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 Contents vii

15 Integrals and Vector Fields 821

15.1 Line Integrals 821
15.2 Vector Fields and Line Integrals: Work, Circulation, and Flux 828
15.3 Path Independence, Conservative Fields, and Potential Functions 840
15.4 Green’s Theorem in the Plane 851
15.5 Surfaces and Area 863
15.6 Surface Integrals 874
15.7 Stokes’ Theorem 885
15.8 The Divergence Theorem and a Unified Theory 897
Questions to Guide Your Review 908
Practice Exercises 908
Additional and Advanced Exercises 911

16 First-Order Differential Equations  online

16.1 Solutions, Slope Fields, and Euler’s Method
16.2 First-Order Linear Equations
16.3 Applications
16.4 Graphical Solutions of Autonomous Equations
16.5 Systems of Equations and Phase Planes

17 Second-Order Differential Equations  online

17.1 Second-Order Linear Equations
17.2 Nonhomogeneous Linear Equations
17.3 Applications
17.4 Euler Equations
17.5 Power Series Solutions

Appendices  AP-1
A.1 Real Numbers and the Real Line AP-1
A.2 Mathematical Induction AP-6
A.3 Lines and Circles AP-10
A.4 Conic Sections AP-16
A.5 Proofs of Limit Theorems AP-24
A.6 Commonly Occurring Limits AP-27
A.7 Theory of the Real Numbers AP-28
A.8 Complex Numbers AP-31
A.9 The Distributive Law for Vector Cross Products AP-39
A.10 The Mixed Derivative Theorem and the Increment Theorem AP-41

Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises  A-1

Index  I-1

A Brief Table of Integrals  T-1

This page intentionally left blank
 Preface
This third edition of University Calculus provides a streamlined treatment of the material in a
standard three-semester or four-quarter course taught at the university level. As the title sug-
gests, the book aims to go beyond what many students may have seen at the high school level.
By emphasizing rigor and mathematical precision, supported with examples and exercises,
this book encourages students to think more clearly than if they were using rote procedures.
Generalization drives the development of calculus and is pervasive in this book. Slopes
of lines generalize to slopes of curves, lengths of line segments to lengths of curves, areas
and volumes of regular geometric figures to areas and volumes of shapes with curved
boundaries, rational exponents to irrational ones, and finite sums to series. Plane analytic
geometry generalizes to the geometry of space, and single variable calculus to the calculus
of many variables. Generalization weaves together the many threads of calculus into an
elegant tapestry that is rich in ideas and their applications.
Mastering this beautiful subject is its own reward, but the real gift of mastery is the
ability to think through problems clearly—distinguishing between what is known and
what is assumed, and using a logical sequence of steps to reach a solution. We intend this
book to capture the richness and powerful applicability of calculus, and to support student
thinking and understanding for mastery of the material.

New to this Edition

In this new edition, we have followed the basic structure of earlier editions. Taking into
account helpful suggestions from readers and users of previous editions, we continued to
improve clarity and readability. We also made the following improvements:
• Updated and added numerous exercises throughout, with emphasis on the mid-level
and more in the life science areas
• Reworked many figures and added new ones
• Moved the discussion of conditional convergence to follow the Alternating Series Test
• Enhanced the discussion defining differentiability for functions of several variables
with more emphasis on linearization
• Showed that the derivative along a path generalizes the single-variable chain rule
• Added more geometric insight into the idea of multiple integrals and the meaning of the
Jacobian in substitutions for their evaluations
• Developed surface integrals of vector fields as generalizations of line integrals
• Extended and clarified the discussion of the curl and divergence, and added new figures
to help visualize their meanings

ix
x Preface

Continuing Features

RIGOR The level of rigor is consistent with that of earlier editions. We continue to dis-
tinguish between formal and informal discussions and to point out their differences. We
think starting with a more intuitive, less formal, approach helps students understand a new
or difficult concept so they can then appreciate its full mathematical precision and out-
comes. We pay attention to defining ideas carefully and to proving theorems appropriate
for calculus students, while mentioning deeper or subtler issues they would study in a
more advanced course. Our organization and distinctions between informal and formal
discussions give the instructor a degree of flexibility in the amount and depth of coverage
of the various topics. For example, while we do not prove the Intermediate Value Theo-
rem or the Extreme Value Theorem for continuous functions on a … x … b, we do state
these theorems precisely, illustrate their meanings in numerous examples, and use them to
prove other important results. Furthermore, for those instructors who desire greater depth
of ­coverage, in Appendix 7 we discuss the reliance of these theorems on the completeness
of the real numbers.

WRITING EXERCISES Writing exercises placed throughout the text ask students to
explore and explain a variety of calculus concepts and applications. In addition, the end of
each chapter contains a list of questions to help students review and summarize what they
have learned. Many of these exercises make good writing assignments.

END-OF-CHAPTER REVIEWS In addition to problems appearing after each section, each

chapter culminates with review questions, practice exercises covering the entire chapter,
and a series of Additional and Advanced Exercises providing more challenging or synthe-
sizing problems.

WRITING AND APPLICATIONS As always, this text continues to be easy to read, con-
versational, and mathematically rich. Each new topic is motivated by clear, easy-to-
understand examples and is then reinforced by its application to real-world problems of
immediate interest to students. A hallmark of this book has been the application of calcu-
lus to science and engineering. These applied problems have been updated, improved, and
extended continually over the past several editions.

TECHNOLOGY In a course using the text, technology can be incorporated at the discre-
tion of the instructor. Each section contains exercises requiring the use of technology;
these are marked with a “T” if suitable for calculator or computer use, or they are labeled
“Computer Explorations” if a computer algebra system (CAS, such as Maple or Math-
ematica) is required.

Additional Resources

Instructor’s Solutions Manual (download only)

Single Variable Calculus (Chapters 1–10)
Multivariable Calculus (Chapters 9–15)
The Instructor’s Solutions Manual contains complete worked-out solutions to all of the
exercises. These files are available to qualified instructors through the Pearson Instructor
Resource Center, www.pearsonhighered.com/irc, and MyMathLab.
 Preface xi

Student’s Solutions Manual

Single Variable Calculus (Chapters 1–10), ISBN 0-321-99980-0 | 978-0-321-99980-1
Multivariable Calculus (Chapters 9–15), ISBN 0-321-99985-1 | 978-0-321-99985-6
The Student’s Solutions Manual is designed for the student and contains carefully worked-
out solutions to all the odd-numbered exercises.

Just-in-Time Algebra and Trigonometry for Early

Transcendentals Calculus, Fourth Edition
ISBN 0-321-67103-1 | 978-0-321-67103-5
Sharp algebra and trigonometry skills are critical to mastering calculus, and Just-in-Time
Algebra and Trigonometry for Early Transcendentals Calculus by Guntram Mueller and
Ronald I. Brent is designed to bolster these skills while students study calculus. As stu-
dents make their way through calculus, this text is with them every step of the way, show-
ing the necessary algebra or trigonometry topics and pointing out potential problem spots.
The easy-to-use table of contents has algebra and trigonometry topics arranged in the or-
der in which students will need them as they study calculus.

Technology Resource Manuals (download only)

Maple Manual by Marie Vanisko, Carroll College
Mathematica Manual by Marie Vanisko, Carroll College
TI-Graphing Calculator Manual by Elaine McDonald-Newman, Sonoma State University
These manuals cover Maple 17, Mathematica 8, and the TI-83 Plus/TI-84 Plus and TI-89,
respectively. Each manual provides detailed guidance for integrating a specific software
package or graphing calculator throughout the course, including syntax and commands.
These manuals are available to qualified instructors through the University Calculus:
Early Transcendentals Web site, www.pearsonhighered.com/thomas, and MyMathLab.

WEB SITE www.pearsonhighered.com/thomas

The University Calculus: Early Transcendentals Web site contains the chapters on
First-Order Differential Equations and Second-Order Differential Equations, includ-
ing odd-numbered answers, and provides the expanded historical biographies and essays
referenced in the text. The Technology Resource Manuals and the Technology Applica-
tion Projects, which can be used as projects by individual students or groups of students,
are also available.

MyMathLab® Online Course (access code required)

MyMathLab from Pearson is the world’s leading online resource in mathematics, inte-
grating interactive homework, assessment, and media in a flexible, easy-to-use format. It
provides engaging experiences that personalize, stimulate, and measure learning for each
student. And, it comes from an experienced partner with educational expertise and an eye
on the future.
To learn more about how MyMathLab combines proven learning applications with power-
ful assessment, visit www.mymathlab.com or contact your Pearson representative.

MathXL® Online Course (access code required)

MathXL® is the homework and assessment engine that runs MyMathLab. (MyMathLab is
MathXL plus a learning management system.)
With MathXL, instructors can:
• Create, edit, and assign online homework and tests using algorithmically generated
exercises correlated at the objective level to the textbook.
• Create and assign their own online exercises and import TestGen tests for added
flexibility.
• Maintain records of all student work tracked in MathXL’s online gradebook.
xii Preface

With MathXL, students can:

• Take chapter tests in MathXL and receive personalized study plans and/or personalized
homework assignments based on their test results.

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objectives they need to study.

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MathXL is available to qualified adopters. For more information, visit our Web site at
www.mathxl.com, or contact your Pearson representative.

Video Lectures with Optional Captioning

The Video Lectures with Optional Captioning feature an engaging team of mathemat-
ics instructors who present comprehensive coverage of topics in the text. The lecturers’
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emphasizes visualization and problem solving. Available only through MyMathLab and
MathXL.

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minister tests using a computerized bank of questions developed to cover all the objec-
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but equivalent versions of the same question or test with the click of a button. Instructors
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PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

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Acknowledgments
We wish to express our gratitude to the reviewers of this and previous editions, who
provided such invaluable insight and comment.
Harry Allen, Ohio State University
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University
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Preface xiii
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Credits
Chapter 3
Page 145, Exercise 19, PSSC PHYSICS, 2nd ed., Reprinted by permission of Education
Development Center, Inc.

Chapter 6
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Chapter 13
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Page 713, Figure 13.26, U.S. Geological Survey

Chapter 15
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Shapiro, ILLUSTRATED EXPERIMENTS IN FLUID MECHANICS: THE NCFMF
BOOK OF FILM NOTES, reprinted by permission of Educational Development Center,
Inc.; Page 830, Figure 15.15, InterNetwork Media, Inc., courtesy of NASA/JPL
 chapter

1 Functions

Overview Functions are fundamental to the study of calculus. In this chapter we review
what functions are and how they are pictured as graphs, how they are combined and trans-
formed, and ways they can be classified. We review the trigonometric functions, and we
discuss misrepresentations that can occur when using calculators and computers to obtain
a function’s graph. We also discuss inverse, exponential, and logarithmic functions. The
real number system, Cartesian coordinates, straight lines, circles, parabolas, ellipses, and
hyperbolas are reviewed in the Appendices.

1.1 Functions and Their Graphs

Functions are a tool for describing the real world in mathematical terms. A function can be
represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical table, or a verbal description; we will use
all four representations throughout this book. This section reviews these function ideas.

Functions; Domain and Range

The temperature at which water boils depends on the elevation above sea level (the boiling
point drops as you ascend). The interest paid on a cash investment depends on the length of
time the investment is held. The area of a circle depends on the radius of the circle. The dis-
tance an object travels at constant speed along a straight-line path depends on the elapsed time.
In each case, the value of one variable quantity, say y, depends on the value of another
variable quantity, which we might call x. We say that “y is a function of x” and write this
symbolically as
y = ƒ(x) (“y equals ƒ of x”).
In this notation, the symbol ƒ represents the function, the letter x is the independent variable
representing the input value of ƒ, and y is the dependent variable or output value of ƒ at x.

Definition A function ƒ from a set D to a set Y is a rule that assigns a unique

(single) element ƒ(x) ∊Y to each element x∊D.

The set D of all possible input values is called the domain of the function. The set of
all output values of ƒ(x) as x varies throughout D is called the range of the function. The
range may not include every element in the set Y. The domain and range of a function can
be any sets of objects, but often in calculus they are sets of real numbers interpreted as
points of a coordinate line. (In Chapters 12–15, we will encounter functions for which the
elements of the sets are points in the coordinate plane or in space.)

1
2 Chapter 1: Functions
x f
Input Output
(domain) (range)
Figure 1.1 A diagram showing a
function as a kind of machine.
x value (the square root) whenever you enter a nonnegative number x and press the 2x key.
a f(a)
D = domain set Y = set containing
the range
Figure 1.2 A function from a set D
to a set Y assigns a unique element of Y
to each element in D.
Often a function is given by a formula that describes how to calculate the output value
from the input variable. For instance, the equation A = pr 2 is a rule that calculates the
area A of a circle from its radius r (so r, interpreted as a length, can only be positive in this
formula). When we define a function y = ƒ(x) with a formula and the domain is not stated
explicitly or restricted by context, the domain is assumed to be the largest set of real
x-values for which the formula gives real y-values, which is called the natural domain. If
we want to restrict the domain in some way, we must say so. The domain of y = x2 is the
entire set of real numbers. To restrict the domain of the function to, say, positive values of
x, we would write “y = x2, x 7 0.”
Changing the domain to which we apply a formula usually changes the range as well.
The range of y = x2 is [0, q). The range of y = x2, x Ú 2, is the set of all numbers
obtained by squaring numbers greater than or equal to 2. In set notation (see Appendix 1),
f(x)
the range is 5x2  x Ú 26 or 5y  y Ú 46 or 3 4, q).
When the range of a function is a set of real numbers, the function is said to be real-
valued. The domains and ranges of most real-valued functions of a real variable we con-
sider are intervals or combinations of intervals. The intervals may be open, closed, or half
open, and may be finite or infinite. Sometimes the range of a function is not easy to find.
A function ƒ is like a machine that produces an output value ƒ(x) in its range whenever we
feed it an input value x from its domain (Figure 1.1). The function keys on a calculator give an
example of a function as a machine. For instance, the 2x key on a calculator gives an output
f(x) A function can also be pictured as an arrow diagram (Figure 1.2). Each arrow associates
an element of the domain D with a unique or single element in the set Y. In Figure 1.2, the
arrows indicate that ƒ(a) is associated with a, ƒ(x) is associated with x, and so on. Notice that
a function can have the same value at two different input elements in the domain (as occurs
with ƒ(a) in Figure 1.2), but each input element x is assigned a single output value ƒ(x).
EXAMPLE 1   Let’s verify the natural domains and associated ranges of some simple
functions. The domains in each case are the values of x for which the formula makes sense.
Function Domain (x) Range ( y)
y = x2 (- q, q) 3 0, q)
y = 1>x (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q) (- q, 0) ∪ (0, q)
y = 2x 3 0, q) 3 0, q)
y = 24 - x (- q, 44 3 0, q)
y = 21 - x2 3 -1, 14 3 0, 14
Solution The formula y = x2 gives a real y-value for any real number x, so the domain
is (- q, q). The range of y = x2 is 3 0, q) because the square of any real number is non-
negative and every nonnegative number y is the square of its own square root, y = 1 2y 2
2
for y Ú 0.
The formula y = 1>x gives a real y-value for every x except x = 0. For consistency
in the rules of arithmetic, we cannot divide any number by zero. The range of y = 1>x, the
set of reciprocals of all nonzero real numbers, is the set of all nonzero real numbers, since
y = 1>(1>y). That is, for y ≠ 0 the number x = 1>y is the input assigned to the output
value y.
The formula y = 2x gives a real y-value only if x Ú 0. The range of y = 2x is
3 0, q) because every nonnegative number is some number’s square root (namely, it is the
square root of its own square).
In y = 24 - x, the quantity 4 - x cannot be negative. That is, 4 - x Ú 0, or
x … 4. The formula gives real y-values for all x … 4. The range of 24 - x is 3 0, q),
the set of all nonnegative numbers.
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 3

The formula y = 21 - x2 gives a real y-value for every x in the closed interval from
-1 to 1. Outside this domain, 1 - x2 is negative and its square root is not a real number.
The values of 1 - x2 vary from 0 to 1 on the given domain, and the square roots of these
values do the same. The range of 21 - x2 is 3 0, 14 .

Graphs of Functions
If ƒ is a function with domain D, its graph consists of the points in the Cartesian plane
whose coordinates are the input-output pairs for ƒ. In set notation, the graph is
5(x, ƒ(x))  x∊D6 .
The graph of the function ƒ(x) = x + 2 is the set of points with coordinates (x, y) for
which y = x + 2. Its graph is the straight line sketched in Figure 1.3.
The graph of a function ƒ is a useful picture of its behavior. If (x, y) is a point on the
graph, then y = ƒ(x) is the height of the graph above (or below) the point x. The height
may be positive or negative, depending on the sign of ƒ(x) (Figure 1.4).

y f (1)
f(2)

x
y=x+2 x
0 1 2
2 f(x)
(x, y)
x y = x2 x
−2 0

-2 4 Figure 1.3 The graph of ƒ(x) = x + 2 Figure 1.4 If (x, y) lies on the graph of
-1 1 is the set of points (x, y) for which y has the ƒ, then the value y = ƒ(x) is the height of
0 0 value x + 2. the graph above the point x (or below x if
1 1 ƒ(x) is negative).
3 9
2 4 EXAMPLE 2   Graph the function y = x2 over the interval 3 -2, 24 .
2 4
Solution Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the equation y = x2 . Plot the points (x, y)
whose coordinates appear in the table, and draw a smooth curve (labeled with its equation)
through the plotted points (see Figure 1.5).

y How do we know that the graph of y = x2 doesn’t look like one of these curves?

(−2, 4) (2, 4)
4 y y
y = x2
3
3 9
2 a2 , 4b

(−1, 1) (1, 1) y = x 2? y = x 2?
1

x
−2 −1 0 1 2

Figure 1.5 Graph of the function x x

in Example 2.
4 Chapter 1: Functions

To find out, we could plot more points. But how would we then connect them? The basic
question still remains: How do we know for sure what the graph looks like between the
points we plot? Calculus answers this question, as we will see in Chapter 4. Meanwhile,
we will have to settle for plotting points and connecting them as best we can.

Representing a Function Numerically

We have seen how a function may be represented algebraically by a formula (the area
function) and visually by a graph (Example 2). Another way to represent a function is
numerically, through a table of values. Numerical representations are often used by engi-
neers and experimental scientists. From an appropriate table of values, a graph of the func-
tion can be obtained using the method illustrated in Example 2, possibly with the aid of a
computer. The graph consisting of only the points in the table is called a scatterplot.

EXAMPLE 3   Musical notes are pressure waves in the air. The data associated with
Figure 1.6 give recorded pressure displacement versus time in seconds of a musical note
produced by a tuning fork. The table provides a representation of the pressure function
over time. If we first make a scatterplot and then connect approximately the data points
(t, p) from the table, we obtain the graph shown in the figure.

p (pressure)
Time Pressure Time Pressure
1.0
Data
0.00091 -0.080 0.00362 0.217 0.8
0.6
0.00108 0.200 0.00379 0.480 0.4
0.00125 0.480 0.00398 0.681 0.2
t (sec)
0.00144 0.693 0.00416 0.810 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006
−0.2
0.00162 0.816 0.00435 0.827 −0.4
−0.6
0.00180 0.844 0.00453 0.749
0.00198 0.771 0.00471 0.581 Figure 1.6 A smooth curve through the plotted points
0.00216 0.603 0.00489 0.346 gives a graph of the pressure function represented by the
0.00234 0.368 0.00507 0.077 accompanying tabled data (Example 3).
0.00253 0.099 0.00525 -0.164
0.00271 -0.141 0.00543 -0.320
0.00289 -0.309 0.00562 -0.354
0.00307 -0.348 0.00579 -0.248
0.00325 -0.248 0.00598 -0.035
0.00344 -0.041

The Vertical Line Test for a Function

Not every curve in the coordinate plane can be the graph of a function. A function ƒ can
have only one value ƒ(x) for each x in its domain, so no vertical line can intersect the
graph of a function more than once. If a is in the domain of the function ƒ, then the vertical
line x = a will intersect the graph of ƒ at the single point (a, ƒ(a)).
A circle cannot be the graph of a function, since some vertical lines intersect the circle
twice. The circle graphed in Figure 1.7a, however, does contain the graphs of functions of
x, such as the upper semicircle defined by the function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2 and the lower
semicircle defined by the function g (x) = - 21 - x2 (Figures 1.7b and 1.7c).
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 5

y y y

−1 1
x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 0

(a) x 2 + y 2 = 1 (b) y = "1 − x 2 (c) y = −"1 − x 2

Figure 1.7 (a) The circle is not the graph of a function; it fails the vertical line test. (b) The
upper semicircle is the graph of a function ƒ(x) = 21 - x2. (c) The lower semicircle is the graph
of a function g (x) = - 21 - x2.
y
y = 0x0
y = −x 3
y=x Piecewise-Defined Functions
2

1 Sometimes a function is described in pieces by using different formulas on different parts

of its domain. One example is the absolute value function
x
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3
x, x Ú 0 First formula
Figure 1.8 The absolute value 0x0 = e     
function has domain (- q, q) and -x, x 6 0, Second formula

range 30, q). whose graph is given in Figure 1.8. The right-hand side of the equation means that the
function equals x if x Ú 0, and equals -x if x 6 0. Piecewise-defined functions often
y
arise when real-world data are modeled. Here are some other examples.
y = −x y = f(x)
2

1
y=1 EXAMPLE 4   The function
y = x2
x
−2 −1 0 1 2 -x, x 6 0 First formula
ƒ(x) = c x2, 0 … x … 1    Second formula
Figure 1.9 To graph the 1, x 7 1 Third formula
function y = ƒ(x) shown here,
we apply different formulas to is defined on the entire real line but has values given by different formulas, depending on
different parts of its domain the position of x. The values of ƒ are given by y = -x when x 6 0, y = x2 when
(Example 4). 0 … x … 1, and y = 1 when x 7 1. The function, however, is just one function whose
domain is the entire set of real numbers (Figure 1.9).
y
y=x
3 EXAMPLE 5   The function whose value at any number x is the greatest integer less
2 than or equal to x is called the greatest integer function or the integer floor function. It
y = :x; is denoted : x ; . Figure 1.10 shows the graph. Observe that
1

−2 −1 1 2 3
x : 2.4 ; = 2, : 1.9 ; = 1, : 0 ; = 0, : -1.2 ; = -2,

: 2 ; = 2, : 0.2 ; = 0, : -0.3 ; = -1, : -2 ; = -2.
−2

Figure 1.10 The graph of the
greatest integer function y = : x ;
lies on or below the line y = x, so
it provides an integer floor for x
(Example 5).
EXAMPLE 6   The function whose value at any number x is the smallest integer
greater than or equal to x is called the least integer function or the integer ceiling func-
tion. It is denoted < x = . Figure 1.11 shows the graph. For positive values of x, this function
might represent, for example, the cost of parking x hours in a parking lot that charges $1
for each hour or part of an hour.
6 Chapter 1: Functions

y Increasing and Decreasing Functions

3
y=x If the graph of a function climbs or rises as you move from left to right, we say that the
function is increasing. If the graph descends or falls as you move from left to right, the
2
function is decreasing.
y = <x=
1
x
−2 −1 1 2 3 Definitions Let ƒ be a function defined on an interval I and let x1 and x2 be
−1 any two points in I.
−2 1. If ƒ(x2) 7 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be increasing on I.
2. If ƒ(x2) 6 ƒ(x1) whenever x1 6 x2, then ƒ is said to be decreasing on I.
Figure 1.11 The graph
of the least integer function
y = < x = lies on or above the line It is important to realize that the definitions of increasing and decreasing functions
y = x, so it provides an integer must be satisfied for every pair of points x1 and x2 in I with x1 6 x2. Because we use the
ceiling for x (Example 6). inequality 6 to compare the function values, instead of … , it is sometimes said that ƒ is
strictly increasing or decreasing on I. The interval I may be finite (also called bounded) or
infinite (unbounded) and by definition never consists of a single point (Appendix 1).

EXAMPLE 7   The function graphed in Figure 1.9 is decreasing on (- q, 04 and increas-

ing on 3 0, 14 . The function is neither increasing nor decreasing on the interval 3 1, q)
because of the strict inequalities used to compare the function values in the definitions.

Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry

The graphs of even and odd functions have characteristic symmetry properties.

Definitions A function y = ƒ(x) is an

even function of x if ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x),
odd function of x if ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x),
for every x in the function’s domain.
y

y = x2 The names even and odd come from powers of x. If y is an even power of x, as in
(−x, y) (x, y) y = x2 or y = x4, it is an even function of x because (-x)2 = x2 and (-x)4 = x4. If y is an
odd power of x, as in y = x or y = x3, it is an odd function of x because (-x)1 = -x and
x
0 (-x)3 = -x3.
(a) The graph of an even function is symmetric about the y-axis. Since ƒ(-x) = ƒ(x), a
point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, y) lies on the graph (Figure 1.12a).
y A reflection across the y-axis leaves the graph unchanged.
y = x3 The graph of an odd function is symmetric about the origin. Since ƒ(-x) = -ƒ(x), a
(x, y) point (x, y) lies on the graph if and only if the point (-x, -y) lies on the graph (Figure 1.12b).
Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin if a rotation of 180° about the origin leaves the
x
0 graph unchanged. Notice that the definitions imply that both x and -x must be in the domain of ƒ.
(−x, −y)
EXAMPLE 8   Here are several functions illustrating the definition.

(b)
ƒ(x) = x2 Even function: (-x)2 = x2 for all x; symmetry about y-axis.

Figure 1.12 (a) The graph of y = x2
(an even function) is symmetric about the
y-axis. (b) The graph of y = x3 (an odd
function) is symmetric about the origin.
ƒ(x) = x2 + 1 Even function: (-x)2 + 1 = x2 + 1 for all x; symmetry about
y-axis (Figure 1.13a).
ƒ(x) = x Odd function: (-x) = -x for all x; symmetry about the origin.
ƒ(x) = x + 1 Not odd: ƒ(-x) = -x + 1, but -ƒ(x) = -x - 1. The two are not
equal.
Not even: (-x) + 1 ≠ x + 1 for all x ≠ 0 (Figure 1.13b).
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 7

y y
y = x2 + 1

y=x+1
y = x2

y=x

1 1
x x
0 −1 0

(a) (b)

Figure 1.13 (a) When we add the constant term 1 to the function
y = x2, the resulting function y = x2 + 1 is still even and its graph is
still symmetric about the y-axis. (b) When we add the constant term 1 to
the function y = x, the resulting function y = x + 1 is no longer odd,
since the symmetry about the origin is lost. The function y = x + 1 is
also not even (Example 8).

Common Functions
A variety of important types of functions are frequently encountered in calculus. We iden-
tify and briefly describe them here.
Linear Functions A function of the form ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and b, is called
a linear function. Figure 1.14a shows an array of lines ƒ(x) = mx where b = 0, so these
lines pass through the origin. The function ƒ(x) = x where m = 1 and b = 0 is called the
identity function. Constant functions result when the slope m = 0 (Figure 1.14b).
A linear function with positive slope whose graph passes through the origin is called a
proportionality relationship.

y
m = −3 m=2
y = −3x y = 2x
m = −1 m=1 y

y=x
1
y = −x m=
2 2 y=3
1 2
y= x
0 2 1
x
x
0 1 2
(a) (b)

Figure 1.14 (a) Lines through the origin with slope m. (b) A constant func-
tion with slope m = 0.

Definition Two variables y and x are proportional (to one another) if one
is always a constant multiple of the other; that is, if y = kx for some nonzero
constant k.

If the variable y is proportional to the reciprocal 1>x, then sometimes it is said that y is
inversely proportional to x (because 1>x is the multiplicative inverse of x).
Power Functions A function ƒ(x) = xa, where a is a constant, is called a power function.
There are several important cases to consider.
8 Chapter 1: Functions

(a) a = n, a positive integer.

The graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, are displayed in Figure 1.15. These func-
tions are defined for all real values of x. Notice that as the power n gets larger, the curves
tend to flatten toward the x-axis on the interval (-1, 1), and to rise more steeply for
0 x 0 7 1. Each curve passes through the point (1, 1) and through the origin. The graphs of
functions with even powers are symmetric about the y-axis; those with odd powers are
symmetric about the origin. The even-powered functions are decreasing on the interval
(- q, 04 and increasing on 3 0, q); the odd-powered functions are increasing over the
entire real line (- q, q).
y y y y y y = x5
y=x y = x2 y = x3 y = x4

1 1 1 1 1

x x x x x
−1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1 −1 0 1
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1

Figure 1.15 Graphs of ƒ(x) = xn, n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, defined for - q 6 x 6 q.

(b) a = -1 or a = -2.
The graphs of the functions ƒ(x) = x-1 = 1>x and g(x) = x-2 = 1>x2 are shown in
Figure 1.16. Both functions are defined for all x ≠ 0 (you can never divide by zero). The
graph of y = 1>x is the hyperbola xy = 1, which approaches the coordinate axes far from
the origin. The graph of y = 1>x2 also approaches the coordinate axes. The graph of the
function ƒ is symmetric about the origin; ƒ is decreasing on the intervals (- q, 0) and
(0, q). The graph of the function g is symmetric about the y-axis; g is increasing on
(- q, 0) and decreasing on (0, q).

y
y

y = 1x y = 12
x
1
x
0 1 1
Domain: x ≠ 0 x
Range: y ≠ 0 0 1
Domain: x ≠ 0
Range: y > 0

(a) (b)

Figure 1.16 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for part (a) a = - 1
and for part (b) a = - 2.

1 1 3 2
(c) a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3
3
The functions ƒ(x) = x1>2 = 2x and g(x) = x1>3 = 2 x are the square root and cube
root functions, respectively. The domain of the square root function is 3 0, q), but the
cube root function is defined for all real x. Their graphs are displayed in Figure 1.17, along
with the graphs of y = x3>2 and y = x2>3. (Recall that x3>2 = (x1>2)3 and x2>3 = (x1>3)2.)
Polynomials A function p is a polynomial if
p(x) = an xn + an - 1xn - 1 + g + a1 x + a0
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, c, an are real constants
(called the coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have domain (- q, q). If the
 1.1 Functions and Their Graphs 9

y
y y
32
y = !x y=x

y = !x
3 y = x 23
1
1 1 1
x x x x
0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞ Domain: 0 ≤ x < ∞ Domain: −∞ < x < ∞
Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: −∞ < y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞ Range: 0 ≤ y < ∞
1 1 3 2
Figure 1.17 Graphs of the power functions ƒ(x) = xa for a = , , , and .
2 3 2 3

leading coefficient an ≠ 0 and n 7 0, then n is called the degree of the polynomial. Lin-
ear functions with m ≠ 0 are polynomials of degree 1. Polynomials of degree 2, usually
written as p(x) = ax2 + bx + c, are called quadratic functions. Likewise, cubic functions
are polynomials p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d of degree 3. Figure 1.18 shows the graphs
of three polynomials. Techniques to graph polynomials are studied in Chapter 4.

3 2
y = x − x − 2x + 1
3 2 3
y
4 y
y y = (x − 2)4(x + 1)3(x − 1)
y= 8x 4 − 14x 3 − 9x 2 + 11x − 1
16
2 2
x
−1 1 2
x −2
−4 −2 0 2 4 −4 x
−1 0 1 2
−6
−2
−8
−10
−16
−4 −12
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.18 Graphs of three polynomial functions.

Rational Functions A rational function is a quotient or ratio ƒ(x) = p(x)>q(x), where

p and q are polynomials. The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for which
q(x) ≠ 0. The graphs of several rational functions are shown in Figure 1.19.

y
y 8
y 2 y = 11x3 + 2
4 y = 5x +2 8x − 3 6 2x − 1
3x + 2
2
2
4
y = 2x − 3 2 Line y = 5
7x + 4 1 3 2

x x x
−4 −2 2 4 −5 0 5 10 −4 −2 0 2 4 6
−1 −2
−2
−4
−2
NOT TO SCALE
−4 −6

−8
(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.19 Graphs of three rational functions. The straight red lines approached by the graphs are called
asymptotes and are not part of the graphs. We discuss asymptotes in Section 2.6.
10 Chapter 1: Functions

Algebraic Functions Any function constructed from polynomials using algebraic oper-
ations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking roots) lies within the
class of algebraic functions. All rational functions are algebraic, but also included are
more complicated functions (such as those satisfying an equation like y3 - 9xy + x3 = 0,
studied in Section 3.7). Figure 1.20 displays the graphs of three algebraic functions.

y y = x 13(x − 4)
y y = x(1 − x)25
4 y = 3 (x 2 − 1) 23
4
3 y
2 1
1
x x x
−1 4 −1 0 1 0 5 1
−1 7
−2 −1
−3

(a) (b) (c)

Figure 1.20 Graphs of three algebraic functions.

Trigonometric Functions The six basic trigonometric functions are reviewed in Section 1.3.
The graphs of the sine and cosine functions are shown in Figure 1.21.

y y

1 1 3p 5p
3p − p2 2 2
x x
−p 0 p 2p 0 p
−1 −1 2

(a) f (x) = sin x (b) f (x) = cos x

Figure 1.21 Graphs of the sine and cosine functions.

Exponential Functions Functions of the form ƒ(x) = ax, where the base a 7 0 is a
positive constant and a ≠ 1, are called exponential functions. All exponential functions
have domain (- q, q) and range (0, q), so an exponential function never assumes the
value 0. We discuss exponential functions in Section 1.5. The graphs of some exponential
functions are shown in Figure 1.22.

y y
y = 10 x y = 10 –x
12 12
10 10
8 8
6 y= 3 –x 6
y = 3x
4 4
2 2
y = 2x y = 2 –x
x x
−1 −0.5 0 0.5 1 −1 −0.5 0 0.5 1
(a) (b)

Figure 1.22 Graphs of exponential functions.

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 CHAPTER XXXI.
A LAUREL WREATH.

The spirit of unrest did not leave Kenelm Eyrle. When he met Sir
Ronald and Lady Hermione at lunch he looked very pale, ill, and
determined. He held Lady Hermione’s soft, white hand in his. “I must
ask you to pardon me,” he said. “I have no right to let my troubles
cloud your happy home.”
“I have nothing to pardon, but, oh! Kenelm!” she said, “you have
been true to your love for her, true to her memory for so long, could
you not take a new interest in life? Even she, herself, could ask no
greater sacrifice than you have already made.”
Sir Ronald had not yet entered the dining-room, and they were
standing before the long, open windows. She went to him with tears
in her beautiful eyes.
“You do not know,” she said, “how I mourn for your wasted life,
Kenelm. They tell me there is no estate in the country neglected like
yours. That your tenantry are poor and neglected, your dependents
the least prosperous of any; that over everything belonging to you
there seems to have fallen a blight. Is it so?”
“Yes. I cannot speak falsely to you, Hermione; it is so, and I do
not care to set it right.”
“Ah, if you knew,” she continued, earnestly, “how wrong it is, how
hateful to God and man are those neglected duties, you would
renounce this mania—it is but a mania after all—and begin to live in
earnest. Oh, Kenelm, be persuaded, be influenced.”
The darkest look she had ever seen in his face came over it now.
He laid his hand in hers. There was warning, not gratitude, in the
light touch.
 “Hermione,” he said, “you are good and earnest. I thank you,
because you mean well; but when Clarice died I swore to do nothing
else in life until I had traced and punished the one who slew her. You
are a happy wife, a happy mother, the honored mistress of a happy
home! She lies in her grave, forgotten almost, save by me. I am her
avenger!”
A bright flush crimsoned her face.
“Do you not think the task belongs to Ronald rather than to you?”
“No,” he replied, frankly. “There are no secrets between us,
Hermione; we both know that, although he was kind to her, although
he did his best to avenge her, yet Sir Ronald did not love her as I did.
She was the very core of my heart, she was the life of my soul.”
“And yet,” pleaded the gentle voice, “she was another man’s
wife.”
“I know it. Were she living I should never come near her. I should
never utter her name! I should, to the best of my power, trample
every thought of her remorselessly down! But she is dead,
Hermione, and love for the dead can never be a sin. She calls to me
from her grave with a voice no one else can hear; she comes to me
in the silent hours of the night when no one else on earth thinks of
her, and she reproaches me that she is yet unavenged.”
“Dear Kenelm, it is but a morbid fancy. I do not believe the dead
can wish for vengeance.”
“Justice is a mighty attribute,” he said, and there came to his face
a light she had never seen there before. “Her fair, sweet life was cut
short. She was slain even with a smile on her lips. She was young,
fair, loving and happy. She had for her own all the fairest gifts of
earth, and one foul stroke deprived her of all, and sent her without
time for one prayer into the presence of her God. Hermione, if a man
stole from you money, jewels, or worldly goods, you would cry out
that justice demanded punishment! Who so stole from her her sweet
life, with its full measure of great gifts, deserves punishment in
proportion to his crime. If word or deed of mine can bring him to it, I
pray the great God to nerve my right arm, and let no weakness come
between me and my duty.”
She looked at him with something of fear and awe—this stern
avenger, this man in whose eyes there came no light, was not in the
least like the kindly Kenelm, with whom she had played and danced
as a girl.
“We will always be dear friends, true friends, but Hermione do not
seek again to turn me from the purpose of my life! When that is
accomplished, when life has been given for life—I will atone to all
those whom I now neglect; until then I live for but one object. We will
say no more.”
Sir Ronald entered then with some visitors, and the subject
dropped, but it was strange for all the rest of the day how those
words haunted her. “When a life has been paid for a life I shall be
content.” They filled her with a strange, nervous dread and fear, a
vague terror that she could not account for nor describe. It was
something of a relief to both of them when Kenelm declared that he
must leave Aldenmere that evening. He did not tell his errand. It was
that he had heard from London of the apprehension of a tramp who
was suspected of murder, and he thought it within the bounds of
possibility that he might from him obtain some clue. It was a fruitless
errand, nevertheless it occupied his mind and gave him something to
do. When he was working for her, even though the work were vain,
he was happier for it. Three months passed, and looking back upon
the gay, sweet summer, Lady Hermione pronounced it the happiest
of her life. She had vowed to herself to win her husband from his
gloom and melancholy, to fill his life with new and varied interests, to
help him make his name famous, and she had most nobly kept her
vow. It was September now; the fruits hung ripe in the orchards, the
golden wheat had been gathered in huge sheaves, a clear autumn
light lay over land and sea; the leaves of the tall trees were falling
and lay golden, brown and scarlet under foot. Sir Ronald sat in his
study alone, the haggard, pained expression that had once marred
the dark beauty of his face had given place to a pleased, bright look
that betokened a mind fully occupied. Sir Ronald had indeed grown
famous, thanks to his wife, to her bright, cheerful intelligence, her
unwearied activity, her loving, tender sympathy with his pursuits. He
had written a book on the principal African plants. Botany had always
been his favorite study, and she had shared it with him. Directly after
their marriage she had set herself, like the true and loving wife she
was, to find out his inclinations and tastes. He was no model farmer;
the improvement of soil, the qualities of crops, the rearing of prize
cattle had no attraction for him—he left all such matters to his
dependents—but of plants and flowers he was enamored.
“I should have been a botanist if I had not been a baronet,” he
had said to her one day, with a smile, and she had mentally resolved
that he should be both. So she studied with him, she praised, she
encouraged as only good and wise women can do. Every new work
she saw advertised she sent for; she let no opportunity escape of
helping and encouraging him. His taste took a strange turn—it was
no longer confined to English flowers, the wild, sweet blossoms of
the fields and the gems of the garden. He studied with incredible
ardor the history of African plants—those ardent flowers that neither
burn nor shrivel under the warmest kisses of the African sun—
flowers watered only at rare intervals and living in tropical splendor
where others would die. This African flora had a strange, weird
charm for him. He read, he wrote, he studied, he made glowing
dreams to himself of the lives of those brilliant flowers. And then he
wrote a book about them—a book that left its mark on the age, that
was written in such glowing, fiery, poetical language men and
women read it with wonder, read and reread it, wondering why they
had never thought before of those curious facts and fancies,
wondering why a man in whose soul the light of genius burned so
fiercely had never shown the world that light before. Then scientific
men read and argued about it until the name of Sir Ronald Alden of
Aldenmere became famous throughout the land. There arose
between these learned men a wonderful discussion over some of the
plants—a discussion that created great interest and attention. The
result was that a party of scientific men who were about starting to
Africa on an exploring expedition wrote and earnestly implored Sir
Ronald Alden to join them.
 CHAPTER XXXII.
SIR RONALD’S DECISION.

On this bright September morning Sir Ronald sat in his library

alone, the open letter in his hand, considering within himself whether
he should decline without saying one word to his wife, or whether he
should consult her as to the advisability of going or not. The thought
of leaving her was most unpleasant; nay, it was distasteful to him.
She had so completely changed the gloom of his life into brightest
sunshine that it seemed to him in leaving her for ever so small a time
he must leave all the light behind. And yet the prospect was a
pleasant one. He had always liked traveling. His new pursuits were
most fascinating to him. The idea of going to Africa and seeing the
wonders of which he had been only able to read, write and dream,
was full of novelty, pleasure and excitement. Still, there was
Hermione and the children—those little children, the love of whom
had grown in his heart until his whole nature was changed. Were all
the scientific pursuits in the world worth even one moment of
absence from them? He could not decide. There were two voices in
his heart and each called him different ways. The door opened
gently and Lady Hermione entered. He was so deeply engrossed in
his thoughts that he never heard her. She went up to him. They had
no secrets from each other, this husband and wife who loved so
deeply and so well. She laid one white arm caressingly round his
neck and bent her beautiful head over him.
“Whom is your letter from, Ronald?”
“Dr. L——,” he replied, mentioning a world-wide known name, to
which the whole universe pays homage. Her face brightened with
pride and pleasure.
“Oh, Ronald, let me read it! What does he say? It is to praise you,
I am sure.”
 As she read he watched the changes in her beautiful face, the
pride and pleasure, the surprise, and then the pain. Her sweet lips
quivered.
“That is enough, Hermione,” he said. “I shall not go.”
But she laid the letter down and clasped both arms around his
neck. “My darling,” she whispered, “I am so proud of you. How can I
thank Heaven for raising you from the depths of that cruel slough of
despond and making you useful and famous? I am so happy, love.”
She kissed him with tears falling like rain.
“I shall not go, Hermione,” he said. “I would not leave you, my
wife, to have my name put at the very head of the roll of science.”
“We will not decide hastily. You would be away two years, and it
seems to me, Ronald, that the change of air and scene, the novelty
of travel, the incessant occupation and the constant companionship
of such men as Dr. L—— and Sir George Aiken would complete the
cure. We will not decide; let us take time to consider.”
So she knelt, clinging to him, loving him, admiring him, thinking
only of what was for his good—sweet, simple, loving soul, so utterly
unconscious of the doom her innocent prayers were bringing down
on her own head. They took time to think of it. They consulted
friends, who had their interest best at heart, and the universal
opinion was that Sir Ronald should go. It was with her own heart that
Lady Hermione consulted most. “If it were for five, or even four
years,” she said to herself, “I should not be willing for him to leave
us, but only for two, and they will be so happily spent. How often I
have wished that he would travel, that he would seek change of
scene! And now the very opportunity offers for travel, with men
whose very names refresh him when he hears them. If I can make
up my mind to the sacrifice he will return strong, well, hearty, happy,
with the last vestige of gloom vanished, and we shall be happy as
long as we live. He has never left this spot since the tragedy
happened, and he has brooded over it too long.”
Sir Ronald asked his friend and comrade, Kenelm Eyrle to spend
a week at Aldenmere, and help them to come to some decision.
Kenelm spoke boldly. “If I live in the shade, Ronald,” he said, “you
may go into the sun. Nothing does my heart so much good as to see
you happy, and to know that men do homage to your talent. My
advice is to—go.”
“And you say that from your heart?” asked Sir Ronald.
“Yes; and Ronald, I promise to watch over your wife and children
while you are away.”
“Then,” said Sir Ronald, “I think I shall go. Let me see what does
Baby Clare say? Baby, what shall papa do—shall he go?”
Baby Clare, quite unconscious of all that hung upon her answer,
said, in her quaint, baby fashion: “Yis, papa, go.”
So the wife who idolized him, the little children who loved him
best in the world, and the friend who was to him as a brother, all
joined in persuading him to go, knowing so little—God help them!—
of what would come from it.
“When does the expedition start?” asked Kenelm, after the
decision had been reached.
“In the middle of October,” replied Sir Ronald, and from that time
Lady Alden knew she had done right, in trying to persuade him to go.
There was, of course, the natural sorrow of a man who is about to
leave wife, home and children, but he was so eager, so interested,
so active. Day by day, hour by hour, the clouds seemed to go farther
from him. There was little trace left now of the once gloomy Sir
Ronald. Letters of compliment and congratulation poured in upon
him, in the midst of the hurry of his preparations. The number of
visitors and the many engrossing affairs to be settled before his
departure left him little or no time for sad thoughts, and if she who
loved him so generously troubled over his going, no words of hers
ever said so. If her pillow at night was wet with tears, her smile was
bright enough during the day. “It was best for him,” she knew, and
love went no farther than that.
 CHAPTER XXXIII.
“REMEMBER YOUR VOW.”

“No,” replied Sir Ronald, in answer to his wife’s question, “I would

rather that you did not go to London with me. I shall like to bid you
farewell here, so that my last picture of you may be in our home,
Hermione. I cannot fancy you on board a ship, or by a steamer’s
side, or on a crowded platform. I like to picture you here under the
rich, rippling shade of the green trees I love so well.”
“It shall be as you wish,” she replied. “I wanted to be with you as
long as I could, Ronald, but if it pleases you, we will part here at
home.”
“Yes; where I shall find you on my return. I can keep the picture
with me then while we cross warm seas and torrid climes. So cool,
so sweet, so beautiful—the picture of my beloved wife, among the
trees at home.” The September day came at last. It dawned bright
and beautiful, as some of the most unhappy days of our lives do at
times, and there was a rich, mellow gleam of sunshine in the air, a
rich fragrance from the autumn leaves and flowers, a sweet sound of
clear, birdlike music in the air, a day when Aldenmere looked its
fairest, and he was about to leave it. He rose early and went through
the grounds that he might bid them farewell in all their early, dewy
beauty. Every preparation was made, his luggage all packed and
sent on before him. He had bidden farewell to his friends—only
Kenelm Eyrle remained.
When Hermione, his wife, came out to walk with him through the
pleasant home scenes they had so often enjoyed together, he saw
the gleam of her dress in the trees and hastened to her.
“You may find taller and more beautiful flowers in Africa,” she
said, smilingly, “but you will never enjoy such mornings as these.”
 “Nor shall I ever see such a face as yours. Oh, Hermione, I am
just asking myself whether I am not foolish to leave home and you in
pursuit of science and fame. What is all the science on earth
compared to one look at your dear face, one loving word from your
sweet lips?”
“Ah, you forget,” she said, gently. “Love is very grand and noble,
but when it weakens a man’s purpose in life, instead of
strengthening it, then it is not the love it should be. You remember
the grand old lines,

I could not love thee, dear, so much,

Loved I not honor more.

I shall have blessed your lips, Ronald, if I have helped to crown it

with a noble purpose.”
“As you have done, I can fancy other women, with a weaker love
than yours, clinging to a husband, praying him not to go—not to
leave them. So few would say as you do, my darling, ‘God speed
you,’ with a smile. Hermione, I have something to ask of you.” They
were standing then under the shade of a large oak tree, the smiling
landscape around them, the smiling skies above. “I cannot tell when
I shall return. They say the expedition is to be absent for two years—
it may be longer, it may not be as long. Hermione, promise me that
you will be here to meet me as though I had been only a few hours
away. See, love, if the day of the return be bright and sunny like to-
day, come to this tree and await me here. Do you promise?”
She raised her eyes to his. “I promise you, love,” she replied, and
they little dreamed then what that coming home would be like.
He laid his hand caressingly on the golden head.
“Hermione,” he said, “you once made a vow to me—do you
remember it? When I went to you in my sorrow and desolation, and
asked you to be my wife.”
“I remember my vow, Ronald. It was to love you and you only
until I died. It was to stand between you and all sorrow, to give my
life for you if needful.”
“Yes,” he said, kissing her sweet face, “and you have nobly kept
that vow. You have been the good angel of my life.”
“I shall keep it even better,” she replied, mechanically, and then
began to wonder at her own words. So often, Heaven help us! our
idle words, our careless words, spoken without thought, without
meaning, are prophecies. This was one. Then Kenelm Eyrle came
out, bringing with him the little children—Harry, the heir, and Clare,
who had her mother’s beautiful face. He was going to London with
Sir Ronald, and the hour of starting had arrived. They all
remembered that scene long after other and more terrible scenes
had darkened their lives. How the little ones clung around him and
played around him. How Harry asked in baby language, where papa
was going, and why did mamma look so unhappy? Then Ronald
took the children by the hand and led them up to Kenelm Eyrle.
“When great warriors go out to battle,” he said, “they leave their
most precious jewels in safe hands. Kenelm, these are my jewels,
more precious to me a thousand times than all the jewels that ever
came from Golconda’s mines. When I return, my friend and brother, I
shall ask what you have done with my jewels, which I leave in your
hands.”
“I will render you just account,” said Mr. Eyrle.
Then Sir Ronald took Lady Hermione’s hand.
“This, my dearest and most beloved wife, I leave also in your
charge. You shall answer for her as you will answer for your own
soul to God.”
“That will I do,” said Mr. Eyrle, cheerfully.
“You will help her, Kenelm, with all the business of the estate.
She will not hear of any steward, or I would have appointed one.
Stand between her and all trouble, Kenelm.”
“I will,” he replied, cheerfully.
Until the last moment of his life, Ronald remembered parting with
Lady Hermione. How, when the final moment came, her womanly
tenderness overcame everything else and she said such words to
him as he never forgot! For the first time she told him how deeply,
how truly, how passionately she loved him, for the first time he saw
and understood the adoration she lavished upon him, and then, with
those words still ringing in his ears, he kissed her lips. The next
moment he was gone and Lady Alden lay in the long grass, sobbing
alone!
 CHAPTER XXXIV.
THE TOWERS.

The Towers, Kenelm Eyrle’s inheritance, was a large estate.

Perhaps the prettiest and most picturesque part of it was that called
Dower House, a large, open, healthy, airy house, standing by itself,
close to the Holme Woods. The Dower House had been, in former
generations, a retreat for the widowed ladies of the family, but of late
there had been no widows, and the place had gone somewhat to
decay. It was quite isolated; there was no other dwelling near it, no
cheerful path led to a highway, no neighboring chimneys peeped
from between the trees. It was isolated, solitary, secluded—the very
spot where one might live and die unseen and unknown.
Kenelm Eyrle had more than once looked at the large closed,
solitary place, and thought how sad it was that it should go to decay.
There were no widowed Ladies Eyrle to seek refuge there now, and
the really good, substantial property was rapidly going to ruin. Owing
to the size of his estate, and his own peculiar ideas, Kenelm had
always employed a land agent, a gentleman of intelligence and
shrewdness, who made The Towers one of the best paying estates
in the country. If Mr. Gordon had any fault to find with his employer it
was for the little interest he took in anything.
“I do not believe he would care,” said Mr. Gordon one day, “if we
found a gold mine on the property. He would raise his eyebrows one-
quarter of an inch and say, ‘Indeed!’ As for being pleased or excited
over it—nothing of the kind.”
To Mr. Gordon a man who did not care for money was simply a
blot on creation.
“I have sometimes been so successful,” he would say, “in
different works on the estate, that Mr. Eyrle has found himself a
thousand pounds the richer for it! But he never cared; he never
seemed pleased. If, as has seldom happened, we have been
unsuccessful, and have lost, it was just the same.”
But Mr. Gordon, like the sensible man that he was, had
suggested one thing—it was the letting of the Dower House. “I know
you dislike the idea of strangers about the property,” he said, “but it
seems to me a sin to let such a beautiful place as that go to ruin.”
Mr. Eyrle smiled the melancholy smile that was so habitual with
him.
“Go and live there yourself,” he replied, and Mr. Gordon gravely
assured him that if he were not married there was no place he would
prefer to it.
“Mrs. Gordon likes life. No spot suits her so well as the High
street, Leeholme, or city upon it. The Dower House should not be
empty. But, Mr. Eyrle, let me find a tenant for it.”
“It must be a tenant who does not bore me,” said Kenelm,
indifferently, and he thought no more of the matter, until one morning
he received a letter signed “J. Payton,” evidently written by a lady.
That letter interested him strangely.
“I have seen the advertisement respecting the Dower House,
and, if it be not taken, I should like to have the lease of it. I have
never seen it, but am told that it is a place where one may live
unseen and die unknown. I want such a home.”
A strange, abrupt letter, he thought to himself, yet one that
interested him, and he drove over to Leeholme, to see Mr. Gordon.
The agent, who was by no means a man of sentiment, read the letter
with very different ideas.
“Evidently a lady with a mystery. If it depended on me, I should
say ‘no’ to such a tenant. There is nothing like straightforward, plain
honesty. I dislike all mystery. Still, do as you like, Mr. Eyrle.”
And Mr. Eyrle, with the usual fatality of his sex, did as he liked.
He desired Mr. Gordon to let Mrs. Payton have the Dower House on
her own terms.
 “You only want to save the property,” he said; “you do not want to
make ever so much money out of it.”
But Mr. Gordon, although he listened with respect, did as he
liked. He had an interview with a lady who represented Mrs. Payton,
and from her demanded what he thought a reasonable rent. It was
most cheerfully agreed upon.
“Money is not of much consequence to Mrs. Payton,” said the
gray-haired lady. “The only thing she cares for is peace and
solitude.”
The agent smiled to himself, thinking how wonderful it was that
landlord and tenant should have such very similar opinions.
The Dower House was put into repair, and Mr. Eyrle, speaking of
it one day, asked:
“Did the lady call upon Gordon? What was she like?”
“Very sensible, elderly and gray-haired,” he replied. But it did not
occur to him to mention that this was not the veritable tenant, only
her representative.
Mr. Eyrle heard when they arrived, and then, after the usual
comfortable manner of his sex, thought no more of them.
One May morning, shortly after Sir Ronald Alden had left home,
Kenelm received a letter. He recognized the handwriting as that of
his tenant, Mrs. Payton. It was a letter any tenant might have
addressed to a landlord—simply asking permission to have a large
bay window thrown out of the drawing-room.
“Of course,” he said to himself, “she may have bay windows all
over the house, if she likes,” and his consent was so heartily given in
his own mind he neglected to write and assure her of it. Thereupon
came a second letter, and Kenelm’s heart reproached him.
“She will think I have neglected her,” he said, “and I had no such
thought. I must go over, I suppose, and apologize.”
He went. The wind was blowing from the pine woods, the lilac
and laburnum were all in flower, the mavis was singing in the trees,
all nature was gay and smiling. His heart went back, with a dreary,
discontented sigh to the thought of Clarice in her grave, shut out
forever from all the fair loveliness of earth and sky. The grounds
about the Dower House were very pleasant. He thought to himself as
he walked through them that one might be very happy there. He was
shown into a cool, shady, fragrant parlor, where the vases were filled
with great boughs of laburnums and plumes of lilac; there an elderly
lady was seated, who rose at his approach, and bowed to him.
“Mrs. Payton, I believe,” he said.
She looked in his face with a frank smile.
“Oh, no,” she replied. “I am Mrs. Payton’s representative. I know
of no better word.”
He smiled, too, at her frank simplicity.
“I have the honor to be Mrs. Payton’s landlord,” he continued,
“and she wrote to me respecting a bay window she wished to add to
the drawing-room.”
Again she glanced at him with the kindliest smile.
“And I hope, Mr. Eyrle,” she said, “you are going to be good-
natured and let her have it. When one looks at nothing but trees and
flowers it is hardly possible to have enough of them.”
“Mrs. Payton may alter every window in the house if she
chooses,” he said, earnestly. “I have but one hope, and that is that
she will make the Dower House comfortable for herself.”
“That is kind, for the chances are that she will never leave it,” said
Miss Hansen, with a deep-drawn sigh, and then there fell upon them
a most uncomfortable silence. Mr. Eyrle was the first to break it.
“Is Mrs. Payton an invalid?” he asked.
“No; oh, no! I do not know that she has ever had a day’s ill-
health.”
“Then, if she pleases, I will see her,” he continued, and Miss
Hansen looked at him quite aghast.
 “See Mrs. Payton?” she repeated. “She never sees any one, Mr.
Eyrle. I live with her to save her from that kind of thing. If you are
going to be very kind over the windows, could you not transact the
business with me?”
But a sudden determination had come over Mr. Eyrle. He would
see the mysterious tenant who cared for nothing but trees and
flowers. He looked at Miss Hansen with a good-natured smile.
“I think,” he said, “that I shall prefer seeing the lady herself.”
He was amused at the smile that brightened the honest, fearless
eyes looking at him.
“I am sure if you ask I shall not be denied.”
“Well, I will ask; but if you do obtain an interview it will be the first
granted to either stranger or friend.”
And the little lady rolled up her knitting and walked slowly out of
the room.
 CHAPTER XXXV.
A MYSTERIOUS LADY.

Miss Hansen was some time absent, and Kenelm Eyrle awaited
her return in grim silence. He did not, as some men would have
done, amuse himself by looking around the room, seeking to guess
the character of its occupants, as was usual with him; he forgot
everything except Clarice, whom he had loved and lost.
“I have been a long time, Mr. Eyrle,” said the cheerful voice of
Miss Hansen. “Mrs. Payton was out in the grounds. I shall soon
believe there is magic in your name, for Mrs. Payton is willing to see
you.”
Evidently the little lady was startled.
“Will you follow me,” she said, “to the morning-room? We found
so many rooms at the Dower House that we have been puzzled how
to name them.”
He followed her to a large, bright, cheerful room—a room that
seemed, at first sight, somewhat crowded with pictures and statues.
His eyes were dazzled at first, for the sunbeams were very bright;
then, as he grew accustomed to the light, he saw before him the tall,
stately figure of a lady, dressed in deepest mourning. He was so
completely unprepared for her wonderful beauty that he looked at
her for a few minutes, quite unable to speak. Then his face flushed
at his own awkwardness.
“I must apologize,” he said. “I was under the impression that Mrs.
Payton was an elderly lady. You will think me very ill-bred—very
stupid.”
Perhaps she had known the force of her own beauty in happier
days, for a sad smile half rippled over her lips, then died away.
 “I may plead guilty to the same mistake,” she said. “I thought Mr.
Eyrle very much my senior.”
“So I am,” he replied.
“You are very kind to give yourself the trouble of calling upon me,”
she continued. “I want your permission to have a large bay window
made in the drawing-room; it is my favorite room; the view is very
beautiful, but the window is small.”
“I can have no possible objection,” he replied, courteously.
“It will be expensive,” she said.
“That will not matter; it will serve to beautify the home.”
Again the same sad, faint smile.
“You are different from most of the landlords in whose houses I
have lived,” she said. “That is the primary consideration. I thought I
would explain to you that the alterations I should like to make will not
affect other tenants, as I have every wish and hope, be my life long
or short, to spend it here.”
He looked at her in unaffected wonder, thinking to himself that it
could be no ordinary sorrow that caused so young and lovely a
woman to spend her life in seclusion. He had rarely, if ever, seen a
more beautiful woman. She was tall, with a finely formed figure, full
of gracious, graceful curves, that made every movement seem like a
note of richest harmony. She had a lovely Spanish face, dark,
beautiful, dreamy, but inexpressibly sad; there were purple rings
around her dark eyes, as though she wept much and watched more;
there was no light in the faint, sad smile that rippled over her lips. As
one sees sometimes a perfect flower, over which saddest blight has
fallen, so was she blighted in her youth, in her beauty, by some
terrible sorrow, the nature of which no one could guess from her
face.
He was thinking intently of her, wondering so deeply what her
history was, that he was not aware that she had spoken to him twice
without receiving any answer. When he discovered it, for the second
time during the interview, his face flushed hotly at his own
awkwardness. He tried to bring the interview to a more businesslike
conclusion.
“I am afraid, Mrs. Payton,” he said, “that you find me very stupid. I
had a dreadful trouble years ago, and it has made me unlike every
one else.”
He saw a gleam of kindly sympathy light up her dark eyes.
“Trouble?” she repeated, wearily. “I think every one in the wide
world has that. I never hear of anything else. Trouble? I ask myself
sometimes why we were created to do nothing save suffer. Do you
remember those lines of Barry Cornwall’s?

“We toil through pain and wrong;

We fight and fly;
We have, we love, and then ere long
Stone dead we lie.

“There you have life—a little pain, a little wrong, a little love, then
stone dead we lie.”
Words could no more describe the melancholy of her voice than
they could the beauty of her face.
“You are very young,” he said, pityingly, “to know so much more
of sorrow than of joy.”
Then she seemed suddenly to remember that she was talking to
a stranger, one whom a few moments before she hardly saw. She,
too, grew slightly confused, and abruptly changed the conversation.
“As landlord and tenant,” she said, “we ought to have some
agreement, I suppose. I do not wish to cause you any heavy
expense, and if my whim be gratified, I am perfectly willing to defray
a just share of the expense.”
“You want a pretty window?” said Kenelm, suddenly. “I will give
you a design.”
 He took his pencil, drawing a sheet of paper near him, with a few
bold, graceful strokes, he completed the design of a very handsome
window. He showed it to her.
“Yes,” she said, “that is what I want. How quick you are to seize
upon an idea! To make that perfect there should be purple passion
flowers around these fluted pillars.”
“And a beautiful face peeping through the leaves,” he said. “You
shall have the window, Mrs. Payton, and when it is completed to our
satisfaction, we will arrange such minor and uninteresting details as
expense. You must let me come sometimes to see how the design
progresses.”
“I cannot refuse you admittance to your own house,” she replied,
with a smile, “but my rule is imperative. I see no visitors.”
“Then I shall come as landlord, architect, window-designer, or
any other character save that of visitor; then you will not refuse to
see me.”
“You are so kind,” she said, with a graceful courtesy. “I can never
do that.”
There was no pretense for prolonging the interview and Kenelm
rose from his seat.
“As you receive no visitors, I may presume you do not visit. I
have never met you out. Have you seen Leeholme church? It is
considered very beautiful and picturesque.”
“I have never left the Dower House since I entered it,” she
replied, “and most probably, when I enter Leeholme church, it will be
when I am taken there to be buried. I say this to you, but I do not
know why I give my confidence to a stranger.”
“They say that the happy are attracted to each other—perhaps
the unhappy are the same,” he said, and then he left her.
But as he walked home he thought more of that beautiful Spanish
face than he had thought of anything since Clarice died.