CE351A

SOIL MECHANICS
Prof. Jagdish Prasad Sahoo
Aman
 CE35-tAMEU-A.cc

Soil water :

↳ Gravitational water -

only by gravity
↳ Held water

↳ structural water combined

chemically wine
-

1-
structure soil mineral
of the

removed when the soil 3300C

heating
-

t
soil structure

breaks down .

>
Adsorbed water

water content determination does not include structural water

→ >
man .

✓
The
tempo is lost -110C

Due to
capillarity the aroids above the
ground
-

water table to certain gets filled with

a
depth
water
Soil in the
capillary fully saturated
- zone is .

☒ a
Deputy saturation ( Sr ) <
1001 .

{ #
-

} { { { {
- - -
- - -
- -
-
- - - -

capillary saturated
soils
Sr -

loot
Gwt
-

↓
are
Sr
submerged
=
1007
Soil
 Depth of capillarity ,
he =
4TcI
send

D= diameter the tube

of

for fine grained

capillarity important soil
-

↓
for the alia the
coarse
grained soil
of effective capillary
-

tube is
higher for capillary action .

AN #
u = -

rrwhc irwhe
←
*

hey pncépiuaryzone
- - -
- - - - - - - - - - -

←
✓
✓
, § GWT •

h
↳ ☐ u=8wh
Phreatic
ya →

→
line
>

u=Nwh

Connecting all the menisci

of all the interconnected
"
voids

"
in the
capillary zone will form a
plane =
capillary fringe

STRESSF.SI#0lLMAss:

( ]
on
sny one

5 =

Oya Oy 5yz

52
In
My

stress point in the soil not

of
at a mass = -

the soil column unit area above that

of point
 stresses in soil

↓ ↳
Applied stress / structural stress
Geo static
-

/
↓
Overburden stress
external -

loading
↓
due to
self wt -

of the soil column .

stress soil mass

stress
Total
→
stress (5) →
experienced by C.Solid 1- water )
stress 67
Effective
↳ stress solid alone
experience by .

'
8 = 8 -
U

tz KA
/ Vsat Vw -2
É↓
'
O = -2 -

a
•

Tw) 812
/ z
=
Hat - 2 =
F-mpiricalcorrelatimi.tt
48122

÷Éʰˢᵗhᵗ
"
" " mm -
" m"
"
d e ? Dao and he C
depending
=
=
on

↑
J void
↑ ↑
size
of particles)
ratio Effective
Equivalent size
nt -

of capillary
rise

of
diameter the
the
particles
of
tube
capillary

↑ •↑ʳ:-
* *

21
'
d
22 Vsat
✓ same
§
221 ↑ soil
→ •
•
A
A Bat

8A = Td 21 1- Vsat 22 Of = Nwa + Vsat 22

T.es#Hot:CTerzaghi , 1943)

P
Psi particle contact force

0060
=

i I , (n no:
of particles)
-
_ . _ n -

,
-

?0#¥'"%
-

-
PSH -

* →
-

E. ↑ Psv

Ps =
sum the vertical forces at the
point contact
of of
between the particles .

=
Psv ,
1- Psvz 1- -
-
-
t
Psvn
 For P= Pst Pw
equilibrium ,

P =
Ps +
Uw Aw

4s water
Aw area
of along the
plane AA
=
.

Uw =

pwp .

Casing piezometer )
↳ = h.ru

ht -

of water in
piezometer / the
depth below

the ant .

A Cfs the
plane AA
= area
of

As =
sum
of 4s
area at the
point of contact between particles .

t
in
general As = 1-
3% of A .

divide A in the P Pst

by
Uw An
equation :
=

¥ 1¥ +

"¥
=

Law ≈ A)
=

E- + uw

|I:*
'
O stress
effective no
physical
= -

f=+ stress can.ae

ayane
said
passion

|o=o'+uw= by dividing
but it is
found
the force over the TOTAL

Pressure = scalar
quantity .
Cefual in all directions ) contact area
of particles -

stress = vector gravity -

along
with direction .
Effective stress
concept
in unsaturated / Partially saturated soil

( Bishop et al .
1960 )

Now : P= Pst Pat Pw

C- soil suction .

In void both water and

when
present
-
- air are

due to surface tension soil is

subjected to tensile forces .

-
This is called the SOIL SUCTION .

P = Pst Ua Aat Uw Aw

P =
Pst Ua CA -
Aw) + Uw Aw

f- =

¥ + "
at:# + aw
¥

P
AE
ha
AWA
=
+
-

ha + UN
a-

Here : Aw ≠ A since air is in the voids .

'
)
A*w_ Lua
0 = 5 + Ua
-
-
Uw

|6=6'+Ua-K(Ua-uw#
-

K
,A¥
the saturation
where
depends degree of
= -
on .

'
S =
100% ,
Ka - O and Aw -
-

A 5=0 + Uw

'
and
s =

01 .
,
Uw =
0 5=5

na is measured
using Tensiometer
can be obtained Earth pressure
Total stress from the site =

-
cell
 * ☐
*.

" ↑ Dry soil

[
V
C C

i i.
521001 .

§ { §
B ^
B

22

{ * .
5--1001 .

Bat
5- 100%
1- •
Submerged soil
✗

If for Savoy .
soils Cla -
Uw ) cannot be found ,
the

equivalent Pwp ≈ -

f-oo.h.tw
↑
ht under consideration
.

of the
point
from the AWT .

P.ES?fjPEre/NeutraestressODp
TEs :

= 0 @

Nd 24 Ufc Gust above )

{ HE
See = = 0

@ ◦
(%Tow)
→

•
BB
=
Vd 24 + V23 =
-
s .

(22+23) 8W
Too

Vsat UBI Foo 226W

24+823
{ UIÉB
9- A =
Nd t 22 =
-

( s -100%3
@ ☐→
= -
228W ( 5=1001 )
.

5✗ =
Nd 24 + 823 @ A 0 Csince the
→
UAA =
depth
+ Vsat 22 1- Vsat 21 from GWT :o)

@ ✗ →
Ux = 218W
 '
stress
Effective : O = 5- u

@D ,
= 0

@ c ,
a' +
=
Nd 24 _ _ .
just above c -
c

É
( Foo ) (22+23) Tw
-

=
Rl2qt -
- -

just below c- C

@ 0¥ Id 24 23N
You
B =
+ + 228W
,

8£ =
Nd 24 + 238 + 228W

@ A, ¥ =
Nd2q + 23N + 228s at

@✗ =
Nd2d + 238 t (221-21) Isao -

Zhu

|>5aboneGwT#
(suction
Capillary action -
increases

cobelowawT- negative)
his

-
= :+_ - - - -

1-
- - -

d
*
- -
- -

☐ *

c - - - - - - - - - -
- - - -

{ {{{{ Ñ
- -
- - - - .
-
-
- - - -

*
, - - - - -
-
- -
- - - -
- - -

✗
- -
- - -
- -
- - - -
- - - - - -
- - - - - - - -

U
O
-
=
twats :

PE=E :

Clay
-

very low to low =

Impervious soil / Impermeable soil .

Silt -
low to medium

sand -

High
Gravel
very high
-

Flow thro
'
soils →
flow through the interconnected voids

Permeability -

property by which the

liquid is allowed to

soil
flow through the .

Laminar flow
→
Flow
→
Turbulent flow

).÷÷
Re ≤ 1 -

initially
Reynolds Number : Re ≤ 75 . - -

for SM considered to be

(in
many
cases Re =
1)
by Henry Darcy
µ ,
, , an
,g g µ, may mean

V =
velocity of fluid suggests Re ≤ 75

" " si .
.
µ =
Dynamic viscosity ( Ns /me)
 Hy¥head : -
Total head loss

or the
difference in
fluid levels between

two sections .

Bs
T Bz

t
Tn

SOIL
hi

4/1/1%114
.

I
ha ha ah
Hydraulic head the flow =

causing
-

Elevation Pressure
Total head = or the + head + Velocity
head
datum head

Pressure,u= Vw ✗ h h=
Inn

2%
F- =
2 + h +

Velocity of flow through soils is

very small it → 0

F- ≈ z th

tht of -
water in the
piezometer

hA¥É
.¥¥:
Total head @ A =
zatha
hL

É
head this
,

Total @ B. =
2ps
-
-

÷
-
-

The difference in the heads :

2A
A

he ( 2A -2ps) + Cha -
his)
213 =

,
DAKCYKLAI-qg.IE
hi

I %x% µ ,

velocity of flow is
proportional to the
hydraulic gradient

it ✗ i

• ✗
÷
|v=
k =

Coefficient of permeability ( same units as

velocity mfs ) .

@ hydraulic conductivity

Rate
flow q VA KAI
of
: = =

V
velocity flow discharge velocity superficial
= or
or
of
velocity

why superficial velocity ? flow is considered to occur

-

through the entire Cfs area

Actually the flow occurs thro ' the area

of
voids _

4s
A Ast Av
ie area
occupied + 9s area
of
voids
= =

solids
by
 Vs Av
Using Ar q =

us =

Seepage velocity / actual velocity

Vs Ar = VA

÷=i÷=÷;a=÷
-

Porosity

E- - n
±
lvs>
1¥
"
→ =

÷ =

(E) •

and :
vs =
Kpi
↑

coefficient of percolation .

Kp =

÷ =
coefticicntofpesmeabn.li#
Porosity .

Equation -

framed by Darcy conducting experiments in clean

sand with distilled water

i
Darcy's law : Va
 validily-%Darcyibui.IO
soil is
fully saturated

② Flow is laminar

③ and sand
Applicable for clay silt (flow is laminar : size
of
•

particles is less )

void higher hence flow

For
gravels ,
the size is -
the is

turbulent .

IE.la#saium-6sa :

laminar flow it related

hydraulic
for : is
linearly to

( Vai )
gradient

For
gravel / partially saturated soil :

vx it v=ki✗

experiments /
farm
a
✗ =

=
0.65

0.5 to
(
Gravelly
a (
partially
soil )

saturated
^s
coefficient of permeability when soil is saturated .

Here for
the
hydraulic gradient fully saturated ,
laminar flow
is
different for gravel / partial saturated soil with turbulent flow .

C) ≠ ( i )s<
iooy
because
eveuthough the
stool
.

length might the loss head in laminar

of flow Alt
be same ,
of

and gravel soil will be different .

 DEMERMINAtf-EFFETFPF-RMEI-Y.IO
laboratory methods
→
Constant head

Falling head

② Field methods
→ Pumping - in test

→ test
Pumping -
out

③ Indirect method
→ Grain size

→ Consolidation tort data .

tANT=→MF :

A Cfs the
sample
area
of
=

Is a-
L =

length of sample

stone
h =

hydraulic head
Porous
: : : i
: -
:
Filter : :
q KIA
'

*
' '
- -
= =
;
paper h

/ Soil
Q =

quantity of flow
interval
of
'

É .
within an

iii. i : ☒
Be = -

Filler Q K Porousstone
=

¥ A
-

I
.

paper
porous is
placed to

Y=¥T
stone

velocity of flow
-

Constant head for soil

sandy
-

↓
and
less time for saturation after that

the flow remains constant .

 ✓

W¥É=☐
:

ha and hz head water

of
and
at time tq tz
respectively
stand #
of
.

a
,

tape
dn.IE#;---------*h =
water head @ any instant

time t ( between tnaudt )

§ of ,
'

stone hi decrease in
porous dh =
infinitesimal
' '
± i
:
h head
- -

filter water
•

:
'
'
" : - -
for a duration
paper h,
dt
of .

L Soil
A =
4s area soil sample
of
stand
a =
4s area
of pipe .

÷ :: : : ☒ * ☒
= -

Filter
q
day a
through stand
= -
-

paper
porous pipe
stone ↑
velocity
-
ve
sign with C- ↑ Water head ↓ .

d÷
q = -

-
a = ki A = K .
• A

ka÷ at
dhu
= -

both
Integrating on sides :

T2 h2

Katt fat =

f-
tn ha

1¥ (1-2-4) =
lnlh )
]n? =
lunch he ) = bn hi
-
-
,

|k=I.lnh÷ 1- = time for the water

,

head to
drop from hi
to hr
 ttct0RSAFFECTlNaC0EFFlCiENT0FPERMEABlLlTY:
g

① ( flowing fluid )
Properties of of the permeant

K
I. If
=
-

Mt

I absolute / ( constant
permeability the medium soil
=

of
independent of temp]

If fluid
}
Unit
=
weight of flowing dependent on
temp :
Alf
=
Dynamic viscosity of flowing fluid (standard is 27°C
)

-
Kt, =
Ht ×
(M ( since I is
independent of
(Mt ), (7) temperature )
ktz
.

tz

②
Grainsi → void
space depends on
grain size

K also
depends on
grain size .

Hauff
{ equation K = C- Def Dio
=
effective size
of sand ( un )

T C = constant = 100 -
150 cent .
( coarser sand
,
hither C

to sand and )
applicable vice versa

(K ≤ 10-3 cents )

%-
Cnt

et-sunitcfc-yan.SU
= -

③ Voidrah k ✗

④ Minear
composition
-

negligible for sand

clay
 Clay minerals Tuite

{
:

Montmorillonile

Kaolinite

( k) > 100 times than ( K)

kaolinite

montmon.com.es#ation :

as S ↑ rate flow ↑
of

s ↑ k↑
k!
⑥ SÉMles :

flocculated

?§-
structural arrangement
_
- _- -

-
dispersed ( dispersed)

K > K
flocculated dispersed ff_
(flocculated)
291dm EFFECTIVESTRESSESKRIITHDIFFERENTFLOWCGNID
← lTloog

① No flow condition :
i

¥E
¥
-1^4 →
ran
→
""
* a
"
z
,
µ,

☒ I / that 2
8wt4t2)→ ✓
'
z
•
→ →

22 I

☒ ! > >
#
This , 1- Batrez Vw (2,1-22) 2¥
Valve is closed
t.TO/-AT
-
|PwPI |EFFEc
② DFcor :

_↑¥É¥¥
h

¥;z=
¥
•
Iia

☒
*
,
a

22
rw4
>Vw4

+ Batz
g-
>Vw4

fate (2) irw

-
zj'ti2Vw
→→

$ → →
>
It
& Tw2, 1- Hat 22 @ 11-22 -
h )Vw 228 'thNw

☒ -
=
El
loss b/w and h
of head entry exit =

And the head is

raging linearly within the soil Casper Darcy's
law ) head h
(E)
the at
depth 2 = -
③ Ut

→
ah

¥¥÷"É •
☒
*
.

2
A

22
>Vw21

rwz , + Vsat ≥
→
>Vw4

(211-2+1%12)
w
rw

$ > → →
11-1 '
how
TWZ, 1- Hat 22 @ 11-2 th )Vw 228 _

☒ -

=↑
"

z)zzrrw
'
228 -
hrw = 22N _

=
22N
'
-
izzslw
=
zz( V1 - ikr )

QUKKSANDCONDITIONI-2261-izz.TW =D

-
|icr=%# ← Critical
hydraulic gradient

when effective stress =0 →

shear strength sand
of
becomes behaves like
zero
liquid

only possible when the

upward flow is
-

occurring
and when 01--0 .
 "
=c÷)rw ¥=÷=:÷=
So :
if G and e are known
,
icr can be found .

So : I Eco SAFE
if < -

i > icy -
UNSAFE

and i = icr - critical .

3D-ftow-e-guat.cn
V2

☒ Yt 21dg
☒ ay

/
" →-Vn+☒d✗
dz €¥ ☒
2N

-17 dg
2
, 1¥ ☒→
↑ Vat
?f÷dz
%
Assumptions
① Soil is
fully saturated and
Darcy's law is valid

② and
isotropic
soil is
homogeneous

⑧ Soil solids and pore fluid

the are
incompressible

④ Flow conditions don't

change mm time =
steady stale

flow exists .
 law
Based on
Davy's :

(
Un =
Knin = kn .
21
am

h =
loss head
kyiy Ky 21 of .

uy
= = .

ay

V2 =
kz iz =
Kz .
21
22

water
Amount
entering element unit time
in to the
of per

qi =

Vndydz +
nlgdndz +
ready dk

Amount
of
water
leaving the element
per
unit time :

Your =

Cent 21dm
an
)dgd2 +
( Vg +

÷dy)
dada

+
@ +2¥ d) dndy
and
Assumption # 1 #2 water
entering
the soil element

should leave the element

qi =%ut

solving ¥1 21
;-) dxdydz
:
+ +
a =0

~
ay
*O '

1;÷+•÷+◦
If the soil is assumed to be
homogeneous and

isotropic → ten =

Icy =
kz .
at all
points
in the soil mass .

ᵗy&÷
221 221
3¥
kn
21 " i
÷ kz
= = =

ane 222
2N

Is say )
=k (
It kn =

Icy =

then :

2¥ 21
k÷ ÷=k 32%
21 = k i = :
,
an
2g

back :
Substituting these

kn
3¥ .
+
Icy 3¥ +
kz÷

for isotropic case :

"
(2%+3%+12)=0

|÷+%yʰ_+%÷=#
" 4

→
Laplace equation
for 3D •

Flow will occur when the

Laplace egn
. is
satisfied .
 261422
=
.
VELOCITY POTENTIAL FUNCTION

3¥ un and
¥
-4
= -
=

:÷
+
E-

f{¥g+§ → should

flow to occur
be satisfied for
.
the

SM2EAM-UNCtI :

2¢
2N
= -
Uz and
- = Va

( OR)

2¥ V2 and
22¥ Va
-
= =

Cuuit
¢1 head loss

_ der undz Vada

-

¥
= -

%
¢, =
* dz + Ida =
dy
T¥
- -

••
or

" "

j
"
¥7 dz Flow thro ' stream lines
if
,
occurs .

dn
head streamlines
loss % =

→ J %
% Equipotential line
=

head
same
loss
head

along
a
particular §
 n
tf and
§ are
orthogonal .

plan
◦
D= -1
slope of &
line =
= =
_

dm V2
241oz
-

(say ) Mn =
= V2

y I

4 214am
¥
slope of ✗ line
-

=
=mz
-
=

24/22 Va
csay)
so : Mn ✗
V÷ ÷
=
mz -1
-

✗ =

§ and if are
orthogonal .

FL0N=T : hsid
of flow and
equipotential lines such that

they orthogonal to each

are other .

Usagi
:

! Determine loss
seepage in
the the reservoir

(2) To find the

seepage pressure / uplift

(3) Determination exit

gradient and the
potential of
of

piping failure
.
 ¥ Earthen
dam

y
←

Filter

Is
* a-
*
→-
→

↳ →

Flow

structure

*E - →- Foundation

→
E-

;÷⇐ =¥
19
""
42

4s

%
flow
towpath
%

%
 Nf = no :
of flow paths

Nd = No :
of potential drops

Ah = head loss
/ potential drop between two
equipotential lines

H Total and
= loss
of head between the
entry exit
point

unit thickness
the
Aq =
discharge through one flow path = Kitt
↓ into
= K . Ah (6×1) plane
1- of paper .

Total flow space

=ᵗ÷l÷)
of =
discharge through the

q=kNt¥a( %)
Taking
b- l
-

then :

fq-ak.fi#-a).H-f- (discharge per unit length)

Nd =
(total no :
of ∅ )
lines -1

Nf =
total # of tf lines ) - I
SEEPPRES-t.GE#-:
downward
)
flow
(
+
idw ≥
seepage pressure =
-

upward flow

( length
seepage force = ikr per unit .

ConÉ

csile-rintocensideri.IO
Both
§ and
if lines are
orthogonal (approx ) .

② The flow field

approximately
should be
square

③ The curves should be smooth (parabolic /elliptical curves )

④ The size
of squares should
change gradually from entry
to exit point .
 31/8/22

CONSTRUCTIONOFFLOWNETS.iq/
*
te
3
sheet
pile wall

Equipotential
①
µ
line Flow Pam
live Flow
¥
Fan ☒

②
*
10¥
* *
⑨
§
F

④
②

Soil
③ ⑧
with ⑦
permeability ⑨ ⑤ ⑥
K

// / / / / / / / / / r - r - r - / I /
11/1/11 / 1/1/11 -s

Impervious surface

Nf
}
* Flow lines K A
-4¥
= 5 =
5-1--4 q=
-

Equipotential lines 9 Nd = 9- I = 8
#
=
 FLOW NET FOR DISCHARGE CALCULATION THROUGH THE
BODY

OFTHF-EARTHENDAMCA.gg
" "

line Phreatic line

Top flow =

L
→ ⇐

directrix
t
* • *
flow p 27T
top
← live
; ↓
in

H
PCNIZ)
Cparabda) 2

↓ ,

,
origin/focus
¥
§
• I

I F

2
a
E- S

$' F• •
G P
' " " ""
% ' / 11 /
F ::
iii. .
.
'

-
:-. .
"
3

bottom flow line k'

!
¥%T→
D
•

f- =
focus of parabola
¥
LB
→
EE

Consider PCNIZ ) shown

a
point as :

k da )
length of flow
q
=
z Cauit .

FP = tÑz2 = PG =
rats

2 =
@ + S2 + 2ns -22% = s2t2a#

1542k£
ddˢw
= 5- % = k.dz . z = K . 5- ✗

dog
S2+2z# s2t2X[

Kis
q ( flow unit
length )
=

per .
we know :
It = ats

S = tn2tT -
N

when
N =D
,
2 =
It

Where D= 4s -

Lf -0.7L
,

By this no flow net is needed .

"

¥É¥=ⁿE☐n
:

_¥.'"→
q→*%* !
q Flow
parallel to the
bedding

↑*
~-☒
planes -

i*
TE
9h

q =
£ q
j= ,
j

,E"ⁿi+
width

Keitt =
£ kjij Aj Aj
=

g. ×
tr to

F- a plane
the
of
ke :(£44 ) = i £ kjxzj paper
g- =\

( since i and
ij are same )

Equivalent coefficient permeability for the flow It to the

of
bedding planes is :

£ kjxzj Kaz , t Kezzzt - - -

tknzn
Ke =
=

----t
g- =\
> labs
=

pµgERPENDKUAkT0BEDDH#
Flow

*¥{↓
÷ area
of Cfs for the flow is same

for all the layers .

flow is also the same turn '

the entire soil

q= q, =
qz . _ .
=
qn

ih = total loss
of
head
n

=
hit hzt . _ .
this = & hj
j=f
Flow I to the
bedding planes =
Sum
of
loss
of
heads in

all the
layers .

Velocity ,
u =
ke .

≥ = ten ¥ =
k2h÷= - - -
= Ken
¥

Since q and A are same V is same for all the

layers
.

V =
kehz
= £ kjᵗI I = V1 =
V2 = . . . = Un
g- =\
Zj

hj
kjhi Yg
=

vj =

Tj

£
h £ hj
YgI
=

we know : =

g-=\ j=n

( v -4--4 )
Vn

V,nqI
-
= - - - =

V-2
Y÷ V21
= + + . . . +

Ke K2

I
÷ ÷
+
≥ +
=
+
- - -

kn
ke ,
 2-
ke =

I
E- Eat
+ - - •
+
kn

Y=÷:÷
FLOWTHROU HAxlsotROPIC.SI/kn&nh-+k2& - -#
-
do not

efrah.cn 172h
satisfy
=
the

0
Laplace

Converting the above to

equivalent isotropic :

?¥+:÷=◦
→ ②

Let an =

n¥[ |•I+:÷→③
-
2nF

Egn ③ .

flow condition in an -2 Coordinate

.

^ ^
2

is
z

i. % :&
:*
- - - - -
Yi
i
µ
i ,
- - - - - - - -

eh
kz ↑ A2 →

Az → kn Knn
¥2 -
-42 >
•

; aim
-

r
- -
-

T >
-

T
-
- -

n e
an
,
,
(
original section Anisotropic ) Transformed section (Equiv -

isotropic )
 kn ^-± ④
For anisotropic soil :
Ag =

IN
Az →

equivalent isotropic soil :

keg ^± ⑤
For
ay
= →
z

Nn

④ =
⑤

E-
keg Az
kn¥÷az
=

Ann

keg =

¥÷n kn =

g •
kn

/keg=tkn
-

AH head and
= lost -
same in both -

anisotropic equivalent
condition
↑ isotropic is sane .

transformed
Coordinates are
only .

'
So : Total flow thro the
anisotropic soil :

|Aq=kegHif
-

Flow net with

square
in the transformed section
approx
-
.
.

stratified soil : kn > kz →

mostly
Loess ka kz
special care : <
 FL0WÑNMhEE :

42
1¥ %
a
✓ $2

?:ÉÉ¥:
Layer 1
§
( ki )
c.
" . . . I 02 * •.

D
41
Layer 2 (Ks ) µz*q

At the interface :

^I_
Atf
q
=
kn Aos =
Kz CD

(E)
↑
length the interface
of flow
@
average
.

kz tana
19
↑÷ = K2 ¥ˢ kn =

tana

|kqlan_q=kztanO#-
 91911
DESIGNOFGRADEDFILTER.rs
Prevents the erosion /piping failure of
soil

→
Coarse Csand & Gravel )
grained soil Free
draining soil
→

→ Flow allowed but restricts the movement the

of
soil
particles .

CRITERIDa5(fiItermaltn#
)
A.cl < g-

Psg ( protected material )

2
, <
%5CtiHI < 20

Discprotected )

(iib DsoCfilter)_ < 25

Dso lpnteeted )

(in the distribution the

filter material should
grain size carve
of

approximately
GSD
be parallel to the curve
of
the

protected material .

☆ a-eted

v
← Factoid material
← filter

% finer

FF
particle size
 COMPAC.TO#

why water is
added to
compaction ?
→
lubrication →
helps ai

rearranging
the solid particles .

R R Proctor
-

.
(1933) → standard Proctor test .

a-
-> Y (max)
:
I

✗
✗ I

Nd '

l
✗
✗ I ← 100% saturation line
- - - -

-1 I ✗
Zero air voids line

, ,
For →
•

i
☒
GAUL)
initially
* _

initial OMC v0

dry (optimum
moisture
C
w

soil content

samples
= =
WI w2
=
WI
Wet
Density of soil
↳ -> Lt
.g compacted sall
✓b=
¥ -> Yol of mould

7 8D =
&
S Hw - > water
--

= War
Dry content -

unit WS
weight e. = GNI -
1
specific
->
-

Nd
Se= wa
gravity
Theoretical Max .

unit weight .

Nd GVw_
I Dry unit weight S
H
=
'

, max

wtf
'+
·
at zero air void .
 rid =

4-!{I where

unit meight
na -

¥
-Dry at entant
air voids
percentage .

When
8--1001 Ya ◦
=
.

%
iiqaem-same-a-o.is?:I--::::Y-
air void

954 .
saturation line
of same
I G8w_ =
0.9598in
1tw÷ 0.95 +
way

T.no/-ypesofCompaction:-

Light material behind

compaction : →
backfill the
retaining
↓ wall

standard soil
lightly structures

compaction)
under loaded
(
→
foundation
Proctor → Road construction

Heavy Cimpactim → Soil below

heavily loaded structures

↓ →_
Airfields ,
Dams

( Modified Proctor
compaction)

size mould same standard

proctor compaction
→
the
of as

wt
of Hammer 4.89
Ig
-
=

Ht 450mm
of drop
-

No :
of layers 5
=

No blows 25
of
: =
spe-ta-H.ee :

IS 20mm sieve → discard the soil retained on 20mm sieve

IS 4.75mm sieve the % Soil retained ISH -75mm

If on
→

Pan sieve is > 20% → use the buffer

mould ( 150 mm dia ) and blows
no
:q
is 56 .

EtAs

( compaction energy per unit volume =

E)

) (wig )x( dnpq

At

) )
-8

[ @ of layers
blows
'

✗
hammer
if
-

per layer hammer

F- =

Volume mould
of

FA#=tt=TGt=PAFSlL :

① water content #
w

②
Comparative effort
③ Type of soil a

ndy

↳
silt
④ Method
of compaction .

ed
# low plastic silt

¥
"

#
:
effort low plastic clay
ld increases High plastic

¥
ed↓om
Half a

5=04
f
.

'

Vd I
_

rama
?
¥ :
Bulking
'

maximum
;
'
→ I

i.
bulking 1

,
FE

WCM

sand the volume sand

Bulking of
increase in
of
with
-

titis moisture content at a

given compaction
effort .

Development capillary in
pore water
→
tension the
of

→
Capillary tension
offers resistance
against the
compaction
Tues , instead volume
effort .

of decrease in
,
the

volume sand increases

of
.

sand
From
experiments bulking of
-

the occurs at

W =
4- 5%

" "" "" " " ⁿʰ"

>
ññmnt
P :

ldimax
→

ld↑ ed
-

DM wet
☆ ☒☒ F-

☒ ☒ ☒
→

wa ome OMC w > OMC

w→

and
Dry of optimum wet
of optimum
(w < OMC ) (w > Omc )

Relative
compaction
= ^ᵈ'+& ✗ looy .

climax )1ab

Rc ¢801 .
and
usually
RC = 90
-95%
 CONSOLIDATION
+

→ Settlement in
dry soil is due to
compression of
air

removal air
of
or
-

In saturated condition : water drain

tries
laterally
→

seepage flow →
steady stale flow
in Wl
no
change
-
.

no
deformation
-

ant water inlet is

equal
of
- -

to water outlet the

system
_

of

consolidation → TRANSIENT Flow

-
V01 . reduces

deformation occurs .

Consolidation
→
Compaction vs .
14/9/22
=
.
Consolidation -

process of change of volume of

soil due

to removal water under transient

expulsion or
of -

flew condition from voids which occurs on account

dissipation of excersporewater-pse.su
under
of
sustained / Constant static
loading .

static
porewalert É
e- Piezomeler

us
=
hsVw ¥¥i

F-xlessporeevaler-pressmei.lv,*↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
¥ ,

k→§ne←
(
@ ᵗ=◦
immediately afar

E.t ?.---t-t--Us=hs8w|Ue=heN-
the load is
placed )
↳

←
Excess water
pore
preemie
SÉANCE
:
lterzaghi ,
1922 )
"""

1- = 0

single drainage
-

↓
; h

AT

↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ☒ t=o
"I "l "l

Piston →
} } }
µ 111 "'

} } }
_¥" 111 µ

perforations
-7 { {
spring
between filled water
space the
spring
is with .

Soil
Spring
=
grains
water = Pore water

Immediately loading
is
(1) after ,
there no
compression
carried ( C- =D
load
by posewalér
in the Thus is
spring the
.

He = AT =
hrw

time
(2) With
passage of ,
the water is
expected from
the
cylinder and the load is
transformed to the
spring .

(3) At C- = 0 He =0 and AJ is carried by the

,
spring .

Cao = total stress )

 DEGREEO-t-NSODATNi.li =
&ᵗ ✗
100%
H

(Ah) , =
deformation / compression of
the
spring
at
any
time 't!

AH =
total deformation / compression due to consolidation

(Max .

deformation )

Isochrones
Iso chromes

1- = 0

. •
1-1

ᵗ2 h

AT
+3
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ☒ t=o
"I "l "l

Piston →
} } }
µ 111 "'

} } }
_*" 111 µ

perforations
÷
} } }
""
spring
" ""

way drainage )
12 -

I
 I IY-i.IE?---;:---;--':#!*-i*z
% .

Vsat

"

}
before
loading
Just the • =
sat
O' =
zrrsat -28W =L
Us = 28W

Just
after the
loading • = zrrsat + A- 0

( start of consolidation ) us = 28W

Ue = hrw = A- 8

So : O
'
=
@ Rat + a- 5) -
( Us + Ue )

= zslsat + At -
28W - At

= 2 Vsat -
28W = 8/2

At the
endqian Calf dissipation of
excess
pwp ) .

0 =
28sat 1- At

Us = Nw 2

0
Ue

|duetoanso6dation)#
=

= z Vsat +11-8 -
28W = ≥ + ☒ ( Effective stress increases

The
change in volume soil the consolidation soil
of
or
of depends
stress soil due
on the
effective on to
dissipation of
water
excess
pore pressure .
 It can be observed from the above
example
that

→ Thro ' out the consolidation process the total stress

remains same

→
But the
effective stress consolidation
changes so

is due in Stroh
to change effective
-

"°
16/9/22
=
.

↳ ←
initial
position
c- final
position .

"

↑
3 ☒ *
It
*
*
- - - -

*
-

a-
_

↓
- -
-

20
"
I •

A Hat )◦ and Hat)

,
E ↑
@ t=o @ C- = ◦
@ end consolidation
of
of = That Zo t AT

¥ ¥6s)
'
% =
Vsat 20 + - =
Lsat )◦2o -
Vw2

At end consolidation
of
:

5
,
=
Hat) ,
21 + A- 0 ✗ ◦ I
'
= Lsat)n2i + AT - us

on =
at), -4 + AT -
Nwa
'
so =
51 8,6 < on
↓

but @ sat)◦ < that) , and 20>21

↑

because the

V01 .
reduces

due to consolidation
 The treat)ozo ≈ sat )Re
product of

Hence total stress constant

the remains even
though
Vsat and values at end consolidation
the 2
change the
of
.

-tmn- :

① Immediate settlement

② consolidation
dissipation increases
Primary due to Ue →

§ Secondary
→

③ consolidation → due to
plastic
- readjustment of solid
grains

for five grained

once
# primary
consolidation is over

soil Permanent (non - elastic )

time

Degree
of
consolidation

1001 .
* - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

and soils
organic peat
In consolidation does not
secondary
→

change
Game value as it was at the

Creep consolidation ) end

of consolidation )
primary .

Both and consolidation settlement

primary secondary
→

time
are
dependent
- In
secondary consolidation → F-
100%

Degree of consolidation
Considering only primary consolidation
-

(
dissipation of excess
pwp) .

u = CHI ✗ too
/ .

Altman
↑
Max settlement due to consolidation
primary
.
.

lRESSHR4EIL
:

(
consolidated soil CNC )
Normally
→

Based consolidation
primary
on

consolidated soil
→ Over
(OC)
→ Under consolidated soil CVC )

10

storey
→

5
2
Danrirhed
story
story
☒ an

NC OC

1001 .
or

consolidation uc

NC →
after fool .
consolidation for the new stress

UC → under the consolidation "

process of
"
 Nc normal
Present stress higher
→
is than
effective
the normal stress
experienced
ever
Max .

eff .

by the soil ( consolidation is

completed for the

)
present

0C → Present is less than the Max 5 .

'
in the

soil stress
history .

UC → Present >
51mm in the stress
history
'
soil consolidate
is
yet
to under the
present O

en
curve
Recompression stress )
release of
eo
F Colne to

→
cure
ee - - - - -
•

virgin compression
←
Preconsdida
Recompression
I

#
'

stress

! <

Unlocking ¥
'

p
FEA '

'

0Rˢ°ᵗee
o

stress
Pre consolidation
OCR =

°÷ = _

Present effective
normal
stress

OCR > I 0C

042=1 NC
28/9/22 were stage )

a recompression Consolidated -

cover

÷
[
&"
^
Yin compression line )
consolidation
Recompression (Normal
live 7

•
i
swelling line

1¥
since variation

(1%01)
'
% ' ←
of
of 0' is large
6. 25hPa -
1600hPa

Coefficient of compressibility Cav) = -

As
'
5

coefficient volume ( Mv)

of compressibility = - AV 1-

initial V01
.qvoi final V01 of
- void To A-

initial Vvo Vig

µgdvoWM
-

=
=
-

AV =

Change in volume
V0
soil → Vstvvo
of soil - which is

of due to the voids

¥ =
Ñ- =

÷÷
( ":÷ )
a-
÷
=
-

lteo
 %-
we know , Mr
= -

substituting for -

/
AV v0

K=÷÷
Consider
A÷=÷

¥;:-
=

:-.

÷=E Ito

m=¥• ÷ :÷÷
=
-

.
.

|AH=mvHoA
-

slope of
the Normal consolidation line or the
straight line
portion :

Cc
=
Compression index =

Aeros
Cc = =

/¥ ) ) .
as
 ↑¥- from
and
,÷ gratin
= a

a. = a.
en(%; )

|AH=i¥-l%
void forum Oedometer test
Calculating the ratio .

volume soil at instant

G) ti#Ct of of any

A.t #+-AHs--s/e--H+-Hs--f
e =

÷ =

V-÷ =

Its Height soil solids

of
=

soil solids Ws 8s Vs
weight of
= .

Ws =
GVW HSA

|Hs=a÷_
→
applicable to all
types of
soils
 Changeinvoidratiomethodi -

applicable only for

saturated soil
fully
we know #
÷
: =

lteo

calculate
lo is
difficult to

But e to
final ( at the
corresponding
measurement

end
of unloading ) can be calculated Soil becomes
-

fully saturated -

Se =
wq → at the end of test 5--1001 .

eg
=
WG
y ← sp .

gravity of solids .

can be found in lab

29/9/22
- e
✗

plastic
deformation
or

permanent
f- Recompression
Tcc
☒

§
- - -
line

deformation
er
_
I
% swelling ☒ c

live

y
.
- - - -

g
-

elastic
rebound i
,

or 1

elastic 1

deformation
**
'

108,00

ce =
Compression index

Cs =
slope of swelling line
/ unloading line

line
Cr =
slope of recompression .
 '
SETTLEMENT CALCULATION FROM e-
logo CURVE

CASt-GM-DES.ME#D0FFl-NDh PRE-CoNS0LlDATloNPREssuRE_
line
to NC
tgt
n ✓
e
horizontal at
pt of-

Max . auvuture

• "
" 142
point ¥4T -
-

angle bisector
-

of curvature
Max
.

tgt

%
'
Kgo '

'
stress
R =
pieconsolidatim

NORMALLYCONSOUDATEDSOI.JO
'
= initial overburden pressure
'
additional stress
10 =
induced due to
applied structural

bad .

' '
NC soil % > %

¢
soil

( %)
to the
height of
=

AH =
HI log
Iteo eo =
initial void ratio
 "

* '
calculation the
For % ,

CALCULATl0NoFa depth of the soil above the

till the
point of consideration

ground surface should be taken .

* * a-

Go 'tA0z
considered for www..mg
µ ,
*,
← ** ↳

¥¥al FE
→

Should be related at
a- %
below
half of the depth of soil present
it , , , , , iÉᵈ%mi , _ , _ - i - i , _ . .

)
'

( % '+A ( in recompression portion)

<
%
② OVERCoNS0LlDATE

** =

¥÷ ay )
③ %o
'
CNei ↳
** =

÷e%(÷ )

i
' .
%

=¥÷;*
e.
- .
+
:÷•sE÷
↑
available e should
→
if data is ,

be taken
i
→ Ho in the second portion should

¥ after reducing
be the effective ht -

'
the for first part of
logo It the the

equation
-
but for conservative analysis Ho itself is considered
,
.
 in lesser
-

considering Ho -

4-11-71 the second

portion
will give

value overall settlement

of
'
thro and
But
considering Ho out will give higher AH
-

hence a conservative design

.SE#DARySt--T2EMET '

e A
A-

Primary
consolidation

*
ep→ÉUe=o consolidation

1 !
I 1 _

#4 ᵗz
time for log ᵗ

primary
consolidation

Aces
Cd =

)
void at the end consolidation
ep ratio
of primary
=

end
Hp =
thickness
of
the
sample at the
of primary
consolidation .

Secondary
consolidation settlement : (for high plastic clay / organic
)

|☐Hs=¥÷e%◦(ᵗ÷
silt
3019122
=
In the
efn
.
for AHS ,

ta ⇐
time end of consolidation
primary
at the

tz = time @ e-
log ( t) curve becomes horizontal .

and Hp =
height of the soil layer at the end
of primary
consolidation

Hp =
Ho - AH

↑ settlement due to consolidation

primary
Initial
thickness

3DCoDAE9tT :

consider :
"+
3÷dz
↑ →
Yt
:-D ,

→ rent
?g÷dn
?ea
"
dis

1%9
→
Ug ↑ Uz

A
① Soil saturated
is
fully
② soil solids and the water are
incompressible
③ valid (v ki )
Darcy's law is -

④ The applied stress / Change in stress is instantaneous to

initial
develop the excess
pwp .

⑤ There is unique relationship between

change in
effective
stress and void ratio
@ -4¥)=
Amount in soil
entering
water to the element
of ,

①
Vndydz Uydndz rlzdydse
→
+
%.
= +

Amt water soil element

of flowing out
of
the :
.

% =

@ 2÷ⁿdn)dyd2 + +
@y+Yyˢdg)dndz
@ aᵈdz)dndy ②
+ + →

22

Amount water squeezed out the soil element

per unit
of of
time ,

dq =

(%÷ 3¥ + +
2¥ ) dadydz →
③

Let the volume soil = V

of

V = Vstvv =
Vs ( ite )

④
dq 2¥ Vs
:&
→
= =

initial volume soil element

of
y =

rteo
←
initial •
void ratio

Vs =
dndyd2_ initial dimensions
of
soil =
dqdy.dz
It lo

⑨ dq =

ᵈ;÷ I → ④
ZE
 Equating ③ and 4! :

③ ④
'

&÷ 3¥ +

+2¥) dadydz =

ᵈ;e!ᵈˢE at

Cite
)&÷ 3¥ :÷) ⑤
+ +
E. = .
→

at

h head
let =
piezometric corresponding to the excess
poiewaler
Lae) time
-
É
pressure at
any
.

h
Kerr
=

Also know : Un
kxʰ_a kn
'Jw÷
=
we = .

vy key
a% Ky Iw 2¥
= = -

%÷
kz
Uz =

÷ = kz .

Re-writing Egn ⑤.

2-
2T
=

C÷&n%÷ +
Ky 3T¥ +
kz%÷•] →
⑥

}
Note in
chant in
change excess
pwp
:
=

effective stress

'
i. 118 = -

Aue
 '
Que
By that : 20 -
=

a
'

as 20
ar
-
=
=
-

281

-21 =
- Que

ar

au = 2e_ → ①
Que

2e = au 2Ue → ⑧

Substitute ⑧ in een -
⑥

ar
;÷
=

:÷¥!÷ .
+
as :-. + ke
?÷]

/•÷=;÷w¥¥.+u:¥+k?÷]#
&

(on

%÷ 2%-2 cvzakeefuah.cn
{
consolidation
2¥ Crn + Cry
=
+

222

Here : Crn
=
C+e◦)kn_ =
Coefficient of consolidation in ✗ direction
arrow

cry
=

(1teo)ky- =
" " in Y direction
av Vw

%%.wI
Crz = = a " in 2 direction.

/ai=
 consolidation
Significance of
3D
efn :

→ location Cxiyiz)
gives the excess
pwp at
any
'
and @ time
'

t
any
.

solution
Finding
the
for 3D
equation
is
difficult and hence

we consider ID consolidation .

For one -
dimensional consolidation :

-
|÷=crz%! Cle is constant
along ✗ and
)
y

Similarly for 2D consolidation :

|2÷=cryñyˢ+Crz%÷# @ constant along ×

)
is

SOLUTION FOR ID CONSOLIDATION EQUATION :

by Fourier series
expansion
-

conditions
Should
satisfy certain
boundary
-
.

III.
E *

C¥0
i" Tito "

փ%
a

.
Case ②
7g •
*

clay

case ③ %--i Sand

- fill

flow
Clay

Isochronous

Consider :

" "
÷:
=

h
t >0
→

For this t Ue
case :
(1) = 0
,
Ui =

He
(2)
0
t = N =
,

Ue 0 2=0
(3) t 70 , =
,

Ue = 0 2 = It
,
É É

SAND

"|^
EFFECTIVE

I
"

÷;:"=
CLAY DEPTH CLAY "

t
maximum distance
#É
SAND
. IMPERMEABLE BED Rock

a water particle
to reach the nearest CASE 2
drainage
CASE 1

§ VARIATION OF EXCESS PORE WATER PRESSURE

,
Uelzit )
WITH THE DEPTH OF CONSOLIDATING LAYER

f
::::::::l
" ISOCHRONES
u =
us + ueczt) Excess pope pressure HEAD
* →

" | "
"
Che ) At 1- =0

1 he he ᵗ >
-7
◦
'

@
⇐ ,
he i. → *⇐ *☐

☒*
*

CONSOLIDATION

- - -

- -

SAND

IMPERMEABLE ROCK ←
B#ARÉ :

(1) He (2/0) = Ui

(2) He (2/0) = 0

Ueto, t )
}
(3) = 0
◦< tea

he CH , E) = o
1211%2 SOLUTIONOFONE-DIMF-NSIONAt.CO#DAToNEeA-
N

=
.

drainage condition
affects only the time tale
of
consolidation
-

and not the total settlement .

B-OUNDARiln.si .

Saweth
(1) Uelzio) = Ui Ui Initial
poop
- =
excess

(2) Uelz, ) = 0 the depth

Ueloit )
}
(3) = °
tea
◦<
ASSUMPTION
Ue CH , E) = 0

Solution based on FOURIER SERIES expansion applying the

boundary conditions :

2d

u.cat
)=£ / D= 1
" ""
CE
)ᵈ)•n(2 e×p(_!%)]
↳①
where n is an
integer

n =
even 1- cosnñ = 0 Me -_ O

n -_
odd 1 -
Costin =
2

Substituting the above conditions in Eger ①

.

ueki-t-EYI-G-wsna-s.int?-E)exp(-?::a--)n--
1
 Substituting n= 2Mt 1
,
where m is another
integer

Uelzt ) =

{"a- ( 1- SUMMIT
•
] sin
(2-+1)%-1 ✗

["m'¥*) }
m==◦

exp

|ueKt)=(?÷(¥)exp(-MT-
where NL =
M=O

( 2mm ) ( EXCESS PWP AT ANY DEPTH

AND
ANY TIME

cv÷
Tv = = Time factor

D= maximum distance travelled by the water

particle
to reach the free drainage
↳ H
single
{
C drainage )
ᵈ=
Hk ( double drainage)
 ' ' '
DEGREE @ time 't
any depth
OF CONSOLIDATION and 2
- any @

u =
excessposewaler-premnedissipated-s.hu?e- = AI
Ui
water
Initial excess
pore pressure

|u=÷÷=i-u÷=
Here A-
effective stress transferred to the soil due
=
to

dissipation of excess porewater pressure -

From solution ID consolidation

the
of equation :

|UGt)=1-£(?_sin(Mdˢ)e✗pfM7v# M=0

ÉgIS0
CHROMES

÷÷÷:
' o
o
↓
2

d Tv -00
0.1
Tv -_ 0
Tis
-0^5 To
- 0.9
Tv
_

↑
✓
- - - - -
- _ . _

(Zd) 1 _
.
_ .
_ . _
. _ . _ . _ . _
. -
.

d)÷.::
Excess pwp

-→%%ᵗ
Excess pwp
dissipated at

-01
this
depth for Tv
.

° 1
D= a- U_e
Sand Ui

D0UBlEDRAAGE (Assuming
'
Ui is uniform Thor the

depth )
 AlEMDEhREE0F3ATl ON
2d
2d

Id /
% ! Ueda
uidz -

Varg #
=

É / Uidz

U AR
Here

!
:

uidz =
Area isochrone under initial
of excess
pwp

Area isochrone excess @ t >0

uedz
=
of under pwp

E E

Uav = i -

& & expfnitv )

.

M=0
13110¥ EMPIR1REU-t0Éav :

Vow ≤ 60% Can}

{
, Tv =

TIER :

Uav %)
soy log Goo
war > 1.781 -0.933
Ty = -
.
,

Casually used )

luau}

{
Var ≤ 5%6%1 Tv
{
=

TEHi
:

Uav %)
Uav > 52.6% Tv 1.781 0.933
log ( too
= - -

( var) ≈ Can )actuae

empirical

DETERMINATIONOFCVFROMOF-DOMF-TERTE.SI

"
°

""

V4 .

i. Point
of inflection ( U ≈ 70-751 ).

µ¥ ( change convexity the

\ of of
, curve

I any consolidation
C-gt2

tgt ' @ A

① Casagrande 's logarithm time

fitting mewed
of
② Taylor 's method
square root of time
fitting
I
EDÑFATg : Consolidation cells / odometers )

→ tired ring ring supported by the stone

→
porous

É÷÷÷
stone
ring does not move
-

top porous moves

all
type soil
-

of

Floating ring ring supported by the soil

-
→ is

soil
friction from the

both the
top and bottom
porous stone moves
-

:* :*

t GAUGE METHOD
idiots USEOF

*
1=1 *F÷
LAB

Sand

FIELD

C)ears =
E)
field

(G) ears =
(a)
field

de =
maximum distance travelled by the water
pastille
in lab

df = " "
infield

te = time
required to attain a certain
degree of
consolidation = U
%

tf time
required to attain the same
degree of
=

consolidation at
field

Tv =
f- ( U %) and U% is the same for bone field
and lab Tv is same in both field and lab

Cv
properly soil
=
the
of
 FIELDCONSOLIDA.TL#CurvE:(schmetermann ,
1955
)

en
""""

""

NORMALLY
CONSOLIDATED
SOIL
I

o.lk#------yt--------S%e9-necueves
reduces
1 with increase in disturbance

' '
%
log,o0

Disturbance ↑ slope NCL Ccc) ↓ AH ↓

of

C- !÷YC%÷ * =

)
In the
field ,
the disturbance is zero Cc in the

field is
higher than the actual (AH )aemae will be

higher
 "•
"

"
" '""
' "

CURVE

aereo

logo
'
⇐

thedefoomah.cn/votchavgeduetgs6latimhastno
Ieds :

(1) The amount volume change will occur

of

(C) How
long will it take for the volume change to occur

Depends on

during
how
(a) much stress is
applied n
the
loading condition

(b) how soil

affected Cane )
of influence
much is .

how (
(c)
compressible is the SM
Property of
the soil - cc )
C) How
long will it take for the volume change to occur

depends
-
on :

(a) Amt volume to

of Change occur
.

⑨ Number and location

of free draining layer
K)
④ Permeability of soil ( property
of
soil
,

In general : K and Ce
Engineering property of soil

cc-ao.co?(wL-l0#mouldedsoisauyleCc--o.oo9lWc- 9) ←
Undisturbed soil sample

@ =
liquid limit
of
the soil
)
2S
STRENGTH OF SOI

strength to the soil:

shear

(1)
Interlocking of particles (redominant for coarse
grained -
angular
particles)
1) Frictional resistance between the
particle
Rounded or

sliding friction, willing friction or boas sub-wounded]

(3) cohesion
(binding) between the
particles.

RESISTANCE:
O F
FRICTIONAL

Roracot
Fr

FE =
M = NtanS

S: interface
angle of friction
at the

= i
x
angle of obliguity

El
=

When Fr=FR =) & is max.

=> Wtan Jonas = Wtan S

Oman = S
>

For sails - <max =

= Angle of friction in soil mass

Applicable sail frictional (c=0)

- when the is
purely
 in

fol owing
i state
stress
of

the vertical place, Inc is clockwise

II
on

Ear
If
-
V
=> Ex is the

28a, TrzS

tm
of
VE-plane Lin, 2)
&

l X-plaine
·

I'll
O-plane
- < ⑤ ⑬ ⑮ >

X-plane s 8 8
O2
Let
523 On
⑧
TO z-plane or He plane

LWe, 2Uz)
////

I
2:Clockwise tre a
Pole or TX2 is anticlockerise
f

origin of planes on the H2 plane

-> Exe is negative

Using (5x, CWr) and LW2, CUL Paint, the

pole P is located

on the
circumference the Moki's stress circle
of

From the Pole P, the line can be drawn to find

the stresses at place.

any
he need the on and I
along the
plane o meanned

anti-clockwise horizontal
from the
plane.
2 A

Ope, Opy: inclination

28a, TrzS of the

major and minor
VE-plane

i X-plaine principal planes from

the horizontal plane
< ⑤ ⑬ ⑮ >

s 8 8

Ops
C

L OpZ-peace
⑧
or tplane
LWe, 2Uz)
////

I
Pole or
f

origin of planes
 C

2 A
resultant ②

28n, ive C
⑦x
(On, 2)
i
O
I On F

O
FX
s
⑤ ⑬ "I r ⑤

⑧
TO
I //// LWe, [Uz)

2 A A
2
shear
plane of
28ng Tf) Cr, Emax) max

F
s" (On, 2) x < X max
·-
C
" (On, 2)

". I'll I i I'll

X max
↑ >
**
⑤ ⑮ ⑤ ⑬ ⑮ >
O s 5,8
O s 8 8

TO TO
* //// LWe, 2Uz) * //// LWe, 2Uz)

f
f

In the place of maximum shear

= AOFF', Cman =
0 less,
5 a <amax

I
=
and tan
=s Failure does not occur

to maximum
or i /Way is maximum corresponding
shear stress
(Zonax)
13 the angle of obliguity
is
max =
4
I

*AILURE POINT
t
a
 envelope
Failure
-
tanc:
2 A
#O
=W tan x

28ng Tf)

"it
" (On, 2) #o =

I tan
Greas

i I'll tan d
If onf
=

&max
Y ⑬ ⑮ >
⑤

O s 8 8

I //// LWe, 2Uz)

location pole changes with the shear stress sign convention

of
when
sign convention the the
changes changes,
I
sign
-

will
magnitude be same.

convention for clockwise and Anticlockwise

If the sign 2: -ve the

②r
is

tanim

InTlo r
in

o
I
0E21ExE)__Horinfall in

"...
I Op
- "
D &

5 o
- --plane of
ractical
"
A -

-> max. prin

Exu
=
A
&

stress
plane
&

(On, 2)
-
↓
plane
(On, [ve) Fox
"I
of =

"
min. pr. stress
Vertical
plane
O-plane

the
magnitude and
of on on the
Oplaeiis
canisclockwisein invernalplaneand
nence
be the same in
sign convention.
previous
as

Buthere I will be
negative.
ette amaterial
l (Sand, Gravel)
stress
↓xomal
IT 5
tan CMohr's )
theory, 1882
=

g
Shear Sten @ Shear strength
failure of the material

=
=c + 5
tanc (cowlomb's theory, 1776)

& &
2 -C 2

*
Imax =
4
P
<W+i
Tf] <W+i
Tf]
&

S S
8 8

x >
P Eg = 8 tan
P (Frictional
material)

FAILURECRIER
#UOME - Actual
is
failure
cuvilinear
criteria

M
I
-

Linearized.

ctual
*
failure criteria

* * X & & L >

o
 normal stress
-

I decreases with increase in

Moter's circle shifts and hence the

yield live also
changer
-

is
a decrease.

I is decided based on the 5

range in the actual field
condition
For Tower (WW), P is
higher
where
isthe
of

stom

and material
I property of
c
-
are not inherent the

nor
# t
shear strangler parameters of
sail ⑭ on:

loading
⑭

drainage
degree of saturative moisture
content

TO DETERMINE CAND 4
-

&
Direct shear fort

&
Traxial tet
compression
⑧
Unconfined compression tent

④ Vane shear test

STRAIN CONTROLLED
-

Mcontour Mo
&
Post behaviour No limit
peak

ote,"
-

· a for strain
Peak stress
stress Peak stress
-

Strain
*
SHEAR
TEST:

Denesites: ① Failure blame is

predetermined
-

noral
The stress distribution not uniform tan' out
& M
is

this
Programsdo
reuse

embarana
vs
a
↳Major principal
We
=
2

plana
↓

Puio
·
Pole >5

saf
·

*
= Uh
Initial condition

Minor

EvI principal plane

a NE plane
2
1
He
any
intermediate COr,2) *sApe e

et
&

stage Minor
principal
plane
↳major principal
plana

-
⑤
⑧
·

5
83 e

·en, is

of principal plane
Orientation test
changes with the
progress of
-

00---xtpee
·or ox
f
B3 centre Move circle
of
 take
E
&

Email -- - -

shearstrain isnosen
Eman)---------- (3) 8= 200kPa

Emay)------
27)
(1)
* = 150kPc

shear
i
*
8:100kPa strain a
taut

But in direct shear fet

shear
displacement
S
E
I #
=> >
tt" ?H
M
I failure
If ex=ctwtant shear strain

knowm

I
* -

Centre the Moni's circle

of

·
↳Mobv's circle for
or is knower
a
particular

a. failure
at
So: on at failure
On
can be found
&

T
X ⑧

-
B 5 of o
-ur I

I provided
( Lateral thrust
&

forton
by the shear

known box
How

↑to
and v
angle with 12 = same

W and
->
in are equidistant
on or axis

#
 COMPRESSION
#
TEST:

TION LOAD:
#
OF
all pressure deviatoria
application of Application of
stress
I
W
↑
y

Test stage
-
I
stage
-
2
- -
=>

Up Unconsolidated Undvained

(No
drainage) 20
drainage)

Co Consolidated Undrained

↳Drainage allowed) CNo drainage (

CD Consolidated Drained

(Drainage)
<Drainage allowed (

consolidated Prined Motposses

a

·to ↑
=
an

these
preme

blance
is

for
=>

on

why
No
principal plane

the

↓
-
shear

sail

call
stren
walls

pressure
is

is
there

applied
they water a water does not

have shear straym

any
= No shear stress is on the

sail walls
* In or test
during shearing (stage 2) -

excersporp
is

developed => nater takes the load

t

then how failure happens?

=) water, load, tries to failure
carrying
the
rearrange -

·is
of hos
a
stronger from CO strength of
un-since consolidated.

test-strain rule mater

* or is
high - no
drainage of

* CD that sale is low (slow test) =>

Drainage should be allowed

Applied stren carried soil

is
by itself.

=> 0 = o' the out the test.

D
#
is not
possible?
-

UD

< allowed
stage?
W
is

stage I #

No drainage all the be from the stage

# will also
get dissipated
He
develops => entire He will be
dissipated
at the end fest
of
A
This will lead to similar results

as in CD
 WEST:
immaterial of no: of samples

firt--
one

circle (only UV test

atarated
Effective stree
total far *

stres circle
sail

why?
5
=(53), -4 => the
posewater presume
is
proportional
to the stresses and hence circle
only one
effective stress

water
No stress
by solids, only by

E
a Effective
Total
-pl classially saturated
-
o sail cur)

Din star carried the

different-sink some is
by
solids and water

I
2

school
a s =10 sully saturated

with >
o
 No friction
=>

0=0-No load

3 by
sand in UV => is carried

can be obtained solids

CC

↳ and inherent parameters of

the sail
=>
I s are not

e EEST

particular mistake
Sample preparation
- a content

Partially saturated

for

onshowed
best consolidation - be satredat

PRESSURE
#

through the
drainage pipe
or a
separate pipel

NOTE:
=>
Back
pressure -
confining pressure
(cell pressure)
it the sal ->
deforms sail
not tension
developes inside the

each back
pressure
is maintained for some time till the
pup

measurement remains anstal

8 (KPa) Back
pressure
Ikia) Prop (final after it becomes constaut)

182)
10 6 2

IO g
4

3
2KPC saturated
El= 1 fully
*U =
4-2 = =>
sail is

Du
* = 8-6 = 2 kPC
entire back is
pressure
taken the water
by pose
 If Ah/ A82 K1 Encrease on such that or ob

#less increase and then

maintaining
increase the
of

the condition ances 102423)

In
reality, the
u 20.9 -> considered
fully saturated

25kPa and On = 20KPc

achieved at B =

say
vario
this was

need 0:50kPa
say, we to feet at

oreconomic
re

-f

·mui ↑
-

if
↑

After saturation-consolidation (drainage allowed)

↓
consolidation gets completed when
pup=0

Undrained stage -

drainage value is closed

I can be measured

( )f =
83 +(relf at failure
prop

Gl =

100
-

48
(23) + =
23- Uf
 32=0
A
2
ffective
*

Total
p
&

EP
XC
day

E
Mohr's stress circles

at failure.

o
* A &

·we
an
in failure stresses (critical)
-
No change

3
⑧

↑ 5 increase

bonding
b turn.

particle breaks
the

eme
=
c = 0

only friction
remains

Ea

But before failure, both c and of can be obtained

At fiction
failure strayer is due to and co

Failure-bulging -
No clear failure place from say
sample
- but
from the Mohn's stress circle failure plane can be found
-

S
There
developed for friction material
is

he theory valid for UC

day
-

MC is not since there is

option no clean failure plane

able - Hence the
theory
is used
 " ⑯day t Ock 3, us o

o A

Fan
then the total and the

effective stress circle

coincides

less OCR 3,
53, >

negative US

B3f)'s (0s(f

as 254 OCRN, the

Ug

(is)< (53)5
and

Ea(%) So, when for

us changes
negative to
positive,

I
XIC I I
tre around Ock
=3, uf O
Uf
(I0.2)
lightly
3
0C · and
18s (3)f
=

Heavily oc > 3 I -
ve
uf

+Us attracted but volume is instant

a
pallicles are -

since undrained
2)
puss additional stree
compressive
on water.
"He2
↳all

23

I t
↓

=
->

-> soil

=
B
->

one
pressure
-alone e

measurement

allowed
Back
pressure-water is to enter the sail
sample to

airroids and saturated

replace the make the
sample
at a
given pressure called BACK PRESSURE

SON
OF SOIL: (Drainage value remains closed)

1) Initially apply confining pressure 5 =

53,0

Developed posewater pressure 4 = no

(no maybe zero
initial
depending on the

degree of saturation

2) Initial application back

pressure, op= Wh,0
of

(abir <
e30) back

due
to prese
up application
bue to this
pup is
developed, 4 not
=

will increase
gradually up
to

a certain time and will become constant.

13) Increase the
confining pressure by AB
change in external load
Now B =
50 +
183
will be equal to the

Increase in Als change in

pup-which implies
prop.
I
(4) check if
tusEI fully saturated as entire load is
water
carried
by
vS generally 0.9) since no
drainage)

13 T Suppose
us <0

Again increase the back

pressure (each that of
<5)
*810 + Alb
-

again prop will increase

CAU)

then from step (3) till ratio

repeat fuel
the

in
the wasoncompres edon
wise
orres
water
by since the water enters at a higher pressure

->

I
Ez = #
o
+ A5z
↑ stresses in the soil mass
L =
Go + U310 +
AUz
before consolidation

is
#
remains
applied thro' out the test
 tion
stage

Astage -
consolidation under constant
confining pressure

① Drainage value is
opened.

prop developed due to the new

application of us
-

will be
dissipated
8 10kPa Ar= 151Pa bz 25KPc
say:
=
=
=
o

8
= 0,0 = 6 kPC

4 =
Uo + 4610 + AUz = 3+2+5=l0kR

We need to test at 03:50kPa

25-6=19KP
Existing us
before consolication:

Additional as to be applied forsokPa=31kPc

(Net
so: Before consolidation: B = 50KPC total
stress)
Ub0
Tu
+
u =
40+ AUs

due to 31KPC

When this 4 40+Ubs +

Aust O
AUc
=

?
= Consolidation is
completed
Thio' out the felt b =
810 = EkPa is maintained.

Another
possibility BP can be removed before consolidation

↓
removal will force
sudden
pulling
-

cause a

within the soil which will deform sail

the

if sophisticated
possible with
equipments this
~

can be done

&Entire water will not drain out

C
stage: I shearing
differencial
soil due to
application of
of
or deviatoric stress

UNDRAINED ISE (CN) -

Drainage value is closed.

Due to
od, excess
prop
is
developed (AU)
-

stress failure
rdf: Periatoric at

us = excess
prop at failure (corresponding to odf)

wa vs. In deviatoric stress vs. axial strain)

and
ing
-
p

② R

Tirier
↳
EFFECTIVE

Clu

E
Ws'f Ef of Wif
 o'xWockys
Of = ve
Heavily over consolidated
day
-

(4) = the

4
lightly over consolidated
day
OCK=1-3

Effective
Repet
and
Normally consolidated
day Ock=1

stress
circle to the night of total stress circle

us is
Development
with in not
of
a
change
and the
uniform and hence the total stress

effective stress failure lives cannot be

parallel.

DRAINED TEST
alez *ARED

similar to the
stage 1 consolidation CU test
-

->

stage 2 -
Additional axial stress under drained condition

rate
of loading
is small exten
dissipates
-

pap
O = 5'

↑ failure envelope
I total and effective

tiMy
↓
O

· >
y
 sail under at test!
A

bense sand- Increase in volume sand dilates under

shearing
-

Loose sand -

Decrease in volume

④
-> * p
void
filled
with ense
&
water Loose -

->
#
↓
water drained Particle tries to roll
particles over
-
-

the other and sand

fill that void is decrease in
dilales
volume-sand becomes dense

or HOC I strain softening)

↑
xdense

wron
or 102
Periatoric
Stress medium
A

#
Od Istrain hardening

CD > (Ea) Axial strain

HEST
- a
or set
dilation HOC

~
or
of
dilation
or LOC

review
t

a
E
>

&loose
Ea s
-

camp
or NC
- Initial
crepression
in medium dense sand-because all

the
particles are not rounded.

wounded
-

If the ideal scenario

of particles are

considered, then

od

It
dilation
full dilation-all

·
particles
are rounded

UR OF SOKL IN CU TEST:
#

#and,
the
NC -
prop
-

have to
-

particles tendency move towards the

voids (undrained case-water

prevent)
-
This causes a
push/camp-stress on voids is the
prop

Ice
Lasand
an

a
tendency
to will over the other
particles
voide
I particle tend to move
away from
the

tend to
Tensile stress
develop - he
purp
 M

to c

E
Od sand
sense
-
Medium sand/LoC
↑
loose sand/NC

N
>
Sa
Th
hose
sand/

~
This
AU

~
sand I LOC

sand to c

Difference between Prit and

Presidual as E or and

is Vol. are constant

less

m
& Peak
v
2 a

Peak

where
-

is
a

a
present peak
critical
plot? Partical
in this

Presidual
I an
T

tol
Ca

particle
in
Most sails, critical

and residual states are

same

>
o

P =
Priaio "Pdil Critical (peridual - No dilation
peak
 critical state invalid
Beyond
C is
bonding
-
No

and strange is
only
due to fictione

Peak state -
friction, cohesion

4
dilation
frict

Dense sand ->

peak stage
-

frictional + conerive

loose sand critical and peak

->
are same -> to

cohesion -

purely frictional failure

trromOramrose
i

In
z

repai
-

=
-
>

the strones stence critical

using
at ~

using at

breaks
peak stage stage-bonding
 shear strays function effective strange parameters
is
of
a

soil and
effective stron.
of

If ·
v'tan-for CV and CD test

S
↑

Iftotal
= c + 8
tau4UVE short term
analysis

long-term -
of
the structure
stability

101-
22 ↑ ① :
Initial tangent modulus

Od

-....
18to... - @
② -

Tangent modulus

③, = secant modulus
↓
B

8
fle"
- - - - -

Ea

for elastic
Initial
fet.modulus linear material

Tangent modulus of strain for non-linear elastic material.

any
-

section
of specimen: the

initial
to, Vo CIs
# =
area

and volume

any stage
AL = v @

# of the fest

Clo-ALs)
* = Vo I AV

may increase
a vrl. decrease because
↑
of dense /loose sand
eventhough vol

may increase/decrease
the buyer
is
reducing
 A: We
offe a

Undrained that, AU = 0
=
I
factor
(s)
correction

F
to
* =

axial load from the

addition

rd as
any stage: ps Proving ring

and strength paramelits:

stree
-
between principal n shear

↓5,f
↑

-1
Z
ix

t↓
↑

Eman -
~
---
*
Erica A
A
B
> a

F ⑬f Of
C
of

90+
20f =

of 45
- Inclination
of
the failure
=> =

place from the

major principal
plane (facoretical).

#orius
d
 fai
(450+412)
tsP
#in = and = tan (450xcKes

I-sing

=
-2 c Mp
< Mohr-Conlomb
criteria
failure
in terms of

where: fan" (45+412) principal stresses.

Np
=

UCS: If
=
9n = 2 Cc
->

emrat----timer
2

an

Wif=2C

UV fen it fully saturated soil

=>=0 and
only an
present

C
also
UCS an is
only obtained

s<100%
*
wor c and p

for saturated and

was
applicable fully -
non-fissured day.
H
No cracks
#SHEAR
TEST: for soft
day and fully saturated sail
-

soft day not able to cylindrical sample

-

prepare
-

↓
vane shear felt

d ↓
Lab Field

~
P=0 fully saturated.

when the vane shear is inside the sail

Total
shearing - Resistance
along Resistance +

the
along bottom face
cylindrical
the
resistance

surface Top face

when the
top face of
the
apparatus is in flesh with the

ground
Resistance from the top face
= 0

PRESSURE DARAMETERS: (Skempton, 1954)

#

Conditions'
-

⑨ U due to increment
isotropic
&

⑧ s I
"Uniaxial stress

③ triaxial
I If &I
15 and At is

acr-zero

Incomplete
-