Introduction

Breakfast is the most important meal of the day. Several studies show that breakfast is
essential for students not only in health but in learning as well. According to an article on
breakfast, students who are not eating breakfast might struggle and have difficulty focusing
on studying. This is because our brain has not taken in the glucose that provides energy for
the brain to work. Not eating breakfast might affect a student's mental performance, including
attention, memory, and ability to concentrate on learning[3].
According to the American Academy of Paediatrics Committee on Nutrition article, students
who regularly eat breakfast will perform better than those who do not. This will show that
students who eat breakfast will perform well in mathematical questions, vocabulary tests, and
reading; they will have a higher score than those who don't. They might handle challenging
mental tasks and the ability to deal with frustration[2].
Arshad et al. (2014) discovered that breakfast intake might affect students' performance in
school. This will show that a student might feel extra lazy during the lesson and might
become inactive in participating in the learning process. This low nutrition intake might cause
unfavourable behaviours during the class and cause low academic performance outcomes[1].
Meanwhile, the research from Wesnes et al. (2003) shows that the impact of short-term
hunger might lead to limitations on focusing and recalling memories. Students might have
problems solving problems and riddles in school[7].
Numerous studies over the years have shown that skipping breakfast in Malaysian students is
due to several factors. This study investigates the possible factors that may affect students
skipping breakfast in Form 6 students related to the student using school-arrival time and
student mode of transportation to school in Larut, Matang dan Selama district. This study will
suggest ways to encourage students not to skip breakfast before school starts by several
parties.

The objective of the study is to investigate:

1) The relationship between students skipping breakfast and student's usual school-
arrival time
2) The relationship between students skipping breakfast and student mode of transport to
school.
Methodology

For Task 1, we used the quantitative method to collect data to investigate our objectives. We
distribute the Google form to Form 6 students in Larut, Matang dan Selama district, on social media.
There are three questions in the google form. i)response of students skipping breakfast. ii) students'
usual school-arrival time. iii) students' mode of transport. The data collected was tabulated by using
Microsoft Excel.

For Task 2, we carried out Chi-square test of independence to determine whether the

a) students' usual school-arrival time and students skipping breakfast are independent or not

b) Students' mode of transport to school and students skipping breakfast are independent or not

We had made the null hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. We use 3 significance levels, which
are 1%,5%, and 10%, to test the independence. The expected frequency is calculated by the formula:

( row total ) (column total)

Total sample ¿ ¿ ¿

The degree of freedom is calculated by the formula of (r-1)(c-1)

k
The Chi-square test statistic is calculated by the formula ∑ ¿¿ ¿
i=1

Critical region, X2 is determined from the chi-square table with the degree of freedom and the
specific significance level.

A conclusion is made whether the calculated value is greater or smaller than the critical value. From
the calculated value, we decided whether there was evidence to reject or adopt the null hypothesis.

For task 3, we carried out a hypothesis test to determine whether the percentage of students
skipping breakfast is more than k%, with a predetermined percentage of 20. We had made the null
hypothesis and the alternative hypothesis. We use 3 significance levels, which are 1%,5%, and 10%,
to test the independence. The normal distribution is used since the value of np and nq is greater
than 5, and the sample size is large. We determined the test is one-tail with the critical region at the
right tail. The critical region with a specific significance level

is determined from the normal distribution table.

The z-value is calculated as the formula:

^
P−P
z=

√ P(1−P)
n
A conclusion is made whether the calculated value is greater or smaller than the critical value. From
the calculated value, we decided whether there was evidence to reject or adopt the null hypothesis
at the specific significance level.

For task 4, we discussed our findings on task 2 and task 3. We had concluded the association
between students' usual school arrival time and students skipping breakfast. We analysed the
number of students who skipped breakfast according to their school-arrival time. We made
presumptions based on the school-arrival time to determine the most probable reason students
skipped breakfast.

Besides, we had concluded the relationship between students' mode of transport to school and
students skipping breakfast. We analysed the student skipping breakfast related to their
transportation to school. Some presumptions had been made to figure out why the student skipped
breakfast.

We analysed the hypothesis test in task 3. Based on the specific significance level, we concluded the
hypothesis test on the percentage of students skipping breakfast.

For task 5, we reviewed some articles and researched why students skipped breakfast. Some articles
and research have been used to encourage students to have breakfast before school starts, which
the student, parent/guardian, and school management should practise.
 Result:
Task 1:
a) response of student skipping breakfast (0=no,1=Yes)
b) Student’s usual school arrival time (1=Before 6.30am, 2=6.30-7.00am,
3=7.00=7.20am)
c) Student’s mode of transport to school (1=car, 2=motorbike, 3=school bus/van,
4=others)
Timestamp Email Address Do you What is What is your
skip your usual usual mode of
breakfast school transport to
before arrival school?
school? time?
12/5/2023 m-3295277@moe-dl.edu.my 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
19:20:05 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 seetling0110@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
19:22:32 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 hongjie1021@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:24:07 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 shirleykooi25@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 2=motorcycle
19:24:17 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 041220shlh@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:24:46 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 danlim22572@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
19:26:20 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 nicaaa110@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 4=others
19:29:17 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 merryzhijing@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
19:30:25 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 khooruoxuan@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:33:27 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 yipengchuah81@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:40:20 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 huiying09042004@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:40:41 am - 7.20
 am
12/5/2023 jyang.ng04@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:44:03 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 lylimlimlim@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:46:56 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 zhiyanhuang356@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:47:34 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 m-2402896@moe-dl.edu.my 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
19:50:08 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 m-2601810@moe-dl.edu.my 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
19:50:33 6.30 am
12/5/2023 miraekhairi@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:58:05 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 fardichoso04@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
19:59:42 6.30 am
12/5/2023 wankee1030@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
20:02:39 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 shuqingying766@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
20:25:09 am - 7.20
am
12/5/2023 ttaiping488@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 2=motorcycle
20:27:44 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 yufei.tay@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:25:45 am - 7.00
am
12/5/2023 leexuanyu1013@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 3=School bus/van
21:42:43 6.30 am
12/5/2023 yanyu.ashley@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 3=School bus/van
23:32:42 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 jiachuanong05@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
8:02:37 6.30 am
12/6/2023 jiayichong7@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
8:05:07 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 thanushathanushanavendran@gmail.co 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:26:37 m am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 tohwuhann123@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:27:44 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 lianlianchua@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
 21:27:59 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 winsonlow0822@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:28:06 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 ckkhoo666@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:28:12 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 hehuiping09@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:28:34 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 1009yingjiatan@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:29:03 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 m-6031958@moe-dl.edu.my 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:32:13 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 chow174080@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:32:48 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 chinxiangtan338@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 2=motorcycle
21:36:51 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 chrisying0330@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:38:29 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 jiaenteoh0411@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:38:38 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 nick0302khor@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:40:38 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 mskhor07@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:40:44 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 eddycje2033@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:41:51 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 huiwern72@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:43:28 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 wzlean3050@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
21:43:57 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 m-6689114@moe-dl.edu.my 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:44:00 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 chuahxh04@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:44:51 am - 7.20
 am
12/6/2023 tinasee4a@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:51:39 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 mandyleemunyee0120@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:53:20 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 weiixin614@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:55:29 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 stupid0923hennry@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:55:36 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 m-2454279@moe-dl.edu.my 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:56:38 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 lijiayan869@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
22:00:25 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 ariffhafizi781@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 4=others
22:02:08 6.30 am
12/6/2023 irwanfirdaus556@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 2=motorcycle
22:06:39 6.30 am
12/6/2023 qiyi0713@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
22:07:53 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 lisheng926@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
22:08:55 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 behzhiyee05@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 1=car
22:16:17 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 huang040304@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
22:19:46 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 chanalex8989@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 2=motorcycle
22:20:43 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 jordantwf111@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
22:22:25 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 kjchiew888@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
22:23:39 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 ngkaicong04@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 2=motorcycle
22:23:49 am - 7.20
am
12/6/2023 waichorthea04@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
22:25:20 am - 7.00
 am
12/6/2023 hjyalpha0534@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
22:51:21 6.30 am
12/6/2023 wanwananiyiwei0130@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
23:06:18 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 siewchin040411@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
23:27:16 am - 7.00
am
12/6/2023 tamliting05@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
23:29:18 am - 7.00
am
12/7/2023 xuanweihoo2004@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
5:52:57 am - 7.20
am
12/7/2023 anna.joanna004@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 4=others
8:01:30 am - 7.00
am
12/7/2023 aigen0114@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 4=others
8:08:49 am - 7.20
am
12/7/2023 chingjiahao@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
8:14:31 am - 7.00
am
12/7/2023 weelynn1120@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
15:09:44 am - 7.20
am
12/8/2023 yuqiu802@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
13:02:06 am - 7.00
am
12/8/2023 jabc65463@gmail.com 1=Yes 1 = Before 1=car
21:15:56 6.30 am
12/8/2023 vikining12@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
21:21:14 am - 7.00
am
12/8/2023 m-2627016@moe-dl.edu.my 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:30:23 am - 7.20
am
12/9/2023 serene04035566@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
17:24:08 am - 7.00
am
12/11/2023 kaiyangchua15@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
10:19:15 am - 7.20
am
12/11/2023 aarongoh666@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
15:57:51 am - 7.20
am
12/11/2023 chongzheng222@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
19:07:47 am - 7.20
 am
12/11/2023 nasirnadhirah257@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
19:48:02 6.30 am
12/11/2023 junhaoh89@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 4=others
20:06:20 am - 7.20
am
12/11/2023 qihui3859@gmail.com 1=Yes 3 = 7.00 2=motorcycle
20:06:43 am - 7.20
am
12/11/2023 junlingkuok@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 4=others
21:09:56 6.30 am
12/11/2023 bearrcute123@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
21:29:37 am - 7.20
am
12/11/2023 ypirety@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
21:48:53 6.30 am
12/11/2023 kongkexin731@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
22:13:56 am - 7.00
am
12/11/2023 honrykhoo123@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
22:57:11 am - 7.00
am
12/12/2023 tzejun1@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
7:17:36 am - 7.20
am
12/12/2023 nfizaa26@gmail.com 0= No 1 = Before 1=car
7:44:35 6.30 am
12/14/2023 miza5533@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
20:20:28 am - 7.20
am
12/15/2023 loshiniraj2534@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 1=car
12:36:57 am - 7.00
am
12/16/2023 junliangliew@gmail.com 0= No 3 = 7.00 1=car
13:22:37 am - 7.20
am
12/16/2023 evine0318@gmail.com 0= No 2= 6.30 3=School bus/van
17:44:32 am - 7.00
am
12/16/2023 Benchen0430@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 1=car
18:00:23 am - 7.00
am
12/16/2023 jasmine09@gmail.com 0=No 3 = 7.00 1=car
18:02:33 am - 7.20
am
12/16/2023 Ismail22@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 3=School bus/van
18:11:06 am - 7.00
am
12/16/2023 Jeffreytan0312@gmail.com 0=No 3 = 7.00 4=others
 18:15:02 am - 7.20
am
12/16/2023 SusanLee@gmail.com 0=No 3 = 7.00 1=car
18:21:39 am - 7.20
am
12/16/2023 Mahendran61@gmail.com 0=No 3 = 7.00 1=car
18:30:33 am - 7.20
am
12/16/2023 JeyKhor022@gmail.com 1=Yes 2= 6.30 2=motorcycle
18:31:16 am - 7.00
am

Response of skip breakfast count

0= No 72
1=Yes 28
Total 100

Students' usual school-arrival time count

1 = Before 6.30 am 12
2= 6.30 am - 7.00 am 46
3 = 7.00 am - 7.20 am 42
Total 100

Students' usual mode of transport to count

school
1=car 81
2=motorcycle 8
3=School bus/van 4
4=others 7
Total 100

Task 4
In task 2, we found that students' usual school-arrival time is not the factor that causes
students to skip breakfast. Using the chi-square test of independence, whether the
significance level is 1%, 5% or 10%, it clearly shows no relationship between students' usual
school-arrival time and students skipping breakfast. In this research, the number of students
who skipped breakfast when their school arrived was before 6.30 am, between 6.30 to 7.00
am, and 7.00 to 7.20 am, which is 1 student, 16 students, and 11 students, respectively. There
are 28 out of 100 students who skipped breakfast before school. Although almost 27 students
skipped breakfast from the time interval between 6.30 to 7.20, 61 students still have breakfast
at this time interval. We also can presume that students might skip breakfast because they
don't want to be late. In the survey, the time interval before 6.30 shows that there are only 1
student who skipped breakfast, and 11 students still have breakfast before going to school.
Based on the observation, students who arrive at school might have more time to consume
breakfast regularly.
Besides, in the chi-square test of independence, we found that students' mode of transport to
school and students' skipping breakfast are independent in the significance levels of 1%, 5%,
and 10%. The survey shows that 81 students go to school by car. Sixty-one of them have
breakfast, but 20 of them have none. Eight students came to school by motorcycle. 4 usually
took breakfast, but another 4 didn't have this behaviour. For the mode of transport, car and
motorcycle, almost 24 skipped breakfast, and we can presume that these students want to
avoid rush hour on the way to school. This survey shows that 4 students went to school by
bus/van, and 7 students went to school by other means of transportation. Four students
skipped breakfast, and we can presume that they needed to prepare early for waiting for the
bus/school van or even grab car so they wouldn't miss the transport.
In task 3, we carried out 3 hypothesis tests to know whether the percentage of students who
skipped breakfast is more than k% or not, where the k% is the predetermined percentage,
which is 20%.
For the 1% significance level, the z-value is 2, less than 2.326, indicating that the data
provided has sufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favour of the alternative
hypothesis. The z-value shows that there would be a 20% chance of the data used in
hypothesis test if the null hypothesis were correct. Since the data is not likely in the null
hypothesis, it shows that the null hypothesis is not valid. Thus, the alternative hypothesis will
be adopted. The percentage of students who skipped breakfast will be greater than 20%
For the 5% significance level, the z-value is 2, more than 1.645, indicating that the data
provides insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the null hypothesis will be
adopted, and the percentage of students who skipped breakfast will equal 20%
For the 10% significance level, the z-value is 2, more than 1.282, indicating that the data
provides insufficient evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Thus, the null hypothesis will be
adopted, and the percentage of students who skipped breakfast will equal 20%

Task 5
Ways to encourage students not to skip breakfast before school starts by
a) Student themselves
According to Moy FM et al. (2009), skipping breakfast is due to no time to eat [5]. This can be
overcome by waking up 10 to 15 minutes earlier. Students must also swap out time-wasting
habits like scrolling social media after waking up. These habits can give students extra time
to have breakfast before leaving home. So that students will not worry about the rush hour or
being late to school[3].
Another reason students don't eat breakfast is because they do not have meals prepared by
family. Students can overcome this by preparing breakfast the night before so they can grab
and eat before going to school [2]. Students might also have some go-and-grab food available.
This can let them pick up conveniently packaged breakfasts before going to school and eat in
the cafeteria, classroom, or elsewhere on school grounds.
b) parents/guardian
One of the students who skip breakfast has no appetite due to the typical Malaysian breakfast,
which is quite satiating and leads to no appetite for students [5].Parents/guardians are
encouraged to prepare lighter or more convenient breakfasts for their children.
Parents/guardians have to smaller the breakfast portion to avoid children refusing the food.
Another way to encourage students to have breakfast regularly is for parents to eat together.
Parents/guardians should be role models for their children so that their children will follow
them to have breakfast. Parents/guardians having breakfast with students can also make sure
they have taken breakfast regularly[4].
c) School management
Schools should have nutrition education for the students. This can be in the form of speech,
campaign or the school curriculum. This can give the students simple nutrition knowledge
and highlight the importance of having breakfast. Students can know some guidance on food
portions and the type of food that should be consumed at breakfast[6].
Schools can also offer free breakfast programs for the students. Providing meals for students
before school starts can overcome the problem of students who rush to school but skip their
breakfast. Complimentary breakfast can also help students from low-income families have a
nutritious meal in the morning[8].

Conclusion
Skipping breakfast is one of the reasons that cause students' academic performance to become
lower. In this survey with Form 6 students in Larut, Matang dan Selama district, we found
out that there is no relationship between students' usual school-arrival time and students
skipping breakfast. There is also no association between students' mode of transport to school
and students skipping breakfast. Both hypotheses are rejected by the performed Chi-square
test of independence in Task 2 with significance levels of 1%, 5%, and 10%. Students might
skip breakfast to avoid rush hour, insufficient time, or even a lack of appetite. There are 3
hypothesis tests to show that the percentage of students skipping breakfast is more than 20%
overall. For the test with 1% significance level, the data show that the student might skip
breakfast by more than 20%, but for the test with 5% and 10% significance level, the data
show that the student might skipped breakfast, which is equal to 20%. There are a few
suggestions to encourage the students to have breakfast before school starts, like having the
free breakfast program and waking up earlier than usual. These suggestions could be
practised by student themselves, parents/guardian or the school management. The data
obtained in this research might be inaccurate because the sample size is not large enough.
Future researchers can increase the sample size, and the survey might not be limited to their
district only. Future researchers should widen the factors that might affect students skipping
breakfast. They should also study the geographical factor, rush hour and family income.

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