Activity 1 - Definition of Important Terms

Name: Claire Andrea R. Gubat Course/Year: BSCE-2A

Date Submitted: January 2, 2024

Define or describe each of the following terms:

a) Surveying: Surveying is the process of measuring and mapping the Earth's surface to gather
information about the land, its features, and the relative positions of various points. This field plays a
crucial role in civil engineering, construction, land development, and other disciplines. Surveyors use
various instruments and techniques to determine distances, angles, elevations, and positions of objects on
the Earth's surface.
b) Plane Surveying: Plane surveying is a branch of surveying that deals with small areas where
the curvature of the Earth can be disregarded. It assumes that the Earth is flat for the limited
extent of the survey, making calculations simpler. Plane surveying is commonly used for small-
scale mapping and construction projects.
c) Hydrographic Surveying: Hydrographic surveying involves mapping and measuring bodies
of water, such as oceans, seas, lakes, and rivers. The primary goal is to gather data on the depth,
shape, and features of the underwater terrain. This type of surveying is crucial for navigation,
maritime safety, and resource exploration.
d) Photogrammetric Surveying: Photogrammetric surveying involves using photographs to
make accurate measurements and create detailed maps or models of the Earth's surface. It utilizes
techniques like stereophotogrammetry to extract three-dimensional information from overlapping
images taken from different perspectives.
e) Surveying Field Notes: Surveying field notes are the recorded observations, measurements,
and sketches made by surveyors during their fieldwork. These notes document details such as
distances, angles, elevations, and other relevant information. Accurate and thorough field notes
are essential for producing precise survey maps and reports.
f) Diopter: A diopter is a unit of measurement used in optics to express the optical power of a
lens. It is defined as the reciprocal of the focal length of the lens in meters. Diopters are
commonly used in surveying instruments, cameras, and eyeglasses to specify the strength or
magnifying power of lenses.
g) Groma: The groma was a surveying instrument used in ancient Rome. It consisted of a
wooden cross with perpendicular arms, each equipped with a plumb line. Surveyors used the
groma to create right angles and align structures in a straight line during construction projects.
h) Libella: A libella is a leveling instrument used in ancient Rome. It consists of a horizontal bar
with a vial or bubble level. The libella was employed to ensure a horizontal or level surface
during construction.
i) Gunter's Chain: Gunter's Chain is a traditional surveying measurement tool that consists of
100 linked steel wire links. It is 66 feet long and was historically used for measuring distances in
land surveying. The chain played a significant role in the surveying of land in many parts of the
world.
j) Vernier: A vernier is a scale or device used for measuring fractional parts of a primary scale.
In surveying instruments, a vernier is often used to improve the precision of measurements,
particularly on instruments like theodolites and levels. The vernier allows for more accurate
readings by providing a means to interpolate between the divisions on the main scale.
 Activity 2 - Same Quantities Under Identical Conditions
Name: Claire Andrea R. Gubat Course/Year: BSCE-2A
Date Submitted: January 2, 2024

Colors:

BLUE-5
RED-3

The several measured lengths of a line are: 133.36, 133.43, 133.91, 132.8, 132.40 and
133.32 meters. Determine the most probable value of the length of the line.

Trial Lengths of a line

1 133.36
2 133.43
3 133.91
4 132.3
5 132.45
6 133.32
Sum 798.77

n=6
Most Probable Value = Sum/n
= 798.77/6
mpv = 133.1283333
 Activity 3 - Related Quantities Under Identical Conditions

Name: Claire Andrea R. Gubat Course/Year: BSCE-2A

Date Submitted: January 2, 2024

Colors:

BLUE-5
RED-3

Determine the most probable value of the angles taken in clockwise measurement if the
measurements of three angles about a point Q are:

MQN = 15º32' 45", NQO = 38º28'24", and OQP = 49º33'27". If the measurement of the single
angle MQO is 103º34'.

Given:

MQN = 15º32' 45"

NQO = 38º28'23"
OQP = 49º33'27"
MQO = 103º34'

Computation:
n=3
Sum= 15º32' 45"+38º28'23"+49º33'27"
Sum=103º34'35"

Discrepancy = 103º34'35" - 103º34' = 35"

Correct Distribution = 35"/n = 35"/3 = ± 11.67"/angle

Angle Observed Values Correction mpv

MQN 15º32' 45" -11.67" 15º32' 34.33"
NQO 38º28'23" -11.67" 38º28'10.33"
OQP 49º33'27" -11.67" 49º33'15.33"
Sum 103º34'35" -35" 103º34'