11 STEM - Queen of Angels - Princess Lovi Ricarro

Lesson 1: Matter
(Properties & Classifications)

Matter
- anything that has mass and volume.
- takes up space.
- made of tiny particles called atoms.

> Atom- the most basic unit of matter, which retains the chemical identity of matter.

Three fundamental states of matter:

 Solid
- have their own definite shape and volume.
- has a rigid, closely packed structure in which the particles are not free to move but can
only vibrate in place as if there were springs in between them.

 Liquid
- take on the shape of the containers in which they are held.
- particles can move around, and this is why liquid flows.

 Gas
- take on the shape of the containers in which they are held.
- takes the volume of their containers but will escape when the containers are not sealed.
- free to move and very far apart from each other, and this is why gases can completely fill
their containers.

Other fundamental states of matter:

o Plasma
o Base-Einstein Condensate
o Fermionic Condensate

Properties of matter:

 Physical properties
- those characteristics that are not brought about by the change in the chemical
composition of the substance.

Example: > freezing point > flammability

> boiling point > melting point
> density > mass
> state of substance > temperature
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 Chemical properties
- associated with a change in the chemical composition of the substance.

Example: > toxicity

> reactivity
> chemical stability

Classification of the properties of matter:

 Extensive property- depends on the amount or size of the substance.

Example: > mass

> volume
> size
> length
> weight

 Intensive property- depends on the nature or type of substance present.

Example: > melting point

> density
> color
> boiling point

Difference between pure substances and mixtures:

 Pure Substance
- has fixed chemical composition.
Example: 24-karat gold, HNO3, Copper

> Element
- a pure substance that cannot be broken down to simpler substance by chemical
means.
Example: Helium, Mercury, Neon, Silver..

* Periodic table
- a table containing all known elements, their symbols, and properties.

 Mixture
- a material made up of two or more different chemical substances which are not chemically
bonded.
Example: 18-karat gold, Air, Soil
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> Compound
- two or more elements are joined chemically in a specific ratio.
- can be further decomposed into their constituent elements or other compounds or both by
undergoing a chemical change.
Example: Caffeine, Acetic Acid, Hydrogen Bromine, Fe2o3
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Lesson 2: Mixtures

Mixture
- consists of two or more substances in variable amounts that are combined by a physical process.
- the substances in the mixture are not bonded together chemically and so the substances retain
their respective chemical identities.

Classification of mixtures:

 Homogeneous mixture
- also called “solution”.
- has uniform composition and appearance.
Example: Vinegar, dishwashing liquid, tap water

 Heterogenous mixture
- substances are not distributed uniformly.
Example: Fruit salad, chocolate chip cookies

Separation techniques:

1. Evaporation
- simple technique to dissolve solid component from the liquid component in a homogenous
mixture.
- involves applying heat to the mixture to evaporate the liquid.
- what remains after all the liquid has been driven off is the solid component.

2. Filtration
- particles making up the substances in a mixture are separated based on their size.
Example: a simple mesh (stone) can separate larger components of soil from the finer ones.

3. Distillation
- separation of two or more liquids with different boiling points in a mixture.
- the liquid mixture is vaporized, collected, and separated from the other liquids in mixture.
- the liquid component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first then the vapor passes
through a cool tube where it condenses.

4. Paper chromatography
- separation technique of choice when we have a mixture consisting of colored substances,
such as plant dyes, and inks.
- the mixture is dissolved in a solvent (usually water or alcohol).
- the components of the dissolved mixture separate out when they travel up the paper at
different rates.
 11 STEM - Queen of Angels - Princess Lovi Ricarro

Lesson 3: Atomic structure

Atom
- basic unit of matter that defines an element.
- consists of even smaller particles.

The subatomic particles:

 Protons- positive charge

 Neutrons- no charge
 Electrons- negative charge

> Ernest Rutherford’s nuclear model

nucleus - it states that the nucleus is the core
center of the atom.
- protons and neutrons are in the
nucleus, while electrons orbit around
the nucleus.
Difference about the charges of protons and electrons:

 Positively charged protons

- have the same mass as the neutral neutrons with the latter being a “little bit heavier”
than the former.

 Negatively charged electrons

- about 1800 times smaller than protons in terms of mass so they do not contribute much
to the mass of the atom.

> Mass of the atom- concentrated at the nucleus where the relatively more massive
protons and neutrons are.

The atomic mass & isotopes:

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 Atomic mass units (amu)
- a convenient way of expressing miniscule masses
- defined as being exactly equal to one-twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom.
Example: 1 amu = 1.6605 x 10−24 g

> Atomic number (Z)

- the number of protons in an atom.
- it also gives us the number of electrons in the atom because for an atom to carry no net
charge, it should have the equal number of protons and electrons.

Atomic number Z = number of protons in an atom

> Mass number (A)

- gives us the sum of protons and neutrons in an atom.
- subtracting the atomic number from the mass number of an atom will yield the total
number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Mass number A = number of protons + number of neutrons in an atom

Number of neutrons in an atom = A - Z

 Isotopes
- atoms of the same element with different number of neutrons.
- have the same atomic number but different mass numbers.
- can represent by using the shorthand notation:

Lesson 3: Dalton’s Atomic Model

Joseph Dalton
- an English chemist, he put together the modern atomic theory, building upon the work of
other scientists, such as Joseph Proust, Antoine Lavoisier, and others.
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Dalton’s atomic theory has the following postulates:

o Matter is made up of tiny, invisible particles called atoms.

o All atoms of given element have identical mass and properties.
o Atoms of one element differ in properties from atoms of other elements.
o A compound is a combination of the atoms of two or more elements in fixed ratios.
o During a chemical reaction, the atoms are rearranged; they are not destroyed or created.

Different law’s under atomic theory:

1. Law of conservation of mass (Postulate e)

- states that in a closed system, matter is neither created nor destroyed.
- the mass of starting components of a reaction is equal to the mass of the products of the
reaction.

2. Law of definite proportions or Law of constant composition (Postulate b)

- formulated by Joseph Proust, a French chemist.
- states that elements combine in fixed proportions by mass to form compounds.

3. Law of multiple proportions

- proposed by Dalton.
- states that when two elements form two or more compounds, the masses of the same two
elements will be ratios of small whole numbers.

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