REGIONAL MARITIME UNIVERSITY

MARINE ELECTRICAL/ELECTRONICS ENG

WEEKEND PROGRAMME

POWER GENERATION TRANSMISSION AND

DISTRIBUTION

BY MR EBENEZER TEIGAGA
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
PRIMARY SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

Fossil Fuel

”
Hydro
Solar
wind
Tidal
Wave
Nuclear
Biomass
geothermal
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL

”
 Formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals
 Includes coal, oil and gas
 Other fossil fuel include bituminous sands or oil sands
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
PROCESS OF ELECTRICITY GENERATION FROM FOSSIL FUEL

Coal is crushed to a fine dust and burnt. Oil and gas can be burnt directly
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL-COAL
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL- COAL AND OIL

ADVANTAGES
• Very large amounts of electricity can be generated in one place using
coal, fairly cheaply.
”
• Transporting oil and gas to the power stations is easy.
• Gas-fired power stations are very efficient.
• A fossil-fuelled power station can be built almost anywhere, so long as
you can get large quantities of fuel to it.
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL- COAL AND OIL

DISADVANTAGES
•

•
Pollution- CO2 and SO2
Mining coal can be difficult and dangerous, and destroys large
”
areas of the landscape.
• In order to cope with changing demands for power, the station
needs reserves. This means covering a large area of countryside
next to the power station with piles of coal.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
A Typical Steam Turbine

A steam turbine converts

the thermal energy in
steam to rotational
movement.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
Gas turbine system

gas turbine compresses air and

mixes it with fuel- fuel is burned
and the hot air-fuel mixture is
expanded through turbine
blades, making them spin.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
• Fuel is burned in a
Combined Cycle Gas turbine system (CCGT) combustor
• The resulting energy in the
gas turbine turns the
generator drive shaft
• Exhaust heat from the gas
turbine is sent to a heat
recovery steam generator
(HRSG)
• The HRSG creates steam
using the gas turbine
exhaust heat and delivers
it to the steam turbine
• The steam turbine delivers
additional energy to the
generator drive shaft
• The generator converts
the energy into electricity
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL- GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS

ADVANTAGES
 Easier to install than steam turbines and high pressure boilers, while
being less area intensive and having lower capital costs;
”
 Large systems have high efficiencies with relatively low capital cost;
• High temperature steam production.
“ GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
FOSSIL FUEL- GAS TURBINE SYSTEMS

DISADVANTAGES



Require premium fuels, often natural gas, that have high price volatility;
The high temperatures involved require heat-resistant materials, raising
”
production cost;
 Turbine performance is significantly reduced at high altitudes or high
ambient temperatures
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
HYDROELECTRIC POWER

A dam is built to trap

water, usually in a valley
where there is an existing
lake.
Water is allowed to flow
through tunnels in the
dam, to turn turbines and
thus drive generators.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
HYDRO-ELECTRIC TURBINE SYSTEM
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

Akosombo Dam
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

ADVANTAGES
 Once the dam is built, the energy is virtually free.
 No waste or pollution produced.
 Much more reliable than wind, solar or wave
power.
 Water can be stored above the dam ready to
cope with peaks in demand.
 Hydro-electric power stations can increase to full
power very quickly, unlike other power stations.
 Electricity can be generated constantly.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT

DISADVANTAGES
• The dams are very expensive to build.
However, many dams are also used for flood
control or irrigation, so building costs can be
shared.
• Building a large dam will flood a very large area
upstream, causing problems for animals that used
to live there.
• Finding a suitable site can be difficult - the impact
on residents and the environment may be
unacceptable.
• Water quality and quantity downstream can be
affected, which can have an impact on plant life.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WAVE ENERGY

At a wave power station, the

waves arriving cause the
water in the chamber to rise
and fall, which means that
air is forced in and out of the
hole in the top of the
chamber.
We place a turbine in this
hole, which is turned by the
air rushing in and out.
The turbine turns a
generator.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WAVE ENERGY
“
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WAVE ENERGY

ADVANTAGES
• The energy is free - no fuel needed, no waste produced.
•

•
Not expensive to operate and maintain.
Can produce a great deal of energy. ”
DISADVANTAGES
• Depends on the waves - sometimes you'll get loads of energy, sometimes
almost nothing.
• Needs a suitable site, where waves are consistently strong.
• Some designs are noisy. But then again, so are waves, so any noise is unlikely
to be a problem.
• Must be able to withstand very rough weather.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
TIDAL POWER
These work rather like a hydro-
electric scheme, except that the
dam is much bigger.
A huge dam (called a "barrage")
is built across a river estuary.
When the tide goes in and out,
the water flows through tunnels
in the dam.
The ebb and flow of the tides
can be used to turn a turbine, or
it can be used to push air
through a pipe, which then
turns a turbine.
“
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
TIDAL POWER

ADVANTAGES

”
• Once you've built it, tidal power is free.
• It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.
• It needs no fuel.
• It produces electricity reliably.
• Not expensive to maintain.
• Tides are totally predictable
• Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not ruinously expensive to
build and do not have a large environmental impact.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
TIDAL POWER

DISADVANTAGES
 A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and
affects a very wide area - the environment is changed for many
miles upstream and downstream. Many birds rely on the tide
uncovering the mud flats so that they can feed. Fish can't
migrate, unless "fish ladders" are installed.
 Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide
is actually moving in or out.
 There are few suitable sites for tidal barrages
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER
Conversion of solar energy into electricity

Two main methods

Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Solar Photovoltaic (PV)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

• CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking

systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a
small beam. The concentrated heat is then used
as a heat source for a conventional power plant.
• The most developed technologies are the
parabolic trough, the linear Fresnel reflector,
the Stirling dish and the solar power tower.
• Various techniques are used to track the sun
and focus light. In all of these systems a
working fluid is heated by the concentrated
sunlight, and is then used for power generation
or energy storage.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- CSP: Parabolic Trough

Trough systems use

large, U-shaped
(parabolic) reflectors
(focusing mirrors) that
have oil-filled pipes
running along their
centre, or focal point.
The mirrored reflectors
are tilted toward the sun,
and focus sunlight on
the pipes to heat the oil
inside to as much as
750°F. The hot oil is then
used to boil water,
which makes steam to
run conventional steam
turbines and generators.

Parabolic trough Parabolic trough process diagram

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- CSP: Solar Power Tower
Solar Power Tower
Solar receiver Solar Power Tower Process diagram
Power tower systems also
called central receivers,
use many large, flat
heliostats (mirrors) to track
the sun and focus its rays
onto a receiver. The
receiver sits on top of a tall
tower in which
concentrated sunlight
heats a fluid, such as
molten salt, as hot as
1,050°F. The hot fluid can
be used immediately to
make steam for electricity
generation or stored for
later use. Molten salt
retains heat efficiently, so
it can be stored for days
before being converted
into electricity. That means
electricity can be
produced during periods
of peak need on cloudy
days or even several hours
after sunset.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- CSP: Sterling/Dish System
Sterling generator
Dish/engine systems use mirrored dishes
(about 10 times larger than a backyard
satellite dish) to focus and concentrate
sunlight onto a receiver. The receiver is
mounted at the focal point of the dish. To
capture the maximum amount of solar
energy, the dish assembly tracks the sun
across the sky. The receiver is integrated
into a high-efficiency "external"
combustion engine. The engine has thin
tubes containing hydrogen or helium gas
that run along the outside of the engine's
four piston cylinders and open into the
cylinders. As concentrated sunlight falls on
the receiver, it heats the gas in the tubes
to very high temperatures, which causes
hot gas to expand inside the cylinders. The
expanding gas drives the pistons. The
pistons turn a crankshaft, which drives an
electric generator. The receiver, engine,
and generator comprise a single,
integrated assembly mounted at the focus
of the mirrored dish.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- CSP: Linear Fresnel reflector system

In the Fresnel plants linear

reflectors concentrate the
sun into an absorber tube
quite similar to the
parabolic trough plants. As
the concentration factor is
smaller than in parabolic
trough plants lower
temperatures are normally
achieved in the heat
transfer fluid. That is why
most of the plants which
have been designed until
know has chosen saturated
steam as the only working
fluid in both the solar field
and the turbine. This
Radiation and reflection pattern concept claims to be
cheaper than the parabolic
trough, but it has lower
optical and thermodynamic
efficiency and it is not so
Linear Fresnel reflector plant suitable for storing energy in
molten salt tanks.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- CSP Technologies

Parabolic trough
Linear Fresnel reflectors

Sterling/solar dish
Solar Power Tower
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Solar PV

Solar photovoltaic technologies convert solar energy into useful energy forms by directly
absorbing solar photons—particles of light that act as individual units of energy—and either
converting part of the energy to electricity (as in a photovoltaic (PV) cell) or storing part of the
energy in a chemical reaction (as in the conversion of water to hydrogen and oxygen).
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Solar PV
PHOTOVOLTAIC TECHNOLOGIES

•Crystalline silicon
Made from thin slices cut from a single crystal of silicon
(monocrystalline) or from a block of silicon crystals
(polycrystalline), with an efficiency ranging between 11% and
20%. This technology represents about 85% of the market today polycrystalline Silicon slices or wafers

•Thin Film
Made by depositing extremely thin layers of photosensitive
materials onto a low-cost backing such as glass, stainless steel or
plastic. Lower production costs counterbalance this
technology’s lower efficiency rates (from 5% to 13% average) Thin film Solar PV

•Other cell types

Concentrated photovoltaic (operates with concentrated
sunlight, using a lens to focus the sunlight onto the cells)
• flexible cells (similar production process to thin film cells, their
flexibility opens the range of applications)

Flexible Solar PV cell

Concentrated Solar PV
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Solar PV
Solar Cell on operation
Solar cells are
devices that convert
sunlight directly into
electricity. Solar
cells are made of
layers of
semiconductor
materials similar to
those used in
computer chips.
When sunlight is
absorbed by these
materials, the solar
energy knocks
electrons loose from
their atoms, allowing
the electrons to flow
through the material
to produce
electricity.
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Solar PV

Diagram of a Solar PV System

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
SOLAR POWER- Solar PV
Solar Panels

Individual cell produces only about 0.5 to

0.6 V under standard test
conditions.
• A typical module has 36 cells in series
and is often designated as a
“12-V module” even though it is capable of
delivering much higher
voltages than that.
• Large 72-cell modules are now quite
common, some of which have
all of the cells wired in series, in which
case they are referred to as
24-V modules.
• Some 72-cell modules can be field-wired
to act either as 24-V
modules with all 72 cells in series or as 12-
Cell Module Array V modules with two
parallel strings having 36 series cells in
each.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Conversion of wind energy into electrical power

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Wind Turbines
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Parts of a Wind Turbine
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Roll, Pitch and Yaw
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Power in the Wind
GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Power in the Wind
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Description)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER

Fundamental Aerodynamics of Wind Turbines

Stream Tube and Actuator Disc Concept (Formulation)

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Impact of Tower Height and Earth’s Roughness on Wind speed
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Impact of Tower Height and Earth’s Roughness on Wind speed

Example 1: A wind turbine with a 60m diameter is mounted with its hub at 60m
above a ground surface. An anemometer mounted at a height of 10m above
ground surface shows a wind speed of 5m/s. Estimate the wind speed at the
highest point that the rotor blade tip reaches, assuming the friction coefficient
is 0.2.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Impact of Tower Height and Earth’s Roughness Specific Power

Ratio of Specific Power at a given height

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
WIND POWER
Impact of Tower Height and Earth’s Roughness Specific Power

Example 2: For the wind turbine given in example 1, estimate ratio of specific
power in the wind at the highest point that the rotor blade tip reaches to the
lowest point it falls to.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
NUCLEAR POWER

Conversion of Nuclear Energy into Electricity

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
NUCLEAR POWER

A nuclear power plant

is a thermal power
station in which the
heat source is from a
nuclear reactor which
uses Uranium as fuel. As
is typical in all
conventional thermal
power stations the heat
is used to generate
steam which drives a
steam turbine
connected to a
generator which
produces electricity.

A Nuclear Power Plant

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
NUCLEAR POWER

A Nuclear Power Plant in operation

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
NUCLEAR POWER
A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and
control a sustained nuclear chain reaction.
Nuclear reactors are used at nuclear
power plants for generating electricity and
in propulsion of ships. Heat from nuclear
fission is passed to a working fluid (water or
gas), which runs through turbines.
Nuclear fusion and nuclear fission are two
different types of energy-releasing reactions in
which energy is released from high-powered
atomic bonds between the particles within the
nucleus. The main difference between these two
processes is that fission is the splitting of an atom
into two or more smaller ones while fusion is the
fusing of two or more smaller atoms into a larger
one.

Fission reaction in nuclear reactor Fusion reaction

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
GEOTHERMAL

Generating electricity by using heat from the earth

GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
BIOMASS
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
BIOMASS

Direct Combustion
In-direct Combustion

Basic block diagram of a Biomass Power systems

 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
BIOMASS
1) In the mixing tank the water and
cattle dung are mixed together
thoroughly in the ratio of 1:1 to form
the slurry. This slurry is then
transferred to the digester via inlet
chamber up to the cylindrical portion
level of the digester.
2) The fermentation of slurry starts in
the digester and biogas is formed,
which is accumulated at the top of the
digester in the dome. Since the outlet
gas valve is closed, the bio-gas exerts
pressure on the slurry which starts
moving in the inlet and outlet chamber
due to which the level of slurry drops in
digester and increases in the outlet
chamber.
3) If you want to use the biogas, you
can open the valve of the gas pipe and
remove it as per the requirement for
various applications. When the gas is
taken out from the dome, the level of
slurry in the digester increases while
the level in inlet and outlet valves
Fixed Dome Biomass System reduces.
 GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY
BIOMASS

Biomass Combined Heat and Power Station