Digestion

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Human Digestion
KAFUNDA CHRISTONE
By Kafunda Christone
1. Which type of food is not digested before being absorbed by the body?
A. carbohydrate
B. fat
C. protein
D. water
 Digestion is the breakdown (mechanically and chemically) of large,
insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules.
 Water is not a large molecule and therefore does not need to be
digested. A, B and C are all incorrect as they are all large, complex
molecules that require digesting before being absorbed by the body.
2. Which organ produces amylase?

A. gall bladder
B. liver
C. esophagus
D. pancreas
 Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch into maltose.

 It is produced in the mouth and the pancreas.
A, B and C are all incorrect as none of these organs produce any
enzymes at all
1|Page
3. What is the function of bile?

A. to acidify food entering the duodenum
B. to emulsify starch
C. to increase the surface area of fats for digestion
D. to provide enzymes for fat digestion
 Bile works by breaking up large drops of fats and oils into much
smaller ones, increasing the surface area and making it easier for
lipase enzyme to digest them into fatty acids. This is known as
emulsification.
 Bile also raises the pH of the acidic mixture coming from the stomach.
 Bile does not contain any enzymes.
A is incorrect as bile does the opposite, making food entering the duodenum
less acidic.
B is incorrect as bile emulsifies fats, not starch.
D is incorrect as bile does not contain any enzymes.
2|Page
4. The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.
P
S
Q
In which organs does the digestion of proteins take place?

A. P and Q B. P and R C. Q and R D. Q and S
 Protein digestion begins in the stomach.
 It is completed in the duodenum (the first of the small intestine),
producing amino acids which will be absorbed in the ileum.
A and C are incorrect as Q, the pancreas, produces enzymes that digest
protein but not actual digestion takes place there.
D is incorrect as not digestion takes place in either the pancreas (Q) or
the liver (S)
3|Page
5. What is the function of bile?

E. to acidify food entering the duodenum
F. to emulsify starch
G. to increase the surface area of fats for digestion
H. to provide enzymes for fat digestion
4|Page
6. The diagram shows a villus. The arrows show the direction of flow within vessels
associated with the villus.
Which vessel carries blood to the liver?
5|Page
7. In which region of the alimentary canal is maltose digested?

A. colon
B. rectum
C. small intestine
D. stomach
8. The diagram shows part of the alimentary canal and associated organs.
T
W
Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

A. T and U B. U and V
C. V and W D. W and T
6|Page
9. The diagram shows a piece of small intestine during peristalsis.

X
direction of
peristalsis
What is happening at X?
circular muscles longitudinal muscles
A contracted contracted
B contracted relaxed
C relaxed contracted
D relaxed relaxed
7|Page
10. The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

Which structure does not secrete digestive enzymes?
D
B
C
8|Page
11. Which substance catalyses the breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol?
A. adrenaline
B. alcohol
C. bile
D. lipase
9|Page
12. The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.

In which part does protein digestion begin?
A
B
10 | P a g e
13. A person ate food X. Food X was not affected by enzymes until it reached the
duodenum.
What was in food X?
A. fat
B. mineral ion
C. protein
D. starch
11 | P a g e
14. A person has their gall bladder removed.

Which statement is correct?
A. They cannot eat carbohydrates.
B. They can eat fat only in small amounts.
C. They can eat only liquid food.
D. They must not eat more than one large meal a day.
12 | P a g e
15. What is the function of the anus?

A. assimilation
B. digestion
C. egestion
D. excretion
 Egestion is the removal of undigested food materials, in the form of faeces,

from the anus.
A is incorrect as assimillation is the movement of digested food molecules

into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
B is incorrect as digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food

molecules into small, soluble food molecules.
D is incorrect as excretion is the removal of toxic materials, the waste product

of metabolism and substance in excess of requirement from organisms.
13 | P a g e
16. Why does chewing food speed up digestion?

A. Bacteria in the food are killed.
B. Food is mixed with protease.
C. The surface area of the food is increased.
D. The taste of food is improved.
 Chewing breaks food into smaller pieces which increases the surface area
for enzymes to work on it.
A is incorrect as bacteria are killed by acid conditions in the stomach, not by

chewing.
B is incorrect as protease is mixed with food in the stomach, not the mouth
D is incorrect as how food tastes has nothing to do with digestion.
14 | P a g e
17. The small intestines of cows are similar in general structure and function to the
small intestines of humans.
A disease in cows reduces the number of villi in their small intestines.
The cows lose weight and become weak.
What explains this?
A. less amylase produced
B. less peristalsis
C. slower absorption of nutrients
D. slower digestion of proteins
 Villi increases the surface area over which absorption of nutrients into the
blood can occur in the small intestine
 A reduction in the number of villi means the surface area is reduced and
not so many nutrients can be absorbed in the time the digested food is in
the small intestine.
A is incorrect as amylase is not produced by villi
B is incorrect as peristalsis is controlled by the muscles in the walls of the

gut, not the villi
D is incorrect as proteins are mainly digested in the stomach
15 | P a g e
Section B
18. The diagram below shows the cross section through two different portions of the
human alimentary canal.
a) (i) From which part of the alimentary canal were these cross sections taken J and
K?
(ii) Give reason to your answer in (a) (i) above.
b) Explain the role played by B in the alimentary canal.
c) Name two juices passing through the tube C
a) (i) J is small intestine also known as ileum

K is Duodenum
(ii) J: Because it has projection in the inner lining called villi (villus)
K: Because it has a duct which opens into it.
b) Parts labelled B represent longitudinal and circular muscles, these
contract during peristalsis and push the food down and keep the food
moving on its way through the digestive system.
C) Two juice produced at C are:
- Pancreatic juice
- Bile
Reasoning: Bile comes from the gall bladder in the liver, while pancreatic juice
comes from the pancreas. These open in the duodenum.
16 | P a g e
Section C
19. Describe the digestion of food in the mouth [4]
Food is first ingested into the mouth. Starch is the only type of food digested
in the mouth. After food has been ingested into the mouth, it is masticated
by the teeth to increases the surface area of the food for more efficient
enzyme activity and makes food easy to swallow. When the food is in the
mouth, the saliva glands in the walls of the mouth secrete salivary amylase
contained in saliva. Salivary amylase starts the digestion of starch to
produce maltose. However, only small amounts of starch are converted to
maltose in the mouth because food stays for a short time in the mouth.
17 | P a g e
20. (a) Describe how mammals digest;

(i) Starch [2]
(ii) Protein [2]
(b) What is the fate of the products of a (i) and (ii)? [4]
20 a)
(i) In mammals, digestion of starch takes place in the mouth and in the
small intestine (duodenum). Salivary amylase secreted by glands in
the mouth begins the digestion of starch. However, only a small portion
can be digested because food stays in the mouth for only a short period
of time. The remaining large portion of starch is digested in the small
intestine. When starchy food reaches the duodenum, pancreatic
amylase from the pancreas breaks down the starch into maltose. The
enzyme maltase in epithelial cells of the villi completes the digestion of
starch by converting maltose to glucose, which is the final product of
starch digestion.
(ii) In a mammal, proteins are digested in the stomach by an enzyme

called pepsin. When the proteins reaches the stomach, pepsin is
secreted from the stomach glands and breaks the proteins down into
peptides. The proteins the move to the duodenum where are broken
into amino acids by enzyme protease which are produced by the
pancreas.
b) Fate of glucose
- The products of starch (glucose) are used in tissues respiration to provide

the body with energy
Fate of amino acids.
- The amino acids from proteins are used in building up new different
proteins which form part of the cytoplasm and enzymes of cells and new
tissues.
18 | P a g e
21. (a) Explain how a meal reach in fats (lipids) is digested in the body. [6]
(b) (i) Explain how substances absorbed by the large intestines (colon) are used
by the human body. [2]
(ii) What are the similarities between the lining of the human intestine and plant
root for the absorption of nutrient?
a) Digestion of food rich in fats (lipids) occurs in the small intestine

(duodenum). Once the food reaches the duodenum, the liver secretes bile.
The bile salts contained in bile emulsifies the fat food into fat droplets. The
emulsified food is then worked on by lipase coming from the pancreas, into
fatty acids and glycerol.
b) (i) The colon absorbs fatty acids (from digested fibres by bacteria in the
colon), bile salts and excess water. Water acts as solvent and a transport
medium for food materials in the body
(ii)
- both the lining of the human intestine and the plants root are fairly long and
presents a large absorbing surface for nutrients
- In the lining of human intestine are found villi (tiny projections) which function
in absorption of nutrients. Similarly, the roots have elongated growth on the
root hairs which absorb nutrients.
- Both the lining of the human intestines (epithelium) and that of the roots are
very thin so that the fluids containing nutrients can pass rapidly through.
- Both the lining of the human intestines and the roots are connected with a
network of transporting vessels. Capillaries and xylem for human intestine
and the roots, respectively.
19 | P a g e
22. (a) Explain how the human body digests the following food substances contained
in a boiled egg;
(i) fats
(ii) proteins
(b) What happens if the product of the digested proteins in the egg are more than
what the body needs? [3]
22. (a)
(i) Fats
Fats are digested in the small intestine (duodenum) by lipase. Once the fats
reach the small intestine, bile is produced by the liver. Bile contains salts that
emulsifies the fats for easy digestion by the lipase. Lipase from pancreatic juice
digests fats to fatty acids and glycerol
(ii) Proteins
Protein digestion begins in the stomach where pepsin from the lining of the
stomach digests proteins into soluble peptides. The peptides from the stomach
are then digested by several protease enzymes in the duodenum which breaks
down peptides to amino acids.
(b)
If the products of digestion of the proteins in the egg are more than what the
body needs, the amino acids which are not needed have their amino groups
removed and the residue is changed to glycogen. The glycogen can be stored
or oxidized to provide energy. This process is simply known as deamination.
20 | P a g e
23. Describe the role of the liver in

(i) Digestion
(ii) Assimilation
23.
(i) The liver secretes bile into the duodenum where it is involved in
the digestion and absorption of fats.
(ii) The liver converts soluble food products (for example glucose) to
storage material (for example glycogen) and vice-versa, thus
makes food materials available for utilization by the body
21 | P a g e

Digestion

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Digestion

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Utopia Tuition Centre

For more revision materials contact 0969952422

Utopia Tuition Centre

 Digestion is the breakdown (mechanically and chemically) of large,

insoluble food molecules into small, soluble molecules.

 Water is not a large molecule and therefore does not need to be

molecules that require digesting before being absorbed by the body.

2. Which organ produces amylase?

 Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch into maltose.

3. What is the function of bile?

lipase enzyme to digest them into fatty acids. This is known as

 Bile does not contain any enzymes.

B is incorrect as bile emulsifies fats, not starch.

D is incorrect as bile does not contain any enzymes.

4. The diagram shows some of the organs of the human body.

In which organs does the digestion of proteins take place?

 Protein digestion begins in the stomach.

 It is completed in the duodenum (the first of the small intestine),

producing amino acids which will be absorbed in the ileum.

A and C are incorrect as Q, the pancreas, produces enzymes that digest

protein but not actual digestion takes place there.

D is incorrect as not digestion takes place in either the pancreas (Q) or

the liver (S)

5. What is the function of bile?

7. In which region of the alimentary canal is maltose digested?

Which structures secrete enzymes that digest proteins?

9. The diagram shows a piece of small intestine during peristalsis.

circular muscles longitudinal muscles

10. The diagram shows the human alimentary canal.

12. The diagram shows part of the human alimentary canal.

14. A person has their gall bladder removed.

15. What is the function of the anus?

 Egestion is the removal of undigested food materials, in the form of faeces,

A is incorrect as assimillation is the movement of digested food molecules

B is incorrect as digestion is the breakdown of large, insoluble food

D is incorrect as excretion is the removal of toxic materials, the waste product

16. Why does chewing food speed up digestion?

A is incorrect as bacteria are killed by acid conditions in the stomach, not by

D is incorrect as how food tastes has nothing to do with digestion.

A is incorrect as amylase is not produced by villi

B is incorrect as peristalsis is controlled by the muscles in the walls of the

D is incorrect as proteins are mainly digested in the stomach

a) (i) J is small intestine also known as ileum

19. Describe the digestion of food in the mouth [4]

20. (a) Describe how mammals digest;

(ii) In a mammal, proteins are digested in the stomach by an enzyme

- The products of starch (glucose) are used in tissues respiration to provide

Fate of amino acids.

a) Digestion of food rich in fats (lipids) occurs in the small intestine

23. Describe the role of the liver in

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