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Chapter 9
Cell Communication and Regulation of the Cell Cycle
• One way in which to illustrate how hormones work is with a familiar analogy.
Compare hormones to a radio station’s signals. Radio waves will travel out in
all directions, but only those radios tuned to a specific wavelength will hear
the radio message. Hormones also flood the body; however, only those cells
that have appropriate receptors will receive the message.
• Students are often familiar with the concept of endocrine signaling, but are
likely to be less familiar with autocrine and paracrine signaling. One of the
best ways to familiarize students with these different types is to present
examples that are familiar to them. For example, autocrine signaling is
important in the immune system. In some activated leukocytes, Interleukin 1
is released, which initiates immune responses such as the secretion of
corticosteroids. Testosterone is a good example of a molecule that is both an
endocrine and a paracrine signal. Testosterone serves as a paracrine
signaling molecule by stimulating spermatogenesis in the testes. Another
good example of paracrine signaling is the release of histamines at the site of
a mosquito bite.
• To illustrate the cell cycle, you could initiate an interactive activity in which
you have students design cancer treatments. After covering the cell cycle,
briefly mention (if you haven’t already) how cancer relates to the cell cycle.
Have your students come up with a list of problems that can arise in the cell
cycle that could result in cancerous cell growth and suggest possible
treatments.
Student Misconceptions
• One misconception that students often have when learning about cell
signaling is that this material applies only to humans. The text does a good
job of stating that this is not the case, but students often fall into the habit of
focusing almost exclusively on human applications. While much of what has
been learned about cell signaling and regulation of the cell cycle has come
from research on humans, be sure to point out to your students that the
material in this chapter applies to a wide variety of organisms.
31
into a signal and sent to the appropriate muscles that a response is effected.
Similarly, with autocrine signaling, sometimes it is necessary for a cell to
translate information into the form of a signaling molecule before it can
respond in an appropriate way.
• Students often think that regulation of the cell cycle is the same in all
organisms. The cell cycle is different and ostensibly simpler in the
prokaryotes, consisting of three main stages, growth, synthesis, and
cytokinesis. Among the eukaryotes, the main mechanisms are highly
conserved, but there are subtle differences among groups of organisms. For
example, as pointed out in the text, plants have different signaling molecules
promoting cell division than animals. Also, in some algae and plants (e.g.,
Arabidopsis thaliana) the cell cycle is influenced by light/dark cycles.
• Most of your students will be familiar with type II diabetes. Although the
mechanisms causing this disease are still being investigated, in many cases,
there is a deficiency in the insulin receptors or the insulin signaling pathway
resulting in what is broadly termed insulin insensitivity. Given this information,
ask your students whether or not they think insulin replacement therapy is
likely to be an effective treatment and why or why not.
• The p53 and p27 proteins are important in regulating the cell cycle, and may
play a role in the development of cancer. Both of these proteins are
instrumental in stopping the cell cycle if DNA has been damaged (p53 in the
G phase, and p27 just before the S phase). Low quantities of these proteins
32
have been associated with cell cycles that are allowed to continue in spite of
damage to DNA. It has been suggested that the most frequent mutation
leading to cancer is a p53 mutation.
• University of Colorado Cancer Center – The virtual student fellowship site has
links to a number of pertinent topics including a summary of cell signaling
(with animations) and an overview of the cell cycle.
http://mama.uchsc.edu/vc/cancer/welcome.cfm
33
-crine secreting or secretion (from the Greek krinein- to separate or
secrete)
cyto- of, or relating to, the cell (from the Greek kytos- cell)
epi- above; over (from the Greek epi- on, over, near, at, or before)
34
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Author: A. E. Taylor
Language: English
Elements of Metaphysics
A. E. TAYLOR
Late Professor of Moral Philosophy
in the University of Edinburgh
UNIVERSITY PAPERBACKS
METHUEN : LONDON
TO
F. H. BRADLEY
In heartfelt acknowledgment of all that
his example and his writings have been
to the men of my generation
BOOK I
GENERAL NOTIONS
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM OF THE METAPHYSICIAN
PAGE
#§1. The generality and simplicity of the metaphysical 1
problem make it difficult to define the study. §2.
Problem is suggested by the presence of
contradictions in ordinary experience. §3.. By making
a distinction between reality and appearance the
sciences remove some of these contradictions, but
themselves lead to further difficulties of the same
sort; hence the need for systematic inquiry into the
meaning of the distinction between the real and the
apparent, and the general character of reality as
such. §4.. Metaphysics, as an inquiry into the
ultimate meaning of “reality,” is akin to poetry and
religion, but differs from them in its scientific
character, from the mathematical and experimental
sciences in its method, from common scepticism in
the critical nature of its methods as well as in its
positive purpose. §5.. The study is difficult (a)
because of the generality of its problems, (b) and
because we cannot employ diagrams or physical
experiments. §6.. The objection that Metaphysics is
an impossibility may be shown in all its forms to rest
upon self-contradictory assumptions of a
metaphysical kind. §7.. The minor objections that, if
possible, the science is superfluous, or at least
stationary, may be met with equal ease. §8.
Metaphysics is partly akin to the mystical tendency,
but differs from mysticism in virtue of its positive
interest in the world of appearances, as well as by its
scientific method. §9.. It agrees with logic in the
generality of its scope, but differs in being concerned
with the real, whereas logic is primarily concerned
with the inferrible. §10. The problems of the so-called
Theory of Knowledge are really metaphysical.
CHAPTER II
THE METAPHYSICAL CRITERION AND THE METAPHYSICAL
METHOD
CHAPTER III
THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF METAPHYSICS
BOOK II
ONTOLOGY—THE GENERAL STRUCTURE OF REALITY
CHAPTER I
REALITY AND EXPERIENCE
CHAPTER II
THE SYSTEMATIC UNITY OF REALITY
CHAPTER III
REALITY AND ITS APPEARANCES—THE DEGREES OF
REALITY
CHAPTER IV
THE WORLD OF THINGS—(1) SUBSTANCE, QUALITY, AND
RELATION
CHAPTER V
THE WORLD OF THINGS—(2) CHANGE AND CAUSALITY
BOOK III
COSMOLOGY—THE INTERPRETATION OF NATURE
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTORY
CHAPTER II
THE PROBLEM OF MATTER
CHAPTER III
THE MEANING OF LAW
CHAPTER IV
SPACE AND TIME