EE230: Analog Circuits Lab

Lab No. 2
Chinmay Tripurwar, 22B3902
January 24, 2024

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1 OpAmp based Negative Feedback Circuits
1.1 Inverting Amplifier Circuit
1.1.1 Aim of the Experiment
Familiarizing with Operational Amplifier (OpAmp) based Negative feedback
circuits.

1.1.2 Design

R2

R1
Vi −
Vo
+
RL

Figure 1: Inverting Amplifier Simulation

1.1.3 Simulation Results

Figure 2: Inverting Amplifier Simulation

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1.1.4 Experimental Results
• The inverting amplifier gain (G) is determined by the formula:

R2
G=− = 10
R1

• When the input sinusoidal voltage amplitude is reduced to 0.1V, the

output voltage (Vo ) is observed to be 1.98V pk -to-pk. Notably, the
output is inverted compared to the input, affirming the correct use of
the inverting amplifier.

• Increasing the input amplitude to 2V results in an output reaching up

to ±27.4V pk-to-pk. Beyond this point, the output does not further
increase.

Table 1: Measured and Theoretical Values for Inverting Amplifier

Frequency (kHz) Measured Vo (V) Theoretical Vo (V)
1 1 0.98

Table 2: Measured and Theoretical Values for Inverting Amplifier

Input Voltage Vi (V) Output Voltage Vo (V) (pk-to-pk)
0.1 1.96
0.2 3.88
0.4 7.66
0.75 14.8
1.2 23.4
1.5 27.4
1.8 27.4
2.0 27.4

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1.1.5 Conclusion and Inference
In the Inverting Amplifier circuit experiment, it was observed that the output
voltage reached saturation beyond a certain input threshold. This saturation
indicates the amplifier’s maximum output limit.

1.1.6 Experiment Completion Status

Completed

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1.2 Differentiator Circuit
1.2.1 Aim of the Experiment
Understanding and analyzing the Differentiator circuit.

1.2.2 Design

R2

C
Vi −
Vo
+
RL

Figure 3: Differentiator Circuit

1.2.3 Simulation Results

Figure 4: Differentiator Circuit Simulation

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 After Connecting Capacitor in Parallel

Figure 5: Differentiator Circuit Simulation

1.2.4 Experimental Results

Figure 6: The output waveform is a square pulse with distorted edges

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Figure 7: The output waveform is a square pulse with capacitor in parallel

1.2.5 Conclusion and Inference

Conclusion: The presence of distortion in the differentiator output high-
lights the crucial role of a capacitor in parallel with the feedback resistor.
When this capacitor is absent, high-frequency noise introduces distortions.
However, connecting the capacitor alleviates these distortions, facilitating the
accurate differentiation of the input waveform and yielding a cleaner output
signal.
Inference: The observed improvement in waveform quality upon con-
necting the capacitor suggests that its inclusion effectively filters out high-
frequency components. This filtering action enhances the performance of
the differentiator circuit, emphasizing the significance of careful component
selection to achieve desired signal processing outcomes.

1.2.6 Experiment Completion Status

Completed

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1.3 Summer Amplifier Circuit
1.3.1 Aim of the Experiment
To examine the output of a summer amplifier circuit, apply two distinct
inputs and verify if the output accurately represents the sum of both input
signals with appropriate amplification.

1.3.2 Design
V0 = −R3 ( X1
R1
+ X2
R2
)

• The summer amplifier circuit employs two input sources, three resistors,
and an OpAmp, with resistances determined to achieve specific signal
amplifications.

• The chosen resistor values (R1 = R3 = 10kΩ, R2 = 5kΩ)

−
R1 R2 Vo
+
RL
X1
X2

Figure 8: Summer Amplifier Circuit

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1.3.3 Simulation Results

Figure 9: Summer Amplifier Circuit Simulation

1.3.4 Experimental Results

R3
R1
= 1, R
R2
3
=2
X1 X2
V0 = −R3 ( R1 + R2
)
R3 = 10kΩ
R1 = 10kΩ
R2 = 5kΩ

1.3.5 Conclusion and Inference

Conclusion: The summer amplifier combines multiple input signals, gener-
ating an output proportional to their sum.
Inference: The predictable and linear response of the summer amplifier
implies that it is well-suited for applications requiring the combination of
signals, such as in audio processing and control systems.

1.3.6 Experiment Completion Status

Completed

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1.4 Equation Solver
1.4.1 Aim of the Experiment
To create an analog circuit for solving a given differential equation and obtain
the solution, express the equation as input signals for the circuit, and analyze
the resulting output.

1.4.2 Design
• The provided differential equation, Vo = −0.0001 dX dt
1
+2X2 , necessitates
a circuit comprising a differentiator, a simple amplifier, and an inverting
summer amplifier. In the implemented circuit with a 5kΩ resistor, 10nF
capacitor, and 10kΩ feedback resistor, the inputs (X1 and X2) were
applied to the inverting input of the OpAmp to achieve a gain of 2.

R3

−
R2 Vo
C
+
RL
X1
X2

Figure 10: Equation Solver Circuit

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1.4.3 Experimental Results
  
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Vo = − (π cos(ωt) + 5 sin(ωt)) ≈ −6 sin ωt + arctan π

Figure 11: Equation Solver DSO

1.4.4 Conclusion and Inference

Using differentiators, integrators, and basic summer amplifiers, one can con-
struct an analog computer capable of solving intricate differential equations.

1.4.5 Experiment Completion Status

Completed

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2 OpAmp Based Positive Feedback Circuits
2.1 Schmitt Trigger Circuit
2.1.1 Aim of the Experiment
Design and understand the Schmitt Trigger circuit for given thresholds.

2.1.2 Design
• The input signal is applied to the inverting input, while positive feed-
back is provided from the non-inverting end in the Schmitt Trigger
circuit.

• The threshold values (VT H ) for the Schmitt Trigger are determined
VCC R2
using the formula VT H = R 1 +R2
, resulting in R1 = 5kΩ and R2 = 1kΩ,
and a sinusoidal input of 10Vpp and 1kHz frequency is supplied through
the inverting input.

Vin −
Vo
+
RL

Va
Figure 12: Schmitt Trigger Circuit

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2.1.3 Experimental Results

Figure 13: Schmitt Trigger Circuit

2.1.4 Conclusion and Inference

The Schmitt Trigger operates on positive feedback, always saturating its
output to either +Vcc or -Vcc. It switches output states at defined input
threshold voltages: upper (from -Vcc to +Vcc) and lower (from +Vcc to
-Vcc).

2.1.5 Experiment Completion Status

Completed

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2.2 Modified Schmitt Trigger Circuit
2.2.1 Aim of the Experiment
Understand and analyze a modified Schmitt Trigger circuit.

2.2.2 Design
• The Schmitt Trigger circuit employs an input signal at the inverting
input, with positive feedback from the non-inverting end. Utilizing
VCC R2
the threshold formula VT H = R 1 +R2
, where R1 = 5R2 , specific resistor
values (R1 = 5kΩ and R2 = 1kΩ) are chosen.

• A sinusoidal input of 10Vpp and 1kHz frequency is applied through the

inverting input with Va grounded.

Vin − R‘=1k
Vo
+
R2 D2
10k

R1 D2
10k
Va
Figure 14: Modified Schmitt Trigger Circuit

2.2.3 Experimental Results

• Completed the circuit but could not Generate DSO Output in lab.

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2.2.4 Conclusion and Inference
The inclusion of zener diodes at the circuit’s output stabilizes the output
voltage within ±4.2V, as the diodes allow the remaining current to pass
through, ensuring voltage regulation. Additionally, the presence of resistor R′
is crucial to limit current through the output terminal and prevent potential
damage to the zener diodes.

2.2.5 Experiment Completion Status

Could not complete in lab

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3 OpAmp Based Feedback Circuit
3.1 Feedback Circuit Analysis
3.1.1 Aim of the Experiment
Analyze and understand the feedback circuit shown in Fig. [6].

3.1.2 Design

R2

−
Vi Vo
+
R3

Figure 15: Feedback Circuit

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3.1.3 Simulation Results

Figure 16: Feedback Circuit Simulation

Figure 17: Feedback Circuit Simulation

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3.1.4 Experimental Results
• Could not complete due to time constraint.

3.1.5 Conclusion and Inference

negative feedback is observed and the circuit behaves as expected

3.1.6 Experiment Completion Status

Could not complete in lab

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