CHAPTER 12

Pritr

Grammar Alth

Wh

Clauses AS

Th
A clause is a group of words that forms a part ot a sentence. It alwas

has a subject and a verb. There are two types of clauses: main
1ays
(or independent or principal) and subordinate (or dependent).

A main clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verh

and expresses a complete thought. A main clause can stand by itself
as a separate sentence.
We are going to watch the debate.
The teacher is in the classroom.
Here, both the sentences are main clauses.

A subordinate clause is incomplete by itself. So, it must be joined to a main

clause to convey its meaning.
Unless you reach the theatre in time, you won't be allowed to
enter.
Manish went to the market after he finished his
project.
In the first sentence, you won't be allowed to enter
is the main clause
and unless you reach the theatre in time is the
subordinate clause.
In the second, Manish went to the
market is the main clause and
after he finished his
project
is the subordinate clause.
Subordinate clauses are of various types, such as noun, adjective and
adverb clauses.

A Underline the main clauses in these

sentences.
1. Fatima bought some cookies at the bakery she
as was hungry.
2.
2. Ramesh could not lift
the bag because it was too
33. While his father cooked lunch, Nirman set heavy.
the table.
4.
Although Yogita woke up early, she missed the
school bus.
5. Since Sheela is
unwell, we are going to meet her.
112 6. What was the message that
Shantanu gave you?
 .as
P i t h aw as , listening to music while jogging in the park.
was , he went to school.

A l t h o
ghMayank
writing.an email, her dog was sleeping under the table.
When
Malti was
e v e r y o n e
was feeling cold, Meeta switched off the fan.
As

nletet these
Complete
sentences 1sing subordinate clauses.
crying
child was
The
us know
will let
They
she won many quiz contests.

grewshorter
The days is an actor.
Theperson,

man sat down

The old
7 feel happy walk to school.
we

NOUN CLAUSES

asks. It usually
says, thinks
or
what someone
clause tells you
Anoun
answers the question what. increase.
would
hinted that the train fares
The new minister
new minister
hint at?
did the
the question: What
The clause
answers

Kirtana was late for the ceremony.

Everyone was wondering why

columns to make sentences

Match the that they would
submit their
a.
What Amina said projects on time.
them
what their father
had got for
b.
2. Shyamal did not realize from Mumbai.

had won the lottery.

. the man who
3. Kritika asked with joy
d. made her friends jump
4, The children had no idea had an extra pen.
e. if anybody
5. Maithlee met directions were wrong.
f. that the
6. The students promised
noun clauses.
Complete these sentences using

Rohini can't remember.

2. The new report said
 3. Sudeshna always thought
4. Avantika knew
5. The SMS from the airline said
6. My coach wondered

ADJECTIVE OR RELATIVE CLAUSES

An adjectival clause gives additional information about a noun or

or a pronoun.
It begins with a relative pronoun or relative adverb such as that, whom
who or whose, and hence, is also called a relative clause.
Rohit Sharma took his stance against the bowler who had
been
highly successful against the West Indies.
The Buddh International Circuit, which has been designed by the German
architect and racetrack designer Hermann Tilke, is 5.14
kilometres lond
Relative clauses are of two kinds:
defining and non-defining
A defining relative clause provides important or essential
information about
person or thing. The meaning of the sentence is incomplete without this
information. Defining relative clauses are not separated with commas.
The boy who answered the teacher's question is my cousin.
The girl who is singing is Elizabeth, Jane's sister.

A non-defining relative clause gives additional information about a person

or thing. The
meaning of the sentence is complete even without this
information. A non-defining relative clause is written with commas that
separate the clause from the rest of the sentence.
Sushila's mother, who is a doctor, is a very kind-hearted person.
I lent my laptop to Gurpreet, who needs it for her assignment.

Relative clauses about people begin with the relative pronouns who, whom
and whose.
An anthropologist is a person who studies the origin and behaviour of humans.

I saw the man whom I had met at the station last week.
This is the teacher whose is in my class.
daughter
Relative clauses about things or animals begin with the relative pronous
which, that and whose.
T have atlas which
an was printed in 1965.
There are a number of birds that don't tly.
ellow leaf Publications has sfriend
14 published a book whose author is my latne
 relative
t e these sente
e Sentences with appropriate pronouns.

writes the best essay will win the award

*StUNdent
l admire a lot. has retired

isvisiting
e teacher

my friend.
m o n i n g .
I called up
4

s n a c h a lP r a d e s h .

watch
shows the date and day
me a
gave
father is found in South Africa.
animal
is a n
aardvark measures atmospheric
An
is an instrument
A baromet eter

essure
the phone rang.
had fallen asleep. woke up when
I had never met before.
Gaurav.

cousin.
I met my
esterday.
ogist
ophthalmologis - said
brother to the
took my
w
mother
eyesight.
he had perfect Ayush's home.
is near
the playground-
meet at
Wewill makes, is my favourite
dish.
my father
Dosa.. out of reading
eans the fear of running
Abibliophobia,

material, is a funny word.

defining clause
clauses in these sentences.
Write D for a
FUnderline the relative where necessary.
clause. Add
commas

and N for a non-defining

defective.
which turned out to be
1

Vandana bought a pair of jeans

swim.
who teaches us history likes to
MrGaikwad author of this
book.
red shirt is the
Ihe woman who is wearing a
not well.
Manju went to see a classmate who is month.
visit us next
lives in Solapur is going to
My uncle who received the
Girish Karnad who wrote the play Yayati has
Padma Bhushan Award.
built is three
storeyed.
h ehouse that Sushil's father
was raised by her aunt.
M y mother who was born in Jharkhand
Rabindranath Tagore
which was written by
E Original play
is called Chitrangada.
that
whom you met at my
birthday suggested 15
y Liji
aunt
I read Animal Farm.
 CAUTION!

The part of the sentence introduced by a relative pronoun

should be placed close to the noun it talks about. Otherwise.
the sentence may be confusing.
Al the buses leave at night which
go to Shirdi. X
All the buses which go to Shirdi leave at night. /

GIdentify the adjective clauses in these sentences. Put them in t

the correct place
and rewrite the sentences
1. The woman is my aunt whom I was talking to.

2. Kartik could not participate in the sports event who had fever.

3. The person is our History teacher who is speaking.

4. The stove was repaired by my neighbour that had been giving me trouble.

5. Mandeep is liked by all who is well-mannered.

6. I wrote my exams with which the pen.

you gave me

Cyclone Nilam caused a lot of damage which hit the coastal parts of Tamil Nadu.

8. Yash likes books that have a lot of action to read.

H Join each pair of sentences using a relative pronoun. Add commas

where necessary.
1. Amol sent an email to his cousin. She lives in Canada.
Amol sent an email to his_cousin who lives in Canada
2. Jatin lost the watch. It
belonged to his father.
3.
Ngangbam is from Mizoram. He works
in a bank.
T16
 on the table. They are from my neighbour's garder
Thef r u i t

daughters. She lives in Mangaluru.

Myaunt
has two

loves
stories. The stories have happy endings.
Yusuf

house is very old. It has three bedrooms.

Viren's

can help you. He lives on the second floor.

Nripen

i is the capital of Maharashtra. It has many historical buildings.

Mumbai

sister is a scientisi She is coming to visit us next week.

10. My

ADVERB CLAUSES

a sentence which functions as an adverb.

An adverb clause is that part of How?
an adjective or an adverb. It answers
the question
t modifies a verb,
When? Where? or Why?
not feeling well.
Sheena went back home because she was

Razak was on his way to school when it started raining.

when an action happened is called

An adverb clause that tells us

that are used to connect

an adverb clause of time. Conjunctions
include
an adverb clause of time with an independent clause
and until.
after, before, since, whenever, when
We always wash our hands before eating anything.

where an action takes place.

An adverb clause of place tells us
and everywnere.
Lonjunctions that are used arewhere, wherever, anywhere
spot.
wherever we see a green picnic
We will stop
tells us why the action took place
A clause of r e a s o n or purpose
ddverb in order to and since
Ounctions that are used as, because,
are
outside. (reason)
was raining
classrooms since it
we stayed in our
Kirtana asked
order to finish her work quickly,
In 17
her. (purpose)
her brother to help
 An adverb clause of describes someone's behaviour
manner

something is done. It is introduced by as, like and the way

or
how
lisnu finished the work as he had been asked
to.
Milind spoke the way only a great orator can.

An adverb clause of comparison shows a comparison of qualitioc

or attributes. It is generally used by than or as.. . as.
ies
Kritika runs faster than any student in our school.

Underline the adverb clauses in these sentences and write time. nls.
reason, manner or comparison on the blanks.
1. Keep the books wherever you find some space on the shelves.
2. We arrived at the theatre after the play started.
3. Bibhash went to the hotel where Shaunak was
staying.
4. Anamika is as studious as she is intelligent.
5. Zeeshan left early so that he could catch the
morning train.
6. Tannu screamed as if she had seen a ghost.
7. Shreesha won't take the school bus because his mother
will pick him up.
8. Alex could not attend the show as he has a test tomorrow.

JCombine each set of sentences using an adverb clause as indicated

in brackets.
1. Mohit went back to the shop. He had seen the red bag. (place)
Mohit went back to the shop where he had seen the red bag.
Ratul sings beautifully. Nalini
sings better. (comparison of degree)

3. The students dug up the soil. They wanted to plant mango saplings. (purpose

4. went back to the spot. I had seen a strange flower there. (place)

5. The landslide was cleared. The convoy could move ahead. (time

It began to snow at
night. The weather report had forecast it. (manne
18
 Elephantsare big.
are big. Blue whales are
bigger. (comparison of degree)

Justin b r o
ht a sketchbook. He wanted to gift it to his sister.
(purpose)
tstopped
a u n t
the car
stopped the near the park. She had seen a beautiful bird there in
My
the morning. (place)

You finish Writing the email. Please show it to me. (time)

0 You

dentify the
Identify the und
underlined clauses as adjective or adverb clauses.
People who work hard in life achieve their goals.
The cat climbed up a tree when it saw a dog coming.

Before Amit leaves for school, he always hugs his parents.

4 The car recently is red.

that Nilesh bought
5. People are always spellbound when they see the
magician perform.

TENSES IN CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Conditional sentences are used to talk about real or imaginary
situations. These sentences express the condition of one thing depending
upon another.
Conditional sentences have two clauses: a main clause and
a
subordinate clause. The subordinate clause, called the conditional
clause
uSually starts with if. The main clause tells us what would happen if the
condition shown by the conditional clause is fulfilled.
nere are four types of conditional sentences: zero, first, second and third.

We use zero
conditional sentences to talk about things that are usually true.
We use the simple present tense in these sentences.
If I wake up early, I go for a walk along the beach.
walk home instead of taking the bus if it's not too hot.
We use the first conditional
to talk about real or possible situations.
e use the simple present tense in the if-clause and simple future tense
in the
main clause.
I19
 will ask her to join us at the
on Saturday,
we
icnic.
If Dhanya is free t o m o r r o w if the day is bright and e
the fence ear.
Vignesh will paint
to talk about unreal or impossible nis
conditional is used uation
The second tense and the modals wo
is in the simple past uld
Here, the if-clause
a r e used in
the main clause.
or might house to every homeless Derso.
king, I would gift
a
IfI were a

dog out for a walk if I had time.

I would take your

talk about a hypothetical situation in the

Third conditional sentences past
which would have led to
a different situation in the present. Here. th
if-clause is in the past perfect or past pertect continuous tense. The mai
clause has could/would/might/should + (not) have +past participle form
m
of the verb.
If Harísh had not raised an alarm, the burglar wouldn't have been caught.
I would have reached the venue on time if I had not got stuck
in the terrible traffic jam.

Lldentify the kinds of these conditional sentences. Write zero, first, second
or third on the blanks.

1. If Sahil practises more often, he will become a better bowler.

2. If Mangal had prepared for his exams, he would not have been
so nervous.

3. If Monika cannot sleep, she reads comics.

4. Children would be happier if schools didn't begin so early
in the morning.
5. I would travel the world if I won a lottery. S
6. Jessica would have forgotten her glasses in the store if I had
not reminded her. Z
7. If you look at the picture more closely, you will see a rabbit
peeping from behind the bushes.
8. If you heat sugar to a
temperature of about 160 degrees Celcius,
it begins to caramelize.

9 If Ratan had broken his

promise, I would have never
spoken to him again.
120 10. If Jagjit had taken a taxi, he would not have missed the
flight.
 / ) the correct options to complete this dialogue.
T cb
k ) LETS TALK
MOTHER:
vOu (go/had gone) past the library, please return this book.
ATNAKSHI:
rlremember to do so if you (keep/
kept) the book on top of my bag.
M
aTHER: If (were/was) you, I (would/will)
O T H E R :
a
spend some time reading quietly
at the library.
RATNA I (will/w have done so if

(didn't/don't) have my dance class every day.

TER: If you (meet/ had met) Asha
at the
library, tell her that l've been
trying to get in touch with her.

ATNAKSH!: IfI (dont/didn't) meet her, Il leave a note for her.

MOTHER: Thae's a good idea!

Complete these sentences by using the correct form of the verbs given in
brackets. You will have to add auxiliary verbs in some sentences.
1. IfSomesh. the doctor earlier, he would have
recovered by now. (visit)
2 Mother said she would have picked me up from the bus stand if
her that I was coming by bus. (tel)
3.
If Mani had practised harder, he. the race. (win)
4.
If you let me know when you are free,I-
you. (contact)
5. If Ranjana-
the time, she would have gone out
with her friends. (have)

Match the columns to

complete these conditional sentences.
1. If Mrs Patil
were here a. we would not have found them.
. If there were a
computer here b. I would have come with you.
.Ifthe parcel hadn't arrived c. she would have cooked for us.
4 If my
brother doesn't get the job d. we would not have got into trouble.
f you had asked me e. Diwakar would have typed the lette.
.If the children had not called out f. my parents would have become anxious.
7. If we had
stopped at the red light g. he will be very disappointed. 121
 PRead these sentences.
Ifl save money, I'l buy a guitar.
IfI buy a guitar, l'll take music lessons.
Ifl excel in playing the guitar, I will join the school band.
IfI become a member ofthe school band, Il play for the choir.
IfI keep on practising and playing, I will become a famous guitarist,
Make similar sets of five sentences each beginning with these phrases.s.
. Ifl wake up early .

2. IfI play cricket in school.

SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

We know that in a sentence, the part that names a person or thing is called
the subject and the part that tells us something about the
subject is called
the predicate. The predicate always contains a verb.
SUBJECT PREDICATE
The teacher congratulated Satish on his performance in the test.
Rohini's cat loves to sleep on the sofa.
A sentence that has one subject and one predicate is called asimple
sentence. Both these example sentences given above are simple sentences.
Each simple sentence has one main clause.
Sometimes there may be more than one subject and predicate in a sentence.
Nalini is well but her brother is ill.
Trina loves maths and Satish loves history.
Each part (in blue) in these example sentences is a main clause. They nave
been joined by coordinating conjunctions.
122
 have two or more main clauses are
called compound
e V N E St h a r

nember. a conjunction that joins together two main clause

tion. The
e da coordinat inating commonly used coordinating
nor but or
are
for. and. vet and so
e i n r e s à s e n t e
sists
sentence consis of two clauses one main and the other
muinate.
The children went to bed when night fell

had
made a tew errors, my teacher apprev iated my essay verv mIeh
m
I
thxgh

in blue in these two sentences are the main clauses. In the first
he
clausesin

ntence, when
when night fell is the dependent clause. In the second sentence.
hen night
had nmade a few
errors is the
Nh 1
dependent clause.
enternces t h a
that have one main clause and one or more dependent clauses
nc
art called complex sentences. The main and the subordinate clauses are
inked by sub
subordinating conjunctions such as if. when. although. because

and as
Niti jumped out of her chair when her brother screamed
because she was reading a ghost story.

the two subordinating clauses are when her brother

screamed and
Here
a ghost story. The main clause is Niti jumped out
cause she was reading
i her chair.

Writesimple, compound or complex against each sentence.

There is a good bakery near my house.
:Iknow a doctor who is quite popular with her patients.
You must eat healthy to stay fit.
When I asked Neha about her plans for the evening.
She said that she would go to the market.

Mahesh went to the grocery store nearby and bought

some milk and bread.

aving completed their tests, the students left the class.

Though Ishita was born in Kolkata, she moved to Delhi
at a
young age
nough it was raining. the childrern continued with
their game. 23
 9. Rita and Supriya went to the park after helping their
father clean the garage.
10. Mani woke up at 7 o'clock this morning.

11. Mother took the bus today because her car had a flat tyre.
12. Before leaving for school, Amol put the plant in the sun.

13. Hamid is going to attend a music concert.

14. Shanti lost the house keys, but fortunately her brother
had another set.
15. Namita looked for the remote everywhere but could
not find it.

R Match the columns to make complex sentences.

1. This is the time a. because she wanted to impress her
grandmother.
2. We were playing b. because I have to finalize the
badminton
kits for Sports Day.
3. Ragini baked a cake . Iwill be free after lunch.
4. We have a great time d. who had broken into my friend's house.
5. I began to feel better e. when we go to my grandparents place.
6. If you want me to help f. because I was busy reading an
interesting
you clean your room book.
7. I have to be in the gym g.when preparations for the Annual Day are
in the morning in full swing.
8. The curry got burnt h. which made me rub my eyes in amazement
9. The magician performed a trick i. after my mother gave me some herbal tea
10. The police caught the thief j.whenthe rain started.
SAdd main clauses of your own to make compound sentences
1. Arifa had a bad cold yesterday, but she still went to school.
2. Sebastian finished cooking and
3. My father opened the cupboard and.
friend.
4. so l borrowed it from my
5. like the fifth book in the Harry Potter series b
124 6. prefer living in Pune, but
124
 TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES
atence can be changed into
A simple sentence
a
compound sentence by adding
a Coordinating coniunction. It can be changed into a complex sentence
dding
a subordinating conjunction.
Finishing his lunch, Pabitra went to
sleep. (simple)
Pabitra finished his hinch and went to seep.
(compound
After Pabitra finished his lunch, he went to
sleep. (complex)

o these simple sentences into compound sentences.

Change t h e

Being
hungry, Varun made himself a big sandwich

ncoired
i r e d by footballer Sunil Chhetri's achievements, Suman started
2.
practising harder.

Prakriti being absent today,I called her up in the evening.

.

Tired after the long walk, Manju sat down on a bench.

4

5. Despite being a famous actor, Shruti is not happy.

sentences.
Change these simple sentences into complex
1. We saw Monal sitting under a tree.

came out of the nouse.

Hearing the commotion, Satish

out to play.
The day being pleasant, the children went

favingfever, the little boy lay in bed.

5.
Being tired, Kanika went to bed early.
6. Completing out for a walk.
his art project, Hasib went
125