Chapter2 l3 TL Performance Print

1/14/2024
2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE
2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

 To give an insight on the manner in which waves propagate on
transmission lines, the following demonstration may be helpful.
 Consider a lossless line, as shown in Fig.2.1.
 A battery having voltage V0 is connected to the input by closing switch S1
at time t = 0.
 When the switch is closed, the
effect is to launch voltage, V+
= V0.
 This voltage does not
instantaneously appear
everywhere on the line, but
rather begins to travel from
the battery toward the load
resistor, R, at a certain
velocity. Fig.2.1 A lossless line
EEC 2301 Transmission Lines & Wave Guides Lecture Notes by L.A. Aloo
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 The wavefront, represented by the vertical dashed line in Fig.2.1,
represents the instantaneous boundary between the section of the
line that has been charged to V0 and the remaining section that is yet
to be charged.
 It also represents the boundary between the section of the line that
carries the charging current, I+, and the remaining section that carries
no current.
 Both current and voltage are discontinuous across the wavefront.
 As the line charges, the wavefront moves from left to right at
velocity 𝑣.
 On reaching the far end, all or a fraction of the wave voltage and
current will be reflected, depending on what the line is attached to.
 For example, if the resistor at the far end is left disconnected (switch
S2 is open), then all of the wavefront voltage will be reflected.
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 The conducting transmission line will possess capacitance and
inductance that are expressed on a per-unit-length basis.
 Fig. 2.2 shows Lumped-element model of a transmission line. All
inductance values are equal, as are all capacitance values.
 The ladder network thus formed is referred to as a pulse-forming
network, for reasons that will soon become clear.
 Referring to Fig.2.2, on
closing the switch at the
battery location, current
begins to increase in L1,
allowing C1 to charge.
 As C1 approaches full
charge, current in L2
begins to increase,
allowing C2 to charge
Fig.2.2. Lumped-element model of a transmission line
next.
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 This progressive charging process continues down the network, until all
three capacitors are fully charged.
 In the network, a “wavefront” location can be identified as the point
between two adjacent capacitors that exhibit the highest difference
between their charge levels.
 As the charging process continues, the wavefront moves from left to
right.
 The wave is faster if the values of Li and Ci are lower.
 Thus the wave velocity is inversely proportional to a function involving
the product of inductance and capacitance.
 In the lossless transmission line, it turns out that the wave velocity is
given by:
1
𝑣= (2.1)
𝐿𝐶
where L and C are specified per unit length.
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 The existence of voltage and current across and within the
transmission line conductors implies the existence of electric
and magnetic fields in the space around the conductors.
 Consequently, we have two possible approaches to the analysis
of transmission lines:
1) We can solve Maxwell’s Equations subject to the line
configuration to obtain the fields, and with these find general
expressions for the wave power, velocity, and other parameters
of interest.
2) Or we can (for now) avoid the fields and solve for the voltage
and current using Circuit Theory basing on an appropriate
circuit model. It is the latter approach that we will utilize in this
unit.
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2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

 An important feature of a transmission line is that it should guide
(electromagnetic) energy from a source at the sending end to a load at
the receiving end without loss by radiation.
 One form of construction often used consists of two similar
conductors mounted close together at a constant separation.
 This forms the two sides of a balanced circuit and any radiation from
one of them is neutralized by that from the other.
 Let an 𝑎. 𝑐. generator be connected to the input terminals of a pair of
parallel conductors of infinite length.
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 A sinusoidal wave will move along the line and a finite current will flow
into the line. The variation of voltage with distance along the line will
resemble the variation of applied voltage with time. The moving wave,
sinusoidal in this case, is called a voltage travelling wave.
 The propagation of such an electromagnetic wave constitutes a flow of
energy.
 After sufficient time the magnitude of the wave may be measured at any
point along the line. The line does not therefore appear to the generator
as an open circuit but presents a definite load 𝑍 .
 If the sending-end voltage is 𝑉 and the sending-end current is 𝐼 then
𝑉
𝑍 = (2.2)
𝐼
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 Thus all of the energy is absorbed by the line and the line behaves to the
generator as would do a single ‘lumped’ impedance of value 𝑍
connected directly across the generator terminals.
 It is customary and convenient to describe a transmission line in terms of
its line parameters, which are its resistance per unit length R, inductance
per unit length L, conductance per unit length G, and capacitance per
unit length C.
 Each of the lines shown in Figure 2.1 has specific formulas for finding R,
L, G, and C. For coaxial, two-wire, and planar lines, the formulas for
calculating the values of R, L, G, and C are provided in Table 2.1.
 The dimensions of the lines are as shown in Figure 2.3.
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 Table 2.1: Distributed Line Parameters at High Frequencies
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Figure 2.3 Common transmission lines: (a) coaxial line, (b) two-wire line, (c) planar line.
Fig.2.4. Distributed parameters of a two-conductor transmission line

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It should be noted that
1. The line parameters R, L, G, and C are not discrete or lumped but
distributed as shown in Figure 2.4. By this we mean that the
parameters are uniformly distributed along the entire length of the
line.
2. For each line, the conductors are characterized by 𝜎 ,𝜇 ,𝜀 = 𝜀 and
the homogeneous dielectric separating the conductors is characterized
by 𝜎, 𝜇 and 𝜀.
3. 𝐺 ≠ 1/𝑅; R is the ac resistance per unit length of the conductors
comprising the line and G is the conductance per unit length due to
the dielectric medium separating the conductors.
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4. The value of L shown in Table 2.1 is the external inductance per unit length;
that is, 𝐿 = 𝐿𝑒𝑥𝑡. The effects of internal inductance 𝐿 (= 𝑅/𝜔) are negligible
at high frequencies.
5. For each line,
𝐺
𝐿𝐶 = 𝜇𝜀 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝐶
𝜎
= ( 2.3)
𝜀
 A more detailed description of the four parameters associated with
transmission lines, is presented as next.
(1) Resistance R is given by
𝜌𝑙
𝑅= (2.4)
𝐴
where 𝜌 is the resistivity of the conductor material, 𝐴 is the cross sectional area
of each conductor and 𝑙 is the length of the conductor (for a two-wire system, l
represents twice the length of the line).
Resistance is stated in ohms per metre length of a line and represents the
imperfection of the conductor.
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(ii) Inductance L is due to the magnetic field surrounding the conductors
of a transmission line when a current flows through them. It can be shown
that the inductance of an isolated twin line is given by:
𝜇 𝜇 1 𝐷
+ 𝑙𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑦⁄𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒
𝐿= 2.5
𝜋 4 𝐴
where D is the distance between centres of the conductor and a is the
radius of each conductor. In most practical lines 𝜇 = 1.
 An inductance stated in henrys per loop metre takes into consideration
the fact that there are two conductors in a particular length of line.
(iii) Capacitance C exists as a result of the electric field between
conductors of a transmission line. The capacitance of an isolated twin line
(the capacitance between the two conductors) can be shown to be given by
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𝜋𝜀 𝜀
𝐶= 𝑓𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠⁄𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 2.6
𝐷
ln( 𝑎 )
In most practical lines, 𝜀 = 1,
(iv) Conductance G is due to the insulation of the line allowing
some current to leak from one conductor to the other.
Conductance is measured in 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 length of line
and represents the imperfection of the insulation.
 Another name for conductance is leakance.
 Each of the four transmission line constants, R, L, C and G,
known as the primary constants, are uniformly distributed
along the line.
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1/14/2024

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.1.Physical Description of Transmission Line Propagation

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

Fig.2.4. Distributed parameters of a two-conductor transmission line

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

2. TRANSMISSION LINE PARAMETERS AND PERFORMANCE

2.2. Transmission Line Primary Constants

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