result from
comparisons of friction ridge skin or impressions containing a
sufficient quality (clarity) and quantity of unique friction ridge detail.
The court gave judicial notice to each of those elements at the end of the
hearing.
On March 3, 2003, an online newsletter, The Detail, published in

AMW.clpex.com, has supported this proper usage of friction ridge skin. In one
case the US Supreme Court has been asked whether the trial court is “in error
in allowing experts in fingerprint identification to testify as experts palm
identification." The Supreme Court responded, "there is but one physiological
basis underlying these methods of identification: that the phenomenon by which
identify is thus established exists, not only on the bulbs of the finger tips, but is
continuous and coexisting on all parts and in all sections and subdivisions of
the palmar surface of the human hand."
In another case the Court of Appeals held that because the fingerprint expert
was qualified as such as he also fully explained the fundamental similarity of
fingerprint and palm print, the trial court "did not err in permitting him to testify
as an expert on palm prints."
This author, during the first attempt to form Forensic Identification Society
of the Philippines way back in 2003, had tried to convince others to use "friction
ridge print" instead of "fingerprint" as the letter "F" in the acronym of the name
of the group, but it fell to unfavorable consensus.
During the zonal conference conducted by the Commission on Higher

Education regarding the policies and standards of criminology education in the
Philippines last June 11, 2004 at La Isla Parilla, Sarangani Province, the author
also insisted that the term Friction Ridge Identification must be used to be the
title of the subject that intends to impart the knowledge about the impressions
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of the skin in the volar (the biological term for friction skin) areas. This is the
right term as opposed to fingerprint or dactyloscopy, which refers only to the
impressions of the bulb of fingers and thumbs, much more to the term Personal
Identification, which is more general to be the title for specific fingerprint
identification technique. One should take note that Robert J. Phillips alias
Roscoe Pitts was detected of his committed offense and identified as he is, not
because of the distal phalange but of the medial phalange or the second joint of
his right middle finger. That is why in taking inked prints for records keeping
printing of al friction ridges on fingers and palms is suggested. Some examiners
call it "major case prints" while some termed it as "major criminal prints” and
"complete friction ridge exemplar" (a systematic recording of all friction ridge
detail appearing on the palmar sides of the hands. This includes the extreme
sides of the palms, joints, tips, and sides of the fingers)".
Talking about bulb, distal phalange, and end joints; sometimes a little
confusion is encountered on terminology usage among examiners and
instructors; they tend to interchangeably use fist joint and last or end joint to
mean the bulb portion of the fingers and thumbs.
In human anatomy, our limbs are relatively measured from its point of
attachment or from the center of the body, e.g., the tips of our fingers and
thumbs are called as the "last" joint, meaning the farthest among the phalanges
(the nearest is called as proximal phalange; the middle of the fingers is the medial
phalange). The term proximal (Latin: proximus, "nearest") describes where the
appendage joins the body, and the term distal (Latin: distare, "to stand away
from") is used for the point furthest from the point of attachment to the body.
So, based on that definition the said "last joint" can be rightfully described as
"distal phalange" (or phalanx), "end joint" or "last joint" as opposed to first joint
which was confusingly described by the early FBI publications.
When we use the word "fingerprint," we can mean any of the three concepts:
First, the friction skin itself on the hand, which itself is persistent and
unique. It is an established fact.
Second, we sometimes refer to the plural "fingerprints," as in a set of rolled

fingerprints in black ink on a white paper background. And we are sure that
those set of fingerprints are unique because we know the source skin of it. In
Europe, this is called as "print"
The third "fingerprint" is the latent print. It contains only a fraction of the
transferred detail found in either the friction skin or the inked fingerprints. Its
source skin is unknown. In Europe, it is commonly called as "mark".
Friction ridge skin is persistent (permanent) and unique itself, while latent
prints may or may not have discernible uniqueness. To enable a more articulate
conversation, it is therefore suggested to use three terms: "friction ridge skin,"
"exemplar," and "latent print" or “friction ridge print" to mean as the skin,
ten-print impression or known print, and the questioned impression,
respectively.
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Fingerprint Identification
Let the term "Friction Ridge Print" as it may be known to be all

encompassing, but let the generic term "Fingerprint" be used for the
convenience, as it is popular among, of the target readers. Also known as Friction
Ridge Identification or Friction Skin Identification, Fingerprint Identification is
the applied science of identification by friction skin based on the Theory of
Differential Growth and the Theory of Permanence. Fingerprint Identification as
an applied science is founded on researches and empirical observations
conducted by people who are both coming from the academe and law
enforcement.
Analysis of fingerprints has been considered as the gold standard of forensic

identification; the Philippine National Police Crime Laboratory branded
fingerprint as the "King of Physical Evidence", while others label it as the "Grand
Daddy" of forensic science. In fact, other scientific fields of identification would
like to invoke onto them the prestige of "fingerprint" analysis, e.g. voiceprint
analysis and DNA fingerprinting; however, the International Association for
Identification resolved that "DNA typing" is to be used to refer to the DNA analysis
of blood for identification purposes.
ANCIENT TIMES
Before the Europeans discovered the value of fingerprints for identification,

ancient China has been using it as a means of authenticating documents as
early as 250-200 B.C., and then it spreads to India and Japan.
The Chinese's utilization of fingerprints was found on their documents in

the form of bamboo slips rolled with string, which was sealed with clay. As proof
of authenticity, the clay is clay impressed with the name of the author of the
documents, the reverse of which is impressed with a fingerprint of the same
author.
It was once known that the Chinese had used fingerprints as seals for
personal identification even before the time of Jesus Christs. The Chinese had
their deed of sale signed with an inked fingerprint.
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In 1858, Sir William Herschel claimed that he made use handprint when he
let the Indians perfected a contract with him. "Nevertheless, those fingerprints
and hand prints are over one thousand years later than the ones used in the
contracts in the Tang Dynasty of China.
There was a historical account of an aboriginal Indian petroglyph from Nova

Scotia, showing friction ridge skin and flexion creases (several hundred years
old).
Coincidentally, the discovery of dactyloscopy or identification by means of

fingerprint is attributed to Englishmen, William Herschel and Henry Faulds, who
are, during that time, living in Asia, particularly India (South Asia) and Japan
(East Asia). The use of fingerprints by the Japanese was postulated out from an
article published by a Japanese antiquary, Churyo Katsurakawa.
According to the "Domestic Law" (Korei), to divorce the wife the husband
must give her a document stating which of the seven reasons for divorce was
assigned for the action. All letters must be in the husband's handwriting, but in
case he does not understand how to write he should sign with a finger print. An
ancient commentary on this passage is: "In case a husband cannot write, let him
hire another man to write the document and after the husband's name sign with
his own index finger." Perhaps this is the first mention in Japanese literature of
the finger-print method.
It was believed that the above "Domestic Law," which was enacted in 702
A.D., was patterned after the Chinese "Laws of Yung-hui" during 650-655 A.D.
Before paper began to be used as writing media, whittled pieces of bamboo were
considered as documents for writing which were bound together with string. The
bound bamboo was then sealed with clay (pictured above), which obverse was
stamped with the personal symbol of the author and the reverse was embossed
with his/her fingerprint.
The Chinese impressed their fingerprints on the land contract, a practice even
prior Herschel’s claim.
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SELF-SUPPORT: You can click the URL Search Indicator below to help you further understand the lessons.
Search Indicator
Poschor-Depayso, V. (2000). The Basics of Fingerprint. Retrieved from:
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kCvc_YKSbC4NdbH3h2FbAqdgZdLZxvu
B/view?usp=sharing
Rocamora, J. (2017). Foundation of Friction Ridge print Examination.

Retrieved from: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Mzqz7W6h70HpCxb
QNaUxS9PxO5mZsCdS/view?usp=sharing
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LET’S INITIATE
Activity 1. Let us try to check your understanding of the topics. Write your
answers on the space provided below every after the questions
1. Differentiate the two categories of friction ridge impressions.

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. What is Dactyloscopy?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
Activity 1. In this activity, you are required to expound your answer to each
of the questions below.
1. Explain in your own words the Latent prints and how it is acquired.
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. How fingerprint identification be able to solve crimes?

_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Map the historical development of fingerprints using graphic
organizer.
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Week 2
Lesson Title Pioneers of Fingerprint Science
Learning
Explain the Fundamentals of Personal Identification
Outcome(s)
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Pioneers of Fingerprint Science
The feud between Herschel, Galton, and Faulds as to who discovered first
the fingerprinting process for personal identification has left an indelible mark
in the annals of fingerprint science not just among early fingerprint scholars but
also to present-day students and professors, therefore in order to distinctly
identify the pioneers thus avoid the common mistake of mingling different
pioneers by attributing them similar but confusing titles, example naming
Johannes Evangelist Purkinji as the "Father of Dactyloscopy" while Sir Edward
Richard Henry as the Father of Fingerprints" and Marcelo Malpighi as the
Grandfather of either Fingerprints or Dactyloscopy, the personalities will be
parsed into the following fields of contributions:
1. Anatomical Research on Friction Ridge Skin
2. Application of Friction Ridge Skin Impressions
ANATOMICAL RESEARCH ON FRICTION RIDGE SKIN
The scientific basis of friction ridge identification has evolved over centuries.
Before Wiliam Herschel applied the practicability of friction ridge skin
impressions on personal identification in 1858, though not on the realm of
catching criminals, ridges and pores of the hands and feet were first described
by Dr. Nehemiah Grew in 1684, followed by G. Bidloo in 1685. Later Marcello
Malpighi reported also his observations of the function, form, and structure of
friction ridge skin. Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer in 1788 was the first to
address the individuality of friction ridges.
Scientific researchers mentioned below have studied the anatomical

structure of friction ridges, the stages of friction ridge development on the human
fetus, including the explanation of differential growth (random physical stresses
and pressures) of friction ridges which is the major premise of friction ridge print
identification. Nonetheless, all those scholarly works were anatomical; none of
them attempted to classify fingerprints, nor attributed them to personal
identification.
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Essential Content
Dr. Nehemiah Grew (1641-1712)
Friction ridge skin was first described in detail by Dr. Nehemiah Grews. Dr
Grew was a Fellow of the Royal Society and of the College of Physicians; he
described the "innumerable little ridges" in Philosophical Transactions for 1684.
Dr. Grew published extremely accurate drawings of finger patterns and areas of
palm. The image below is a drawing of the configurations of the hand displaying
the ridge flow on the fingers and palms.
Grew and his hand illustration displaying friction ridge flow.
Govard Bidloo
A Dutch anatomist, in 1685 he published "Anatomy of the Human Body"
which described details of the friction skin of the thumb. He had in that
publication drawing of a thumb depicting the arrangement of ridges; however,
its description was morphological in nature and not on its individuality.
A drawing of thumb depicting arrangement of ridges
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Marcello Malpighi (1628 1694)

In 1687, an Italian anatomist and microscopist who described the patterns
on the tips of fingers as part of an overall study of human skin. Both the Stratum
Basale and Stratum Spinosum, which are called as the "Malpighian layer" is
termed after him. Malpighi was the first to use the newly invented microscope
for medical studys, specifically on the different layers of friction ridge skin, its
form, structure, and function through his 1686 treatise, Concerning the External
Tactile Organs.
Marcello Malpighi
Johann Christoph Andreas Mayer (1788)

In 1788, J.C. A. Mayer wrote in his illustrated textbook Anatomical Copper-
plates with Appropriate Explanations that "the arrangement of skin ridges is
never duplicated in two persons", thus he was the first to write that friction ridge
skin is unique.
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Dr. Johannes E. Purkinje (1787 - 1869)

Also known as Jan Purkinje, Johannes Evangelista Purkinje, or Purkyne is
a Bohemian (Czechoslovakian) physiologist who devised new methods for
preparing microscope samples, and discovered sweat pores, He was the first
person to name the patterns on the fingers, but never mentioned using them for
personal identification. In 1823 he discovered the following:
"After innumerable observations, I have found nine important varieties of

patterns of rugae and sulci serving for touch on the palmar surface of the
terminal phalanges of the fingers.
1. The transverse curves (simple arch)
2. The central longitudinal stria (tented arch)
3. The oblique stripe (loop, ulnar or radial)
4. The oblique loop (loop, ulnar or radial)
5. The almond (whorl)
6. The spiral (whorl)
7. The ellipse - elliptical whorl (whorl)
8. The circle-circular whorl (whorl)
9. The double whorl (twin loop)
Dr. Purkinje’s nine types of finger patterns.
Dr. Purkinje recognized the classification element of friction ridge formations

but did not associate friction ridges to a means of personal identification.
Arthur Kollmann (1883)

In the late 1800's, Kollmann of Hamburg Germany, was the first researcher
to address the formation of friction ridges on the fetus and the random physical
stresses and tensions which may have played a part in their growth. He was the
first also to identify the presence and locations of Volar pads on the hands and
feet.
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David Hepburn (1895)

In 1895, Hepburn in his paper, The Papillary Ridges on the Hands and Fest of
Monkeys and Men, was the "first to recognize that friction ridges assist with grasping
by increasing the level of friction between the ridges and the grasped object. He named
the volar pads, hypothenar and thenar on the palm.
thenar
hypothenar
Left palmprint of William Herschel to illustrate the location of thenar and

hypothenar
Inez Whipple (1904)

In 1904, Inez Whipple published a paper that is considered by some as
landmark in the field of genetics and ridgeology. “The Ventral Surface of the
Mammalian Chiridium - With Special Reference to the Conditions Found in Man”
suggest the development of the surfaces of the hands and feet of all mammals
are similar to some degree.
Her paper has certainly given us an insight into the possible evolutionary
process or volar skin development on mammals. "Whipple also reported that
early mammals had walking pads on their volar surfaces similar to dogs or cats.
These pads were located at the ends of what are now the five fingers or toes with
four at the base of the fingers and two on each side of the palm".
Ventral surfaces of the hand (A) and the foot (B) of a human embryo at the end of
the second month. Volar pads are prominent near the tips of the digits
(arrowheads)
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Harris Hawthorne Wilder, Ph.D. (1918)

He collaborated with Inez Whipple, who became his wife. His research
included studies on morphology, methodology of plantar and palmar
dermatoglyphics, genetics and racial differences.
In 1918 Wilder and Bert Wentworth, a former Police Commissine of Dover
New Hampshire, published a book "Personal Identification”. In this book, Wilder
describes the anatomical formation of friction ridges. He also describes how
random physical stresses and pressures, in addition to genetics, are responsible
for friction ridge formation - "...all the infinite possibilities in the formation of the
ridges are widely open in each individual case, so that it is quite safe to say that
no two people in the world can have, even over a small area, the same set of
details, similarly related t the individual units." He is also noted for the
hypothesis that ridges are ridge units fused together.
Harold Cummins (1929)

In 1943 he co-authored with Charles Midlo a book entitled "Finger Prints,
Palms and Soles - An Introduction to Dermatoglyphics'. "He reports that the
human fetus still passes through some of the stages of its evolutionary process
and this includes the appearance of walking pads".
He reported in "Embryology": "All fetuses develop pads in conformity to the
morphological plan. There is considerable variation in the time relations of the
appearance and regression of pads..." Cummins noted that volar pad
configuration has effects to the ridge patterns.
Alfred Hale (1952)

Alfred Hale was an associate of Harold Cummins at Tulane University. In
1952 he published a paper called "Morphogenesis of the Volar Skin in the Human
Fetus”. His paper documents the actual stages of friction ridge development in
addition to describing friction ridge skin formation on the human fetus. "Hale
examined thin slices of skin, cut in cross-section to the friction ridges, from the
fingers of fetuses at different stages of development. Cross sections of skin were
placed on microscope slides and stained for better viewing. Various stages of
ridge development were then revealed"
Dr. William Joseph Babler

He was born on May 24, 1949, Bill, as being called by his friends, is
recognized as the foremost authority in the structure and formation of friction
skin. Dr. Babler has spent over 20 years researching the prenatal development
of friction skin, writing numerous articles explaining his findings.
He has confirmed many scientific theories about friction ridge formation as

well as developed new theories. He has established that the patterns on the
fingers are a result of the shape of the volar pads when the friction skin begins
to develop; high volar pads create whorls while low volar pads create arches. He
was an Associate Professor of Oral Biology teaching human anatomy and
embryology at Indiana University School of Dentistry. He served as the President
of the American Dermatoglyphics Association, where he received their
Distinguished Service Award in 2003.
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All the studies of friction ridge skin were reviewed and confirmed by a series
of research experiments in the structure and formation of friction skin, which
later testified to in court during Daubert hearings, particularly in the US v. Byron
Mitchell (1999), by Dr. William Joseph Babler.
APPLICATION OF FRICTION RIDGE SKIN IMPRESSIONS

Some authors believed that the fingerprinting of criminals for identification
has been documented during the time of Hammurabi (1792-1750 Re in
Babylons0 (capital of ancient Babylonia, sited on the Euphrates River in modern
Iraq). However, it was not until 1858 that the first practical systematic capture
of hand and finger images uniformly taken for identification purposes, when an
English administrator in India, Sir William Herschel, while working for the Civil
Service of India, used prints to distinguish between employees by commenced
placing the inked palm impressions and, later, thumb impressions of some
members of the local population on contracts. These prints were used as a form
of signature on the documents because of the high level of illiteracy in India and
frequent attempts at forgery. Herschel also began fingerprinting all prisoners in
jail.
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Sir William James Herschel (1833 - 1917)

The then British officer working as the Assistant Joint Magistrate and
Collector in colonial India who used fingerprints for identification on contracts
of Indian natives, Herschel (Fig. 19) is credited with being the first European to
use fingerprints in a practical manner through his work on Konai's palmprint.
In 1858, William James Herschel used whole handprints as a signature on
contracts.
Local businessman Radyadhar Konai was the first person Herschel

handprinted, but it was done as a way of getting Konai to honor a contract he
had signed than as a means of personal identification; it was not based on
science, but on superstition, believing that his Indian subjects would fear their
personal imprint on a document was more mystically binding than a mere
signature. Konai is a local Indian native, who entered contract with Herschel to
supply road building material. On the back of the contract Herschel asked Konai
to impress his inked right palm, a practice claimed by Indian historians as local
to them as part of their customs possibly after being imported from China which
they called as "Tip Sahi” (Tip Sahib) or signature by finger impressions.
From 1877-1878 government pensioners in his region signed for their

monthly payments with fingerprints. At the registry of deeds, land owners
impressed fingerprints to authenticate their transactions. "Herschel realized that
fingerprinting could eliminate most such fraudulent practices. He even wrote the
famous "Hooghly" letter addressed to the Inspector of Jails and the Registrar
General on August 15, 1877 for his fingerprinting be adopted, but it did not
achieve favorable attention.
Hershel was the son of the astronomer, Sir John Frederick din Herschel, who
coined the term "photography" in 1839 though other sources attributed to a
certain Jean Hellot, "who earlier used a photographic process to make secret
writings visible by exposure to lignt in 1737 as the one who first coined the word
"photography,"(which means writing the light)
Herschel's main role as a fingerprint pioneer lies in the area of the

immutability of ridged skin. He documented his own fingerprints over his
lifetime, which catapulted him as the first person to study the persistence of
friction ridge skin, though a name Hermann Welcker appears in some books
to have studied earlier than him.
Throughout his life, Herschel took his own fingerprints and noted that no
change had occurred in them in over 50 years. He also had a small collection of
about 20 sets of fingerprints and used his technique of hand printing to detect
forgeries of legal documents.
Later, Herschel simply required the right index and middle fingers of
contract holders. It was on this practice that the use of fingerprints by Herschel
during that time was predicated on superstitious beliefs rather than on scientific
evidences.
The fingerprints taken from prisoners were also of great interest to him, and
he had the opportunity to see the same prisoners fingerprinted several times over
a number of years with no change occurring in their fingerprints.
SCP-Fore 2 | 22
Although his interest in fingerprints predates that of Henry Faulds, Herschel

did not make his feelings known and did not suggest that he had developed a
method of registering and identifying criminals, nor did he foresee any crime
scene application as Faulds had done, neither did he employ ten fingers.
"Herschel did not associate fingerprints found at crime scenes with the identity
of the criminals
It is true Herschel had made use of finger prints in India before Faulds'
article was published, but they had been used as a sign manual and Sir William
had not thought of a method of indexing, nor had he published anything on the
subject.
"However, Herschel conducted experiments on fingerprints not on his official
capacity, but merely as a hobby".
In response to Henry Faulds's fingerprint article in Nature October 28,

1880zz, Herschel wrote "Skin Furrows of the Hand" that was Dublished on
November 25, 1880.
Sir Francis Galton (1822 - 1911)

Francis Galton was considered to be one of the greatest scientists of the 19th
century. He is credited with being the "first scientist of friction skin identification,
although he played as much a role of a promoter as a researcher". He studied
Bertillon's method as well as fingerprinting and believed the latter to be the
superior method. He reviewed research material prepared by Henry Faulds and
William Herschel, but he chose only correspond with Herschel, being familiar
with his family name and status; he ignored the study of Faulds.
Galton published the book on fingerprints in 1892, Finger Prints, which

initially introduced the field of fingerprint identification to the criminal
investigation system, and significantly advanced the science of fingerprint
identification. Naming some ridge characteristics as bifurcation, ending ridge,
and enclosure is attributed to him thus termed as the Galton Details.
Interestingly, the emblem of the IAI bears the outlined right index print of Galton.
He published an accurate and in-depth study of the fingerprinting science

that included an attempt at a system of fingerprint classification to facilitate the
handling of large collections of fingerprints. Although Galton's Work proved to
be sound and became the foundation of modern fingerprint lence and
technology, his approach to classification was inadequate, and it was to be others
- Sir Edward Richard Henry, Haque, and Bose - who successfully apply his work.
To some, and the IAI, Galton is often
SCP-Fore 2 | 23
Search Indicator
B/view?usp=sharing

SCP-Fore 2 | 24
LET’S INITIATE
answers on the space provided below every after the questions.
1. Who is the father of fingerprint and what are his contribution to be

considered as the Father of Modern Fingerprint?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Who was the first person named the patterns of fingers and how did he
classify the elements of friction ridges?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Who named of some ridge characteristics as bifurcation, ending ridge and

enclosure and what are his other contribution?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 25
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How Juan Vucetich proved in criminal investigation that Francisca Rojas

was the one who killed her own children by means of fingerprint evidence?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Johann Cristoph Andreaws Mayer stated that “the arrangement of skin

ridges is never duplicated in two persons”. What does it mean? Explain in
your own words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 26
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Map all the pioneers of fingerprint identification and list all their
contribution using graphic organizer.
SCP-Fore 2 | 27
Week 3
Lesson Title Development of Fingerprints
Learning Identify the different scientific methods of personal
Outcome(s) identification
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Development of Fingerprints
The system of identification using fingerprints is based on the fact that no
two individuals have the same finger, palm or foot prints and rests upon three
fundamentals - formation, uniqueness and persistence.
Essential Content
Formation
Fingerprints develop early in fetal life before birth. Pads (bumps) form on the
babies' fingers and palms between 6 and 13 weeks of its life. Where these bumps
occur, how the baby moves around inside the womb and how fast and big the
baby grows all effect how the fingerprint patterns and ridges form and ensure
the unique properties of fingerprints are never duplicated.
Uniqueness
The details of a person's prints are unique to them and only them. Even
IDENTICAL TWINS do not have identical fingerprints.
Persistence
A person's fingerprints will remain the same throughout their life. If
superficial damage occurs the skin will grow back in exactly the same
arrangement as at birth. This is why fingerprints are a reliable means of
identification at all stages of a person's life. They are even one of the last features
to decompose after death.
Dogmatic Principles of Fingerprints
1. PRINCIPLE OF INDIVIDUALITY
(VARIATION, UNIQUENESS). This principle
states that no two fingerprints of different
persons or the neighboring fingers of the
same person have ever been found to be
identical or exactly alike in all respect that
the ridges appearing in fingerprint patterns
of identical twins are never found to be
identical to each other.
SCP-Fore 2 | 28
2. PRINCIPLE OF CONSTANCY (PERMANENCY, IMMUTABILITY). This

principle states that the papillary ridges are immutable, perennial and individual
from the third month of the embryonic while the child is still at the mother's
womb and it will never change until decomposition sets in after death.
HERMANN WELCKER
3. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY- this states that the fingerprint can never

be forged or copied. Fingerprint is reliable means of identification.
Some attempts of destroying Ridges and Disguised
● JOHN DILLINGIR- US notorious public enemy No. 1, who tried to remove

his fingerprints with corrosive acid but failed. Post-mortem fingerprints was
taken when he was shot by FBI agents proved that he was Dillinger.
JOHN DILLINGIR
SCP-Fore 2 | 29
● ROBERT JAMES PITTS (Robert J. Philipps, Roscoe Pitts or Ronald

Philipps) gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an
inmate of a possible destruction of fingerprints. He contacted a doctor. He
removed the skin up to the generative layer and served thin incisions on
each side of Pitts chest. Scar tissue was developed. Almost a year later, he
was picked up and the police were amazed to find that he had no
fingerprints. The Texas Department of Public Safety was able to affect
identification out of the second joints of his fingers. He is also known by the
Name Roscoe Pitts. (DR. LEOPOLD WILLIAM BRANDENBURG)
● LOCARD AND WITKOWSJI of Lyons, who performed rather painful

experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints with boiling water,
hot oil and hot metal, had shown that after the healing of the epidermis, the
original patterns of fingerprints reappeared.
Legal Basis of Fingerprint Evidence

1. People vs. Jennings (1911, Illinois) - pass upon the admissibility of
fingerprint evidence
People v Jennings became a landmark legal case because it was the first
American appellate case regarding the admissibility of fingerprint expert
testimony. The appellate court concluded that fingerprint identification is a
science and that expert testimony was appropriate to aid members of the court
in understanding fingerprint evidence.
Jennings appealed his conviction to the Illinois Supreme Court on the basis
of a questionable new scientific technique. The Illinois Supreme Court cited the
historical research and use of fingerprints as a means of reliable identification
in upholding the conviction, and thus establishing the use of fingerprints as a
reliable means of identification. Jennings was executed in 1912.
PEOPLE VS. JENNINGS, Illinois (1911). Illinois Appellate Court first court to
pass upon the admissibility of fingerprint as evidence.
-The US Supreme Court passed upon the admissibility of fingerprint evidence
stating that persons experience on the matter of fingerprint identification may
give their opinion; and further said, “there being no question as to the accuracy
or authenticity of the photographs on how fingerprints were collected, the weight
SCP-Fore 2 | 30
shall be given to the testimony of experts and in issue thereto shall be resolved
by the jury.”
2. State vs. Cerciello (New Jersey) fingerprint evidence was permitted to

be introduced.
3. State vs. Conners - it was held competent to show by a photograph the

fingerprints upon a balcony post of a house entered, without producing that post
in court.
4. People vs. Coral (California) - it is completely settled law that

fingerprints are the strongest evidence of the identity of a person. It was
reasserted in another California case, People v. Riser-fingerprint evidence is the
strongest evidence of identity and is ordinarily sufficient aid to identify the
defendant.
5. Bilangawa vs. Amador (Philippines) a fingerprint expert and
constabulary sergeant testified and successfully defended fingerprint evidence
based on eight identical ridge points.
6. People vs. Medina - the first leading judicial decision in the Philippine
jurisprudence on the science of fingerprinting. (Robbery case, December 23,
1933 G.R. No. L-38434 THE PEOPLE OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, plaintiff-
appellee, vs. MARCIANO MEDINA y DIOKNO (alias MARIANO MEDINA, alias
ALEJANDRO DOLA), defendant-appellant.)
The Friction Skin

Friction Skin is the epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral/lower
surface of the hands and feet covered with minute ridges and furrows and
without pigment and coloring matters. It is the skin covering of the palms of
hands and the soles of feet. These are strips of skin on the inside of the end
joints of our fingers and thumbs by which fingerprints are made.
The inner surfaces of the hands and the soles of the feet are covered with
patterns formed by raised ridges of skin known as friction or papillary ridges.
The study of fingerprints, or dactyloscopy, forms only one privileged section of
the wider of lophoscopy: dactyloscopy is the more widely used section in practice
even though prints from the soles of the feet are as characteristic as fingerprints;
they are less often used for identification purposes due to their low rate of
occurrence.
The patterns formed by the papillary ridges are important since they are
already formed in the fetus by the fourth month of pregnancy and they do not
change until death. These patterns cannot be altered, except by accident,
SCP-Fore 2 | 31
mutilation, or very serious skin disease, as they are formed in deep layers of the
dermis.
Structure of the Skin

Skin is an essential organ of the human body. Finger, palm and sole areas
of the epidermis display a series of friction ridges taking various forms and
shapes. These volar areas of the skin are known to display friction ridge skin.
Depending on the surface considered, we generally refer to them as fingerprints,
palm prints and sole prints.
The skin consists of two main layers: the outer skin or epidermis, and the
inner or true the dermis. The epidermis is constantly being worn away and
replaced by new skin generated by the upper layer of the dermis a papillary layer
(stratum mucosum) which is the source of the ridges known as 'papillary ridges'.
The sweat glands, located in the dermis, discharge sweat at the skin surface
through sweat pores found at the top of the ridges
Fundamental Layers of the Skin

1. EPIDERMIS the outer covering of the skin
SCP-Fore 2 | 32
2 Main Layers of the Epidermis:

1. Stratum Corneum - outer layers
2. Stratum Mucusom - immediately beneath the covering layers.
Five Subdivisions of Stratum Corneum
1. Corneous Layer
2. Transparent Layer
3. Granucar Layer
4. Malphigian Layer
5. Generating Layer
2. DERMIS - the inner layer of the skin containing blood vessels, various
glands and nerves. It is where the dermal papillae are found.
Main Components of Dermis

1. Sweat Pores: The sweat pores run in single rows along the ridges, and
communicate through the sweat ducts with the sweat glands.
2. Sweat Glands: The sweat glands are below the entire epidermis and are not
visible.
3. Dermal Papillae: The dermal papillae are the nerve endings located between
the dermis and the epidermis. The papillae occur in various and irregular
numbers. By their location proximity and fusion, they control the course of flow
of the subsequent ridges, and mold the outer surface of the skin.
Pores: The pores, per se, are individual characteristics. They are not considered
in the classification of fingerprints according to the Galton-Henry system and
the FBI extension.
Poroscopy: The pores, through their own individual characteristics, constitute

a specific science. This science is known as poroscopy. The pores can be grouped
according to their size, number and arrangement.
Appearance of Skin on Paper For identification and classification purpose the

epidermis is inked and its impression transferred to paper. All of the
characteristics and the formation of the ridges will now appear on the paper.
SCP-Fore 2 | 33
Appearance of Ridges: On a white card or

paper, the ridges appear as black lines.
Appearance of Depressions: On such a card
or paper, the depressions, or furrows,
appear as white spaces between the ridges.
Flow of Ridges: The ridges flow in various

directions, forming numerous designs or
patterns. They are the individual
characteristics of the person.
Consideration of Impressions: For

classification and identification purposes,
only the ridges, or black lines, are
considered. These ridges are counted and/
or traced. The depressions, or white-spaces
between the black lines, are not considered
in classifying fingerprints.
Fragmentary Ridges: Fragmentary ridges

are considered in the classification of
fingerprints if they appear as dark and as
thick as the surrounding ridges within the
pattern area. Fragmentary they are
sequences of short ridges embedded in the
furrows.
Uses of Fingerprints
Fingerprints is very essential in the conduct of investigation either criminal
or civil cases because it aids the investigator. Fingerprints is useful in identifying
suspects for investigation purposes, providing identity for unidentified dead
person, identifying missing person, detecting a criminal identity through
fingerprints collected at the scene and determining recidivism or habitual
delinquency. It is also important in the verification or confirmation of public
documents, issuance of clearance, opening volts or doors leading to confidential
matters and in checking or verifying entry of authorized personnel on certain
establishments.
DACTYLOSCOPY the science which deals with study of fingerprints as a means

of personal identification.
Greek Words:
Dactyl-a finger Skopein- to examine
SCP-Fore 2 | 34
DACTYLOGRAPHY the study of fingerprints for the purpose of identification.
DACTYLOMANCY-an attempt at character reading through the pattern of

fingerprints.
DERMATOGLYPHICS - are the lines, tracings and designs on the skin or fingers,
palms and soles.
POLYDACTYL - a hand having more than the required number of fingers
Allied Sciences of Dactyloscopy
1. CHIROSCOPY - scientific examination of the palm of the hand
Greek words:
Cheir- palm/hand skopein- to examine
SCP-Fore 2 | 35
2. PODOSCOPY-scientific examination of the sole of the foot.

Greek words:
Podo- sole/foot skopein- to examine
3. POROSCOPY -scientific examination of sweat pores/glands

Greek words:
Poros- a pare skopein - to examine
Other Scientific Means of Personal Identification

1. Handprints Just like fingerprints, handprints have their own
unique ridges. The ridges of the fingertips continue down to the
palm and can also be used for identification.
2. Footprints Shoeprints can be lifted or developed in order

to compare worn edges or differences in the bottom of the
shoe. The way a person walks causes the shoe to be worn in a
certain pattern and there will be breaks or small rock
indentations. Feet also have unique prints like fingers that can
be used to identify with a suspect print. When dealing with
shoeprints of footprints, there is a larger surface so the
SCP-Fore 2 | 36
characteristics are spread out and harder to mistake so fewer points of

comparison are needed for a positive identification than for fingerprints.
3. Retina Patterns
The retina is located inside and at the rear of the
eye. A retinal Scan works on the principle of retina
pattern uniqueness. A retina Scanner is used to
illuminate a region of the retina. It records the reflected
vasculature contrast information and maps the capillary
pattern of the retina. This type of scanning is considered
exceptionally accurate. Retina scanning works for user
identification and verification.
Retinal scans use a low-intensity infrared light that

is projected through to the back of the eye onto the
retina. The blood vessels on the retina absorb the light
faster than the eye tissue surrounding them. This creates
a pattern which is reflected back to the scanner.
The blood vessel patterns of the retina and the pattern of flecks on the iris
both offer unique methods of identification. Orientation problems don't often
occur because of the tendency of the eye to naturally align itself as it focuses on
a target that is illuminated. A video image can be taken of the eye from one foot
away so that the person doesn't have to be in direct contact with the scanner.
Retinal scan is a biometric technique that uses the unique patterns on a

person's retina to identify them. It is not to be confused with another ocular
based technology, iris recognition.
Iris scanning can also be used for identification. In the iris alone, there are
over 400 distinguishing characteristics that can be used for identification. These
characteristics mean that the iris has six times more distinct features for
identification than the fingerprint and the iris also remains unchanged
throughout life.
The current problem for retina and iris scanning is user acceptance. This
type of identification isn't accepted by many people because of the fear of eye
damage, high costs and intrusiveness
4. Bertillon System
This method was developed by Alphonse Bertillon, a French anthropologist
which emphasized the measurement of the body as a means of identification.
The theory states that "if a man reaches the age of twenty years old, he already
SCP-Fore 2 | 37
has developed a permanent body structure thus it

will enable the investigators to measure fully the
body structure and put it on record.
5. Odontology This system measures the teeth

structure as a means of identification. Investigators
usually resort to this identification system in cases
where a skull or skeletal remains are found and no
other means of identification can be established.
Forensic dentistry or forensic odontology is

the proper handling, examination and evaluation of
dental evidence, which will be then presented in the
interest of justice. The evidence that may be derived
from teeth, is the age (in children) and identification
of the person to whom the teeth belong. This is done
using dental records including radiographs, ante-
mortem (prior to death) and post-mortem
photographs and DNA. Forensic odontology is
derived from Latin, meaning forum or where legal
matters are discussed.
Orthodontology is a branch of dentistry that

deals with diagnosis, treatment and prevention of
dentofacial anomalies.
6. Bite Marks
The other type of evidence is that of bite marks,
left on either the victim (by the attacker), the perpetrator (from the victim of an
attack), or on an object found at the crime scene. Bite
marks are often found on children who are abused.
Each of the thirty-two teeth in humans is unique

due to age and wear. Bites can tell how quickly the
offender subdued the victim. Bites can often be
matched to dental records.
Forensic dentists assist in crime solving by

studying teeth and teeth impressions. Dental records
are often used to identify people. Because teeth are
one of the hardest substances in the human body,
they are frequently well preserved. Dental x-rays or records showing filings,
position of teeth, etc. can help forensic dentists find a match of teeth to the
individual. Eighty percent of the time teeth impressions are used to identify
unknown victims.
Forensic dentists are responsible for six main areas of practice:

Identification of found human remains
Identification in mass fatalities
Assessment of bite mark injuries
Assessment of cases of abuse (child, spousal, elder)
Civil cases involving malpractice Age estimation
SCP-Fore 2 | 38
7. Hair Examination
Hair examination is one of the oldest forms
of physical evidence. It is used to determine the
following:
a. If suspected hair originates from human
or animal.
b. If human, what part of the body did it
come from?
8. Blood Examination
Blood is usually spilled in most crimes
involving violence and it may be shed by the
criminal while committing other crimes. It is the
best specimen for testing for alcohol in sobriety
examinations. It is also used to investigate
disputed paternity cases.
9. DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting, method of identification that compares fragments of
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is sometimes called DNA typing. DNA is the
genetic material found within the cell nuclei of all living things. In mammals the
strands of DNA are grouped into structures called chromosomes. With the
exception of identical twins, the complete DNA of each individual is unique.
A DNA fingerprint is constructed by first extracting a DNA sample from body

tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. The sample is then segmented using
enzymes, and the segments are arranged by size using a process called
electrophoresis. The segments are marked with probes and exposed on X-ray
film, where they form a characteristic pattern of black bars-the DNA fingerprint.
If the DNA fingerprints produced from two different samples match, the two
samples probably came from the same person.
DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in

1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, DNA
fingerprinting soon came to be used in criminal investigations and forensic
science. The first criminal conviction based on DNA evidence in the United States
occurred in 1988. In criminal investigations, DNA fingerprints derived from
evidence collected at the crime scene are compared to the DNA fingerprints of
suspects. The DNA evidence can implicate or exonerate a suspect.
Generally, courts have accepted the reliability of DNA testing and admitted
DNA test results into evidence. However, DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a
number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the cost of testing, and the possible
misuse of the technique.
The accuracy of DNA fingerprinting has been challenged for several reasons.
First, because DNA segments rather than complete DNA strands are
"fingerprinted," a DNA fingerprint may not be unique; large-scale research to
confirm the uniqueness of DNA fingerprinting test results has not been
conducted. In addition, DNA fingerprinting is often performed in private
SCP-Fore 2 | 39
laboratories that may not follow uniform testing standards and quality controls.
Also, since human beings must interpret the test, human error could lead to
false results. DNA fingerprinting is expensive. Suspects who are unable to
provide their own DNA experts may not be able to adequately defend themselves
against charges based on DNA evidence.
DNA fingerprinting is useful because DNA structure cannot be altered.

Unlike fingerprints, there is no way to change the DNA fingerprint. It cannot be
altered by any known treatment. It is the same for every cell, tissue and organ
in a person. DNA fingerprinting is also a way of giving a quantitative assessment
to an identification match. This allows for a better idea of the reliability of the
results.
10. Voice Identification

Voice identification, police technique for identifying individuals by the time,
frequency, and intensity of their speech-sound waves. A sound spectrograph is
employed to record these waves in the form of a graph that may be compared to
graphs of other individuals and differentiated. Though voice graphs (or
voiceprints) have been used in courtroom proceedings, the accuracy of this
technique in identifying individuals is a subject of controversy among speech
scientists.
Voiceprint identification can be defined as a combination of both aural

(listening) and spectrographic (instrumental) comparison of one or more known
voices with an unknown voice for the purpose of identification or elimination.
Developed by Bell Laboratories in the late 1940s for military intelligence
purposes, the modern-day forensic utilization of the technique did not start until
the late 1960s following its adoption by the Michigan State Police. From 1967
until the present, more than 5,000 law enforcement related voice identification
cases have been processed by certified voiceprint examiners.
Voice identification has been used in a variety of criminal cases, including

murder, rape, extortion, drug smuggling, wagering-gambling investigations
political corruption, money-laundering, tax evasion, burglary, bomb threats
terrorist activities and organized crime activities. It is part of a larger forensic
role known as acoustic analyses, which involves tape filtering and enhancement,
tape authentication, gunshot acoustics, reconstruction of conversations and the
analysis of any other questioned acoustic event.
Component Parts of Fingerprint Patterns

RIDGE SURFACE - is that component of the friction skin that actually forms the
fingerprint impression.
1. RIDGES are the tiny elevation or hill like structures found on the
epidermis layer of the skin containing sweat pores. It appears as black lines with
tiny white dots called pores in an inked impression.
2. FURROWS are the canal like impression or a depression found between

the ridges which maybe compare with the low area in a tire thread.
SWEAT PORES is a small opening found anywhere across the ridge surface
where the sweat comes out.
SCP-Fore 2 | 40
SWEAT DUCT is a long host like structure that serves as the passage way for
the sweat that exits at its mouth, the pore.
SWEAT GLANDS are found in the dermis layer of the skin which is responsible
for the production of the sweat (watery substance).
RIDGE FORMATION
Ridges begin to form on the human fetus during the 3rd to 4th months of
the fetus (5 to 6 months before birth)
DERMAL PAPILLAE - irregular blunt pegs composed of delicate connective

tissues protruding and forming the ridges of the skin, each containing a small
opening or pores.
Characteristics of Ridge Formation

RIDGE CHARACTERISTICS (also known as minutiae) - This refers to the
details of ridge structures, formations and elements which differentiate from one
fingerprint to another and which impart individuality to each print.
Identification by fingerprints relies on pattern matching followed by the

detection of certain ridge characteristics, is also known as Galton details, points
of identity, or minutiae, and the comparison of the relative positions of these
minutiae points with a reference print, usually an inked impression of a
suspect's print
Kinds of Ridge Characteristics

1. Bifurcation - a single ridge that divides itself in two or more branches. It
sometimes called as fork.
2. Converging Ridge-a ridge formation characterized by a closed angular

end and serves as a point of convergence (meeting of two ridges that were
previously running side by side).
3. Diverging Ridges- two ridges that are flowing side b side and suddenly
separating or spreading apart. –
4. Enclosure (Lake or Eyelet) - a ridge that divides into two branches and meets
to form the original ridge.
5. Ending Ridge -an end point of a ridge with abrupt ending. A single friction
ridge that terminates within the friction ridge structure.
6. Recurving or Looping Ridge - a kind of ridge formation that curves back in

the direction from which it started.
7. Appendage- a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurving ridge.
8. Rod or Bar-a short or long ridge found inside the innermost recurving ridge
of a loop pattern.
9. Fragmentary Ridge - a ridge of extremely short length having frequent

breaks.
SCP-Fore 2 | 41
10. Crossover or Bridge a short ridge that runs between two parallel ridges.
11. Ridge Dots / Island Ridge- An isolated ridge unit whose length
approximates its width in size
12. SPUR-a bifurcation with one short ridge branching off a longer ridge.
Search Indicator
B/view?usp=sharing

SCP-Fore 2 | 42
LET’S INITIATE
1. Differentiate ridges and furrows and their importance in the classification

of fingerprint.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What will happen if you will destroy your epidermis surface? Does the
friction ridges will be destroyed as well?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Expound each dogmatic principle of fingerprint. Cite at least one example

for each principle to support your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 43
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Who is considered as the man without fingerprint? How did he

successfully destroy his fingerprint pattern?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How the ridges characteristics help in the identification of fingerprint

pattern?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 44
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Locate all the ridge characteristics in the given pattern.
SCP-Fore 2 | 45
Week 4
Lesson Title Typelines, Pattern Area and Delta
Learning Demonstrate the rules in determining typelines, pattern
Outcome(s) area and delta formation
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
TYPE LINES AND PATTERN AREA DEFINITIONS:
1. PATTERN AREA- is that part which lies within the area surrounded by the
type lines in which, are found the cores, deltas and other ridges pertaining to a
particular fingerprint pattern.
2. TYPE LINES- are the basic boundaries of most fingerprints. They are the two
innermost ridges which run parallel, starting from the lower corner or corners of
the pattern area, where they diverge or separate, then surround or tend to
surround the pattern area.
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Essential Content
RULES IN DETERMINING TYPE LINES:
1. Look for the two innermost diverging ridges
2. Whenever the ridge that forms a type line suddenly ends, the next ridge
immediately outside of it, is taken as its continuation.
3. When a type line bifurcates, the outer branch of the bifurcation is considered
as the continuation of the type line.
Note: Within the pattern area of loop and whorl type fingerprints are fixed or
focal points known as "deltas" and cores Note:
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DELTA FORMATION
DELTA- is a point on the first ridge formation at

or directly infront of the divergence of the type
lines.
Types of Delta
1. Bifurcation or fork
2. Ridge ending
3. Island ridge
4 Enclosure
RULES IN DETERMINING THE DELTA:

1. Determine first the type lines
2. Look for the first ridge formation at or directly in front of the divergence of the
type lines.
3. Whenever there is a choice between a bifurcation and some other ridge

formations as the location of the delta, the bifurcations always taken as the delta.
Provided, however, the bifurcation must be the first ridge formation in front of
the divergence of the type lines and it must open towards the pattern area.
4. Whenever the choice is between two or more ridge formations other than a
bifurcation, the one nearer or nearest the core is chosen as the delta.
5. In case of an ending ridge running parallel in between the type lines, the
following rules shall apply:
a. If this ridge is wholly within the pattern area, the delta is located at the end
nearer the divergence of the type lines.
b. Should this ridge originate outside of the pattern area, the delta is located at
the end nearer the core.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What are the types of delta and their role in the location of delta formation?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What are the rules in determining type lines?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Where can we locate the type lines and its role in a ridge formation?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to locate delta in a fingerprint pattern and what are their rules?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In case of an ending ridge running parallel in between the type lines, what
are their rules? Explain each rule in your own understanding.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Locate the type lines and delta formation on the given pattern, use
colored arrow to clearly identify the pattern.
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Week 5
Lesson Title Core Formations
Learning
Illustrate the rules in determining core formation.
Outcome(s)
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
CORE FORMATIONS
CORE-is the inner terminous or focal point inside the center or approximately
center of the pattern area.
Three (3) types of Core:

1. Staple core-is the point located on the shoulder of the recurving ridge.
2. Bar or rod core - is the point located at the tip of an ending ridge rising as
high or above the shoulder of the innermost recurving ridge.
3. Fragmentary core -is the point of a very short ridge or ridge dot found inside
the recurving ridge rising as high or above the shoulders.
Essential Content
RULES IN DETERMINING CORE IN LOOP PATTERN:
1. 1f the innermost recurving ridge does not contain any ending ridge or rod
inside, it's the core is placed on the shoulder of the innermost recurving ridge
farther from the delta.
2. If the innermost recurving ridge contains a single ending ridge rising as high
as the shoulder of the loop, the core is placed at the tip of the ridge engulfed by
the shoulder of the innermost looping ridge.
3. If the innermost looping ridge contains an even number of ending ridges which
rise as high as the shoulders of the recurving ridge, the core is placed at the tin
of one of the two center ridges which is farther from the delta.
4. If the innermost recurving ridge contains uneven number of ending ridge

which rise as high as the shoulders, the core is placed at the tip of the center
ridge.
5. If the innermost recurving is connected at right angle between its shoulders

by an abutting ridge (appendage), the innermost loop is destroyed and the next
uninvolved loop immediately outside of it shall be considered as the innermost
loop and shall be used to determine the location of the core.
6. If there are two distinct loops in the center of the pattern running side by side
as there is only one delta, the recurving ridges are considered as innermost
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recurving ridge, the core is placed at the shoulder of the one that is further from
the delta.
7. In the event two distinct loops in the center of the pattern intersect below or
above the shoulder line, the two recurving ridges are treated as one and the core
is placed on one of the two innermost ridges farther from the delta.
8. Whenever the two distinct loops intersect in the shoulder line, the point of
intersection is considered as core.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. Differentiate the three types of core.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How to locate Fragmentary core in the fingerprint formation?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How to locate Staple core in the fingerprint formation?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to locate core in the fingerprint formation?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Explain each rule of determining core formation.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 55
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Locate the type lines, delta and core on the given pattern, use
colored arrow to clearly identify the pattern.
SCP-Fore 2 | 56
Week 7
Lesson Title Pattern Interpretation
Learning Compare the different fingerprint patterns and ridge
Outcome(s) characteristics
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Pattern Interpretation
Pattern Interpretation -is the naming of any particular pattern of
fingerprints. There are three (3) general groups or families of fingerprints and
eight (8) specific or particular patterns which are as follows:
1. Arches: a. Plain Arch (A); and b. Tented Arch (T);

2. Loops: a. Radial Loop (R); and b. Ulnar Loop (U);
3. Whorls: a. Plain Whorl (W); and b. Central Pocket Loop, (C); c. Double Loop
(D); and d. Accidental Whorl (X).
Essential Content
Loop Patterns
Loop is a pattern in which one or more of the ridges start at one of the lower
corner of the pattern, run toward the upper corner on the opposite side, then
turn around (recurve) and start back toward the side from which they came
originally, forming a loop with a core in the center and a delta at the edge of the
pattern area.
Four Requirements of a Loop pattern:

1. It must have a core
2. It must have a delta.
3. It must have a recurving ridge that passes between the core and the delta.
4. It must have a ridge count of at least one.
Ridge Counting-is the process of counting ridges that touch or cross an

imaginary line drawn between the core and the delta of a loop. The core and delta
are NOT counted, only the ridges that touch or cross the imaginary line are
counted.
Ridge Count -refers to the number of ridges intervening between the core
and the delta.
Note- The point of bifurcation and convergence, if touched by an imaginary
line are considered two counts.
Two Kinds of Loops:

1. Radial Loop- a loop is radial (R) when the open end of the loop ridges
points in the direction of the thumb side of either the right or left hand.
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2. Ulnar Loop- a loop is Ulnar (U) when the open end of the loop ridges points
in the direction of the little finger side of either the right or left hand.
Whorl Patterns
Four types of Whorls
1. Plain whorl (W)- is a pattern in which there are two deltas and at least
one ridge makes a complete circuit, which may be spiral, oval or any variant of
a circle. A recurving ridge, however, which has an appendage with it in the line
of flow cannot be construed as a circuit. In plain whorl, an imaginary line drawn
between the two deltas must touch or cross at least one of the recurving
(circuiting) ridge within the pattern area.
2. Central Pocket Loop (C)- is a pattern which for the most part looks like
a loop, but which has a small whorl inside the loop ridges. F.B.I. defines a central
pocket loop as a pattern which "consists of one or more recurving ridges, or an
obstruction at right angle to the inner line of flow, with two deltas, between which
an imaginary line would cut or touch no recurving ridge within the pattern area
3. Double Loop (D)- is a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop
formations. One of the loops surrounds or overlaps the other. Besides the two
loop formations, a double loop must have two sets of shoulders, one for each
loop.
4. Accidental Whorl (X) -is a pattern that is a combination of two or more

different types of patterns except the plain arch It can be a combination of two
loop and a whorl, a loop and a central pocket loop, or any combination of two
different loop and whorl type patterns. Unlike the other whorl type patterns, an
accidental whorl can have two, three, or four deltas.
ARCHES
The arch family. of fingerprint patterns has two variations, the PLAIN ARCH
and the TENTED ARCH.
1. Plain Arch (A)-a plain arch is a pattern in which the ridges enter on one
side of the pattern and flow towards the other side, with a rise in the center, with
not more than one of the four requisites for a loop, and with no recurving ridge,
no angular formation and no upward thrust.
2. Tented Arch (T) - similar to plain arch, but one or several ridges in the
center of the pattern form up thrusts, or a well-defined angle, and may have two
or three of the four requisites of a loop, but lacking one or two of the-four
essentials of a loop. Thus generally speaking, tented arches are formed in one of
the following ways:
a. One of several ridges in the center of the pattern form up thrusts.
b. The ridge or ridges in the center form a well-defined angle.
c. The pattern may have two or three requisites of a loop, but lacking one or
two of the four essentials of a loop.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. Differentiate the characteristics of tented arch and plain arch.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Explain what is the purpose of pattern interpretation?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How we will be able to identify radial loop and ulnar loop pattern?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. What will happen if one requirement of a loop pattern is not present in the
fingerprint impression? Will it change the pattern? Yes, or no? Justify your
answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How the whorl pattern differs from each other? Explain each whorl
pattern.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Draw the eight specific or particular pattern of fingerprint and
arrange it according to their general groups or families. Locate the delta and core
formation for each pattern.
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Week 8
Lesson Title Ridge Tracing
Learning
Illustrate the various rules in determining ridge tracing.
Outcome(s)
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Ridge Tracing- is the process of tracing the ridge that emanates from the lower
side or the left delta towards the right delta to see where it flows in relation to
the right delta.
Essential Content
Rules in Ridge Tracing:
1. Locate the left delta. for accidental whorls, where there are three or more
deltas, disregard the center delta.
2. If the delta is an ending ridge or circuiting ridge, consider it as the

starting point and trace the same towards the right delta.
3. If the delta is an island ridge, look for the ridge immediately below it, and
trace towards the right delta.
4. If the ridge being traced suddenly ends, the next ridge below it is taken
as the continuation.
5. If the ridge being traced bifurcates, the lower branch is considered as the
continuation.
6. In tracing a double loop or accidental whorl wherein the ridge being

traced will have to rise and recurve near the right delta, stop tracing at the
upward direction in tine of the right delta. Do not continue tracing down the
ridge.
7. Count the ridges intervening between the ridge traced and the right
delta. Do not include the ridge traced and the delta.
Three Kinds of Ridge Tracing:
1. INNER (I) - the ridge tracing is "inner", if the ridge traced is inside the
pattern area and there are at least three (3) ridges intervening between the ridge
traced and the right delta.
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2. MEETING (M) - the ridge tracing is "meeting, if there are less than three
(3) ridges intervening between the ridge traced and the right delta, whether or
not the ridge traced is inside the pattern area.
3. OUTER (0) - the ridge tracing is "outer", if the ridge traced is outside the
pattern area below the right delta and there are at least three (3) ridges
intervening between the ridge traced and the right delta.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. How can we identify that a certain pattern is inner? Explain it in your own
understanding.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In ridge tracing for accidental whorls, which has three or more deltas, why
should we disregard the center delta?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How can we identify that a certain pattern is meeting? Explain it in your

own understanding.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Does ridge tracing applicable in loop pattern? Yes, or no? Justify your
answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In tracing a double loop or accidental whorl wherein the ridge being traced
will have to rise and recurve near the right delta, why should we stop
tracing at the upward direction and not to continue tracing down the
ridge?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Illustrate the rules in ridge tracing and the three kinds of ridge
tracing for the whorl type as required. Apply the same for inner, meeting and
outer.
RULES ILLUSTRATION
RULE NO. 1- Locate the left delta. for accidental
whorls, where there are three or more deltas,
disregard the center delta.
RULE NO. 2- If the delta is an ending ridge or

circuiting ridge, consider it as the starting point and
trace the same towards the right delta.
RULE NO. 3- If the delta is an island ridge, look for

the ridge immediately below it, and trace towards
the right delta.
RULE NO. 4- If the ridge being traced suddenly

ends, the next ridge below it is taken as the
continuation.
RULE NO. 5- If the ridge being traced bifurcates,

the lower branch is considered as the
continuation.
RULE NO. 6- In tracing a double loop or accidental

whorl wherein the ridge being traced will have to
rise and recurve near the right delta, stop tracing at
the upward direction in tine of the right delta. Do not
continue tracing down the ridge.
RULE NO. 7- Count the ridges intervening between

the ridge traced and the right delta. Do not include
the ridge traced and the delta.
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DEFINITION ILLUSTRATION
INNER (I) - the ridge tracing is "inner", if the ridge
traced is inside the pattern area and there are at
least three (3) ridges intervening between the ridge
traced and the right delta.
MEETING (M) - the ridge tracing is "meeting, if

there are less than three (3) ridges intervening
between the ridge traced and the right delta,
whether or not the ridge traced is inside the pattern
area.
OUTER (0) - the ridge tracing is "outer", if the ridge

traced is outside the pattern area below the right
delta and there are at least three (3) ridges
intervening between the ridge traced and the right
delta.
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Week 9
Lesson Title Primary Classification and Secondary Classification
Learning Elucidate the methods of classifying fingerprint patterns
Outcome(s) in Primary Classification and Secondary Classification
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Fingerprint Classification- it is the assigning of classification to the entire set
of prints for the purpose of filing and searching them.
Essential Content
SIX (6) DIVISIONS OF FINGERPRINT CLASSIFICATION:
1. Primary classification
2. Secondary
3. Sub-secondary
4. Final
5. Major
6. Key
KEY MAJOR PRIMARY SECONDARY SUB-SECONDARY FINAL

5 1 6 2 3 4
1. Primary Classification - is the sum total of all numerical value patterns in

a set of fingers plus a fraction of one over one (1/1). WCDX-with value patterns.
Five (5) Steps in Obtaining the Primary Classification:
1. Pairing off- Fingers are paired as follows: RT& RI; RM & RR; RL & LT;
LI & LM; LR & LL
2. Assigning of numbers (values)-16 for RT & RI: 8 for RM & RR;

4 for RL & LT; 2 for LI & LM; and
1 for LR & LL
3. Designating the numerator and denominator-

NUMERATOR - RI, RR, LT, LM & LL
DENOMINATOR- RT, RM, RL LI & LR
4. Blocking
5. Summing up
Example:
SCP-Fore 2 | 69
N N
D D D
N N N
D D
2. Secondary Classification-is the composition of all capital letter series and

small letter series. The capital letter series are ATRUWCDX while small letter
series are “atr”. Capital letter series concern only the index fingers.
A W T R T
R R A T R
aWtrt
rRatr
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What is Fingerprint Classification? Explain in your own words.

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What do you mean by pairing-off fingers in classifying fingerprint?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What do you mean by assigning of numbers (values) in classifying

fingerprint?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to classify the fingerprint in primary classification? Explain in your

own words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How to classify the fingerprint in secondary classification? Explain in your

own words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 72
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Give at least one example in classifying fingerprint of primary
classification and secondary classification. Put only an assigned letter of
fingerprint pattern, you don’t need to draw it.
SCP-Fore 2 | 73
Week 10
Lesson Title Sub-secondary Classification and Final Classification
Learning Explicate the methods of classifying fingerprint patterns
Outcome(s) in Sub-secondary Classification and Final Classification
LEARNING INTENT!
Essential Content
3. Sub-secondary Classification - is the conversion of the ridge count of the
loops the ridge tracing of the whorl and other composite of whorl appearing in
the pattern.
RULES to be observed in obtaining Sub-secondary Classification
1. When plain arches and tented arches are found in any index, middle,
and ring fingers, such patterns shall be only represented by dashes on the
classification line
2. When loops appear in any of index, middle, and ring fingers, the table of
conversion of loops (ridge count) shall be employed as follows:
FINGER RIDGE COUNT CONVERSION

Index 1-9 Inner (1)
10 - + Outer (0)
Middle 1-10 Inner (1)
11 - + Outer (0)
Ring 1-13 Inner (1)
14 + Outer (0)
3. When whorl and other patterns belonging to the family of whorl appears
in any of the index, middle, and ring fingers, the ridge tracing of such pattern
shall constitute the sub-secondary classification. (IMO)
NOTE: Only the index, middle and ring fingers composed the sub-secondary
classification.
SCP-Fore 2 | 74
1-9 1-10 1-13

I I I
10+ 11+ 14+

O O O
I I I
OOO
T M T 10 \
W R
A A O I W
W C
M - I
- O I
4. Final Classification – this refers to the ridge count of a loop appearing at

the right little finger. It is exhibited or place at the extreme right of the
classification line.
RULES:
1. If there is NO LOOP IN THE RIGHT LITTLE FINGER. A loop in the left
little finger may be used. The little finger position in the formula remains
unchanged, except that the ridge count is noted as a denominator rather
than as a numerator.
2. If ARCH OR TENTED ARCH APPEARS IN THE LITTLE FINGER, it is
represented by a dash (-) at the classification line. Final classification is
not obtainable if it appears in both little fingers.
3. BOTH LITTLE FINGERS ARE USED. In some cases both little fingers are
considered by some bureaus and the ridge counts of both are recorded.
However, the count of the right little finger governs the sequence for filling
within the final classification.
4. If WHORL APPEARS IN THE LITTLE FINGERS. If no loops appear in the
little fingers but a whorl appears instead a final classification may be
obtained by a ridge count of the whorl.
RULES IN WHORL COUNTING:

1. Plain whorl and central pocket loop are to be treated as ulnar loop from
the hand of origin.
2. Double loop is ridge counted to an upright loop.
3. Accidental whorls – the ridge count is made from left delta to core if in the
right hand and from right delta to core if in the left hand which has the
least number of the ridges distant from the delta.
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10
\
12
W
10
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What is sub-secondary classification?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is Final Classification?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. When plain arches and tented arches are found in any index, middle, and
ring fingers, how will you be able to classify the sub-secondary?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to classify the fingerprint in sub-secondary classification? Explain in

your own words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How to classify the fingerprint in final classification? Explain in your own

words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 78
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Give at least one example in classifying fingerprint of sub-
secondary classification and final classification. You have the freedom to choose
the fingerprint pattern and put only an assigned letter of fingerprint pattern, you
don’t need to draw it.
SCP-Fore 2 | 79
Week 11
Lesson Title Major Classification and Key Classification
Learning Demonstrate the methods of classifying fingerprint
Outcome(s) patterns in Major Classification and Key Classification
LEARNING INTENT!
Essential Content
5. Major Classification-is similar to the sub-secondary classification but it only
refers to the thumbs.
RULES:
1. Both hands are of loop pattern:
a. If the ridge count of left thumb is 16 or less: Both thumbs are:
1-11= Small (S)
12-16- Medium (M)
17 and over = Large (L)
b. If the ridge count of left thumb is 17 or more:
Right Thumb Left Thumb

1 - 17 = Small (S) 1 -11 = Small (S)
18 - 22 = Medium (M) 12 -16 = Medium (M)
23 - + = Large (L) 17 - + = Large (L)
2. Whorl pattern on either or both hands + the ridge tracing (IMO), will
constitute the major classification.
EXAMPLES:
Rule No. 1-a:
10
\
14
R
S
M
18
R
16
/
L
M
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Rule No. 1-b
18
R
18
/
M
L
15
R
17
/
S
L
Rule No. 2
10
\
M
W
S
M
I
C
O
W
I
O
6. Key Classification - is the ridge count of the first loop pattern from the right
thumb to the right-ring, and from the left thumb to the left ring, excluding both
little fingers. If there is no such loop, the key is the result of the ridge count of
the first whorl treating such as ulnar loop for counting purposes only. The key
is placed at the extreme left of the classification formula in line with the
numerator.
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W D T 10 11
\ R
12 W C A W
\
10
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What is major classification?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is key classification?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it that in major classification, it has different ruling in loop pattern

and whorl pattern?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to classify the fingerprint in major classification? Explain in your own

words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How to classify the fingerprint in key classification? Explain in your own

words.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 84
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Give at least one example in classifying fingerprint of major
classification and key classification. You have the freedom to choose the
fingerprint pattern and put only an assigned letter of fingerprint pattern, you
don’t need to draw it.
SCP-Fore 2 | 85
LET’S INITIATE
answers to the space provided below every after the questions.
1. Give an example of your choice fingerprint pattern in classifying the

primary classification. Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Give an example of your choice fingerprint pattern in classifying the sub-

secondary classification. Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. Give an example of your choice fingerprint pattern in classifying the key

classification. Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. Give an example of your choice fingerprint pattern in classifying the major

classification. Justify your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Give an example of your choice fingerprint pattern in classifying the

secondary classification. Justify your answer.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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Week 13&14
Lesson Title Fingerprint Laboratory Materials
Learning Discuss the function and uses of each fingerprint
Outcome(s) laboratory material
LEARNING INTENT!
Terms to Ponder
Basic Materials for Fingerprinting
The laboratory is an area where laboratory activities are being performed
which requires strict implementation of its rules and regulations. Storage cabinet
is provided to ensure safekeeping of equipment and materials. Student lockers
are also provided where students keep their personal belongings. The laboratory
room requires the students to have self-discipline and always be careful as they
perform their activity.
A Laboratory Custodian is designated to ensure proper control and effective

management of the laboratory. Students are required to fil-up borrower’s form
in requesting the needed materials and present the same to the custodian. The
laboratory instructor must supervise every laboratory work to ensure that the
students will be equipped with the skills that are expected to be developed.
Essential Content
FINGERPRINT LABORATORY MATERIALS
1. Ink Roller - refers to an instrument used for spreading the ink into the ink
slab or inking plate.
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2. Ink Slab / Inking Plate - refers to a piece or metal or a plane glass with as
much as 1/4 thick and 6 or more inches long where the fingerprint ink is
distributed for fingerprinting.
3. Card Holder refers to a gadget used for clipping the fingerprint card to avoid
movement of the card during printing.
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4. Fingerprint ink -refers to

an especially for purposes of taking ink
manufactured fingerprints.
5. Fingerprint Card refers to a piece of card used for recording the ten
fingerprints. The usual size is 8" x 8".
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6. Scissors refers to a simple instrument for cutting latent print tapes and for
other purposes.
7. Rubber Gloves to protect the technician's fingers from leaving his own prints.
8. Post-mortem Fingerprint Equipment- refers to a set of equipment consisting

of other purposes on the object or on the scene. hypodermis syringe, spoon,
tissue builder solvent, tissue cleaner, etc. used for taking prints of dead person.
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Porelon Fingerprint Ink Pad
Postmortem fingerprint card strip holder spoon
Postmortem fingerprint card strip
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9. Fingerprint Table - a table intended for taking fingerprints
10. Fingerprint Pointers - use for pointing the ridges in the conduct of ridge
counting
11. Magnifying glass
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12. Fingerprint cameras- use in photographing the developed latent prints
13.Forensic Optical Comparator an equipment use to compare two fingerprints

at the same time
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14. Fingerprint Brush
15. Fingerprint Powder
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What is the purpose of fingerprint brush?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What is the purpose of fingerprint ink?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What is the purpose of fingerprint cardholder?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How to lift the fingerprint using latent tape?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In a certain document, how the latent print become visible?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Differentiate the importance of plain and rolled impression in the
fingerprint card. How it was being rolled and printed in the fingerprint card?
SCP-Fore 2 | 102
Week 15
Lesson Title Fingerprinting
Learning
Recognize the problems in fingerprinting a living person
Outcome(s)
LEARNING INTENT!
Essential Content
Problems in Fingerprinting A Living Person
REASONS FOR POOR IMPRESSION:

1. Poor ink - resulting in the ridges being too light to count or trace
2. Dirty Finger or equipment presence of foreign materials which may result from
failure to clean thoroughly the inking equipment or the fingers, may cause false
markings, distorted ridges or disappearance of characteristics.
3. Improper rolling failure to roll the fingers fully from one side to thee other
resulting in incomplete prints which may cannot be fully identified.
4. Rolling more than once
5. Too much pressure
6. Slippage this happens when the fingers are allowed to slip or twist resulting
in smears, blurs and false patterns.
7. Over inking -using too much ink resulting obliteration of the thin layer with
the roller.
8. Incomplete Inking failure to ink the entire bulb of the finger, from joint to tip
from side to side of nails, resulting in the possible omission of deltas and core.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What will happen if you will use over ink in the ink roller?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. What will happen if there will be too much pressure in fingerprinting?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. What will happen in your fingerprinting if you will roll your fingerprint
more than once?
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. How will you have a good fingerprint impression in the fingerprint card?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Can we still have a good impression if the ink is poor? Yes, or no? Justify
your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 105
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Using a Venn diagram, differentiate the problems in recording
inked fingerprint.
SCP-Fore 2 | 106
Week 16 & 17
Lesson Title Fingerprint Taking
Learning Apply the fingerprint taking using candle sooth and
Outcome(s) classify the fingerprint pattern
LEARNING INTENT!
Essential Content
FINGERPRINT TAKING
I. Materials Needed:
1. Candle
2. Saucer/Plate
3. Camera
4. Coupon bond
5. Red and black Ballpen
6. Ruler
II. Procedures:
A. INKING PLATE
1. Copy and paste the fingerprint card, draw it in your coupon bond.
2. Light the candle
3. Place the saucer/plate over the flame of the candle with at least 1 inch
distance from the flame to produce soot.
B. Inking and Rolling the fingers:

The subject must totally relax the arm and hand to be printed. Any
muscular movement on the subject’s part may cause smearing or blurring. Have
the subject look away from the equipment preferably at a spot at eye level on the
wall.
1. RIGHT HAND:
The subject’s stand to the right and to the near of the operator. The operator
grips the subject's right hand with his right hand. The operator cups his fingers
over the fingers of the subject, holding those fingers not being inked or rolled
tucked under. The operator's left hand is used to guide each individual finger of
the subject. The finger to be ink (and rolled) is gripped at the nail by the thumb
and forefinger of the operator.
a. It is recommended that each finger be inked and rolled individual that is,
ink the thumb and immediately roll it. Some operators prefer to ink all fingers
on one hand and then roll the fingers. The problem here is that if an inked finger
touches the palm when it curled out of the way, some of the ink will be
transferred and this area of the finger will print lightly when rolled.
SCP-Fore 2 | 107
b. Ink and roll the thumb. The thumb is rolled toward the body.
c. Ink and roll the forefinger. The fingers are rolled away from the body
d. Ink and roll each of the remaining fingers. The finger not being ink and
rolled should be tucked under. Allow the finger being handle to protrude between
the operator's fingers.
2. LEFT HAND:
The subject now stands to the left and to the rear of the operator. The
operator’s left hand cups over the subject's left hand. The operator grips each
finger to be inked and rolled with his right thumb and index finger. Ink and roll
the finger as previously described in Section 1.
3. TAKING PLAIN IMPRESSIONS:

The fingers on each hand recorded at the bottom of the standard fingerprint
record card. DO NOT ROLL the fingers when inking or taking the impression.
Have the subject remove any excess ink from his fingers prior to taking plain
impressions.
a. Use the same positions as when rolling the fingers. When taking plain
impressions of the right hand, the subject stands to the right and to the near
of the operator. Reverse this position when recording the left hand.
b. Ink the' right thumb by pressing it straight down into the ink surface
(do not roll). Press the thumb in the square provided on the record card (do
not roll).
c. Ink remaining four fingers simultaneously by pressing them straight

down into the ink surface. Keep the fingers close together (touching). Take
the impression of al four fingers simultaneously in the area provided on the
record card.
d. After changing positions, repeat this procedure with the left hand.
When inking and rolling the fingers, always begin the motion from the
position of most difficulty and move in the direction of least resistance. Thus,
the thumbs are rolled toward the body and the fingers away from the body.
Prior to beginning, be certain that the subject's hands are clean
SPECIAL NOTES
1. When inking the fingers for the rolling step, the inked area should extend
below the first joint.
2. When taking plain impressions, ink should extend to the second joint.
3. The most comfortable height for mounting fingerprint taking equipment

has been found to be approximately 36" above the floor. Short subjects may
require elevated platform.
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LET’S INITIATE
1. What have you observed in taking a plain impressions when the ink was
extended to the second joint?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. Why is it that in taking a plain impression it must be simultaneously

pressed straight down into the ink surface?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. Why is it that in taking rolled impression, each finger be inked and rolled
individually?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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LET’S INQUIRE!
1. What have you observed if the subject will have a muscular movement
while taking a rolled impression?
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. How to take rolled impression for thumbs and fingers?

_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 111
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. Apply the fingerprint taking using candle sooth and classify the
fingerprint pattern. Make a video presentation and attach here the link of your
work.
SCP-Fore 2 | 112
LET’S INITIATE
1. What are your experience and difficulties in taking latent print?

Elaborate your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What are your experience and difficulties in taking plain impression

using a candle soot? Elaborate your answer.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
3. What are your experience and difficulties in taking rolled impression

using a candle soot? Elaborate your answer.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 113
LET’S INQUIRE!
1. In acquiring latent print, what are the problems that you encounter and
how were you able to solve it? Elaborate your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
2. In acquiring rolled impression and counting the ridges using a candle soot,
what are the problems that you encounter and how were you able to solve
it? Elaborate your answer.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
SCP-Fore 2 | 114
LET’S INFER!
Activity 1. How did you make a fingerprint powder using candle soot? Arrange
it in chronological order and explain the step by step procedure. Insert another
diagram if needed.
SCP-Fore 2 | 115

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ST.

JOHN PAUL II COLLEGE OF DAVAO

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

SIMPLIFIED COURSE PACK (SCP) FOR

Fore 2- Personal Identification Techniques

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

By 2023, a recognized professional institution providing quality,

Serve the nation by providing competent JPCean graduates

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

FORE2- Simplified Course Pack (SCP)

Week 2 Pioneers of Fingerprint Science Compare the different fingerprint

Explain the different fingerprint Discuss the proper recording of

Week 6 Prelim Examination Week 12 Midterm Examination

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Welcome Aboard! The course covers the fundamental study of

SCP-TOPICS: PRELIM PERIOD TOPICS

Dactylography is defined as the study of fingerprints as a method of

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

is credited with influencing Vucetich to change the name of his classification

The term Dactyloscopy as used in European countries is formed of two

Crime Scene Prints and Ten-Print Record

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Latent print in the form of sweat residue

Ink Ten-print on card

Friction Ridge Skin

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Friction Ridge Skin

In 1918, a book of Wentworth and Wilder, published in title "Personal

The US v. Mitchell (1999) could be found to have frequently mentioned

a. that human friction ridges are unique and permanent,

On March 3, 2003, an online newsletter, The Detail, published in

During the zonal conference conducted by the Commission on Higher

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Second, we sometimes refer to the plural "fingerprints," as in a set of rolled

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Let the term "Friction Ridge Print" as it may be known to be all

Analysis of fingerprints has been considered as the gold standard of forensic

Before the Europeans discovered the value of fingerprints for identification,

The Chinese's utilization of fingerprints was found on their documents in

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

There was a historical account of an aboriginal Indian petroglyph from Nova

Coincidentally, the discovery of dactyloscopy or identification by means of

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

Rocamora, J. (2017). Foundation of Friction Ridge print Examination.

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

1. Differentiate the two categories of friction ridge impressions.

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION

Physically Detached Yet Academically Attached

2. How fingerprint identification be able to solve crimes?

COLLEGE OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE EDUCATION