Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Home Technical Articles Article Categories Contact us Subscribe to articles Subscribe to downloads El.
Enginering Guides
EE General guides
Power Substations
Schneider Electric CTs
Siemens Basics of EE
ABB Drives Guides
Industry Automation
Relay control/protection
Alternative Energy
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 1/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
After questioning the customer about the various loads, the information is further deciphered as
follows:
1. The shop lights are on only during the hours of 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.
2. The receptacle outlets are in the office only, and will have computers and other small loads
plugged into them.
3. The lathe is fully loaded for 5 minutes periods. The rest of the time is setup time. This
procedure repeats every 15 minutes.
4. The air compressor supplies air to air tools and cycles off and on about half the time.
5. The fire pump only runs for 30 minutes when tested which is once a month after hours.
Calculation:
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 2/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Diversity factor is usually more than one. (Since the sum of individual max. demands >Max. Demand)
The load is time dependent as well as being dependent upon equipment characteristics. The
diversity factor recognizes that the whole load does not equal the sum of its parts due to this
time Interdependence (i.e. diverseness).
When the maximum demand of a supply is being assessed it is not sufficient to simply add
together the ratings of all electrical equipment that could be connected to that supply. If this is
done, a figure somewhat higher than the true maximum demand will be produced. This is
because it is unlikely that all the electrical equipment on a supply will be used simultaneously.
The concept of being able to De-rate a potential maximum load to an actual maximum demand is
known as the application of a diversity factor.
70% diversity means that the device in question operates at its nominal or maximum load level
70% of the time that it is connected and turned on.
If total installed full load ampere is twice your running load ampere then the diversity factor is
two.
If total installed full load ampere is four times your load a ampere then the diversity factor is
four.
If everything (all electrical equipment) was running at full load at the same time the diversity
factor is equal to One
Greater the diversity factor, lesser is the cost of generation of power.
Diversity factor in a distribution network is the ratio of the sum of the peak demands of the
individual customers to the peak demand of the network.
This will be determined by the type of service, i.e., residential, commercial, industrial and
combinations of such.
Example-I: A distribution feeder serves 5 houses, each of which has a peak demand of 5 KW.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 3/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
The feeder peak turns out to be 20 kw. The diversity is then 20/25 or 0.8. This results from the
timing differences between the individual heating/cooling, appliance usages in the individual
customers.
As supply availability decreases, the diversity factor will tend to increase toward 1.00. This can be
demonstrated when restoring service after outages (called “cold starts”) as the system initial surge
can be much greater than the historical peak loads.
Example-II: A sub-station has three outgoing feeders:
Here, the sum of the maximum demand of the individual sub-systems (feeders) is 10 + 12 + 15
= 37 MW, while the system maximum demand is 33 MW. The diversity factor is 37/33 = 1.12.
The diversity factor is usually greater than 1; its value also can be 1 which indicates the maximum
demand of the individual sub-system occurs simultaneously.
Diversity is the relationship between the rated full loads of the equipment downstream of a
connection point, and the rated load of the connection point. To illustrate:
1. The building at these co-ordinates is fitted with a 100A main supply fuse.
2. The distribution board has 2no. 6A breakers, 1no. 20A breaker and 5no. 32A breakers, a total,
potentially, of 192A.
Not all these rated loads are turned on at once. If they were, then the 100A supply fuse would
rupture, as it cannot pass 192A. So the diversity factor of the distribution board can be said to be
192A/100A, or 1.92, or 52%.
Many designers prefer to use unity as the diversity factor in calculations for planning
conservatism because of plant load growth uncertainties. Local experience can justify using a
diversity factor larger than unity, and smaller service entrance conductors and transformer
requirements chosen accordingly.
The diversity factor for all other installations will be different, and would be based upon a local
evaluation of the loads to be applied at different moments in time. Assuming it to be 1.0 may, on
some occasions, result in a supply feeder and equipment rating that is rather larger than the local
installation warrants, and an over-investment in cable and equipment to handle the rated load
current. It is better to evaluate the pattern of usage of the loads and calculate an acceptable
diversity factor for each particular case.
In the case of the example given above, achieving a diversity of 1.0 or 100% would require well
over twice the cross-sectional area of copper cable to be installed in a deep trench underneath a
field, the rebuild of a feeder cabinet to larger dimensions, more substantial overhead supply
cables for a distance exceeding 2km northwards and a different tariff, where one pays rather
more for a kWh than at present. The investment required to achieve 1.0 simply isn’t justifiable in
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 4/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Diversity Factors
Elements of System
General Large
Residential Commercial
Power Industrial
Between individual users 2.00 1.46 1.45
Between transformers 1.30 1.30 1.35 1.05
Between feeders 1.15 1.15 1.15 1.05
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 5/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Lighting 0.9
Heating and air conditioning 0.8
Socket-outlets 0.7
Lifts and catering hoist
For the most powerful motor 1
For the second most powerful motor 0.75
For all motors 0.8
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 6/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
5To 19 0.78
10To 14 0.63
15To 19 0.53
20To 24 0.49
25To 29 0.46
30 To 34 0.44
35 To 39 0.42
40To 40 0.41
50 To Above 0.40
Example: 5 storey apartment building with 25 consumers, each having 6 kVA of installed load.
The total installed load for the building is: 36 + 24 + 30 + 36 + 24 = 150 kVA
The apparent-power supply required for the building is: 150 x 0.46 = 69 kVA
It is a matter of common experience that the simultaneous operation of all installed loads of a
given installation never occurs in practice, i.e. there is always some degree of diversity and this
fact is taken into account for estimating purposes by the use of a simultaneity factor / Diversity
Factor (ks).
The Diversity factor ks is applied to each group of loads (e.g. being supplied from a distribution
or sub-distribution board). The determination of these factors is the responsibility of the designer,
since it requires a detailed knowledge of the installation and the conditions in which the
individual circuits are to be exploited. For this reason, it is not possible to give precise values for
general application.
Diversity factors are used by utilities for distribution transformer sizing and load predictions.
Demand factors are more conservative and are used by NEC for service and feeder sizing.
Demand factors and diversity factors are used in design.
For example, the sum of the connected loads supplied by a feeder is multiplied by the demand
factor to determine the load for which the feeder must be sized. This load is termed the
maximum demand of the feeder. The sum of the maximum demand loads for a number of sub
feeders divided by the diversity factor for the sub feeders will give the maximum demand load to
be supplied by the feeder from which the sub feeders are derived.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 7/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Example-1: Suppose We have four individual feeder-circuits with connected loads of 250 kVA,
200 kVA, 150 kVA and 400 kVA and demand factors of 90%, 80%, 75% and 85%
respectively.Use a diversity factor of 1.5.
Calculating demand for feeder-circuits
250 kVA x 90% = 225 kVA
200 kVA x 80% = 160 kVA
150 kVA x 75% = 112.5 kVA
400 kVA x 85% = 340 kVA
837.5 kVA
The sum of the individual demands is equal to 837.5 kVA.
If the main feeder-circuit were sized at unity diversity: kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.00 = 837.5
kVA.
The main feeder-circuit would have to be supplied by an 850 kVA transformer.
However, using the diversity factor of 1.5, the kVA = 837.5 kVA ÷ 1.5 = 558 kVA for the
main feeder.
For diversity factor of 1.5, a 600 kVA transformer could be used.
Example-2: A conveyor belt made up of six sections, each driven by a 2 kW motor. As
material is transported along this belt, it is first carried by section 1, and then each section
in succession until the final section is reached. In this simple example only one section of
conveyor is carrying material at any point in time. Therefore five motors are only handling
no-load mechanical losses (say .1 kW) keeping the belts moving whilst one motor is
handling the load (say 1 kW). The demand presented by each motor when it is carrying its
load is 1 kW, the sum of the demand loads is 6 kW but the maximum load presented by
the system at any time is only 1.5 kW.
Diversity factor =Sum of Individual Max. Demand / Max. Demand = 6 Kw / 1.5 Kw =4.
Demand Factor = Maximum demand / Total connected load = 1.5 Kw / 12 Kw = 0.125.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 8/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
A high load factor means power usage is relatively constant. Low load factor shows that
occasionally a high demand is set. To service that peak, capacity is sitting idle for long periods,
thereby imposing higher costs on the system. Electrical rates are designed so that customers with
high load factor are charged less overall per kWh.
For Example
Customer A – High Load Factor
82% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 5 kW x 730 hours/month.
Customer B – Low Load Factor
41% load factor = (3000 kWh per month x 100%) / 10kW x 730 hours/month.
To encourage the efficient use of installed capacity, electricity rates are structured so the price per
kWh above a certain load factor is lower. The actual structure of the price blocks varies by rate.
This factor must be applied to each individual load, with particular attention to electric motors,
which are very rarely operated at full load. In an industrial installation this factor may be
estimated on an average at 0.75 for motors.
For incandescent-lighting loads, the factor always equals 1.
For socket-outlet circuits, the factors depend entirely on the type of appliances being supplied
from the sockets concerned.
Maximum demand
Maximum demand (often referred to as MD) is the largest current normally carried by circuits,
switches and protective devices. It does not include the levels of current flowing under overload
or short circuit conditions.
Assessment of maximum demand is sometimes straightforward. For example, the maximum
demand of a 240 V single-phase 8 kW shower heater can be calculated by dividing the power (8
kW) by the voltage (240 V) to give a current of 33.3 A. This calculation assumes a power factor
of unity, which is a reasonable assumption for such a purely resistive load.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 9/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
There are times, however, when assessment of maximum demand is less obvious. For example, if
a ring circuit feeds fifteen 13 A sockets, the maximum demand clearly should not be 15 x 13 =
195 A, if only because the circuit protection will not be rated at more than 32 A. Some 13 A
sockets may feed table lamps with 60 W lamps fitted, whilst others may feed 3 kW washing
machines; others again may not be loaded at all.
Lighting circuits pose a special problem when determining MD. Each lamp-holder must be
assumed to carry the current required by the connected load, subject to a minimum loading of
100 W per lamp holder (a demand of 0.42 A per lamp holder at 240 V). Discharge lamps are
particularly difficult to assess, and current cannot be calculated simply by dividing lamp power by
supply voltage. The reasons for this are:
So long as the power factor of a discharge lighting circuit is not less than 0.85, the current
demand for the circuit can be calculated from:
current (A) = (lamp power (W) x 1.8) / supply voltage (V)
For example, the steady state current demand of a 240 V circuit supplying ten 65 W fluorescent
lamps would be: I = 10X65X1.8A / 240 = 4.88A
Switches for circuits feeding discharge lamps must be rated at twice the current they are required
to carry, unless they have been specially constructed to withstand the severe arcing resulting from
the switching of such inductive and capacitive loads.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 10/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Mechanical/ Electrical
a) Single Shift 0.45 0.25 0.11
Rice Sheller’s
Cotton Ginning
a) Working Season 0.70 0.25 0.17
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 11/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 12/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 13/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
Recommended EE articles
jiguparmar - Jignesh Parmar has completed his B.E(Electrical) from Gujarat University. He is member
of Institution of Engineers (MIE),India. Membership No:M-1473586.He has more than 12 years
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 14/15
9/24/2014 Demand Factor-Diversity Factor-Utilization Factor-Load Factor | EEP
© 2014 EEP - Electrical Engineering Portal. All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy | 36 queries in 0.243
seconds.
Powered by CsanyiGroup
SHARE
TOP
Get
PDF
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/demand-factor-diversity-factor-utilization-factor-load-factor 15/15