ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT &

INSTRUMENTATION I
(CTE 122)
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING
KADUNA POLYTECHNIC

ENGR. OKPE, Jonah Bameyi

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
 DISCLAIMER

• I have prepared this this document to aid my teaching

assignment with reference from text books and other
notes as sourced, it should not be used as a substitute for
textbooks, and neither should it be commercialized in any
manner. I should not be held accountable for any issues,
legal or otherwise, arising out of use of this NOTES.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
General Objective 1:
Know the various types of indicating instruments

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
MEASUREMENT SYSTEM

• A measurement system consists of a transducing element which

converts the quantity to be measured in an analogous form.

• The analogous signal is then processed by some intermediate

means and is then fed to the end devices\which present the
results of the measurement

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
• Definition of an Instrument
An instrument is a device in which we can determine the magnitude
or value of the quantity to be measured.
The measuring quantity can be voltage, current, power and energy
etc.
• Generally instruments are classified in to two categories.
Absolute instrument
Secondary instrument

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
• Absolute instrument

An absolute instrument determines the magnitude of the

quantity to be measured in terms of the instrument parameter.

This instrument is really used, because each time the value of the
measuring quantities varies.

So we have to calculate the magnitude of the measuring

quantity, analytically which is time consuming.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
• Secondary instrument

This instrument determines the value of the quantity to be

measured directly.

Generally these instruments are calibrated by comparing with

another standard secondary instrument.

Examples of such instruments are voltmeter, ammeter and

wattmeter etc.

Practically secondary instruments are suitable for measurement.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
Secondary instruments are classified in to the following categories:

Indicating instrument

Recording instrument

Integrating instrument

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
Indicating instrument
• This instrument uses a dial and pointer to determine the value of measuring
quantity. The pointer indication gives the magnitude of measuring quantity.
Voltmeter, ammeter, galvanometer, wattmeter, etc. are the examples of
indicating instruments.
Recording instrument
• This type of instruments records the magnitude of the quantity to be measured
continuously over a specified period of time.
Integrating instrument
• This type of instrument gives the total amount of the quantity to be measured
over a specified period of time.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
 Indicating instruments

 The measuring instruments which indicate the magnitude of the

electrical quantity at the time when the quantity is being measured
are known as indicating instruments.

 A typical indicating instrument consists of a pointer which moves

on a calibrated scale to show the reading of the measured quantity.

 The examples of indicating instruments include ammeters,

voltmeters, power factor meters, etc.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
Therefore, the primary function of an indicating instrument is
the supplying of information about the magnitude of the
variable quantity under measurement.
 They are classified based on their basis of operation and the
forces operating on them.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
Classifications on indicating instruments

Electromechanical
Here the electrical signal is
translated to mechanical
movement as means for
indication
Electronic
Giving very fast output which
follows the static and dynamic
characteristics of the measured
quantity.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
 Electromechanical Instruments
• These comprises of electrical as well as mechanical system,

• The electrical system usually depends upon mechanical meter

movements as indicating devices and the mechanical movement
has some inertia, therefore these instruments have a limited time
(and hence, frequency) response

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
State various types of Electromechanical instruments
Permanent Magnet Moving Coil

d’Arsonval

Moving Iron System.

Electrodynamometer (Electrodynamic) Type Instruments

Analog Ammeters, Voltmters, Ohmmeters

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
Electronic Instruments
Most scientific and industrial measurements require very fast response.

Inability of the mechanical and electrical instruments to cope with such

requirements led to the design of today’s electronic instruments and their
associated circuitry

These instruments require the use of semi-conductor devices.

Since in electronic devices, the only movement involved is that of

electrons, the response time is extremely smaller account of very small
inertia of electrons.
Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
State various types of electronic instruments
• Electronic Voltmeter
• Digital Ammeter
• Digital Wattmeter
• Digital Ohmmeter
• Digital Multimeter
• Q-Meter
• cathode ray oscilloscope, computers

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
 Typical applications of electromechanical and
electronic instruments
• Measurement of voltage, current, resistance, power, capacitance,
Inductance, temperature, frequency in a circuit or device.

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria
 References
A. K. Sawhney. (1985). A Course In Electrical And Electronic Measurements And
Instrumentation (Fourth Edition).
Alan S. Morris. (2005). Measurement and Instrumentation Principles (Third Edition).
Butterworth-Heinemann.
Morris, A. S., & Langari, R. (2012). Measurement and Instrumentation Theory and
Application. Elsevier.
Nbte, & Unesco-nigeria. (2008). Electrical/Electronic Instrumentation I (Issue December
2008). Unesco-nigeria Technical & Vocational Education Revitalisation Project-phase I.
Theraja. (2005). A Textbook Of Electrical Technology: Vol. I (First Multicoloured
Edition).

Prepared by Engr. Okpe, Jonah Bameyi ; Department of Computer Engineering, Kaduna Polytechnic, Tudun-Wada, Kaduna, Nigeria