Combined Mathematics Applied Maths: Probability

Combined mathematics
Applied maths
iïNdú;djh
Probability
NAME :- ___________________________________________________________________________
DATE :-____________________________________________________________________________
PARENTS PHONE NUMBER:- _________________________________________________
AJITH PRIYANTHA JAYASOORIYA
BSc.ENG(UoR).AMIESL
TP :- 075-5655085
 පන්ති පැවැත්වූ දිනය සහ හැසිරීම සහ පැවරුම්
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070-5655-000 1|Page
iïNdú;djh
Probability
 l=,l
l=,lhla hkq ukd f,i w¾: olajk ,o .=Kdx. lSmhla fyda tlla ms<smosk wjhj ix.%yhls. l=,lhl wjhj
mqkrdj¾:kh fkdfõ. l=,lhl wjhj msysgk rgdj jeo.;a fkdfõ.
 i¾j;% l=,lh iy wNsYk + H l=,lh

hï .eg¿jloS wjOdkh fhduq lsrSug isÿjk ish¿u wjhjhkaf.ka iukaú; l=,lh i¾j;% l=,lh f,i
y`ÿkajkq ,efí. th Ω fyda 𝑆 u`.ska wxlkh lrhs. wjhj lsisjla fkdue;s l=,lh wNsYk
+ H l=,lh f,i
y`ÿkajkq ,efí. th 𝜙 (,Sfrda) fyda { } f,i wxlkh flf¾.
fï,h fþokh
Ω Ω
A B
= 𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝐴∩𝐵
𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 = {𝑥 ⁄𝑥 𝜖𝐴 fyda 𝑥 𝜖 𝐵} 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 = {𝑥 ⁄𝑥 𝜖𝐴 fyda 𝑥 𝜖 𝐵}
wkqmQrlh idfmalaI wkqmQrlh

Ω Ω
A′ A B
AA
= A′ = 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′
′
𝐴 = {𝑥 ⁄𝑥 𝜖 Ω , 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴} 𝐴 − 𝐵 = 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ = {𝑥 ⁄𝑥 𝜖𝐴 𝑦𝑦yd𝑥 ∉ 𝐵}
idfmalaI wkqmQrlh
Ω
=𝐴∆𝐵
𝐴 ∆ 𝐵 = {𝑥 ⁄𝑥 𝜖 𝐴 fyda 𝑥 𝜖 𝐵 , 𝑥 ∉ 𝐴 ∩ 𝐵}
070-5655-000 2|Page
 l=,l ms<snò l¾u kHdh
01. kHdh foaY kHdh 02. ix>gk kHdh

𝐴∪𝐵 = 𝐵∪𝐴 𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∪ 𝐶 = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶)
𝐴∩𝐵 = 𝐵∩𝐴 𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∩ 𝐶 = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
03. ú>gk kHdh 04. ;foaj Ndú kHdh,

𝐴 ∪ (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) 𝐴∪𝐴 = 𝐴
𝐴 ∩ (𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) 𝐴∩𝐴 = 𝐴
05. i¾jiduH kHdh 06. wkqmQrl kHdh

𝐴∩Ω=𝐴 𝐴 ∪ 𝐴′ = Ω
𝐴∪Ω=Ω 𝐴 ∩ 𝐴′ = Φ
𝐴∩Φ=Φ
𝐴∪Φ=𝐴
07. o fuda¾.ka kHdh 08. wjfYdaIK kHdh

(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ 𝐴 ∪ (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝐴
(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ = 𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′ 𝐴 ∩ (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝐴
 iïNdú;djh
 fm!rdKsl w¾: oelaùu

iiïNdù mrSlaIKhl iufia NjH m%;sM, 𝑛 ixLHdjla we;akï thska m%;sM, 𝑛0 m%udKhla 𝐴 kï isoaêhg
mËmd; kï túg 𝐴 isoaêh isÿùfï iïNdú;djh.
𝑛0
𝑝(𝐴) = 𝑛
f,i w¾: oelafõ. iufia NjH m%;sM,h iòyd fuh fhosh yel. ;jo fuysoS ksheos wjldYh
mrsñ; úh hq;=h.
 ixLHd; w¾: oelaùu

iiïNdù mrSlaIKhla 𝑛 jdrhla isÿl, úg tys tla isoaêhla 𝐴 kï 𝐴 isoaêhg wod, jdr .Kk 𝑛0 j,sk a
𝑛 𝑛
oelafõ kï, 𝑛0 , tu isoaêhg wod, idfmalaI ixLHd; iïNdú;djh jk w;r 𝑛 → ∞ úg 𝑛0 ys w.h
mrsñ; iSudjla lrd t<fí kï tu iSudj tu isoaêfha iiïNdù;djhs.
 m%;HË w¾: oelaùu

𝐸 kï iiïNdù mrSlaIKhla iu`. ix>á; Ω ksheos wjldYh wkqrEm isoaê wjldYfha 𝜉 f,i .ksuq. 𝜉
;=< tla tla 𝐴 kï isoaêh isÿùug,
(i) 𝑃(𝐴) ≥ 0 ish¿ 𝐴 𝜖 𝜉
(ii) 𝑃(Ω) = 1 {ish¿u isoaëka isÿùfï iiïNdù;djh = 1}
(iii) 𝐴 yd 𝐵 hkq wkfHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr isoaëka folla kï,
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) hk m%;HËh ;Dma; lrhs kï, 𝑃(𝐴) u`.ska y`ÿkajkq ,nk ;d;aúl
ixLHdjla we;akï th 𝐴 isoaêh isÿùfï iïNdú;djh f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí.
070-5655-000 3|Page
 iïNdú;djh ms<snò m%fïhhka,
01. m%fïhh. 02. m%fïhh.

𝑃(𝜙) = 0 fõ. 𝑃 (𝐴′ ) = 1 − 𝑃(𝐴) fõ.
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𝐴, 𝐵 𝜖 𝜉 úg 𝐴 , 𝐵 𝜖 𝜉 úg
𝑃(𝐴) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ ) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
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05. m%fïhh.
𝐴, 𝐵 , 𝐶 𝜖 𝜉 úg
𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) + 𝑃 (𝐶 ) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) − 𝑃 (𝐵 ∩ 𝐶 ) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐶 ) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) fõ.
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070-5655-000 4|Page
06. m%fïhh.
𝐴 , 𝐵 𝜖 𝜉 úg 𝐴 ⊆ 𝐵 kï
𝑃(𝐴) ≤ 𝑃(𝐵) fõ.
 iajdhla; isoaê
𝐴, 𝐵 𝜖 𝜉 jk 𝐴 , 𝐵 .ksuq.
𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴)𝑃(𝐵) kï yd kïu muKla 𝐴 iy 𝐵 iajdhla; fõ.
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 wiïNdjH iïNdú;djh
𝐴 yd 𝐵 hkq 𝑃 (𝐴) > 0 f,i jQ iiïNdù mrSlaIKhla yd ix>gl 𝜉 isoaê wjldYfha isoaëka folla hehs
𝑃(𝐴∩𝐵)
.ksuq. túg 𝐴 isoaêh isÿù we;ehs oS we;s úg 𝐵 isoaêh isÿùfï wiïNdjH iïNdú;djh 𝑃 (𝐵⁄𝐴) =
𝑃(𝐴)
f,i w¾: olajkq ,efí.
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070-5655-000 5|Page
 wiïNdjH iïNdú;djh ms<snò m%fïhhka

𝐴 𝜖 𝜉 úg, 𝐴 , 𝐵 𝜖 𝜉 úg,
𝑃(𝜙⁄𝐴) = 0 fõ. 𝑃 (𝐵′⁄𝐴) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝐵⁄𝐴) fõ.
03. m%fïhh.
𝐴 , 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 𝜖 𝜉 úg,
𝐵1 ∩𝐵2 𝐵1∩𝐵2 ′
𝑃(𝐵1 ⁄𝐴) = 𝑃 ( 𝐴
)+𝑃(
𝐴
) fõ.
04. m%fïhh.
𝐴 , 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 𝜖 𝜉 úg,
𝐵1∪𝐵2 𝐵1 ∩𝐵2
𝑃( ) = 𝑃 (𝐵1 ⁄𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵2 ⁄𝐴) − 𝑃 ( ) fõ.
𝐴 𝐴
05. m%fïhh.
𝐴 , 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 𝜖 𝜉 úg, yd 𝐵1 ⊆ 𝐵2 úg,
𝑃(𝐵1 ⁄𝐴) ≤ 𝑃(𝐵2 ⁄𝐴 )
 .=Kk kS;sh …………………

𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 , … … … , 𝐴𝑛 𝜖 𝜉 úg,
𝑃(𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ 𝐴3 ∩ … … … … 𝐴𝑛 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴1 )𝑃 (𝐴2 ⁄𝐴1 )𝑃(𝐴3 ⁄𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ) … … … … 𝑃(𝐴𝑛 ⁄𝐴1 ∩ 𝐴2 ∩ … …)
fõ.
 ksheos wjldYhl úNd.kh.

𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , … … … … … … … … . 𝐵𝑛 hkq iiïNdù mrSlaIKhla yd ix>á; Ω ksheos wjldYhg wkqrEm jQ
isoaê wjldYfha isoaê wkql%u hla hehs .ksuq. túg 𝐵𝑖 ∩ 𝐵𝑗 ish¿ 𝑖 ≠ 𝑗 iòyd 𝑖 =
1 , 2 , 3 , 4, … … … … … … . . 𝑛 , 𝑗 = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , … … … … … … … … . . 𝑛 fõ kï,
𝑛
Ω= ∪ 𝐵𝑖 fõ kï, isoaê wkql%uKh Ω ys úNd.khla hehs lshkq ,efí.
𝑖=1
tkï, 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , … … … …. hkq wfkHdakH jYfhka NysIaldr jqo ;u fï,h Ω o jQ o isoaê wkql%uhls.
 අමතර සටහන්ත
070-5655-000 6|Page
 uq¿ iúNdú;djh ms<snòj m%fïhh.
A
𝐵1 𝐵𝑛
𝐵2
𝐵3
𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 , … … … … … … . , 𝐵𝑛 hkq 𝑃 (𝐵𝑖 ) > 0(𝑖 = 1 , 2 , 3 … … … … . ) jk mrsos jQ Ω ys úNd.khla

hehso 𝐴 hkq 𝜉 isoaê wjldYfha ´kEu isoaêhla hehso .ksuq.
𝑛
𝑃(𝐴) = ∑ 𝑃 (𝐴⁄𝐵𝑖 )𝑃(𝐵𝑖 )
𝑖=1
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 fíhia m%fïhh
𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , … … … … . 𝐵𝑛 , hkq 𝑃 (𝐵𝑖 ) > 0(𝑖 = 1 , 2 , 3 … … … … … … . ) jk mrsos jQ Ω ys úNd.khla hehso
𝐴 hkq 𝜉 isoaê wjldYfha ´kEu isoaêhla hehso .ksuq. túg
𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵𝑖 )𝑃(𝐵𝑖 )
𝑃(𝐵𝑖 ⁄𝐴) = 𝑛
∑ 𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵𝑖 )𝑃(𝐵𝑖 )
𝑖=1
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070-5655-000 7|Page
 රුක් සටහන්ත
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070-5655-000 8|Page
 ිත්ව කිර සටහන්ත
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070-5655-000 9|Page
 සාමානය ැැටු
01. ldishla fojrla Wv oukq ,efí. ,eìh yels m%;sM, we;=<;a ksheos wjldYh ,shd olajkak . my;
iòyka isoaëka l=,luh wdldrfhka ksrEmKh lr tajdfha iïNdú;djh fidhkak .
(i) 𝐴 = ( m<uq jr , ldisfha ysi jeàu )
(ii) 𝐵 = ( fojk jr , ldisfha w.h jeàu )
(iii) 𝐶 = ( fojru ysi jeàu )
(iv) 𝐷 = ( wvq ;rñka tla ysilaj;a jeàu)
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02. r;= fnda, ;=kla iy ks,a fnda, 2 la u,a,l wvx.= fõ. u,af,ka wyUq f,i fnda,hla bj;g f.k
mrSlaIdldr th wdmiq oud kej; fnda,hla f.k mrSlaId lrkq ,efí. fuu mrSlaIKhg ksheos
wjldYh ,shd olajkak.
(i) m<uq fnda,h ks,a tlla ùfï isoaêh ,shd olajkak.
(ii) fojk fnda,h r;= tlla ùfï iïNdú;djh fidhkak .
(iii) fnda, folu ks,a ùfï iïNdú;djh fidhkak .
(iv) wvq ;rñka tla ks,a fnda,hlaj;a ,eîfï iïNdú;djh fidhkak .
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070-5655-000 10 | P a g e
03. u,a,l r;= fnda, 3 la, ks,a fnda, 2 la , ly fnda, 1 la wvx.= fõ. iiïNdù f,i tljr fnda, folla
bj;g .kq ,efí.
(i) fnda, folu ks,a meye;s fnda, ùfï (ii) ks,a fnda,hla yd r;= fnda,hla ùfï
(iii) fnda, folu r;= fnda, ùfï iïNdú;djhka fidhkak.
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04. tla;rd úYaj úoHd,hl m<uq jir isiqkag .Ks;h yd ridhk úoHdj wksjd¾hh fõ. miq.sh jif¾
isiqkaf.ka 15 % la ridhk úoHdjo , 12 % la .Ks;ho, 5% la úIhka folu o wiu;a úh. isiqka
w;=frka tla isiqfjla iiïNdùj f;dard .;af;a kï Tyq wvqu .Kfka tla úIhlaj;a wiu;a ùfï
iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 11 | P a g e
05. m<;=re fjf<kafola fkajdisld.drhla wi, oskm;d fj<odfï ksr; fjhs. Tyq oskm;d úl=Kk m<;=re
jkqfha wU , flfi,a f.ä yd w,s fmarh. fkajdisld.drhg hk isiqkf a .ka 5% la wUo , 20% la flfi,a
f.äo, 10% la w,s fmaro .kakd nj Tyq ksrSlaIKh lr we;. tfukau flfi,a f.ä ñ,oS .kakd
isiqkaf.ka 20% la wUo, 30% la w,s fmaro ñ,oS .ekSug fm<fUk w;r wU yd w,s fmar hk foj¾.h
lsisúgloS tljr ñ,oS fkd.kakd njo Tyqg fmkS f.dia we;. tfia kï m<;=re fjf<kaod miqlr hk
isiqka 200 la w;=rska l=uk fyda m<;=rla ñ,oS .kakd isiqka ixLHdj fidhkak .
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070-5655-000 12 | P a g e
06. ñksiqka 100 la isák iñ;shl mqia;ld,hlg isxy, , fou< , bx.%Sis mqj;am;a ;=kla oskm;d .kS. fï
idudcslhska oskm;d fuu mqj;am;a lshjk wdldrh ms<snòj lrk mrSlaIKh oS my; úia;r fidhd
,kakd ,oS.
isxy, mqj;am; lshjk wh 60
bx.%Sis mqj;am; lshjk wh 50
fou< mqj;am; lshjk wh 40
bx.%Sis yd fou< mqj;am;a lshjk wh 22
isxy, yd bx.%Sis mqj;am;a lshjk wh 30
mqj;am;a ;=ku lshjk wh 05
lsisu mqj;am;la fkdlshjk wh 04
by; iòyka iñ;sfha idudcslfhl= iiïNdùj f;dard .;a úg tu idudcslhd
(i) isxy, yd fou< mqj;am;a fol muKla lshjk flfkl= ùfï
(ii) isxy, mqj;am;a muKla lshjk whl= ùfï
(iii) wvq jYfhka mqj;am;a follaj;a lshjk whl= ùfï
(iv) fou< mqj;am;a fkdlshjk whl= ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 13 | P a g e
07. f.orlg <sòlska c,h f.k tafïoS th l<hla u`.ska fyda nd,aoshla u`.ska fyda f.k tafï iïNdú;dj
5⁄6 ls. l<hlska yd nd,aoshlska tljr f.k tafï iïNdú;dj 1⁄3 ls. c,h f.k tafïoS th nd,aoshlska
fkdùfï iïNdú;dj 1⁄4 fõ kï,
(i) nd,aoshlska muKla c,h f.k tafï iïNdú;dj fidhkak .
(ii) l<hlska muKla c,h f.k tafï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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08. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 isoaëka fol iòyd

𝑃 (𝐴) = 3⁄8 , 𝑃 (𝐵) = 1⁄2 , 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1⁄4 kï,
(i) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) (ii) 𝑃(𝐴′ ) (iii) 𝑃(𝐵′ )
(iv) 𝑃 (𝐴′ ∩ 𝐵′) (v) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′) (vi) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐴′ ) fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 14 | P a g e
09. 𝑃 (𝐴) = 0.6 , 𝑃 (𝐵) = 0.4 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.76 kï,
(i) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) (ii) 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵)′ (iii) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵′ )
(iv) 𝑃(𝐴′ ∪ 𝐵′ ) fidhkak. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr fõo@
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10. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 o, 𝐴 yd 𝐶 o wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr isoaê fõ.

𝑃 (𝐵) = 0.4 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 0.5 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 0.6 , 𝑃(𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 0.8 , 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ∪ 𝐶 ) = 0.9
(i) 𝑃(𝐵 ∩ 𝐶)
(ii) 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵 ∩ 𝐶) fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 15 | P a g e
11. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 hkq 𝑆 ksheos wjldYh w¾: oelafjk ´kEu isoaê folls.
𝑃 (𝐴) + 𝑃(𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) + 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) nj idOkh lrkak.
takhska 𝐴′ hkq 𝐴 ys wkqmQrlh úg 𝑃 (𝐴′ ) + 𝑃(𝐴) = 1 nj idOkh lrkak.
(a) ldrl iNdjla idudcslhska 100 lska iukaú;h. fuhska 60 fofkla ud¿ wvx.= lEu l;s. 50 fofkla
uia fkdnqo;s. 10 fofkla ud¿ fyda uia fyda foj¾.hu fyda wdydrhg fkd.ks;s. wyUq f,i tla
ldrl iNslhl= f;dard .;fyd;a Tyq
(i) ud¿ wvx.= lEu lkafkla
(ii) uia fkdnqoskafkla
(iii) ud¿ fyda uia fyda foj¾.hu wdydrhg fkd.kafkla ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak .
fuu iïNdú;d ;=k muKla Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka iy by; iòyka m%;sM, fol Ndú;fhka
f;dard.;a ldrl iNslhd
(iv) ud¿ wdydrhg fkd.kafkla
(v) ud¿;a , uiq;a wdydrhg fkd.kafkla
(vi) ud¿;a , uiq;a w;rska wvqu jYfhka tla j¾.hlaj;a wdydrhg .kafkla ùfï iïNdú;dj
fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 16 | P a g e
12. 𝑆 keu;s mrsñ; ksheos wjldYhla iukaú; ù we;af;a yrshgu iudk j isÿúh yels uQ,sl isoaëka 𝑛
j,sk.s uQ,sl isoaê 𝑛 la wvx.= isoaêhla 𝐸 j,ska yeòskf
a õ.
𝑛′
𝑃 (𝐸 ) = 𝑛 u`.ska 𝐸 isoaêfha 𝑃(𝐸) iïNdú;dj w¾: olajkq ,efí. fuu w¾: oelaùu Ndú;d lr fyda
wkal%uhlska fyda 𝑆 ys ´kEu 𝐴 yd 𝐵 isoaê folla iòyd
𝑃 (𝐴 − 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) = 𝑃(𝐴) + 𝑃 (𝐵) − 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) nj fmkajkak.
mqoa.,hka 40 lska hq;a iuQyhl jhi j¾I 35 lg wvq bxcsfkarejka 20 la o, j¾I 35 lg jeä
bxcsfkarejka 10 la o, j¾I 35 lg wvq bxcsfkarejka fkdjk wh 4 la o, j¾I 35 lg jeä bxcsfkarejka
fkdjk wh 6 la o we;. fuu iuQyfhka lsishï flfklaj iiïNdùj f;dard .kq ,efí. by; m%;sM,
Ndú;d lr f;dard.;a wh
(i) j¾I 35 lg wvq bxcsfkarefjla
(ii) j¾I 35 lg jeä fyda bxcsfkarefjla fyda ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak . fjk ´kEu l%uhla
fhdod Tfí m%;sM, idOkh lrkak .
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070-5655-000 17 | P a g e
13. tla;rd k.rhl A , B , C kï m%jD;a;s m;% ;=kla m%isoaO lrkq ,efí. jeishkaf.ka 20% la A o , 16
% la B o , 14% la C o , 8% la A iy B o , 6% la A iy C o, 4% la B iy C o, 2% la m;%
;=ku o lshjk nj iólaIKhlska ks¾udKh fõ. iiïNdù f,i f;dard .;a flfkl=
(i) tlu m;%hlaj;a fkdlshùfï
(ii) C fkdlshùfï
(iii) A lshjk kuq;a B fkdlshùfï
(iv) wvq jYfhka m;% follaj;a lshùfï iïNdú;djh fidhkak.
(b) 𝑃 (𝐴) > 0 , yd 𝑃(𝐵) > 0 kï my; iòyka m%;sM,j, i;H wi;H;dj mrSlaId lrkak.
(i) 𝑃 (𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) kï 𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃 (𝐵⁄𝐴) o,
(ii) 𝑃 (𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐵⁄𝐴 ) kï 𝑃 (𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵) fõo@
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070-5655-000 18 | P a g e
14. A iy B isoaëka fol 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) 𝑃(𝐵) jk mrsos fõ kï, A iy B iajdhla; isoaëka hehs lshkq
,efí. C iy D iajdhla; isoaëka folla hhs is;uq. 𝐶′ iy 𝐷′ hkq ms<sfj,ska C ys iy D ys wkqmQrl
isoaëka fõ.
(a) 𝐶 iy 𝐷′ iajdh;a; isoaëka nj o,
(b) 𝐶′ iy 𝐷′ iajdh;a; isoaëka nj o, fmkajkak.
ñksfila iy Tyqf.a Nd¾Hdj Tjqkf a .a újdyfhka miq wvq jYfhka j¾I 25 la cSj;a ùfï iïNdú;djka
ms<sfj,ska 0 . 70 iy 0 . 80 fõ. j¾I 25 lska
(i) fofokdu cSj;aj isàfï,
(ii) tla flfkl=j;a cSj;aj fkdisàfï,
(iii) wvq jYfhka tla flfkl=j;a cSj;aj isàfï,
(iv) yrshgu tla wfhl= cSj;a j isàfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 19 | P a g e
15.
(a) 2𝑝 , 𝑝 2 yd 4𝑝 − 1 ix>á; iïNdú;d iys; ksheos ,ËH ;=klska iukaú; j ksheos wjldYh
msygs hs. ms<s.; yels 𝑝 ys w.h fidhkak.
(b) mqoa.,hska 50 fofkl= f.a ldKavdhul 30 fofkl= jhi wjqreÿ 35 g wvq ffjoHjreh. 10
fofkl= jhi wjqreÿ 35 g jeä ffjoHjreh. 04 fofkl= jhi wjqreÿ 35 g wvq ffjoHjre
fkdjk wh fõ. 06 fofkl= jhi wjqreÿ 35 g jeä ffjoHjre fkdjk wh fõ. fï lKavdhfï
ffjoHjreka f.ka ieos l=,lh A f,i;a jhi wjqreÿ 35 g jeä mqoa.,hskf
a .ka ieos l=,lh
B f,i;a oelafõ hehs is;uq. w¾: oelaùu Ndú;d fldg f.k 𝑃 (𝐴), 𝑃(𝐵) yd 𝑃(𝐴 ∩ 𝐵)
fidhkak. 𝑃(𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) w.h wfmdaykh fldg Tfí m%;sM, jpk j,ska ,shd olajkak.
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070-5655-000 20 | P a g e
16. cSj (A) iy fN!;sl (B) úoHd isiqka 100 la isák ñY% mdi,l tla tla YsIHhd iòyd 𝑇1 iy 𝑇2 m%Yk
a
m;% j¾. follska tla j¾.hla fok ,os. kshu j¾.SlrKh my; oelafõ.
m%Yka m;% j¾.h ia;%S mqreI Ndjh cSj úoHdj (A) fN!;sl úoHdj (B)
𝑇1 .eyeKq 30 10
msrsñ 15 5
.eyeKq 20 5
𝑇2 msrsñ 10 5
YsIHfhla iiïNdù f,i f;dard .kakd ,os. fuu YsIHhd

(i) .eyeKq <uhl= ùfï
(ii) cSj úoHd mdGud,dj yodrkakl= ùfï
(iii) 𝑇2 j¾.fha m%Yak m;%hla fok ,oaol= ùfï
(iv) .eyeKq <uhl= hehs oS we;s úg cSj úoHd mdGud,dj yodrkafkl= ùfï iïNdú;djh fidhkak .
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070-5655-000 21 | P a g e
17. (a) (i) wfkfHdakH jYfhka nysIaldrl isoaê w¾: olajkak.
(ii) iduQyls jYfhka ksrjfYaI isoaê w¾: olajkak .
(iii) wfkfHdakH jYfhka nysIaldrl jQ muKska tu isoaê iduqysl jYfhka ksrjfYaI
fkdjk njg WodyrKhla fokak.
(iv) A yd B hkq isoaê folla úg (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) yd (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) isoaê iajdhla; kï A yd B iduqysl
jYfhka ksrjfYaI fyda wfkfHdakH jYfhka nysIaldrl fyda isoaê folla nj
fmkajkak.
(v) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵⁄𝐴 ∪ 𝐵 ) = 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵⁄𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) kï A yd B hkq wod< isoaê wjldYfha jQ iudk
isoaê folla nj fmkajkak .
(b) Ndck ;=kla A , B , C hkqfjka kï lr we;s w;r tajd ;=< my; j.=fõ iòyka mrsos iudk
wrfhka hq;= fnda, we;.
Ndckh r;= mdg fnda, ks,a mdg fnda,
A 3 2
B 2 2
C 2 1
A Ndckfhka wyUq f,i fnda,hla f;dard , C Ndckhg oud B Ndckfhka o wyUq f,i fnda,hla f;dard
C Ndckhg oukq ,efí. oeka C Ndckfhka wyUq f,i fnda,hla f;dard .kq ,efí. fuu ixhqla; l%shd
oelaùu iòyd rela igykla wòskka . tkhska my; oelafjk iïNdú;d fidhkak.
(i) .ekSï ;=fkaoSu tlu j¾Kh ,eîu.
(ii) .ekSï ;=fkaoSu r;= mdg jeäfhka ,eîu.
(iii) .ekSï ;=fkaoSu tlu j¾Kh ,eî we;ehs oS we;s úg th r;= mdg ùu.
(iv) .ekSï ;=fkaoS r;= mdg jeäfhka ,eî we;ehs oS we;s úg B Ndckfhka ks,amdg ,eîu.
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070-5655-000 22 | P a g e
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18. A yd B hk isoaê fol iòyd 𝑃 (𝐴⁄𝐵 ) ys w¾:h meyeos,s lrkak. my; iòyka wjia:d j,oS A yd B
w;r iïnkaOh fidhkak.
(a) 𝑃 (𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 0 úg, (b) 𝑃 (𝐴⁄𝐵 ) = 𝑃(𝐴) úg,
fudag¾ r:hla ysñhl= yg ;u fudag¾ r:h fiajd lr.ekSu iòyd A , B , C .rdcj, ÿrl:k weu;=ï
oSfï iïNdú;d ms<sfj,ska 30% , 10% yd 60% fõ. mKsúvh ,enqKq úg fudag¾ r:h f.k hEu iòyd
A , B , C .rdc j,ska meñKSfï iïNdú;dj ms<sfj,ska 20% , 6% yd 9% la fõ. tla oskl ÿrl:k
mKsúvhla ,eî fudag¾ r:h .rdchlg f.k fkdhEfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak . ÿrl:k mKsúvhla
,eî fudag¾ r:h f.k hhs kï th B .rdcfhka ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 23 | P a g e
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19. ld¾hd,hl h;=re ,shk ld¾hhka A , B iy C kï jQ ;sfofkl= úiska lrkq ,nk w;r Tjqka úiska
h;=re ,shkh lrk ,o ish¿u ,sms j, ldnka msgm;la ,sms f.dkqj, ;ekam;a lrkq ,efí. ld¾hd,fha
uq¿ h;=re ,shk ld¾hkaf.ka 1⁄7 , 2⁄7 iy 4⁄7 l m%udKhla ms<sfj,ska A , B iy C úiska lrkq ,nk
w;r Tjqka úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,o ,smshl ifodia ;ekla ;sîfï iïNdú;djh ms<sfj,ska 0 . 04 , 0 . 03
iy 0 . 01 fõ. ,smsf.dkq j,ska ,smshla iiïNd ùu f;dard.;a úg tys ifodia ;ekla ;sîfï iïNdú;dj
fldmuKo@ th B keue;s mqoa.,hd úiska ms<sfh, lrk ,o ,smshla ùfï iïNdú;djh fldmuKo@
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070-5655-000 24 | P a g e
20. 𝑃 (𝐴𝑖 ⁄𝐷) wiïNdjH iïNdú;dj okakd jQ fíhia m%fïhfhA ir, wdldrh m%ldY lrkak . fuys 𝑖 =
1 , 2 , 3 iòyd 𝐴𝑖 hkq tla;rd mrSlaIKhl oS S ksheos wjldYh fï,h jYfhka we;s wfkfHdakH
jYfhka we;s nysIaldr isoaê ;=kla nj;a, D hkq 𝑃 (𝐷) > 0) jk fia we;s S yd wNsu; isoaêhla nj;a oS
we;. ( iQ;%h idOkh wfmalaId fkdflf¾). l¾udka; Yd,djla u`.ska 𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , 𝐴3 hka;% ;=kla fhdod
.ksñka iudk NdKav ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí. tu hka;% ;=fkka osklg ksmojk tall .Kk ms<sfj,ska
200 , 175 iy 125 fõ. oS¾> ld,hla ;=< fidhdf.k we;s mrsos ksIamdokfhys fodaI iys; m%;sY;h
𝐴1 , 𝐴2 , iy 𝐴3 hka;% iòyd ms<sfj,ska 4% , 4% iy 6% fõ.
(a) l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ksIamdokfhka tallhla iiïNdùj f;dard.;a úg th ifodia tlla ùfï
iïNdú;dj 0.045 nj fmkajkak.
(b) l¾udka;Yd,dfõ ksIamdokfhka iiïNdùj f;dard.;a tallhla ifodia tlla nj fidhd .;af;a
kï, th 𝐴1 hka;%fhka ksmojd ;sîfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak . th ksmoùug jvd;au bv we;af;a
l=uk hka;%fhkao@ Tfí ms<s;=r ikd: lrkak.
(c) fjkia osk ;=kloS tla tla ojfia l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ksYamdokfhka tallhla ne`.ska iiïNdùu
f;dard.kq ,efí. tajdhska yrshgu tlla ifodia ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
(d) tla;rd oskloS, tla tla hka;%fha ksIamdokfhka tla tallh ne`.ska iiïNdùj f;dard.kq ,efí
kï, tajdhska yrshgu tlla ifodia ùfï iiïNdú;dj fidhkak .
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070-5655-000 25 | P a g e
21. (a) A iy B iajdhla; iiïNdù isoaê foll iïNdú;d ms<sfj,ska 𝑎 iy 𝑏 fjhs. 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵) =
5⁄6 , 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 1⁄3 iy 𝑎 > 𝑏 nj oS we;akï , 𝑎 iy 𝑏 ys w.hhka fidhkak.
(b) 𝐸1 yd 𝐸2 hkq iiïNdù mrSlaIKhl S ksheos wjldYh fï,h jYfhka we;s nysIaldr isoaê 2
la jk w;r D hkq S ys wNsu; isoaêhla fõ.
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐷 ⁄𝐸1 )
𝑃 (𝐸1⁄𝐷) = 2 nj idOkh lrkak.
∑ 𝑃(𝐸𝑖 )𝑃(𝐷 ⁄𝐸𝑖 )
𝑖=1
𝑃 (𝐸2⁄𝐷) iòyd wkqrEm iQ;%h ,shkak. uyd ue;sjrKh iòyd hïlsis wdikhlg A yd B
wfmalaIlhka fofofkla muKla ;r`. lrhs. A oskf S ï iïNdú;dj 0.6 la o , B oskfS ï
iïNdú;dj 0.4 la o fõ. A oskqfjd;a tla;rd úÿy,lg kj f.dvke.s,a,la ,ndoSfï iïNdú;dj
0.35 la o, B oskf
q jd;a tu úÿy,g kj f.dvke.s,a,la ,ndoSfï iïNdú;dj 0.85 o fõ.
(i) úÿy,g kj f.dvke.s,a,la ,ndoSfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
(ii) úÿy,g kj f.dvke.s,a,la ,enqfka kï, A oskSfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
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070-5655-000 26 | P a g e
22. A yd B hkq iajdhla; isoaê folls. 𝐴′ yd 𝐵′ hkq wkqmQrl isoaê fõ.
(i) 𝐴′ yd 𝐵′ o iajdhla; isoaê nj o, (ii) 𝑃 (𝐴 ∪ 𝐵′ ) = 1 − 𝑃 (𝐴′ )𝑃(𝐵′ ) nj o
fmkajkak.
(b) fíhia m%fïhh m%ldY lr idOkh lrkak .
(c) A yd B fofokd idOdrK odÿ leg folla udrefjka udrejg ouñka l%Svdjl fhfoa . iEu
keyeiqulau wksla tajdfhka iajdhla; fõ. odÿ leg fofla w.hkays tl;=j 6 m<uqj
jegqkfyd;a A ch.%yKh lrk w;r A oskSug fmr B <l=Kq 7 la ,nd.;fyd;a B g oskqula
wh;a fõ. A l%Svdj mgka .kafka kï wjidk jYfhka A ch.%yKh lsrSfï iïNdú;djh 30⁄61
nj fmkajkak.
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070-5655-000 27 | P a g e
23. 𝑃 (𝐸𝑖 ⁄𝐷) wiïNdjH iïNdú;dj fokakd jQ fíhia m%fïhfha ir, wdldrh m%ldY lrkak .
fuys 𝑖 = 1 , 2 iòyd 𝐸𝑖 hkq tla;rd mrSlaIKhl Ω ksheos wjldYh fï,h jYfhka we;s wfkfHdakH
jYfhka nysIaldr isoaê folla nj;a, 𝐷 hkq 𝑃 (𝐷) > 0 jk fia Ω ys wNsu; isoaêhla nj;a o we;. (iQ;%h
idOkh wfmalaId fkdlr) tla;rd mrSlaIKd.drhl oS óhkag je<fòk frda.hla mrSlaId lsrSug
mrSlaIKhla fufyhjk ,os. w;S; jd¾;d wkqj óhkag fuu frda.h je<oSu iòyd 0 . 007 l
iïNdú;djla we;s nj fmkqKs. frda.h je<`ÿKq óhkaf.ka 99% lg fuu frda. ,ËK we;s njo,
frda.h fkdje<`ÿkq óhkaf.ka 98% lg fuu frda. ,ËK fkdue;s nj o mrSlaIK u`.ska ikd: úh.
fuu mrSlaIKfhka miq lsishï ófhl=g frda. ,ËK we;ehs fmkS.sh kuq;a we;a; jYfhkau tu
óhdg frda.h je<oS fkdue;s ùfï iïNdú;dj 0 . 74 la nj fmkajkak.
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070-5655-000 28 | P a g e
24. mrSlaIKhl tla m%Yk a m;%hla ms<s;=re 5 la iys; nyqjrK m%Yk a m;%hls. m%Yka m;%fha úIh ms<snò
YsIHfhl=f.a oekSu , oS we;s m%Yakhg ms<s;=re oek .ekSfï iïNdú;djh 0.7 la úg m%YK a hg ksjerosj
ms<s;=re iemhSfï iïNdú;djh tlla jk mrsos fõ. Tyq ksjerosj ms<s;=re fkdfokafka kï, túg wkqudk
jYfhka ms<s;=re imhk w;r iïNdú;djh 1⁄2 lska hq;a ksjeros wkqudkhla lsrSug úIh lreKq ms<snòj
Tyqf.a oekqu m%udKj;a fõ. YsIHfhl= oS we;s m%Yk a hlg ksjerosj ms<s;=re iemhSfï iïNdú;djh
fldmuKo@ YsIHfhl= oS we;s m%YK a hlg ksjerosj ms<s;=re imhhs kï, Tyq tu m%YK
a hg ms<s;=re oek
.ekSfï iïNdú;djh fldmuKo@
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25. 𝐸1 , 𝐸2 iy 𝐸3 hkq mrSlaIKhl S ksheos wjldYhl fï,h jYfhka we;s wfkfHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr
isoaê ;=kla jk w;r D hkq S ys wNsu; isoaêhla fõ.
𝑃(𝐸1 )𝑃(𝐷 ⁄𝐸1 )
𝑃 (𝐸1⁄𝐷) = 3 nj fmkajd 𝑃(𝐸2⁄𝐷 ) iy 𝑃(𝐸3⁄𝐷 ) iòyd wkqrEm iQ;% ,shd olajkak.
Σ 𝑃(𝐸𝑟 )𝑃(𝐷 ⁄𝐸𝑟 )
𝑟=1
l¾udka; Yd,djl we;s 1 , 2 iy 3 hka;% ;=kla u`.ska , tla;rd j¾.hl whs;u uq¿ ksIamdokfhka
ms<sfj,ska 40% , 35% iy 25% la ksIamdokh flf¾. l¾udka; Yd,dfõ ksIamdokfhka tla whs;uhla
wyUq f,i f;dard.kq ,efí. fuu whs;uh 𝑟 hka;%fhka ksIamdokh lr ;sîfï isoaêh 𝐸𝑟 hehs .ksuq.
fuys 𝑟 = 1 , 2 , 3 fõ. fuu whs;uh ifodia tlla ùfï isoaêh D hehs .ksuq. 1 , 2 iy 3 hka;% j,ska
ksIamdos; whs;uj,ska ms<sfj<ska 2.2% , 2.4% iy 3.5% la ifodia tajd hehs is;uq. 𝑃(𝐷) iy 𝑟 =
1 , 2 iy 3 iòyd 𝑃 (𝐸𝑟 ⁄𝐷) fidhkak. f;dard.kq ,nk whs;uh ifodia tlla nj oS we;s úg th
ksIamdokh lr ;sîug jvd;a bv we;af;a l=uk hka;%fhka o@
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070-5655-000 30 | P a g e
26. 𝑃(𝐵) Ok jQ B isoaëka ÿka úg A isoaêhl 𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) wiïNjH iïNdú;dj w¾: olajkak. 𝑃(𝐴) yd 𝑃(𝐵)
folu Ok kï 𝑃 (𝐴 ∩ 𝐵) = 𝑃 (𝐴) 𝑃 (𝐵⁄𝐴) = 𝑃(𝐵)𝑃(𝐴⁄𝐵 ) nj o fmkajkak. 5 la r;= o, 10 la iqÿ o
jk i¾jiu fnda, 15 la we;s n`ÿklska iiïNdùj fnda,hla .kq ,efí. fuu fnda,h r;= mdg kï th
kej; n`ÿkg wdmiq oukq ,nk w;r th iqÿ mdg kï ;j;a iqÿ mdg i¾jiu fnda, folla iu`. tu
fnda,h n`ÿkg wdmiq oukq ,efí. bkamiq fojk jrg tu n`ÿfkka fnda,hla .kq ,nhs.
(i) uq,a jrg .;a fnda,h r;= mdg ùfï
(ii) uq,ajrg .;a fnda,h r;=mdg nj ÿka úg fojk jrg .;a fnda,h iqÿmdg ùfï
(iii) fojk jrg .;a fnda,h iqÿ mdg ùfï
(iv) fojk jrg .;a fnda,h iqÿ mdg nj ÿka úg uq,a jrg .;a fnda,h r;=mdg ùfï
(v) fojrgu .;a fnda, tlu mdg ùfï iïNdú;dj fidhkak .
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070-5655-000 31 | P a g e
27. wu,a iy ìu,a odÿ leghla by< ouñka l%Svd lrhs. wu,a m<uqj odÿ legh by, ouhs. 1 fyda 5 jegqk
fyd;a wu,a ch.%yKh lrhs. tu w.hka fkdjegqkfyd;a ìu,ag legh by< oeóug wjia:dj ,efí.
ìu,a legh by< oeuQ úg 2 fyda 3 fyda 4 jegqkfyd;a Tyq ch.%yKh lrhs. tu w.hka fkdjegqkfyd;a
kej; wu,ag legh by< oeóug wjia:dj ,efí. tll= oskk ;=re l%Svdj flfrk w;r ch.%yKh l<
miq l%Svdj wjika fõ.
(i) odÿ legfha 1 fyda 5 jeàfï iïNdú;dj l=ulao@
(ii) odÿ legfha 2 , 3 , 4 jeàfï iïNdú;djh l=ulao@
(iii) l%Svdj lsrSu ìu,a f;jeks jdrhg odÿ legh by< ouk ;=re rela igykla wòskak.
(iv) tu`.ska wu,a f;jeks jrg yd ìu,a f;jeks jrg odÿ legh by< oeuQ úg ch.%yKh lsrSfï
iïNdú;dj fidhkak.
1 2 𝑛−1 1 𝑛−1
(v) 𝑛 fjks j;dfõ oS wu,a ch.%yKh lsrSfï oE iïNdú;dj 3 {3} { }
2
nj olajkak.
(vi) S ï iïNdú;dj 1⁄2 la nj fmkajkak.
wu,a oskf
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070-5655-000 32 | P a g e
28. (a) i¾jiu ldâm;a len,s 6 l A , H , M , O , S , T hk wl=re igyka lr tajd fmÜáhla ;=<g
oud we;. fmÜáfhka iiïNdùj jrlg ldâ m;a tl ne`.ska f.k jfï isg ol=Kg fma<shlg
;enQ úg 𝑇𝐻𝑂𝑀𝐴𝑆 hk jpkh iEoSfï iïNdú;dj l=ula o@
(b) isoaê 𝑛 .Kkla iòyd fíhia m%fïh m%ldY lr idOkh lrkak. tla;rd ikaê; ia:dkhloS
A , B , C ud¾. ;=kla yuqfõ. jdyk ;onoh we;s fõ,dj,oS ksYÑ
a ; ld, m%ia:drhla ;=< B yd
C ud¾. j,ska uxikaêhlg jdyk iudk m%udK meñfKk nj;a, A j,ska tk jdyk m%udKh
fuka fo.=Khla C j,ska meñfKk nj;a ikaê ia:dkfha isák ksrSlaIlfhla olS. A , B yd
C ud¾. j,ska meñfKk u`.S m%jdyk niar: úkdä 10 lg jvd m%udo ù ikaê ia:dkhg
meñKSfï iïNdú;dj ms<sfj,ska 1⁄2 , 1⁄5 yd 1⁄10 fõ. ikaêhg meñfKk m<uq niar:h
úkdä 10 lg jvd m%udo jQfha kï th B ud¾.fhka meñKs nia r:hla ùfï iïNdú;dj
fidhkak.
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 පසුගිය විභාැ ැැටු
2011/07
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070-5655-000 55 | P a g e

Combined Mathematics Applied Maths: Probability

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Combined Mathematics Applied Maths: Probability

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Combined mathematics

PARENTS PHONE NUMBER:- _________________________________________________

AJITH PRIYANTHA JAYASOORIYA

 i¾j;% l=,lh iy wNsYk + H l=,lh

wkqmQrlh idfmalaI wkqmQrlh

01. kHdh foaY kHdh 02. ix>gk kHdh

03. ú>gk kHdh 04. ;foaj Ndú kHdh,

05. i¾jiduH kHdh 06. wkqmQrl kHdh

07. o fuda¾.ka kHdh 08. wjfYdaIK kHdh

 fm!rdKsl w¾: oelaùu

 ixLHd; w¾: oelaùu

 m%;HË w¾: oelaùu

01. m%fïhh. 02. m%fïhh.

03. m%fïhh. 04. m%fïhh.

01. m%fïhh. 02. m%fïhh.

 .=Kk kS;sh …………………

 ksheos wjldYhl úNd.kh.

tkï, 𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , … … … …. hkq wfkHdakH jYfhka NysIaldr jqo ;u fï,h Ω o jQ o isoaê wkql%uhls.

𝐵1 , 𝐵2 , 𝐵3 , 𝐵4 , … … … … … … . , 𝐵𝑛 hkq 𝑃 (𝐵𝑖 ) > 0(𝑖 = 1 , 2 , 3 … … … … . ) jk mrsos jQ Ω ys úNd.khla

08. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 isoaëka fol i`oyd

10. 𝐴 yd 𝐵 o, 𝐴 yd 𝐶 o wfkHdakH jYfhka nysIaldr isoaê fõ.

YsIHfhla iiïNdù f,i f;dard .kakd ,os. fuu YsIHhd

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