3.

3 WIND TO ELECTRICITY

• As wind blows, force is exerted on the blades of rotor

• Rotor is connected to generator through gearbox

which increases the rotation speed

(~25 rpm to 1000 rpm)

• Electricity produced by the generator is transported

down the tower via cables to a transformer

1
3.3 WIND TO ELECTRICITY
• Cut-in speed: minimum wind speed at which the

turbine starts to generate power.

• Rated speed: wind speed at which the wind turbine

reaches rated turbine power.

• Cut-out speed: wind speed at which the wind turbine

shuts down (design, safety constraints)

Actual energy output

• Capacity factor: Theoretical energy output

2
Numerical 5
• Estimate the power produced by wind turbine, if the maximum wind speed is 8
m/s, coefficient of power is 0.4 and if the diameter of the horizontal axis wind
turbine is 12 m. Assume standard atmospheric conditions where density of air is
1.225 kg/𝑚3 . Neglect generator and gearbox losses
• Cp = power coefficient
1 • Ratio of the energy extracted by
• Hint: Power produced = 𝜌𝐴𝑣 3 Cp the wind turbine relative to the
2
energy available in the wind
stream
Ans:

1
Power = ∗ 1.225 ∗ 3.14 ∗ 6 ∗ 6 ∗ (8)3 *0.4 = 14.18 kW
2

3
3.4 BIOMASS TO ELECTRICITY
• Biomass : Carbon based plant and animal materials which contains Sun’s energy in a stored manner

• Energy from biomass can be rightly termed to be ‘carbon neutral’

4
 3.4 BIOFUELS
Fuels produced from biomass through chemical and biological processes, helps
to reduce global warming

• Examples: biodiesel, ethanol, methanol

• They are mainly used as transportation fuels (as substitute or additive to

existing fuels)

In India 10% ethanol is currently blended with petrol, target is 20% by 2025

Adv: Can help to reduce import of oil, give additional income to farming
community

Disadv: To produce 1 l of ethanol from sugar 2860 l of water and 62.65 Rs.
required, fuel economy could reduce

5
3.4 ENERGY FARMING
• DEFINITION: Production of fuels/energy as a product of agriculture, silviculture, aquaculture or any
industrial or social activities that produce organic waste residues.

E.g., Sycamore, Jojoba, Acacia

• Adv: By-products, residues and wastes can be efficiently used; environmental improvement, rural
development

• Disadv:
➢ May replace food crops and possibility of soil erosion
➢ Bulky nature of biomass causes transportation difficulties
➢ Poor design of systems cause air and water pollution

6
 3.4 BIOMASS TO ELECTRICITY
CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES

Thermochemical Conversion Direct combustion, pyrolysis, gasification

Biochemical Conversion Anaerobic digestion, fermentation

Due to low density, high volume

Densification of biomass Briquetting
Saw dust, rice husk, tapioca waste

7
Numerical 6
• Find the conversion efficiency of a gasifier if 20 kg of wood produces 46 𝑚3 of producer gas.

The calorific value of wood is 3200 kcal/kg and the average calorific value of producer gas is

1000 kcal/ 𝑚3 .

Ans:

Efficiency of gasifier = Heat output/ Heat input = (46*1000)/(20*3200) = 71.88 %

8
3.5 HYDROPOWER TO ELECTRICITY
• Behind a high dam, water accumulates potential
energy.
• This is transformed into mechanical energy when the
water rushes down the sluice and strikes the rotary
blades of turbine.
• The turbine's rotation spins electromagnets which
generate current in stationary coils of wire.
• Finally, the current is put through a transformer
where the voltage is increased for long distance
transmission over power lines.

9
Numerical 7
• How much power generation potential is available in a run of river hydropower plant for a flow of

0.3 kg/s with a net head of 10 m? Take overall efficiency as 50 %.

Hint:

Ans: W = kg 𝑚2 Τ𝑠 3
Make sure flow rate is in kg/s to get final answer in W
Power = 9.81*0.3*10*0.5= 14.7 kW (Other units of flow rate = 𝑚3 Τ𝑠, 𝑚3 Τℎ, liter/s
Net head = Head after losses

10
 3.6 WAVE ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY
There are two main types of wave-energy generators.

Fixed devices: waves reaching the shore can be used like a

piston to push air up and down a large pipe. Strong concrete
Fixed wave energy g/r

walls set half in and half out of the water trap a column of air
inside the machine. As the waves rush in, the air is forced
upwards and spins the turbine. As the wave retreats, air is
sucked back through the turbine, causing it to spin again. The
turbine is connected to a generator, which produces electricity.

Floating devices consists of a series of giant metal tubes joined

together with flexible hinges. The movement of the waves
causes sections of the snake to move up and down. Each hinge
is connected to a pump, which pumps oil through a hydraulic
motor as it moves. The motor generates electricity as it spins.

11
 3.7 TIDAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY

Since the position of the earth and the moon with

respect to the sun changes throughout the year, we can
utilize the potential energy of the water contained in the
daily movement of the rising and falling sea levels to
generate electricity.

Electricity can be generated using the difference in the

vertical height between the incoming high tides and the
outgoing low tides.

Tidal water flows back and forth in a dam causing the

water turbine generators located within the tunnels to
rotate producing tidal energy.

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3.8 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY TO ELECTRICITY
1. Hot water is pumped from deep underground
through a well under high pressure.
2. When the water reaches the surface, the pressure is
dropped, which causes the water to turn into steam.
3. The steam spins a turbine, which is connected to a
generator that produces electricity.
4. The steam cools off in a cooling tower and
condenses back to water.
5. The cooled water is pumped back into the Earth to
begin the process again.

13
 4. ENERGY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Measures energy intensity, to gauge the effectiveness of your energy management efforts

Performance Indicators Formula Unit

Specific energy consumption Energy consumption / Output kWh/piece
Energy Intensity Energy consumption of a process / Total energy consumption %
Specific energy costs Energy consumption / Costs of production kWh/$
Revenue based energy efficiency Revenue per product / Specific energy costs %

14
 5. FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION
2021 statistics - INDIA
2021 statistics - GLOBAL

Highest energy consumption is in the

TOE = Tonne of oil equivalent; 1 TOE = 42 GJ
Highest energy consumption is in Industry (42%) and Buildings
(27%) sectors. Within the industrial sector, manufacturing accounts
for the largest share of annual industrial energy consumption
Industrial sector followed by residential
energy use and agricultural sector.
15
 6. ENERGY
NEEDS OF
GROWING
ECONOMY
• From 2012 to 2040 there will be 48 %
jump in energy consumption

• 71 % rise in developing countries

• Reasons: Improved housing

(construct and maintain), appliances
and transportation equipment, and
growing capacity to produce goods
and services for both domestic and
foreign markets

Quadrillion = 10^15; 1 BTU = 1055 J

16
7. LONG TERM ENERGY SCENARIO
• COAL
➢ Coal will continue to remain as dominant fuel for power production for the next few years
➢ Domestic coal production unlikely to meet growing demand
➢ Need to import

• OIL
➢ India will continue to import to meet majority of oil requirement

• NATURAL GAS
➢ Increasing demand, negligible production
➢ Only hope - gas pipeline projects

• ELECTRICITY
➢ Expected need for capacity doubling every 10 years (high economic growth)
➢ Must improve quality and reliability of power supply

17
8. ENERGY SECURITY

18
 DEFINITION: “The continuous availability of energy in varied forms in sufficient quantities at a reasonable price”

• Aim of nations : Reduce dependence on imported energy for its economic growth

• Main imports for India: Oil (80%)

Any disruption in supply or increase in price would have serious consequences

• Methods to prevent such consequences:

a) Diversification of sources of imports (Supply from different countries)

b) Develop alternatives to imported goods (Ethanol/biodiesel to substitute petrol/diesel)

c) Measures to reduce demand (Energy efficiency measures and demand side management)

d) Develop alternative energy sources (Energy plantations)

19
9. ENERGY CONSERVATION

20
 9.1 IMPORTANCE
• About 60 % of fossil fuels have already been consumed

• Most inexpensive solution to energy shortages

• Reduce CO2 emissions and lessens climate change

• Provides improved energy security

Does energy conservation and ENERGY ENERGY EFFICIENCY

energy efficiency mean the same? CONSERVATION
Not use energy Use of technology that requires less
Similarity : Helps in demand reduction
energy to perform the same function

21
 9.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT 2001
• EC Act provides legal framework and institutional arrangements to enhance energy efficiency

• Led to the creation of Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) at the center and State Designated Agencies

(SDAs) at the state level to implement the provisions of the Act

• Amendment in 2010:

a) Expanded the scope of energy conservation norms for buildings

b) Tightened the applicability of energy efficiency norms for appliances and equipments

c) Penalties for non-compliance

22
 9.2 ENERGY CONSERVATION ACT 2001
(Lecture notes)

• KEY DEFINITIONS:

Energy, energy audit, energy conservation building codes, equipment, designated agency

• Powers and functions of Bureau

• Powers of Central Government

• Powers of State Government

23
 SCHEMES OF BEE UNDER ECA 2001
1) Energy Conservation Building Codes (ECBC)

2) Standards and Labeling (S&L)

3) Demand Side Management (DSM)

4) Bachat Lamp Yojana (BLY)

5) Promoting energy efficiency in small and medium enterprises

6) Designated consumers

7) Certification of energy managers and auditors

24
10. ELECTRICITY PRICING
• Electricity tariff is determined based on the provisions contained in (a) Electricity Act
2003 (b) Tariff Policy notified by the Government of India.

• Tariffs vary with:

1. Consumer’s load factor, power factor, voltage and total consumption

2. The time of supply,

3. The geographical position of any area

4. The nature of supply and the purpose for which the supply is required

• Electricity prices in India reflect the impact of cross-subsidization, because

of which agriculture and domestic consumers pay relatively lower prices

25