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Preface vii
Some of these cases were loosely based on my own clients, who have taught me much about
being a counselor. Others were contributed by students, so special thanks go to Shawn Roberson,
Natalie Wilcox, Laura Shaughnessey, and Meredith Porter. Thanks also to Aaron Rochlen, who
allowed me to use the case of Theo for Chapter 3, and to Kate Forristall and David Donovan, who
created the case of Helen, used in the video series and in Chapter 6. David also contributed the
case of Annika, found in Chapter 16, and provided lots of encouragement and support.
There are always numerous folks to thank for their assistance and support in a project like this
one. Bob Lewis, to whom I dedicate this book (along with my parents), was inspirational in my
completion of the very first edition of this book and is still the only person other than editors
who actually had the patience and perseverance to read all of the chapters in the first and second
editions. No one since has attempted that onerous task. Laura Logan, long-time bud, also gets
an award for social support and gustatory distraction/stress relief. Heidi Hancock, who contrib‑
uted to the second edition the photograph for Chapter 1 and the third edition cover image again
offered the beautiful photo that became the cover of this edition. I am deeply appreciative of this
gift, and of the friendship we have shared over many years. Extra special thanks go to Jeffrey J.
Bentley and Amelia vom Drache Feld for their love, encouragement, and continued enthusiasm
for my work.
The patience and support of the faculty, staff, and students of the Division of Counseling and
Educational Psychology at UMKC were also instrumental in the revision process. Marina Khan,
Monica Oh, and Leslie Stapley, doctoral students in Counseling Psychology at UMKC, were
heroic in their roles as research assistants, speedily tracking down an amazing range of resources.
Members of my research group, past and present, contributed interesting content for boxes you
will find in Chapters 3, 6, 9, and 16, and expert advice on the currency of cultural references.
Finally, I would be remiss if I didn’t once again thank the staff at Pearson, and particularly editor
Kevin Davis. Kevin is the editor for this edition, but more significantly was actually responsible
for this book ever happening—it was his random visit to my university lair many years ago that
inspired the first edition.
The video project represents the combined efforts of a group of hard-working, talented
individuals to whom I extend my most sincere gratitude. Peter Morello, Associate Professor
of Communication Studies at UMKC, served as producer, working closely with Kevin Mullin,
Instructor and Studio Engineer in Communication Studies, our ace camera and editing expert.
Kate Forristall, the actress who portrayed Helen, the client, was magnificent—many who
viewed the rough cuts of the video had no idea that she was not a “real” client. Huge thanks go
to David Donovan, who you will see as the psychoanalyst, for his help in finding Kate and many
of the other therapists you will see in the series. It is difficult to find the right words to express
my appreciation (and awe) for the hard work and enthusiasm of Kate, David, and the other
therapists: Paul Anderson, Jennifer Lundgren, Jim Kreider, Linda Moore, and Shelley Stelmach.
Without them, my dreams for this project would have remained unrealized.
Finally, I pay tribute to my parents, Mary Elizabeth Frojd Murdock and Sandlan John
Murdock, and to my sisters, Kathy Winn and Cecelia Niemann, for helping me become the
person who could write this book. One of my fondest memories involves asking my mother
why cats purr. She sent me off to complete my first literature search in the hope of answering
this question. Among other things, my sisters taught me to swim, dance, and write in cursive,
important skills at which I have had varying rates of success. Most important, my family taught
me the value of relationships and attention to others that is so necessary to becoming a profes‑
sional helper.
Brief Contents
Chapter 1 Theory Is a Good Thing 1

Chapter 2 Psychoanalysis 28
Chapter 3 Neoanalytic Approaches 66
Chapter 4 Individual Psychology 109
Chapter 5 Person-Centered Therapy 144
Chapter 6 Existential Therapy 177
Chapter 7 Gestalt Therapy 199
Chapter 8 Behavior Therapy 230
Chapter 9 Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy 267
Chapter 10 Cognitive Therapy 306
Chapter 11 Reality Therapy 345
Chapter 12 Feminist Therapy 368
Chapter 13 Family Systems Theory 396
Chapter 14 Solution-Focused Therapy 449
Chapter 15 Narrative Therapy 478
Chapter 16 Mindfulness Approaches 505
Chapter 17 Conclusion 537
References r-01
Name Index ni-01
Subject Index si-15

viii
Contents
Chapter 1 Theory Is a Good Basic Philosophy 24

Thing 1 Human Motivation 24
What is Theory? 2 Central Constructs 24
What is Psychotherapy? 2 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Why Bother With Theory? 3 Individual 24
Theory Is Fun 3 Health and Dysfunction 25
Theory Works 3 Nature of Therapy 25
Theory Is Essential to Human Life 4 Process of Therapy 25
Counselors Who Don’t Use Theory May Get Therapeutic Techniques 26
Lost 4 Evaluation of the Theory 26
Your Task: Find Your Map 5 Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 26
Characteristics of Good Theory 6 The Case Study 26
Precision and Testability 7 Another Resource FOR Learning to Use
Empirical Support 8 Theory 26
Parsimony 16 Closing Remark 27
Stimulation 16
Practicality 16
So How do i Choose a Theory? 16 Chapter 2 Psychoanalysis 28
What About Me? 19 Background 29
How to Use Theory 21 Basic Philosophy 32
Ethics: The Role of Professional Values and Human Motivation 34
Standards 21 Central Constructs 34
Client Welfare 21 Instinct Theory 34
Informed Consent 22 Topographic Model: The Iceberg
Confidentiality 22 Approach 35
Competence 23 Structural Model: The Big Three 35
Multiple Relationships 23 Repression 37
The Critical Question: How to Decide? 23 Symptoms as Symbols 37
How Theory is Presented in This TEXT 24 Defense Mechanisms 38
A Case Study 24 Theory of the Person and Development of
Background 24 the Individual 39
ix
x Contents
Health and Dysfunction 42 Therapeutic Techniques 91

Nature of Therapy 46 Self Psychology—It’s All About Me 91
Assessment 46 Overview 91
Overview of the Therapeutic Atmosphere 46 Central Constructs 92
Roles of Client and Counselor 47 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Goals 48 Individual 93
Process of Therapy 48 Health and Dysfunction 94
Insight 48 Nature of Therapy 95
Resistance 49 Process of Therapy 96
Transference 49 Therapeutic Techniques 97
Countertransference 49 Relational Psychoanalysis 98
Phases of Therapy 50 Overview 98
Therapeutic Techniques 51 Central Constructs 98
Free Association 51 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Interpretation 51 Individual 100
Analysis of the Resistance 51 Health and Dysfunction 100
Dream Analysis 52 Nature of Therapy 100
Analysis of the Transference 54 Process of Therapy 101
Evaluation of the Theory 55 Therapeutic Techniques 102
Qualities of the Theory 56 Evaluation of Neoanalytic Approaches 103
Research Support 57 Qualities of the Theory 103
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 62 Research Support 104
The Case Study 64 Issues of Individual and Cultural
Diversity 106
The Case Study 107
Chapter 3 Neoanalytic
Approaches 66
Background 66 Chapter 4 Individual
Ego Psychology: Id Loses the Limelight Psychology 109
Temporarily 74 Background 110
Overview 74 Basic Philosophy 112
Central Constructs 74 Human Motivation 113
Theory of the Person 77 Central Constructs 114
Health and Dysfunction 78 Lifestyle 114
Nature of Therapy 78 Social Interest 115
Process of Therapy 79 Inferiority Feelings 116
Therapeutic Techniques 80 Basic Tasks 117
Object Relations: The Lego Approach 80 Basic Mistakes 118
Overview 80 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Central Constructs 83 Individual 119
Theory of the Person and Development of the Health and Dysfunction 122
Individual 85 Nature of Therapy 126
Health and Dysfunction 86 Assessment 126
Nature of Therapy 88 Overview of the Therapeutic
Process of Therapy 89 Atmosphere 128
Contents xi
Roles of Client and Counselor 128 Unconditional Positive Regard 162

Goals 129 Empathy 163
Process of Therapy 129 A Fourth Condition? 164
Therapeutic Techniques 131 Stages of the Therapeutic Process 164
Interpretation 131 Therapeutic Techniques 166
Encouragement 132 Evaluation of the Theory 167
Natural and Logical Consequences 132 Qualities of the Theory 168
Acting as If 133 Research Support 169
Pushing the Button 133 Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 172
Catching Oneself 133 The Case Study 175
Creating Images 134
Pleasing Someone 134
Paradoxical Intention 134
Chapter 6 Existential Therapy 177
Background 178
Evaluation of the Theory 135
Basic Philosophy 180
Qualities of the Theory 135
Human Motivation 181
Research Support 136
Central Constructs 181
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 141
Modes of Being 181
The Case Study 142
Anxiety 182
The Ultimate Concerns 182
Chapter 5 Person-Centered Defenses 184
Therapy 144 Theory Of The Person And Development Of The
Background 144 Individual 185
Basic Philosophy 152 Health And Dysfunction 185
Human Motivation 153 Nature Of Therapy 187
Central Constructs 154 Assessment 187
Experience 154 Overview of the Therapeutic
Actualizing Tendency 154 Atmosphere 187
Organismic Valuing Process 154 Roles of Client and Counselor 187
Self 155 Goals 188
Self-Actualizing Tendency 155 Process Of Therapy 189
Need for Positive Regard and Therapeutic Techniques 190
Self-Regard 155 Socratic Dialogue 190
Conditions of Worth 156 Bracketing 191
Theory of the Person and Development of the Attention to Nonverbal Behavior 191
Individual 157 Self-Disclosure 191
Health and Dysfunction 158 Paradoxical Intention 191
Nature of Therapy 159 Dereflection 192
Assessment 159 Dream Analysis 192
Overview of the Therapeutic Guided Fantasy 192
Atmosphere 159 Evaluation Of The Theory 193
Roles of Client and Counselor 160 Qualities of the Theory 193
Goals 160 Research Support 195
Process of Therapy 161 Issues Of Individual And Cultural Diversity 197
Congruence 161 The Case Study 198
xii Contents
Chapter 7 Gestalt Therapy 199 Theory Of The Person And Development Of The

Background 200 Individual 244
Basic Philosophy 205 Health And Dysfunction 244
Human Motivation 206 Nature Of Therapy 246
Central Constructs 206 Assessment 246
Contact 206 Overview of the Therapeutic
Needs 207 Atmosphere 248
Polarities 209 Roles of Client and Counselor 248
Contact Disturbance 209 Goals 249
Theory of the Person and Development Process Of Therapy 250
of the Individual 211 Therapeutic Techniques 250
Health and Dysfunction 211 Relaxation Training 251
Nature of Therapy 214 Exposure Therapy 251
Assessment 214 Systematic Desensitization 253
Overview of the Therapeutic Aversive Techniques 255
Atmosphere 214 Shaping 255
Roles of Client and Counselor 216 Reinforcement 255
Goals 217 Differential Reinforcement 256
Process of Therapy 217 Extinction 256
Therapeutic Techniques 219 Punishment 257
Experiments 220 Assertiveness Training 257
Therapist Self-Disclosure 220 Stimulus Control 258
Dialogues 221 Covert Conditioning 259
Playing the Projection 221 Modeling 259
Exaggeration 222 Behavioral Self-Control 260
Reversals 222 Evaluation Of The Theory 260
Dream Work 222 Qualities of the Theory 261
Working with Polarities 223 Research Support 261
Awareness Training or Bodywork 223 Issues Of Individual And Cultural Diversity 264
Evaluation of the Theory 223 The Case Study 266
Research Support 224 Chapter 9 Rational Emotive
Issues of Individual and Cultural
Behavior Therapy 267
Diversity 227
Background 267
The Case Study 228
Chapter 8 Behavior Therapy 230 Central Constructs 273
Background 231 ABCs 273
Basic Philosophy 236 Beliefs 274
Human Motivation 238 Goals 275
Central Constructs 238 Human Worth Ratings and USA 276
Classical Conditioning 239 Secondary Disturbances 277
Operant Conditioning 240 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Observational Learning 243 Individual 277
Contents xiii
Health and Dysfunction 278 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Nature of Therapy 280 Individual 318
Assessment 280 Health and Dysfunction 319
Overview of the Therapeutic Nature of Therapy 323
Atmosphere 282 Assessment 323
Roles of Client and Counselor 283 Overview of the Therapeutic
Goals 284 Atmosphere 324
Process of Therapy 284 Roles of Client and Counselor 324
Therapeutic Techniques 286 Goals 325
Disputing 287 Process of Therapy 326
Bibliotherapy 287 Therapeutic Techniques 328
Proselytizing 288 Questioning 330
Recordings 288 Downward Arrow 331
Reframing 289 Thought Recording 331
Stop and Monitor 289 Behavioral Experiments 331
Rational Coping Statements 289 Activity Scheduling 333
Rational Emotive Imagery 290 Graded Tasks 333
Flamboyant Therapist Actions 290 Social Skills Training 334
Humor 290 Problem Solving 334
Role Playing 292 Imagery 334
Rational-Irrational Dialogues 293 Role Playing and Other Behaviorally Oriented
Reinforcements and Penalties 293 Techniques 334
Skill Training 294 Evaluation of the Theory 335
In Vivo Desensitization 294 Qualities of the Theory 336
Acting on Rational Beliefs 294 Research Support 336
Homework 295 Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 342
Shame Attacking 297 The Case Study 344
Chapter 11 Reality Therapy 345
Background 346
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 302
The Case Study 304
Chapter 10 Cognitive Basic Needs 349
Therapy 306 Quality World 351
Background 307 Total Behavior 352
Basic Philosophy 310 Choice Theory 352
Human Motivation 311 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Central Constructs 312 Individual 353
The Cognitive Model 312 Health and Dysfunction 354
Schemas 312 Nature of Therapy 356
Beliefs 314 Assessment 356
Automatic Thoughts 315 Overview of the Therapeutic
Modes 316 Atmosphere 356
xiv Contents
Roles of Client and Counselor 357 Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 393
Goals 357 The Case Study 394
Process of Therapy 358
Therapeutic Techniques 359
Questioning 359 Chapter 13 Family Systems
Bibliotherapy 360 Theory 396
Doing the Unexpected 360 Background 397
Reframing 360 The Satir Approach 399
Humor 360 Overview 399
Self-Disclosure 361 Central Constructs 400
Metaphors 361 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Physical Activity and Meditation 361 Individual 404
Allowing or Imposing Consequences 362 Health and Dysfunction 404
Evaluation of the Theory 362 Nature of Therapy 405
Qualities of the Theory 362 Process of Therapy 407
Research Support 363 Therapeutic Techniques 407
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 365 Structural family Therapy 409
The Case Study 366 Overview 409
Theory of the Person and Development of the
Chapter 12 Feminist Therapy 368 Individual 412
Background 369 Health and Dysfunction 413
Basic Philosophy 372 Nature of Therapy 414
Human Motivation 376 Process of Therapy 416
Central Constructs 376 Therapeutic Techniques 417
Gender 376 Strategic Therapy 420
The Personal Is Political 377 Overview 420
Theory of the Person and Development of Central Constructs 421
the Individual 377 Theory of the Person and Development of the
Health and Dysfunction 380 Individual 422
Nature of Therapy 383 Health and Dysfunction 422
Assessment 383 Nature of Therapy 423
Overview of the Therapeutic Process of Therapy 425
Atmosphere 384 Therapeutic Techniques 426
Roles of Client and Counselor 384 Bowen Family Systems Theory 429
Goals 385 Overview 429
Process of Therapy 386 Central Constructs 431
Therapeutic Techniques 387 Theory of the Person and Development of
Gender-Role and Power Analysis 387 the Individual 434
Self-Disclosure 388 Health and Dysfunction 435
Assertiveness Training 388 Nature of Therapy 435
Bibliotherapy 389 Process of Therapy 438
Evaluation of the Theory 389 Therapeutic Techniques 438
Qualities of the Theory 390 Evaluation of the Family Systems
Research Support 390 Approaches 439
Contents xv
Qualities of the Theory 440 Qualities of the Theory 472

Research Support 440 Research Support 473
Issues of Individual and Cultural Issues Of Individual And Cultural
Diversity 445 Diversity 475
The Case Study 447 The Case Study 477
Chapter 15 Narrative
Chapter 14 Solution-Focused
Therapy 478
Therapy 449 Background 478
Background 449
Stories 482
Exceptions 456
Thinness and Thickness 483
Change Talk 457
Unique Outcomes 484
Solutions 457
Theory of the Person and Development of the
Strengths and Resources 457
Individual 484
Theory Of The Person And Development Of The
Health and Dysfunction 485
Individual 458
Nature of Therapy 486
Health And Dysfunction 458
Assessment 486
Nature Of Therapy 460
Overview of the Therapeutic
Assessment 460
Atmosphere 486
Overview of the Therapeutic
Roles of Client and Counselor 487
Atmosphere 460
Goals 488
Roles of Client and Counselor 461
Process of Therapy 488
Goals 462
Process Of Therapy 462
Questioning 492
Double Listening 493
Questions 466
Outsider Witness Practices 493
Normalizing the Problem 466
Taking It Back Practices 494
Compliments 466
Written Artifacts 495
Miracle Question 467
Scaling Questions 467
Fast-Forward Questions 468
Asking About the Problem 468
Issues of Individual and Cultural
Externalizing 468
Diversity 502
First Session Formula Task 468
The Case Study 503
Generic Task 469
Breaking Patterns 469
Surprise Task 470 Chapter 16 Mindfulness
Write, Read, and Burn 470 Approaches 505
Structured Fight 471 Background 505
Do Something Different 471 Acceptance and Commitment Therapy 508
Solution-Oriented Hypnosis 471 Overview 508
Evaluation Of The Theory 471 Central Constructs 509
xvi Contents
Theory of the Person and Development of the Chapter 17 Conclusion 537

Individual 512 Is This a Good Theory? 539
Health and Dysfunction 513 Empirical Support 539
Nature of Therapy 515 Stimulating 540
Process of Therapy 516 Practical 540
Therapeutic Techniques 517 Your Philosophical Assumptions 540
Dialectical Behavior Therapy 519 Your Beliefs About Human Behavior 541
Overview 519 Your Personal Style: Approach and
Central Constructs 521 Technique 545
Theory of the Person and Development of The Role of Your Clients: Diversity is Here to
the Individual 522 Stay 550
Health and Dysfunction 523 Eclectic and Integrative Approaches to
Nature of Therapy 524 Psychotherapy 550
Process of Therapy 525 The Contextual Model 556
Therapeutic Techniques 527 Conclusion 557
Evaluation of Mindfulness Approaches 532
Qualities of the Theory 532 References r-01
Issues of Individual and Cultural Diversity 535 Name Index ni-01
The Case Study 536
Subject Index si-15
CHAPTER 1
Theory Is a Good Thing
Scarlett comes to counseling because she is troubled about an important relationship. It seems that her
husband, Rhett, whom she realizes she loves deeply, does not seem to return her love and has, in fact,
vanished. Scarlett is also mourning the loss of their 6-year-old daughter, Bonnie, who died 6 months
ago. Sad and angry at the same time, Scarlett feels helpless to do anything about her situation. She
blames Rhett for the problems in their relationship. Scarlett reports that she is not eating or sleeping
well, and she has panic attacks and fainting spells almost on a daily basis.
Scarlett is the eldest daughter of a farmer; she has two younger sisters. Her father died 8 years ago
in a fall from a horse. There is some evidence that Scarlett’s father was drinking at the time; he was
bereft because the beloved family farm had been plundered by an invading army and his wife had died
of scarlet fever. This invasion cost the formerly wealthy family much, creating a situation in which
Scarlett and her sisters had to scratch out a living for a number of years. Eventually, Scarlett started a
successful business on her own. She has been married three times; Rhett is her third husband.
Scarlett has known Rhett for a long time. For years, Rhett had professed to be in love with Scarlett;
she did not respond to him because she was in love with another man. After Scarlett lost her second
husband she agreed to marry Rhett. Scarlett describes her relationship with Rhett as distant but reports
that both she and Rhett doted on Bonnie. During the years of the marriage, Scarlett did not feel that
she loved Rhett; she simply tolerated him because he could support her and their daughter.
Six months ago Bonnie died in a fall from her pony. Rhett and Scarlett were devastated and
uncharacteristically took comfort in each other. In the grip of this grief, Scarlett finally realized that
she loved Rhett. However, Rhett became angry with Scarlett and disappeared into a dark foggy night.
Although Scarlett at the time vowed “tomorrow is another day,” she is struggling with hurt and anger
along with her grief about Bonnie.
MyCounselingLab
Video Example 1.1 Introducing Scarlett https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQ5ICXMC4xY
You are Scarlett’s counselor. She looks at you, imploring you to help her get Rhett back. What are
you going to do? She is crying, fainting, and having panic attacks. Should you address these symp-
toms first, or help her make a plan to find Rhett and win him back with her love (which is what
1
2 Theory Is a Good Thing
she wants most)? How do you help Scarlett with her grief over the loss of her daughter? What is
the contribution of Scarlett’s family background and more recent history to the current situation?
A consistent, coherent approach to helping Scarlett is found in the careful application of
counseling theory. I do not mean just any theory that I make up off the top of my head. Although
I am pretty smart, I don’t think that writing down my ideas about people and the nature of
change is going to produce a system that will reliably guide your work as a beginning therapist.
Rather, I direct your attention to a set of theories that have received much work and scrutiny
over many years. These theories are known to be helpful in our work as counselors. Before
addressing them, however, I will offer some basic definitions.
What is Theory?
On the surface, defining theory seems easy. Most definitions specify that a theory be composed
of a set of concepts and their defined relationships, all intended to explain some phenomenon of
interest. Why do we theorize? According to Maddi (1996), theories are meant “to foster under-
standing of something hitherto not understood” (p. 485). Put another way, in a perfect world
theories should explain and predict behavior. In the counseling profession, we also hope that
they tell us how to help our clients.
The theories you are most interested in are theories of counseling or psychotherapy. All of these
theories attempt to explain the process of helping clients change; they all offer some sort of prescrip-
tion for what one person—the therapist—can do to help the other person—the client—who has
sought assistance. To complicate matters, however, some theories of counseling address how people
are made (psychologically), developmental issues, and descriptions of healthy and unhealthy psy-
chological functioning. Other theories bypass these issues as simply not relevant to helping the
client change.
What is Psychotherapy?
Although I am guessing that almost everyone who reads this question has an answer to it, it is
probably useful to offer a definition of counseling or psychotherapy as a starting point for fur-
ther discussion of the link between theory and therapy. Here are a few.
Division 17, the Society of Counseling Psychology, of the American Psychological Associa-
tion (APA) described counseling as “helping [clients] to overcome obstacles to their personal
growth, wherever these may be encountered, and toward achieving optimum development of
their personal resources” (American Psychological Association, Division of Counseling Psychol-
ogy, Committee on Definition, 1956, p. 283).
Wampold and Imel (2015) took a slightly different view:
Psychotherapy is a primarily interpersonal treatment that is (a) based on psychological princi-
ples; (b) involves a trained therapist and a client who has a mental disorder, problem, or com-
plaint; (c) is intended by the therapist to be remedial for the client’s disorder, problem, or
complaint; and (d) is adapted or individualized for the particular client and his or her disorder,
problem, or complaint. (p. 37)
The American Counseling Association (ACA) offers still another definition: “counseling is a
professional relationship that empowers individuals, families, and groups to accomplish mental
health, wellness, education, and career goals” (ACA, n.d.)
Theory Is a Good Thing 3
Which definition do you think is best? As you can see, what we assume everyone knows is not
necessarily so. What are the implications of using language such as “overcome obstacles to their
personal growth” versus “remedial for the client’s disorder, problem, or complaint”? Are the
effects of counseling limited to “mental health, wellness, education, and career goals”? These
kinds of philosophical differences supply the underpinnings for the various theories of psycho-
therapy that will be presented in this text.
One nagging question always surfaces at this point: Is there a difference between counseling
and psychotherapy? Traditionally, psychotherapy was considered the realm of “personality
change” and “depth work,” whereas counseling was seen as shorter in duration, problem focused,
and much less intense. Currently, most people do not differentiate between counseling and psy-
chotherapy, acknowledging that the difference between the two activities is more in the ideol-
ogy of the speaker than in the actuality of the event. I will therefore use counseling and therapy
(and counselor, psychotherapist, and therapist) interchangeably in this text.
MyCounselingLab
Video Example 1.2 Is this counseling or psychotherapy? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=24d-FEptYj8

Why Bother With Theory?

Once you’ve tentatively decided what counseling is, the next step is to consider how to do it. A
long-standing tradition, dating from Sigmund Freud, is that the practice of psychotherapy is
guided by the use of theory. For Freud, of course, there was only one theory. In the 2000s, we can
count over 500 different approaches to counseling (Kazdin, 2008). The situation may seem
bewildering, and you may be wondering, “Do I have to have a theory?” After all, we’ve all heard
the phrases “That’s just theoretical” and “Theoretically. . . .” The general message seems to be
that theory is one thing, reality is another. Theory is something that is the concern of ivory-
towered fuzzy-headed intellectuals, and it is well known they live their lives far from reality.
I respectfully disagree. I believe that theory is practical and important. Theory is fun. Theory
works. Theory is essential to human life. Counselors who don’t have theory are likely to get lost
in their very genuine efforts to help their clients.
These claims may seem pretty extravagant. In this chapter, and indeed in the rest of this text,
I intend to convince you that these observations make some sense—that theory plays a critical
role in your work with clients. Let me explain a little more.
Theory Is Fun
You probably think I am exaggerating a little in this statement, but really, for me, theory is fun.
Looking at all of the different ways to understand human activity is entertaining to those of us who
are people watchers or, even worse, nosy busybodies who are always asking, “Now why did he or she
do that?”
Theory Works
As you will see before this chapter is over, we are pretty certain that the major counseling theo-
ries are effective. Each of the theories I present explains why people behave as they do, how to
help them grow, and how to change aspects of their lives if they wish to do so. Careful, critical
application of these principles seems to result in decreases in psychological symptoms and
increased signs of psychological health. I’d also risk saying that good psychotherapy results in
better self-understanding and, ultimately, can produce changes in lives that increase happiness.
Theory Is Essential to Human Life

I suppose I will admit to a little exaggeration in my choice of the above heading. I am talking
about theory in a very general way here. What I mean is that humans can’t exist unless we have
ways of organizing the bath of information in which we constantly splash. Stop reading for a
moment and just attend to everything around and in you. Note your physical environment: Are
you reading this text outside on a grassy lawn? Is it warm? Cold? What about your body? Is your
stomach growling? What thoughts are going through your head?
I think you might be getting my point—how do we know which stimuli to attend to and
which to put in the background? How do we tell the difference between a dog and a horse? The
answer to these questions, of course, is theory, or, put another way, some structure into which
we fit information to create meaning. We sometimes call these structures schemas, which are
defined as cognitive structures that help us organize information. The interesting thing about
schemas is that they can be both helpful and harmful. First, a schema helps us organize informa-
tion into a coherent whole (think about “elephant” and list the qualities of elephant). We do this
instantaneously, because our schema is already present in our minds. Schemas make us more
efficient processors of information. Schemas also help us communicate. We can talk to other
people because they have similar schemas (never mind whether these things are real or simply
agreed-upon interpretations of the world). The downside of schematic processing is that we tend
to quickly identify information that is consistent with our schema and may ignore or forget
information that is not consistent.
You can see the implications of schema theory for counselors. Theory, our professional
schema, helps us organize information about human experience, life, the universe, and our cli-
ents. It can make us more efficient and directed in our work. However, theory can also bias our
perceptions, seducing us into tunnel vision of the worst sort. The problem is that despite these
dangers, it is probably impossible to avoid using schemas in information processing, and I’d
argue that it is equally impossible to avoid using some kind of theory-like structures and
assumptions in working with clients. Using a formal theory simply makes the assumptions and
predictions explicit and open to examination.
Counselors Who Don’t Use Theory May Get Lost

What about those who don’t think about theory or, even worse, reject it outright? Consider a
metaphor: If I wanted to travel from Lake Lotawana, Missouri, to Key West, Florida, how
would I proceed? I consider flying on a plane, but then reject that notion in favor of my trusty
old Miata, which I have always wanted to drive across the Seven Mile Bridge. So driving is the
thing, but do I just pack my bags and head out the door? Well, some folks might—but we
will leave this approach for another paragraph. The first thing I would do is find a map of the
United States.
As I scrutinize my map, I discover several things. First, many major roads (interstate highways)
seem to be very efficient, well-trodden paths. There are also back roads—scenic, but perhaps less
efficient. In essence, it appears that there are many ways to get from Lake Lotawana to Key West.
Depending on the criteria you use (speed, beauty, traffic), each has strengths and weaknesses.
In my view, counseling theory provides the counselor with a map. On this map, counselor
and client can locate where they are right now and see the path to where they want to go. The
theory specifies the “good” way to go. In the blooming wild of the world, the theory tells the
therapist which of the zillion bits of information presented in human experience are important
and how to organize them.
To refuse to adopt some form of theory is equivalent to driving around without a map. Con-
sider what would have happened if I had packed my bags, hopped in the car, and just started
driving. Would I have gotten to Key West? Maybe, but I also could have ended up in California
or Boston.
However, you might accurately point out that I probably had some idea that Key West is
south and east of Lake Lotawana. That is a good point, and by analogy beginning therapists
often have some ideas about what directions to take with their clients. There are some potential
problems, though, with this loose sense of understanding. Proceeding with a vague idea will
probably lead to a lot of wrong turns; at best, it will probably take much longer to get there.
You might even get lost.
If you are a risk-taking, adventurous, free-spirited type, you might be tempted to argue that
maps are stultifying; it is much more exciting to set out unfettered. Sticking to the map keeps
you from seeing out-of-the-way places that are interesting and potentially enriching. I have
three responses to that argument. First, using a map does not mean that you have to take the
interstate—you still have the option of taking the less-frequented roads. Second, you can always
take side trips. Third, and most important, there is an ethical issue: You are not traveling alone.
Your client is in the car with you and expects that you know how to drive and where you’re
going. Although free-spirited wandering might be helpful to some clients, it could be very dan-
gerous for others.
Your Task: Find Your Map

As a beginning therapist, I remember being pretty nervous as I thought about greeting my first
client. I recall that I had lots of theories in my head, but I did not feel very secure with any par-
ticular one. I was wandering around with too many maps and no idea which one to use.
The best advice I can give you is to find a map that you can live with in the form of one of the
established theories of psychotherapy. As a beginner, you will find it much easier to learn from
the masters than to invent your own theory. Taking this approach does not mean that you become
a thick-headed, single-minded devotee of dogma. In fact, it is unethical to do so because the
unique needs and characteristics of your clients require you to be somewhat flexible. Theory
should be applied in a critical way, with the recognition that other approaches exist (and are
apparently valid, too) and that theories contain biases that can be dangerous to clients. Also,
starting with one good theory does not mean you will stay with that theory forever. In fact, you
will probably change orientations several times over your career as a therapist. What I am sug-
gesting is that you deliberately choose where you will start and what map you will follow. By
doing so, you will learn how to apply a theory while at the same time having some comfort in
adhering to an approach that has survived some years of scrutiny by those who have more experi-
ence than you.
Am I advocating that you pick one theory and relentlessly pound your clients with it, regard-
less of the feedback you get? Aren’t there times when other approaches or techniques not stipu-
lated by your theory would be more helpful? Of course there are. In fact, I support a kind of
technical eclecticism—relying on one theoretical structure (or as you gain experience, an inte-
gration of two or more similar approaches), but using techniques from others with a clear idea
about why these techniques help you toward your theoretically defined goals.
What I don’t advocate is theory-hopping, treating theories like clothes that are easily dis-
carded depending on the occasion. First, I am not sure that we are psychologically or intellectu-
ally able to change theories easily, because an important part of choosing a theory is finding one
that fits with your assumptions about life. Theories differ along these lines. Second, I think that
theory-hopping can lead to a superficial understanding of theoretical perspectives. Sometimes
you just have to hang in there to really get to know a theory.
One other consideration about flexibility in theoretical approach is extremely important:
Theories have biases, and sometimes these interfere with the understanding of your client, par-
ticularly in terms of ethnicity, culture, sexual orientation, gender, physical ableness, and so
forth. You must be very sensitive to potential problems in this realm. Any time you pick up that
the client is not comfortable with your approach, check it out! Consult with the client, your
supervisor, your peers (being careful to maintain client confidentiality). Never persist in using a
theory that seems problematic to your client.
Now that you have accepted the challenge of finding your map, the next hurdle looms ahead:
What theory should you pick? There are a number of ways to look at this question. I will review
several in this chapter and then revisit this complicated issue in my final chapter.
Characteristics of Good Theory

You may be thinking that the way to choose a theory is simply to pick the best one. Of course!
Unfortunately, several yardsticks are proposed to measure theory. One way of starting our exam-
ination of theory is to begin with the notion that good theory corresponds to reality (however
you define that); that is, its ideas are accurate, and so are its predictions. Testing theory against
the qualities of the world is the business of science, and the practice of counseling and psycho-
therapy has its roots in the scientific tradition.
For a very long time, the ideals and products of science have been an important part of the
enterprise of counseling and psychotherapy. Sigmund Freud, arguably the first theoretical psy-
chotherapist, considered himself a scientist, and this tradition is alive today in the scientist–
practitioner model, the dominant training model of professional psychologists (i.e., counseling,
clinical, and school psychologists; Raimey, 1950). The same kind of respect for the scientific
roots of intervention is evident in other counseling professions as well (e.g., professional counsel-
ing). What does the scientist–practitioner model mean? Does it mean that you have to be a sci-
entist and a therapist? Do you have to conduct research and do counseling to qualify?
Questions about whether individuals can truly integrate the elements of the scientist–
practitioner model have raged for years (Nathan, 2000). At one extreme, the model is inter-
preted to mean that professionals should routinely engage in both science and practice in
their everyday activities. Proponents of this view have been disappointed to find that very
few practitioners engage in scientific research. Interestingly, some research indicates that
individuals who are mainly scientists—college and university professors who teach counsel-
ing and psychotherapy—do practice what they preach (Himelein & Putnam, 2001; Hinshaw,
Murdock, Ng, & Ross, 2012; Murdock & Brooks, 1993). Studies consistently demonstrate
that about 60% of university faculty report that they regularly work with clients in some
form (mostly individual counseling). Thus, it is at least possible to realize both components
of the scientist–practitioner model, although it appears that, for practical reasons, very few
professionals do.
A more moderate position on the scientist–practitioner model is that those who are mostly
counselors (the largest group of scientist–practitioners) should approach their work with a
scientific attitude. This perspective is the one I advocate, given the lack of incentives for most
practitioners to do research. What does being a “scientific practitioner” mean? I propose that
individuals in this mode understand the relationships among theory, research, and practice
and are able and willing to read and evaluate research relevant to their practice. They approach
their work with a critical, evaluative attitude and with the best interests of their clients firmly
in mind.
Now that you understand the basic orientation, we can proceed to examine some of the qual-
ities that have been identified as important in determining what a good theory is: precision and
testability, empirical validity, parsimony, stimulation, and practicality.
Precision and Testability

A theory should have clearly defined constructs and clearly specified relationships among them.
This kind of arrangement makes the theory easier to use. Because scientist–practitioners like to
test theory to see if it approximates our current view of reality, the constructs should be easy to
measure, or, to use the professional term, they should have operational definitions or be easily
operationalized. An operational definition is a statement that describes how the construct is to be
measured “in terms that differ from the data it is meant to explain” (Maddi, 1996, p. 486).
Take the notion of defense mechanisms. How would you measure the presence or absence of
a defense mechanism? For example, if you were thinking that a defense mechanism causes some
behavior (say, aggression), you’d want to measure the level of the defense mechanism and then
measure the level of aggressive behavior. To rely on aggression as the measure of the defense
mechanism is problematic because other constructs (habit, situational cues, an angry personality
type) could possibly explain the occurrence of aggressive behavior.
Let’s consider the rational emotive behavior therapy construct of rational belief. Skip quickly
to Chapter 9 and read the section on beliefs. Is the idea of rational belief clearly defined? How
would you identify the presence of a rational or irrational belief? Could you easily measure
whether an individual had rational or irrational beliefs?
Good theory generates predictions about behavior that are testable. For example, if defense
mechanisms are operative, then aggressive behavior results. If distorted thoughts are active, then
psychological distress results.
Another quality related to testability is refutability (Sollod, Wilson, & Monte, 2009). In
essence, you should be able to deduce what kind of information will lead to disconfirmation of
the theory. However, because a theory is refutable does not mean it will be abandoned if discon-
firming evidence emerges. The history of science shows us that it is indeed difficult to discard a
theory, because what constitutes good evidence is often a topic of debate (Kuhn, 1970).
Empirical Support
A good theory should have some empirical support (Maddi, 1996). From a scientist–practitioner
perspective, this is a given. The question is, what constitutes empirical support? Some wise indi-
viduals have opined “one theorist’s placebo (e.g., nondirective discussion) is another’s favorite
treatment” (Haaga & Davison, 1989, p. 502).
Sigmund Freud’s idea of empirical support was found in his own case descriptions, which he
wrote mostly after the fact. Nowadays, uncontrolled methods such as these are not considered
good empirical support because they reflect one person’s views and are therefore subject to much
bias (Heppner, Wampold, Owner, Thompson, & Wang, 2016). More appropriate are controlled
case studies in which specific, standardized measurements are made over the course of counsel-
ing and the interventions performed are well defined and verified (i.e., the extent to which the
therapist faithfully performed the treatment is ascertained).
Over the years, great debate has raged about what evidence is considered acceptable in terms
of validating the psychotherapy enterprise. In 1952, Hans Eysenck raised eyebrows and tempers
in the then-young profession of psychotherapy. Eysenck, a behaviorist, set out to study the
effects of psychotherapy, which at that time was roughly categorized as either psychoanalytic or
eclectic (note that behavioral methods were not considered in the “therapy” grouping). Eysenck
(1952) compared the rates of improvement of clients in the two types of counseling to two
groups of “untreated” individuals, state hospital patients and individuals who had made disabil-
ity claims with their insurance companies on the basis of psychoneurosis. Over 2 years, the
improvement rate for the untreated individuals was 72%. In contrast, Eysenck found that only
44% of clients in psychoanalytic therapy and 64% of clients in eclectic therapy improved. He
concluded that these data “fail to prove that psychotherapy, Freudian or otherwise, facilitates the
recovery of neurotic patients. They show that roughly two-thirds of a group of neurotic patients
will recover or improve to a marked extent within about two years of the onset of their illness,
whether they are treated by means of psychotherapy or not” (Eysenck, 1952, p. 322).
Of course, this kind of conclusion greatly disturbed professionals who believed in the benefits
of therapy. Numerous rebuttals to Eysenck were published that included various recalculations
of his data and criticisms of his “control” groups. Without summarizing these sometimes tedious
arguments, it is probably safe to say that the most useful thing about Eysenck’s original study
was that it caused professionals to realize that something more was needed to back up their
statements regarding the effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Over the years since Eysenck’s article, huge numbers of studies have been conducted to test
the effects of psychotherapy, and there is now agreement within the profession that psychother-
apy is indeed effective (Lambert, 2013; Wampold & Imel, 2015). In what is generally cited as
the authoritative reference on psychotherapy outcome, Lambert (2013) concluded that “Indeed,
psychotherapy is more effective than many ‘evidence-based’ medical practices” (p. 172, quotes in
original). The sheer amount of data gathered since the original 1952 challenge is overwhelming
but can generally be classified into three sets: meta-analytic studies, what I call “exemplar” out-
come studies, and, perhaps most controversial, consumer survey data (Seligman, 1995).
Meta-analysis is a statistical technique that combines the results of a selected set of studies
into an overall index of effectiveness, called effect size. Effect size tells us whether, across all stud-
ies, the treatment being observed is associated with significant differences between treated
and untreated groups or with differences between two theoretical or treatment approaches.
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"Has Lawrence Maynard——? What about his side?"
"I don't know—yet I do. There's some things you feel. I don't think I
could have loved him if I hadn't known he loved me first. Could I?"
"He's never said it, however?"
"A man's eyes and ways say things."
"Don't you talk like this to anybody but me, Dinah," urged Mr. Bamsey.
"Not likely. Is it wrong?"
"I'm moving in the matter; I'm moving," he answered. "You can't hide
much from me, and already I've had Maynard in my thoughts."
"You haven't?"
"Yes. I've seen a very good, common friend. And I'll tell you this. I
sounded Mr. Withycombe—the bed-lier. The young man often goes of a
Sunday to see him, and Enoch thinks well of him. But more than that. He's
spoke cautious with Maynard, and Maynard likes you. He granted you was
out of the common, in fact a remarkable pattern of woman."
She had his arm and her own tightened upon it.
"Foster-father!"
"So enough said. And now you'll understand why I'm marking time. The
rest be in the hands of God. You keep out of his way for a bit—Maynard, I
mean; and we'll watch how it goes."
"Nothing else matters now," she said.
"A lot matters now; but what matters be up to him."
"I didn't think it was possible to be so happy as I be this minute, foster-

father."
"Put it out of your mind, however, so far as nature will let you. We be
groping in the dark."
"No, no—it's all light—all light now."
"So far as he's concerned, we be in the dark," he repeated. "No doubt the
time's near when he'll offer for you, Dinah. And then he's got to come to
me. I remember the first evening he was to Green Hayes, and seemed a
thought under the weather and a little doubtful about his Maker. I said he'd
got a grievance against life, and I must hear all about that grievance, if such
there is."
"You'll never hear anything but the truth from him. He wouldn't do
anything that you wouldn't like. I'm feared of him in a way. He's very strict
and very stern sometimes. He's not what you call easy on wrongful doing.
He's better'n me."
"That no man ever was, or will be," said Ben. "I'm very glad you came
to me with this; for if you'd hung off much longer, I'd have had to see the
man. Now I shan't, and I'm not sorry. We know where we stand, because
you'm so open-minded, thank God, along with me. But we don't know—at
least we can't be sure we know—where he stands. It's up to Mr. Maynard to
unfold his feelings. And for sure he very soon will."
"And why should you reckon he advised me to be off from here so soon
as I could?" asked Dinah again. "Queerly enough I liked him for saying it,
and yet—yet you might think there might be a frosty reason."
"There might be. Time will show. You can't be off till we've found the
proper place for you to be off to. Now you run home about your chores.
Mother wants you in the garden. There's the last lot of rasps to be picked. I
didn't count on no more, but I was surprised to see enough to market yet."
She ran up the hill and he descended to a field of heavy oats. The
weather after a spell of sunny days began to break up and Mr. Bamsey
hoped to get his crop off the ground before it did so. But his mind was not
on his oats. He believed that Dinah must indeed leave him now, and
guessed that Maynard would think it wise to abandon his present work and
take her far away. Mr. Bamsey knew what this must mean for him. He did
not disguise from himself that he loved Dinah better than anything on earth,
while blaming himself unfeignedly for doing so.
CHAPTER XVIII
MAYNARD
Mr. Stockman, having decided that sea air and a fortnight of rest were
desirable to fortify him against another winter, had been absent from his
home and was only recently returned. He had visited a friend, who farmed
land in the neighbourhood of Berry Head, above Brixham, and he declared
himself very much better for the change of scene and companionship. He
related his adventures, told how he had trusted himself to the sea on more
than one occasion in a Brixham trawler, and also expatiated in Soosie-
Toosie's ear upon a woman whom he had met—the daughter of his friend.
"Mr. King has but one stay-at-home child, like me," he said, "and I
could wish you were able to see the way Ann King runs her father's house.
Not a breath against you, Susan—you know how I thank my God every
night on my knees for such a daughter; but there's a far-sightedness and a
sureness about Ann as I don't remember to have marked in any other
female."
"How old might she be?" asked Susan.
"Older than you by ten years I dare say; but it's not so much that as her
way of dealing with life and her sure head. The Elms Farm is bigger than
ours and mostly corn. They grow amazing fine wheat, to the very edge of
the cliffs; and Ann King reigns over the place and the people in such a way
that all goes on oiled wheels. She's always ahead of time, that woman—
bends time to her purpose and never is run about, or flustered. A great
lesson to a simple man like me, who never seems to have enough time for
his work."
Mr. Palk heard these things. There was growing between him and Joe a
shadow of antagonism. So faintly did this contest of wills begin that neither
appreciated it yet.
"And how many females do Miss King have at her word of command,
master?" asked Thomas, his subconscious self up in arms as usual when
Susan was even indirectly assailed.
Joe stared blandly at him.
"Hullo! I didn't know you was there, Thomas. I was talking to my

daughter, Thomas, not you, if you'll excuse me; and if you've got nothing
on your hands for the moment, perhaps you won't mind having a look over
the harness and reporting to me to-morrow. I was put about when I came
home to see a bit of rope where there did ought to be leather, Thomas. You
know what I mean."
"I was going to name it," answered Mr. Palk.
"Good; I'm sure you was; we'll go over the lot at your convenience—to-
morrow perhaps. I admire you a lot for making shift and saving my pocket.
It shows a spirit that I value in a man; but we must keep our heads up, even
under the present price of harness if we can; and when we've had a tell over
it, I'll go down to saddler at Ashburton and put it to him as an old
customer."
Joe returned from his holiday full of energy. He had to-day been at a
sale of sheep at Hey Tor village and was tramping with Maynard by road
behind fifty fine ewes from a famous breeder. He discoursed of sheep and
his man listened without much concentration.
They trudged together behind the raddled flock with a sheep-dog

attending them.
"The rare virtue of our Dartmoors is not enough known," declared Mr.
Stockman. "In my opinion, both for flesh and coat, there's no long-wooled
sheep in the world to beat 'em and few to equal 'em. Yet you'll find, even to
this day, that our Devon long-wools be hardly known outside the South
Hams and Cornwall. Mr. King had a friend from Derbyshire stopping at
Brixham—a very clever man and wonderful learned in sheep; but he knew
naught about our famous breed. They did ought to be shown at all the big
shows all over England, and then, no doubt, they'd come into their own, and
some of us who rears 'em would earn our just reward."
"That class ought to be included in all important shows certainly,"

admitted Lawrence. "At their best they can't be beat."
"And they ought to be shown in their wool," added Mr. Stockman. "The
difficulties ought to be got over, and it should be done for the credit of the
county, not to say Dartmoor."
They debated this question till the younger man wearied of it and was
glad when a farmer on horseback overtook them. He had been a seller, and
he approved of Joe's opinions, now repeated for his benefit. Maynard
walked a little apart and found leisure to think his own thoughts. They
revolved about one subject only, and reverted to it with painful persistence.
He was in love with Dinah Waycott and knew that she was in love with
him. The something that was left out of her made this all the more clear, for
she relied on no shield of conventions; she had a way to slip a subject of the
clothes it generally wore, in shape of speech.
She had exerted no wiles, but she could not be illusive, and the obvious
qualities of Dinah which had appealed to Johnny's first love had also, for
different reasons, overwhelmed Maynard. Many men by these very qualities
in her would have been repulsed. Experienced men might have missed
those elements in Dinah that, for them, make a woman most provocative
and desirable; but in the case of this man, his own experience of life and his
personal adventure combined to intensify the charm that her peculiar nature
possessed. He had known nothing like her; she contrasted at almost every
possible point with what he had known; she shone for him as an exemplar
of all that was most desirable in feminine character. He could not believe
that there were many such women, and he doubted not that he would never
see such another. He had tried to adopt a fatherly attitude to Dinah and, for
a considerable time, succeeded. The view he took of her at their first
acquaintance, when she was betrothed to John Bamsey, persisted after the
breaking of the engagement; but the very breaking of the engagement
enlarged this view, and the freedom, that could no longer be denied to her
after that event, had improved their knowledge of each other until both
learned the same fact. Then Maynard could play a fatherly friendship no
more, nor could the figment of an elder brother serve. He loved her and she
loved him. A thing he had never considered as possible now complicated a
life that for seven years he had striven with all his might to simplify; and
the new situation extended far beyond Dinah, for it was calculated to alter
his own agreement and undertaking with himself. These covenants had been
entered into with himself alone. Circumstances had long ago combined, at a
certain period of his early, adult life, to change the entire texture of
existence, deflect its proposed purpose and throw down the goal he set out
to attain. And with the changes wrought in temporal ambitions had come
others. Life thus dammed ceased to flow. His future collapsed and in its
place appeared a new purpose, if negation could be called a purpose. That
had sufficed, though at a cost of mental corrosion he did not guess; but now
it seemed that a closed book was thrown open again and he stood once
more facing outlets to life that even implied happiness. His existence for
seven years, it appeared, had not been a progression, but a hiatus. Yet he
knew, even while he told himself this, that it must be a delusion and a
juggle with reality; since no man can for seven years stand still.
There was need for a jolt forward now, and the problem appeared
simple enough as to the thing he must do, but shattering when he saw it
done. He was deeply agitated, yet through the inexorable shot a thread of
unexpected hope and beauty. To cut this thread, which had crept so
magically into the grey fabric of existence and touched the days of his
crepuscular life with the glimmering of an unguessed sunrise, promised to
be a task so tremendous that it was not strange he hesitated. For did any
vital necessity exist to cut it? He could not immediately convince himself,
and every natural instinct and impulse combined to cry out against such a
necessity.
He had reached an attitude of mind, and that long before he met Dinah
Waycott, which now suffered no shock from the personal problem. He had
dealt in generalities and pondered and meditated on human conduct in many
aspects. The actual, present position, too, he had debated, and even asked
himself how he might expect to act under certain circumstances. But the
possibility of those circumstances ever arising had not occurred to him, and
now that they had done so, he saw that his view and his judgment were only
one side of the question in any case. The visionary figure of a woman had
turned into a real one, and as such, her welfare and her future, not his own,
instantly became the paramount thing. What he might have deemed as
sudden salvation for himself, namely, a good and loving woman in his life,
took another colour when the woman actually appeared. The temptation
now lay in this. He knew Dinah so well, that he believed, from her
standpoint, she might look at the supreme problem as he did; and for this
very reason he delayed. Reason argued that, did Dinah see eye to eye with
him, no farther difficulty could exist, while if she did not, there was an end
of it; but some radical impulse of heredity, or that personal factor of
character, which was the man himself, fought with reason at the very heart
of his being and made the issue a far deeper matter for Maynard now.
The horseman left Mr. Stockman and galloped forward, while Joe
regarded his retreating figure with mild amusement and turned to Lawrence.
"Did you hear that?" he asked, and the other replied that he had not.
"I've vexed him—just the last thing ever I meant, or intended. It's a
funny world. If you mind your own business and stick to it, the people say
you're a selfish, hard-hearted creature, with no proper feeling to humans at
large. And if you seek to mind other people's business, and serve 'em, and
help the folk along, and lend a hand where you may, then they lift their
voices and call you a meddling Paul Pry and a busybody and so on. That
man's just told me to look after my own affairs, because I went out of my
way to give him a valuable tip about his!"
"More fool him," said Maynard. "The fools are the hardest to help."
"Nothing but the people themselves keep me from doing a great deal
more good in the world than I might," declared Joe. "The will is there, and I
think I may say the wit is there; but my fellow creatures choke me off."
"They're jealous of your sense I reckon."
"No doubt some be, Lawrence. But 'tis cutting off your nose to spite
your face, when you quarrel with a man who might be useful, just because
you hate to think he's got a better brain than you have."
"A very common thing."
"Not a mistake of the wise, however. For my part I've lived long enough
to see that jealousy, look at it all round, is the feeblest and silliest vice we
humans suffer from. There's nothing to it but wretchedness and wasted
energy. Jealous I never could be of any living creature, I assure you."
But though Joe despised jealousy, such was his humour, that within an
hour, for the sake of personal amusement he sought to awake the futile
flame in another breast.
Melinda Honeysett was waiting at Falcon Farm when the men returned,
but she had come to see Lawrence Maynard, not Mr. Stockman. He,
however, entertained her while his man was looking after the sheep. Indeed,
he insisted on Melinda joining him in a cup of tea. He had not seen her
since his return from Brixham, and now the rogue in Joe twinkled to the top
and he began to enumerate the rare qualities of Miss King. He knew that
Melinda regarded herself as holding a sort of proprietary right over him,
and he much enjoyed this shadowy bondage and often pretended to groan
under it. But now he launched on the task of making Melinda jealous for his
private entertainment. With Soosie-Toosie the enterprise had failed. She
humbly accepted the accomplishments of Ann King and praised her genius
so heartily that Joe soon dropped the subject; but for Melinda it came as a
new idea, and this enthusiasm on Mr. Stockman's part for a paragon at once
unknown and eligible, caused Mrs. Honeysett just that measure of
exasperation her first male friend desired to awaken.
"My!" said Melinda, after listening to the glowing story of the farmer's
daughter, her virtues, her resource, her financial ability and her practical
knowledge of affairs; "I didn't know there were any angels to Brixham. Do
she fly about, or only walk, like us common women?"
"No, she walks," said Joe, delighted at his instant success; "but even in
walking she never wastes a footstep, like most of us. Never wastes
anything, and yet not close. Just a grasp of all that matters and a large scorn
for all that don't. And as to being an angel, Melinda, you may say she is that
—just in the same sense that you and Soosie-Toosie and all nice women are
angels. Only that. She's a thorough human woman and, simply judged as a
woman, a very fine piece indeed."
Mrs. Honeysett laughed somewhat harshly.
"Don't you drag me and Susan in. I'm sure he needn't do that, need he,
Soosie? Such poor creatures as us—not worthy to hold a candle to this here
Jane King."
"Ann King," corrected Joe.
"You and me will go and take lessons, and ax her to teach us how to
look after our poor fathers," said Melinda to Miss Stockman. "We're such a
pair of feckless, know-naught fools that it's time we set about larning how a
parent did ought to be treated. And, by the same token, I must get back to
mine. He's bad and getting worse. I only came to see Maynard, because
father wants to have a tell with him—to-night if possible. Poor father's
going down hill fast now—all, no doubt, because I've not understood how
to nurse him and tend him and live my life for him alone. If he'd only had
Ann King to look after him, I dare say he'd be well again by now."
Joe, greatly daring, pushed the joke a little deeper.
"You mustn't say that. There's nobody like you to look after a sick man,
Melinda, and I'm sure Miss King couldn't have done it very much better and
steadier than you have. But perhaps it might be a clever thought to invite
her up along. I dare say she'd make time to pay us a visit, if I told her as you
and Soosie-Toosie were very wishful to make her acquaintance and gather
in a bit of her far-reaching sense. She's always as willing as I am myself to
throw a bit of light."
"Ax her to come then," said Mrs. Honeysett. "'Twill be a great blessing
for me and Susan to go to school to her. And something to see a really wise
creature in Buckland, because we'm such a lot of God-forsaken zanies here
—men and women alike."
She rose breathing rather deeply.
"No tea, thank you," she said. "I've changed my mind. I'll go home and
pray for the light of Ann King to fall on my dark road. And when she comes
along, you ask her if she'll give a poor, weak-minded widow a little of her
sense. Tell her I'm one of they women that thinks the moon be made of
green cheese, will 'e? And say I believe in pixies, and charms for warts, and
black witches and white witches and all that. And you can add that I was
one of them idiots that always gave men credit for nice feeling and good
sense and liked to believe the best about some men and stuck up for 'em,
even when I heard 'em run down and laughed at. Tell her all that; and say as
I'm going to give certain parties a rest in future, because, though a poor
worm and not worthy to be seen alongside her, yet I've got my pride, like
the cleverest of us. And give Lawrence Maynard father's message, Soosie,
if you please."
"Come back, you silly gosling!" shouted Joe; but Melinda did not come
back. He laughed very heartily, yet not loud enough for the departing
woman to hear him.
"Lord! To think now!" he said. "I've took a proper rise out of her, eh?"
"You have," admitted Susan ruthfully. "And if you done it on purpose, it

weren't a very clever thing to do. Melinda's fiery, but a good friend and a
great admirer of yours, father. Now you've vexed her cruel."
"You never larn all there is to know about a female," he said. "I meant to
get her wool off—just for a bit of honest fun; but I can't say as I ever
understood she felt so deep how clever she was. She's a vain, dear creature."
"It weren't that," explained Susan. "She ain't vain, though she knows her
worth, and so do everybody else know it; but what she is proud of,
naturally, be your great fondness for her. She knows you put her first, and
she knows you're a clever man and wouldn't put her first if there wasn't a
reason. And her father be going to die presently and—and God knows
what's in her thoughts, of course. And then to hear that Miss King be worth
all the women you've ever seen in your life put together, and be the top
flower of the bunch, and such a wonder as was never seen by mortal man—
why, of course, Melinda took it to heart a bit. Who wouldn't?"
"You didn't," said Joe.
"No, I didn't, because I know my place, father. I'm not so clever as

Melinda. I'm a poor thing, though well intending. But Melinda's a fine thing
and you know in your heart that a virgin woman, like Miss King, however
clever she be, couldn't teach Melinda nothing about how to look after a
man."
"Fun be thrown away on you creatures," said Joe. "You're terrible thick-
headed where a joke's the matter, Soosie; but I did think as Melinda was
brighter."
He turned to Palk, who had just entered for his tea. Thomas had heard
the word thick-headed applied to Susan.
"Did you ever know a woman as could see a clever bit of fun, Tom?"
The horseman reflected.
"Women's fun ban't the same as ours," he answered. "No doubt they've
got their own pattern of fun. But there ain't much time for Miss Stockman to
practise laughing in this house."
"Ah! You can be so comical as any of us when you'm in a mind for it,
Thomas," said his master.
CHAPTER XIX
LIGHT OF AUTUMN
Sent to find granite and bidden to choose a boulder that would split out,
so that needful stone posts might be fashioned from it, Lawrence Maynard
climbed the Beacon and loitered here and there, examining the great stones
that heaved their backs or sides from the earth. For the master of Falcon
Farm was a Venville man and claimed moor rights extending over stone and
turbary.
Lawrence marked certain masses and thrust in sticks beside them, that
presently Joe Stockman might himself ascend and determine, from his
better knowledge, which blocks would yield the needful pillars. For the
farmer was skilled in granite and declared it to be a good-natured stone in
understanding hands.
Lawrence was mastered by his own thoughts presently, and with the
pageant of late autumn flung under his eyes, he sat down where a boulder
protected him from the fierce wind and brooded. From time to time the
vision of things seen broke in.
Upon this canvas, so hugely spread, Nature painted her pictures in

punctual procession, and in some measure Maynard valued them. Indeed,
under the present stress and storm that unsettled the weather of his mind, he
found himself more pervious than of old to the natural impressions of the
Vale.
To-day a north wind shouted overhead, drove the scattered clouds

before it and hummed in organ notes upon the great mass of granite that
capped the Beacon. Then copper red ribbons of beech fell broadly into the
depths below—and, against their fire, the plantations of the pine wove
darker patterns, where they descended in a gradual arc over the shoulders of
the hills, until the air and space wrought magic upon their distances and
swept them together in one glowing integument for the low lands. There it
was as though a mighty tiger skin had been flung down upon the undulating
earth, so rich in orange-tawny and russet were the forest reaches, so black
the slant shadows thrown by the low sun at spinney edge, along the
boundary of hanging woods, or where open fields broke horizontally into
the kingdom of the trees. There shone green meadows against the flame of
the fall around them; and the ploughed fallows heightened colour by their
contrast. They intruded their tessellate designs, wrought out in a network of
squares and triangles and rhomboidal forms; they climbed the hills,
penetrated the valley depths and ceased only where the upland ramparts
barred their progress with heath and stone. Shadows flew to dim the
splendour and then again reveal it; nor was the clarity of the air purchased
without cost, for unseen moisture drenched it and sometimes took shape of
separate storms, sweeping in a low, grey huddle over the earth they hid, yet
divided by great sunny spaces. They drew their veils over half a league of
the land at a time, then dislimned and vanished again. And far away,
beyond the last peaks and saliencies southward, stretched a horizon of
dazzling and colourless light, where sea girdled earth and Devon rolled dark
against the liquid brilliance of the Channel lifted beyond it.
The Vale, with its river winding through the midst, was a frame for
these far-away passages of light and darkness—a setting and boundary, rich
but restrained; for under the sleight of distance, the glories of the colour,
each touch a tiny leaf of gold or crimson, were cooled and kneaded with
shadow and tempered by the blue November air.
To appreciate the detail of the spectacle, the throb and palpitation of so

much fire, it had been necessary to descend among the forest glades, where
were revealed the actual pigments of all this splendour and the manner of
Nature's painting, touch by touch. Thence the scene, whose harmonies rang
so subdued from the height of the Beacon above, resolved itself into a riot
of colour. Larch and ash were already grey, and the lemon of the birch, the
gold of the elm flashed out against the heavier bronzes and coppers of oak
and beech. The wood smoke that rose so thinly seen from aloft, here
ascended from a fire in a column of gentian blue under the sunshine, purple
against shadow. Carpets of colour extended where the trees broke—textures
of scarlet whortle and crimson blackberry, bright ivy, jewels of moss and
glittering dead grass. The spindle flashed its fruits, and aglets and haws
sparkled beneath it on briar and bough. There, too, the sheltered fern had
not been beaten flat as on the open heaths above. It rose shoulder high,
delicate in dead but unbroken filigrees, with many a spider's gossamer and
iridescent web twinkling rainbows upon its amber frondage. The dusky
regiments of the conifers intensified the blaze. Green, or glaucous green, or
of a solid darkness, they massed, and, against them, stems of maiden
birches leapt upward to the last of their foliage, like woodland candlesticks
of silver supporting altar-flame within these far-flung sanctuaries.
Intermittently Maynard allowed his thoughts to dwell upon these things

spread under his eyes; and he even dipped sometimes into the communion
of the trees and pictured all that lay beneath him; he could spare a moment
to reflect upon the ceaseless battle under the splendour, and how every tree
of these countless thousands had fought through half a century for its place
in the sun. But for the most part his reflections turned upon himself, though
unconsciously the outward pageant became enwoven with the inward
gloom, as long afterwards he discovered.
He had taken life in an uncompromising spirit of old; he had displayed a

strength of purpose and a grip of his own values in some measure
remarkable for a man, at that time barely beyond his majority. And now,
into a life that he had deemed cut away once and for all from all further
human complexities, was come this unexpected and supreme problem. Yet
such rifts and gleams as had of late been thrust through his grey existence
must now be shut out. For a time he considered with himself whether this
should be so; but he weighed Dinah's fate more tenderly in the balance than
his own. For him, indeed, the facts did not preclude possibility of actual
temptation; but he had yet to learn how they would affect her. Had he cared
to take consolation there, he might have done so; but what had encouraged
hope in another man, discouraged him. His temptations were not proof
against his principles, and he foresaw that more than a narration of facts
might be necessary when the day came for bare speech with Dinah. The
necessity for any return to the past had never been anticipated by Maynard;
but he had long seen now that one certainly involved the other. The need for
confession troubled him little; the time of trial must come with Dinah's
reception of his confession. He hoped that she might take such an instant
decision that deeper distresses would be avoided; and yet the very hope
seemed cowardly to him; and sometimes he felt a desire above or below his
own view of rectitude. What promised distress in one mood opened the
gates to a new and a blessed life in another.
He was come, however, to the inevitable place of open dealing: he must

tell her all that still remained hidden from her. With a sense of relief he felt
that more could not be done until that position had been reached; and for
the present he put away from himself any thought of what would follow his
revelation in her mind, or the great final decision that must be called for
from his own.
Then he dropped his affairs for a little while and let the sense of the
immense and outspread earth drift into his thoughts. It heartened him and
inspired him to a dim resolution that a man might glean something from the
purposes of a world so large and splendid, so that he, too, should rise
worthy of his place in it, and largely and splendidly order his own part amid
the great scheme of things. But he guessed all the time that such poetry only
played over the surface of forthcoming events. It had less power of reality,
than the bubbles on a wave to influence its way. The final pattern of things
lay deep within himself. No man or woman could ever alter the terms of his
own destiny, or change the principles under which he willed to live. So he
imagined.
CHAPTER XX
THE HUNTER'S MOON
The thought of their next meeting was in the minds of both Dinah and
Lawrence, and the girl also guessed that they had reached a position only to
end in one way. Even so, her own unconscious desires were running before
the facts. It is certain that she had gone a little farther along the road of love
than he had; but only because upon her path there were no obstacles and she
could not guess, or imagine, the hindrances lying upon his. She knew that
he loved her and conceived of no reason why he should not tell her so. She
had, of course, come to lift him into the supreme reality of her existence.
She waited for him and began to wonder at the delay. Sometimes,
indeed, as time passed and for two weeks they had not met, a shadow fell
upon her; but it was fleeting. She could not long doubt of him even in the
small hours, when life was at its lowest.
The days began to close in and winter was at the door again before he
spoke. Then only chance precipitated the event, when, to the unhidden joy
of both, they met in the street at Ashburton, on a Saturday afternoon of late
November.
Any passing fear that Dinah might have felt vanished before his look as
he shook her hand, and he was inspired to action by the pure happiness that
lighted her face and shone without restraint upon it.
"I was going to write to you to-morrow if you'll believe me," he said.
"But this is better. Are you free?"
"Yes. I've come in to do some chores for Mrs. Bamsey."
"And I'm running errands for Falcon Farm. Neddy Tutt's milking this
evening. How would it be if we were to have a cup of tea together?"
"I'd love it. Lord! I am thankful to see you, Lawrence! Sometimes I

began to think I never was going to no more."
"You had to see me once more, anyway. Where shall we go out of the
way, so as I can talk?"
"Anywhere you please."
He considered.
"There's a little teashop in Church Street with a back parlour. I've been
there once or twice, but they don't know nothing about me. We'd have the
room to ourselves I reckon. I must go to gunsmith for the governor and get
a hundred cartridges. Then I'm free."
"I never thought I was in for such a treat when I woke up this morning,"
said Dinah.
"No treat, my dinky maid. I wish to God it was a treat. I've got a lot on
my mind when I look at you."
"A shared trouble soon grows light," she said; yet his heavy voice
chilled her. They walked side by side, and to walk by him cheered Dinah
again. The cartridges awaited Lawrence and in twenty minutes they were at
the little eating-shop in Church Street. It was a languishing establishment,
out of the beaten track. A woman behind the counter smiled at Maynard and
recognised him.
"A pot of tea and some bread and butter and cake, missis," he said; then
he entered a small parlour behind the shop. The woman lighted a gas jet
over their heads, in the corner that Lawrence chose farthest from the door.
Presently she brought a tray with their tea upon it, and then she left them.
The time was past four.
"Will you pour the tea, Dinah?"
"Yes, I will then," she said. "Be you happy to see me, Lawrence?"
"You know it. I'd sooner see you than anything in the world. Shall I tell
her to light a blink of fire? She would. 'Tis a thought cold in here."
"No, no; I'm not cold. Talk—talk to me. Let me hear you talk."
He leant across and took her hand.
"Let me hold it a minute. I like to feel it. You know a bit of what I'm
going to tell you; but only a terrible little bit. I wish there was no more than
that to tell."
She held his hand tightly.

"I love you. I've known it a long time, Dinah. That's the little bit I think
you know. If that was all——"
"It is all—all on earth that matters to me," she said quietly. "And I did
know. I wouldn't believe myself for a long time; but it was vain fighting
against it. If it happens to you, you must know. I wouldn't have doubted,
perhaps, if I hadn't loved you back so fierce. That made me doubt, because
it seemed too good to be true and a long way past my deserving. Now the
rest don't signify. Nothing's so big as knowing you love me, Lawrence."
"The bigger thing is that it can't be."
She shrank and he felt her hand grow limp. He took his from it and
considered how to begin speaking. Meantime she spoke.
"That's a hard thing—not a bigger thing," she said quietly; "it can't alter
what is."
"You must hear from the beginning. If I'd ever thought this would
happen, I'd have gone long ago. But it came like a thief, Dinah."
"Same with me. Go on—tell why not—quick."
"I'm married," he said.
She bent her head and leant back and shut her eyes.
"That's the only thing that could come between you and me. I'm
married. It's a mad tale, and I was the madman, so most people said. Maybe
you will, too; maybe you won't. I shall know in a minute. Yet, if I thought
what I was going to say would make you hate me, I wouldn't say it. But it
won't do that."
She was looking at him with wet eyes.
"How could I hate you? Love's love. I'd see a way to love you through it
if you killed her."
"When I went into the world after father died, I was took by a relation
of my mother's at Barnstaple, you must know; and there was that in me that
made for getting on. I done very well, and when my mother's sister, who
had a little dairy, found the sort I was, she reckoned to do me a good turn
and suit herself also. By twenty years old I knew the business inside out and
all that goes to it; and when I was twenty-one, my aunt, who was a widow,
bargained with me to let her go out and drop the shop and be paid a regular
income for her lifetime. When she died I was to have all. It worked very
well for a year and a half, and I found I'd got a turn for the business, and
opened out a bit, and bought a few cows for myself and even had thoughts
of going higher up into the middle of the town and starting a bigger place
and having a department for teas and refreshments and so on.
"But that wanted a woman, and then, just at the right moment as it
seemed, a woman came along—the very woman on all the earth for the
business. It looked as if Providence was out on my side and nothing could
go wrong."
"You loved her?"
"I did. Yes, I loved her, Dinah. I wouldn't have thought twice about
marrying any woman I didn't love."
"I suppose you wouldn't."
"No more than you could. She was called Minnie Reed, and she came to
live not far ways off from where my aunt lived. She was twenty and had a
widowed mother along with her, and they didn't lack for means. My old
lady took to Mrs. Reed and didn't think it amiss when, presently, I began to
make chances for seeing Minnie. In a way it was her great cleverness, more
than herself, that took me first. I was all for cleverness at that time, Dinah—
all for knowledge and learning; and I found, a good bit to my surprise, that
Minnie Reed had got a lot more book learning than any young creature I'd
ever come across before. Her mother explained she'd been educated above
her station and so on; and she certainly had. Her very speech was nice—far
ways above what you'd expect. And from admiring her cleverness, I got to
admire her. She had a bit of money too—a thousand pounds put away in a
very fine investment. Her mother told my aunt that; and she took good care
to tell me; because my old lady was as thick as thieves with Mrs. Reed by
now, and they both wanted to see Minnie married to me.
"Looking back I can't say much about what I felt. I only knew I was
very wishful to win her if possible, and I soon found she was quite
agreeable. Always pleasant, cool, collected she was. She liked me and had
an easy, friendly manner; yet I'll swear she always held herself a cut above
me. She never said so, perhaps she didn't even think so, but unconsciously
she let me feel, somehow, that was in her mind. Not that I cared. I was in a
stage to her then that I thought so too. My havage was of no account, and I
felt she was superior, along of education and natural quick wits. An old
head on young shoulders she had. I do believe most honest that she cared
for me, and felt happy to think she was going to share my life and push on
my business. But from the day we got tokened she didn't turn half so much
to love-making as work. And I wasn't the soft, cuddling sort neither; and if
anything could have drawed me to her more than I was drawed, it would
have been the fashion she set to mastering my business and all its details.
She took it up with all her wits, and soon showed that she was a
masterpiece at it. She liked business and she had a head for saving. She
understood more about money than I did, though I thought myself pretty
clever at it. But I felt a gawk beside her, and she soon showed me how to
make more. In fact, her thoughts soared higher than mine from the start, and
I knew I'd have such a right hand in that matter as few men in my position
could ever have expected.
"I think I knew my luck, and it suited me very well, as I say, that she
didn't want a lot of love-making, for I was busy as a bee and not given to
that sort of thing. And she was on the cold side too—so I reckoned. In fact
she made it clear in words. For she'd thought about that, like most subjects.
She held the business of love-making and babies and so on was only a small
part of life, and that men thought a lot too much about that side of marriage
and took women too seriously. She said certain things with an object, and
gave me an opening to ax a few questions; but I was too green to take up
the hint, and she said afterwards that she thought I agreed with her.
"We were married and started in the train for our honeymoon. We was
going to Exeter for a week and then coming home again, for neither of us

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(eBook PDF) Theories of Counseling

and Psychotherapy: A Case Approach

Chapter 1 Theory Is a Good Thing 1

Name Index ni-01

Subject Index si-15

Chapter 1 Theory Is a Good Basic Philosophy 24

Health and Dysfunction 42 Therapeutic Techniques 91

Roles of Client and Counselor 128 Unconditional Positive Regard 162

Chapter 7 Gestalt Therapy 199 Theory Of The Person And Development Of The

Qualities of the Theory 440 Qualities of the Theory 472

Theory of the Person and Development of the Chapter 17 Conclusion 537

Theory Is a Good Thing

Why Bother With Theory?

Theory Is Essential to Human Life

Counselors Who Don’t Use Theory May Get Lost

Your Task: Find Your Map

Characteristics of Good Theory

Precision and Testability

"He's never said it, however?"

"A man's eyes and ways say things."

"Not likely. Is it wrong?"

"Nothing else matters now," she said.

"A lot matters now; but what matters be up to him."

"I didn't think it was possible to be so happy as I be this minute, foster-

"No, no—it's all light—all light now."

"How old might she be?" asked Susan.

Joe stared blandly at him.

"Hullo! I didn't know you was there, Thomas. I was talking to my

"I was going to name it," answered Mr. Palk.

They trudged together behind the raddled flock with a sheep-dog

"That class ought to be included in all important shows certainly,"

"They're jealous of your sense I reckon."

"A very common thing."

Mrs. Honeysett laughed somewhat harshly.

"Ann King," corrected Joe.

Joe, greatly daring, pushed the joke a little deeper.

She rose breathing rather deeply.

"You have," admitted Susan ruthfully. "And if you done it on purpose, it

"You didn't," said Joe.

"No, I didn't, because I know my place, father. I'm not so clever as

The horseman reflected.

Upon this canvas, so hugely spread, Nature painted her pictures in

To-day a north wind shouted overhead, drove the scattered clouds

To appreciate the detail of the spectacle, the throb and palpitation of so

Intermittently Maynard allowed his thoughts to dwell upon these things

He had taken life in an uncompromising spirit of old; he had displayed a

He was come, however, to the inevitable place of open dealing: he must

THE HUNTER'S MOON

"Yes. I've come in to do some chores for Mrs. Bamsey."

"I'd love it. Lord! I am thankful to see you, Lawrence! Sometimes I

"Anywhere you please."

"Will you pour the tea, Dinah?"

He leant across and took her hand.

She held his hand tightly.

"The bigger thing is that it can't be."

"Same with me. Go on—tell why not—quick."

"I'm married," he said.

She was looking at him with wet eyes.

"You loved her?"

"I suppose you wouldn't."

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