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æ1ö
2. C. Since y = 2 x 2 is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ y, this is a parabola that opens upward (c > 0).
çè 8 ø
æ 3ö
3. H. Since x 2 = -3 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ y, this is a parabola that opens downward (c < 0).
çè 4 ø
æ 3ö
4. B. Since y 2 = -3 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ x, this is a parabola that opens to the left (c < 0).
çè 4 ø
6. A. This is the equation of a circle centered at the point (3, -4) with radius 25 = 5.
7. D. This is the equation of a circle centered at the point (-3, 4) with radius 25 = 5.
8. G. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius -4. No such graph exists.
2 2
9. Here h = 1, k = 4 and r 2 = 32 = 9. The equation is ( x -1) + ( y - 4) = 9.
2 2
10. Here h = -2, k = 5 and r 2 = 42 = 16. The equation is ( x + 2) + ( y - 5) = 16.
12. A circle that is centered at the origin with r 2 = 52 = 25 has equation x 2 + y 2 = 25.
2 2 2
2 4 ⎛3⎞ 9 ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 4⎞ 9
13. Here h , k and r 2 ⎜ ⎟ . The equation is ⎜x ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ .
3 5 ⎝7⎠ 49 ⎝ 3⎠ ⎝ 5⎠ 49
2 2 2
1 1 ⎛ 12 ⎞ 144 ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞ 144
14. Here h , k and r 2 ⎜ ⎟ . The equation is ⎜x ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ .
2 4 ⎝5⎠ 25 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ 25
(2 -(-1))
2 2
15. The radius is the distance between (-1, 2) and (2, 6) : r = + (6 - 2) = 9 + 16 = 5. Here
2 2
h = -1, k = 2 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is ( x + 1) + ( y - 2) = 25.
16. The radius is the distance between (2, -7) and (-2, -4) :
2 2
( x - 2) + ( y + 7) = 25.
17. If the center is (-3, -2) , the circle must touch the x-axis at the point (-3, 0). The radius is 2. Here
2 2
h = -3, k = -2 and r 2 = 22 = 4. The equation is ( x + 3) + ( y + 2) = 4.
18. If the center is (5, -1) , the circle must touch the y-axis at the point (0, -1). The radius is 5. Here
2 2
h = 5, k = -1 and r 2 = 52 = 25. The equation is ( x - 5) + ( y + 1) = 25.
19. The equation is that of a circle with center (3, 3) and radius 0. That is, the graph is the point (3, 3).
20. The equation is that of a circle with center (3, 3) and radius -1. No such graph exists.
⎛ 5 (1) 9 3 ⎞
21. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 2, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (2,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 6 (4) 9 3 ⎞
22. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 1, 2 ⇒ The center of the circle is (1,-2).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 5 (1) 7 1 ⎞
23. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 2, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (-2,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 3 (1) 2 (4) ⎞
24. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 1, 3 ⇒ The center of the circle is (-1,-3).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 5 (5) 0 0 ⎞
25. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 0, 0 ⇒ The center of the circle is (0,0).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
⎛ 0 0 9 (9) ⎞
26. Midpoint: ⎜ , ⎟ 0, 0 ⇒ The center of the circle is (0,0).
⎝ 2 2 ⎠
2 2
equation of the circle is ( x ) + ( y ) = 81 .
27. In a circle, the radius is the distance from the center to any point on the circle.
28. For example, in Exercise 22 the radius is 74 . The distance from (-4,5) to (6,-9) is
(-4 - 6) + (5 - (-9)) = 100 +196 = 296 = 2 74 and the radius is half of this.
2 2
d=
29. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 4 2. See Figure 29. From the figure,
the domain is 2, 2 , and the range is 2, 2 .
30. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 36 6. See Figure 30. From the figure,
the domain is 6, 6 , and the range is 6,6 .
31. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 0 0. The graph is only the point (0, 0).
See Figure 31. From the figure, the domain is 0 , and the range is 0 .
32. This is the equation of a circle centered at the origin with radius 9. No such graph exists. The domain is
and the range is .
33. This is the equation of a circle centered at 2, 0 with radius 36 6. See Figure 33. From the figure, the
34. This is the equation of a circle centered at 2,5 with radius 16 4. See Figure 34. From the figure, the
35. This is the equation of a circle centered at 5, 4 with radius 49 7. See Figure 35. From the figure, the
36. This is the equation of a circle centered at 4,3 with radius 25 5. See Figure 36. From the figure, the
37. This is the equation of a circle centered at 3, 2 with radius 36 6. See Figure 37. From the figure, the
38. This is the equation of a circle centered at 1, 2 with radius 16 4. See Figure 38. From the figure, the
39. x 2 + ( y - 2)2 + 10 = 9 x 2 + ( y - 2)2 = -1 . This is the equation of a circle centered at (0, 2) with
radius 1. No such graph exists. The domain is and the range is .
1, 0 with radius 2. No such graph exists. The domain is , and the range is .
Figure 41. From the figure, the domain is 9,9 , and the range is 9,9.
42. x 2 y 3 49 ⇒ y 3 49 x 2 ⇒ y 3 49 x 2 ⇒ y 3 49 x 2 . Graph
2 2
y1 3 49 x 2 and y2 3 49 x 2 as shown in Figure 42. From the figure, the domain is 7, 7 ,
x 3 y 2 25 ⇒ y 2 25 x 3 ⇒ y 2 25 x 3 ⇒ y 2 25 x 3 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
43.
Graph y1 2 25 x 3 and y2 2 25 x 3
2 2
as shown in Figure 43. From the figure, the
Figure 44. From the figure, the domain is 8, 4 , and the range is 9,3 .
x 2 8 x y 2 6 y 16 0 ⇒ x 2 8 x 16 y 2 6 y 9 16 16 9 ⇒ x 4 y 3 9. The
2 2
46.
⎛ 1⎞
49. 4 x 2 4 x 4 y 2 16 y 19 0 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x 2 x ⎟ 4 y 2 4 y 4 19 1 16 ⇒
⎝ 4⎠
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
4 ⎜ x ⎟ 4 y 2 36 ⇒ ⎜ x ⎟ y 2 9. The graph is a circle with center ⎜ ,2⎟,
2 2
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
and radius r 3.
⎛ 4⎞
50. 9 x 2 12 x 9 y 2 18 y 23 0 ⇒ 9 ⎜ x 2 x ⎟ 9 y 2 2 y 1 23 4 9 ⇒
4
⎝ 3 9⎠
2 2
⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞
9 ⎜ x ⎟ 9 y 1 36 ⇒ ⎜ x ⎟ y 1 4. The graph is a circle with center ⎜ ,1⎟ ,
2 2
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3 ⎠
and radius r 2.
does not exist since the value for the radius is not a real number.
graph does not exist since the value for the radius is not a real number.
2 2
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞ ⎛ 1⎞
54. 4 x2 4x 4 y2 4 y 3 0 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x2 x ⎟ 4 ⎜ y2 y ⎟ 3 1 1 ⇒ 4 ⎜ x ⎟ 4 ⎜ y ⎟ 5
⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 4⎠ ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞ ⎛
2
1⎞
2
æ 1 1 ö÷
5
⇒ ⎜ x ⎟ ⎜ y ⎟ . The graph is a circle with center çç- , ÷ and radius r 5 .
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠ 4 èç 2 2 ÷ø 2
1 4 2
55. b 2 . x 2 y 2 . The graph is a circle with center 2, 0 , and radius r .
2
2 9 3
⎛1⎞
57. D. Since x 4 y 2 is equivalent to x 4 4 ⎜ ⎟ y 2 , the parabola has vertex 4, 2 , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens upward c 0 .
⎛1⎞
58. B. Since x 2 y 4 is equivalent to x 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ y 4 , the parabola has vertex 2, 4 , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens upward c 0 .
⎛ 1⎞
59. C. Since y 2 x 4 is equivalent to x 4 4 ⎜ ⎟ y 2 , the parabola has vertex 4, 2 , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens downward c 0 .
⎛ 1⎞
60. A. Since y x 4 4 is equivalent to x 4 4 ⎜ ⎟ y 4 , the parabola has vertex 2, 4 , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens downward c 0 .
⎛1⎞
61. F. Since y 4 x 2 is equivalent to y 4 4 ⎜ ⎟ x 2 , the parabola has vertex 2, 4 , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens to the right c 0 .
⎛1⎞
62. H. Since y 2 x 4 is equivalent to y 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ x 4 , the parabola has vertex 4, 2 , and it
2 2
⎝4⎠
opens to the right c 0 .
⎛ 1⎞
63. E. Since x 2 y 4 is equivalent to y 4 4 ⎜ ⎟ x 2 , the parabola has vertex 2, 4 , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens to the left c 0 .
⎛ 1⎞
64. G. Since x y 2 4 is equivalent to y 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ x 4 , the parabola has vertex 4, 2 , and it
2 2
⎝ 4⎠
opens to the left c 0 .
65. (a) If both coordinates of the vertex are negative, the vertex is in quadrant III.
(b) If the first coordinate of the vertex is negative and the second is positive, the vertex is in quadrant II.
(c) If the first coordinate of the vertex is positive and the second is negative, the vertex is in quadrant IV.
(d) If both coordinates of the vertex are positive, the vertex is in quadrant I.
66. (a) If both coordinates of the vertex are negative, the vertex is in quadrant III.
(b) If the first coordinate of the vertex is negative and the second is positive, the vertex is in quadrant II.
(c) If the first coordinate of the vertex is positive and the second is negative, the vertex is in quadrant IV.
(d) If both coordinates of the vertex are positive, the vertex is in quadrant I.
67. Since x 2 = 16 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4(4) y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = 4. The focus is
(0, 4), and the equation of the directrix is y = -4. The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis.
68. Since x 2 = 4 y is equivalent to x 2 = 4(1) y, the equation is in the form x 2 = 4cy with c = 1. The focus is
(0,1), and the equation of the directrix is y = -1. The axis is x = 0, or the y-axis.
1 ⎛ 1⎞ 1
69. Since x 2 y is equivalent to x 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ y, the equation is in the form x 2 4cy with c . The
2 ⎝ 8⎠ 8
⎛ 1⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is y . The axis is x 0, or the y-axis.
⎝ 8⎠ 8
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
70. Since x 2 y is equivalent to x 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ y, the equation is in the form x 2 4cy with c . The
9 ⎝ 36 ⎠ 36
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is y . The axis is x 0, or the y-axis.
⎝ 36 ⎠ 36
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
71. Since y 2 x is equivalent to y 2 4 ⎜ ⎟ x, the equation is in the form y 2 4cx with c . The
16 ⎝ 64 ⎠ 64
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
focus is ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , and the equation of the directrix is x . The axis is y 0, or the x-axis.
⎝ 64 ⎠ 64
1 æ 1 ÷ö
72. Since y 2 = - x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 çç- x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with
32 çè 128 ÷÷ø
1 æ 1 ö 1
c=- çç- , 0÷ , and the equation of the directrix is x = . The axis is y = 0,
çè 128 ÷÷ø
The focus is
128 128
or the x-axis.
73. Since y 2 = -16 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 (-4) x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = -4. The
focus is (-4, 0). and the equation of the directrix is x = 4. The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis.
74. Since y 2 = -4 x is equivalent to y 2 = 4 (-1) x, the equation is in the form y 2 = 4cx with c = -1. The
focus is (-1, 0) , and the equation of the directrix is x = 1. The axis is y = 0, or the x-axis.
75. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is (0, 2), then the parabola opens downward and c 2. The equation
is x 2 4cy ⇒ x 2 8 y.
76. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is (5, 0), then the parabola opens to the right and c 5. The equation is
y 2 4cx ⇒ y 2 20 x.
⎛ 1 ⎞ 1
77. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is ⎜ , 0 ⎟ , then the parabola opens to the left and c . The equation
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
is y 2 4cx ⇒ y 2 2 x.
⎛ 1⎞ 1
78. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is ⎜ 0, ⎟ , then the parabola opens upward and c . The equation is
⎝ 4 ⎠ 4
x 2 4cy ⇒ x 2 y.
79. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens to the right, the equation is in the form y 2 4cx. Find the
value or c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2, 2, 2). Thus, (2, 2) 2 4c (2) ⇒ c 1.
80. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens upward, the equation is in the form x 2 4cy. Find the value of
1
c by using the fact that the parabola passes through ( 3,3). Thus, ( 3) 2 4c(3) ⇒ c . The equation is
4
x 2 4cy ⇒ x 2 y.
81. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens downward, the equation is in the form x 2 4cy. Find the value
10 1
2
of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through 10, 5 . Thus, 4c(5) ⇒ c . The
2
equation is x 2 4cy ⇒ x 2 2 y.
82. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola opens to the left, the equation is in the form y 2 4cx. Find the value
3
of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (-3,3). Thus, (3)2 4c 3 ⇒ c . The equation
4
is y 2 4cx ⇒ y 2 3 x.
83. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola has y-axis symmetry, the equation is in the form x 2 4cy. Find the
1
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2, 4). Thus, (2)2 4c(4) ⇒ c . The
4
equation is x 2 4cy ⇒ x 2 y.
84. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the parabola has x-axis symmetry, the equation is in the form y 2 4cx. Find the
1
value of c by using the fact that the parabola passes through (3,2). Thus, (2)2 4c (3) ⇒ c . The
3
4
equation is y 2 4cx ⇒ y 2 x.
3
85. If the focus is (0,2) and the vertex is (0,1), the parabola opens upward and c = 1. Substituting in
86. If the focus is (-1,2) and the vertex is (3,2), the parabola opens to the left and c = -4. Substituting in
87. If the focus is (0,0) and the directrix has equation x = -2, the vertex is (-1,0) and c = 1. The parabola
opens to the right. Substituting in ( y - k ) 2 = 4c( x - h), we get ( y - 0)2 = 4(1)( x - (-1)) or y 2 = 4( x + 1).
⎛1 ⎞ 3
88. If the focus is (2,1) and the directrix has equation x 1, the vertex is ⎜ ,1⎟ and c . The parabola
⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 1⎞
opens to the right. Substituting in ( y k ) 2 4c( x h), we get ( y 1) 2 4 ⎜ ⎟⎜ x ⎟ or
⎝ 2 ⎠⎝ 2⎠
⎛ 1⎞
( y 1) 2 6 ⎜ x ⎟ .
⎝ 2⎠
89. If the focus is (-1,3) and the directrix has equation y = 7, the vertex is (-1,5) and c = -2. The parabola
90. If the focus is (1,2) and the directrix has equation y = 4, the vertex is (1,3) and c = -1. The parabola
91. Since the parabola has a horizontal axis, the equation is in the form ( y k )2 4c( x h). Find the value of c
by using the fact that the parabola passes through (-4,0) and the vertex is (-2,3). Substituting
9
x 4, y 0, h 2, and k 3 yields (0 3)2 4c (4(2)) ⇒ c . The equation is
8
9
( y 3)2 ( x 2).
2
92. Since the parabola has a horizontal axis, the equation is in the form ( y k )2 4c( x h). Find the value of c
by using the fact that the parabola passes through (2,3) and the vertex is (-1,2). Substituting
1
x 2, y 3, h 1, and k 2 yields (3 2) 2 4c(2 (1)) ⇒ c . The equation is
12
1
( y 2) 2 ( x 1).
3
⎛1⎞
93. The equation y ( x 3) 2 4 can be written as ( x 3)2 4 ⎜ ⎟ ( y 4). The vertex is 3, 4 . The
⎝4⎠
vertical axis has equation x 3, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 93. From the figure, the
⎛1⎞
94. The equation y ( x 5) 2 4 can be written as ( x 5)2 4 ⎜ ⎟ ( y 4). The vertex is (5,-4). The vertical
⎝4⎠
axis has equation x 5, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 94. From the figure, the domain is
⎛ 1⎞
95. The equation y 2( x 3) 2 2 can be written as ( x 3)2 4 ⎜ ⎟ ( y 2). The vertex is (-3,2). The
⎝ 8⎠
vertical axis has equation x 3, and the parabola opens downward. See Figure 95. From the figure, the
2 æ 3ö
96. The equation y = ( x - 2)2 -1 can be written as ( x - 2)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y + 1). The vertex is ( 2, -1). The
3 çè 8 ø
vertical axis has equation x = 2, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 96. From the figure, the domain
æ1ö
y - 2 = ( x -1)2 can be written as ( x -1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y - 2). The vertex is (1,2).The vertical axis has equation
çè 4 ø
x = 1, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 97. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥), and the
range is [ 2, ¥).
æ1ö
y + 4 = ( x + 3)2 can be written as ( x + 3)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y + 4). The vertex is (-3, -4). The vertical axis has
çè 4 ø
equation x = -3, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 98. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) ,
99. ( ) 2
Rewrite the equation: y = 2 x 2 - 4 x + 5 y - 5 + 2 = 2 x 2 - 2 x + 1 y - 3 = 2 ( x -1) . The equation
æ1ö
y - 3 = 2 ( x -1) can be written as ( x -1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( y - 3). The vertex is (1,3). The vertical axis has equation
2 2
çè 8 ø
x = 1, and the parabola opens upward. See Figure 99. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, ¥) , and the
æ 1ö
equation y - 2 = -3( x - 4)2 can be written as ( x - 4)2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷( y - 2) The vertex is (4,2). The vertical
çè 12 ø
axis has equation x = 4, and the parabola opens downward. See Figure 100. From the figure, the domain is
æ1ö
101. The equation x = y 2 + 2 can be written as ( y - 0)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,0). The horizontal axis
çè 4 ø
has equation y = 0, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 101. From the figure, the domain is
æ1ö
The equation x = ( y + 1)2 can be written as ( y + 1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 0) The vertex is (0, -1). The horizontal
2
102.
çè 4 ø
axis has equation y = -1, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 102. From the figure, the domain
æ1ö
The equation x = ( y - 3) can be written as ( y - 3) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 0). The vertex is (0,3). The horizontal axis
2 2
103.
çè 4 ø
has equation y = 3, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 103. From the figure, the domain is
horizontal axis has equation y = -2, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 104. From the figure,
æ1ö
The equation x = ( y - 4)2 + 2 can be written as ( y - 4) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 2). The vertex is (2,4). The horizontal
2
105.
çè 4 ø
axis has equation y = 4, and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 105. From the figure, the domain is
horizontal axis has equation y = -3, and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 106. From the figure, the
2 2 3 3
107. Rewrite the equation: x = y - 4 y + 8 x = y 2 - 6 y + 12 x -12 + 9 = y 2 - 6 y + 9
3 2 2
3 3 3
x - 3 = ( y - 3) 2 ( x - 2) = ( y - 3) 2 . The equation ( x - 2) = ( y - 3)2 can be written
2 2 2
æ 3ö
( y - 3)2 = 4 çç ÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,3). The horizontal axis has equation y = 3 and the parabola opens
çè 8 ø÷
to the right. See Figure 107. From the figure, the domain is [2, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
æ1ö
x + 9 = ( y + 1)2 can be written ( y + 1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x + 9). The vertex is (-9, -1). The horizontal axis has
çè 4 ø
equation y = -1 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 108. From the figure, the domain is
1
horizontal axis has equation y = - and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 109. From the figure, the
2
domain is (-¥, -2] and the range is (-¥, ¥).
2
1 æ 1ö 5 æ 1ö
110. Rewrite the equation: x = -2 y 2 + 2 y - 3 x + 3 - = -2 çç y 2 - y + ÷÷÷ x + = -2 çç y - ÷÷÷ . The
2 çè 4ø 2 çè 2ø
2
5 æ 1ö æ ö2 æ öæ ö æ 5 1ö
equation x + = -2 çç y - ÷÷÷ can be written çç y - 1 ÷÷ = 4 çç- 1 ÷÷çç x + 5 ÷÷. The vertex is ççç- , ÷÷÷. The
2 çè 2ø çè 2ø ÷ ç
è 8 øè÷ ç 2 ø÷ è 2 2ø
1
horizontal axis has equation y = and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 110. From the figure, the
2
æ 5ù
domain is çç-¥, - ú and the range is (-¥, ¥).
çè 2 úû
æ1ö
x - 4 = 2( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1) = 4 çç ÷÷÷( x - 4). The vertex is (4,1). The horizontal axis has
2
çè 8 ø
equation y = 1 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 111. From the figure, the domain is [4, ¥)
æ1ö
2( x -1) = ( y - 2)2 can be written ( y - 2)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x -1). The vertex is (1, 2). The horizontal axis has
çè 2 ø
equation y = 2 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 112. From the figure, the domain is [1, ¥)
æ1ö
2( x - 4) = ( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1)2 = 4 çç ÷÷÷ ( x - 4). The vertex is (4, 1). The horizontal axis has
çè 2 ø
equation y = 1 and the parabola opens to the right. See Figure 113. From the figure, the domain is [4, ¥)
æ 1ö
equation x - 2 = -3( y -1)2 can be written ( y -1)2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2,1). The horizontal
çè 12 ø
axis has equation y = 1 and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 114. From the figure, the domain is
115. Rewrite the equation: y 2 - 4 y + 4 = 4 x + 4 ( y - 2)2 = 4( x + 1). The equation ( y - 2)2 = 4( x + 1) can be
written ( y - 2)2 = 4(1)( x + 1). The vertex is (-1, 2). The horizontal axis has equation y = 2 and the
parabola opens to the right. See Figure 115. From the figure, the domain is [-1, ¥) and the
116. Rewrite the equation: y 2 + 2 y + 1 = -2 x + 4 ( y + 1)2 = -2( x - 2). The equation ( y + 1)2 = -2( x - 2)
æ 1ö
can be written ( y + 1) 2 = 4 çç- ÷÷÷ ( x - 2). The vertex is (2, -1). The horizontal axis has equation y = -1
çè 2 ø
and the parabola opens to the left. See Figure 116. From the figure, the domain is (-¥, 2] and the
117. Since the directrix has equation x = -c, a point on the directrix has the form (-c, y ). Let ( x, y ) be a point
on the parabola. By definition, the distance from the focus (c,0) to point ( x, y ) on the parabola, must be
equal to the distance from point (-c, y ) on the directrix to point ( x, y ) on the parabola. That is
( x - c) 2 + ( y - 0)2 = ( x + c) 2 + ( y - y ) 2
32.2 2 12.6 2
118. (a) For Earth, y = x - x . For Mars, y = x - x . Graph y1 = x - (32.2 1922) x 2 and
1922 1922
(b) From the graph, the ball thrown on Earth hits the ground ( y = 0) when x » 153 and the ball thrown on
Mars hits the ground when x » 60. The difference in horizontal distance is about 153 - 60 = 93 feet.
19 12.6 2 19 5.2 2
119. (a) For Mars, y = x- x . For the moon, y = x - x . Graph
11 3872 11 3872
y1 = (19 /11) x - (12.6 / 3872) x 2 and y2 = (19 / 11) x - (5.2 / 3872) x 2 as shown in Figure 119.
(b) From the graph, the ball thrown on Mars reaches a maximum height of y » 229 and the ball thrown on
the moon reaches a maximum height of y » 555.
120. Consider a cross-section of the dish with the vertex located at (0, 0) and focus located at (0, 128.5). The
equation for this parabola has the form x 2 = 4cy and by substitution, x 2 = 4(128.5) y x 2 = 514 y. By
noting that the radius of the dish is 150 and the y-coordinate of the point (150, y ) on the parabola
corresponds to the depth of the dish, the depth can be found by substitution:
1502
1502 = 514 y y = » 43.8 feet.
514
5´10-9
121. y =- (0.4) 2 = -4´10-17 ; the alpha particle is deflected 4´10-17 meter downward.
2(107 )
122. Let the vertex of the parabola be (0, 10). The equation of the parabola is of the form ( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ).
By substitution, the equation is ( x - 0)2 = 4c ( y -10) x 2 = 4c( y -10). Since the parabola passes through
the point (200, 210), the value of c can be found by substitution:
2002 = 4c(210 -10) 2002 = 4c (200) 200 = 4c c = 50. The equation is x 2 = 200( y -10).
Noting that the x-coordinate of one of the other supports is 100, the height can be found by substitution:
1002 1002
1002 = 200( y -10) = y -10 y = + 10 = 60 feet.
200 200
123. Let the vertex of the parabola be (0, 12). The equation of the parabola is of the form ( x - h)2 = 4c( y - k ).
By substitution, the equation is ( x - 0)2 = 4c ( y -12) x 2 = 4c( y -12). Since the parabola passes through
the point (6, 0), the value of c can be found by substitution:
3
62 = 4c(0 -12) 36 = 4c(-12) -3 = 4c c = - . The equation is x 2 = -3( y -12). Noting that the
4
y-coordinate 9 feet up is 9, half the width can be found by substitution: x 2 = -3(9 -12) x 2 = 9 x = 3 ;
æ 5ö æ 5 ö÷2
124. Let the vertex be (0, 0). Substitute the point çç4, ÷÷÷ into y 2 = 4cx and solve for c: çç ÷ = 4c(4) c = 25 .
çè 2 ø èç 2 ÷ø 64
25
The bulb should be inch from the vertex.
64
6. H. Since h = 2 and k = -4, this is an ellipse centered at (2, -4) with a vertical major axis.
x2 y 2
11. + = 1 a = 3 and b = 2. a 2 - b 2 = 32 - 22 = 5 = c 2 c = 5. The foci are ( 5, 0). The
9 4
endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (3, 0) so the domain is [-3,3] . The endpoints of the minor axis
are (0, 2), so the range is [-2, 2]. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 11.
x2 y 2
12. +
16 36
= 1 a = 6 and b = 4. a 2 - b 2 = 62 - 42 = 20 = c 2 c = 20. The foci are 0, 20 or ( )
(0, 2 5 ). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (0, 6) so the range is [-6, 6]. The endpoints of
the minor axis are (4,0) so the domain is [-4, 4]. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 12.
x2 y2
13. 9 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 54 + = 1 a = 3 and b = 6. a 2 - b 2 = 9 - 6 = 3 = c 2 c = 3. The foci are
6 9
(0, 3 ). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are (0, 3) so the range is [-3,3]. The endpoints of
( )
the minor axis are 6, 0 so the domain is éê- 6, 6 ùú . The ellipse is graphed in Figure 13.
ë û
x2 y 2
14. 12 x 2 + 8 y 2 = 96 + = 1 a = 12 and b = 8. a 2 - b 2 = 12 - 8 = 4 = c 2 c = 2. The foci are
8 12
( )
(0, 2). The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are 0, 2 3 so the range is éê-2 3, 2 3 ùú . The
ë û
( )
endpoints of the minor axis are 2 2, 0 so the domain is éê-2 2, 2 2 ùú . See Figure 14.
ë û
25 y 2 64 x 2 y2 x2 36 6 9 3
15. + =1 + =1 a = = and b = =
36 9 36 9 25 5 64 8
25 64
æ 6ö é 6 6ù
The endpoints of the major axis (vertices) are çç0, ÷÷÷ so the range is ê- , ú . The endpoints of the minor
çè 5ø êë 5 5 úû
æ 3 ö é 3 3ù
axis are çç , 0÷÷÷ so the domain is ê- , ú . See Figure 15.
çè 8 ø êë 8 8 úû
16 y 2 121x 2 y2 x2 9 3 25 5
16. + =1 + =1 a = and b = = The endpoints of the major axis
9 25 9 25 16 4 121 11
16 121
æ 3ö é 3 3ù æ 5 ö÷
(vertices) are çç0, ÷÷÷ so the range is ê- , ú . The endpoints of the minor axis are çç , 0÷ so the domain
çè 4ø êë 4 4 úû çè 11 ÷ø
é 5 5ù
is ê- , ú . See Figure 16.
êë 11 11úû
17. The ellipse is centered at (1, -3). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 10. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 6 The graph is shown in Figure 17. The domain is [-2, 4] and the range is [-8, 2].
18. The ellipse is centered at (-3, 2). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 12. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 8. The graph is shown in Figure 18. The domain is [-7, 1] and the range is [-4, 8].
19. The ellipse is centered at (2, 1). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 8. The length of the minor
axis is 2b = 6. The graph is shown in Figure 19. The domain is [-2, 6] and the range is [-2, 4].
20. The ellipse is centered at (-3, -2). The major axis is vertical and has length 2a = 12. The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 10. The graph is shown in Figure 20. The domain is [-8, 2] and the range is [-8, 4].
21. The ellipse is centered at (-1, 2). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 16. The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 14. The graph is shown in Figure 21. The domain is [-9, 7] and the range is [-5,9].
22. The ellipse is centered at (4, -2). The major axis is horizontal and has length 2a = 6. . The length of the
minor axis is 2b = 4. The graph is shown in Figure 22. The domain is [1, 7] and the range is [-4, 0].
23. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 4. Since the foci
are (2, 0), we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12 b = 12 . The equation is + = 1.
16 12
24. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 3. Since the foci are
x2 y 2
( )
2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 32 - 3 = 9 - 3 = 6 b = 6. The equation is + =1.
6 9
25. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 2 2. Since the foci are
26. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 3 2. Since the foci
are ( 2 )
3, 0 , we know that c = 2 3. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
x2 y 2
( ) - (2 3 )
2 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 3 2 = 18 -12 = 6 b = 6. The equation is + =1.
18 6
27. The ellipse is centered between the endpoint of the major axis of (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with
x2 y 2
a = 4 and the minor axis is vertical with b = 2. The equation is + =1.
16 4
28. The ellipse is centered between the endpoint of the major axis of (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with
x2 y 2
a = 6 and the minor axis is horizontal with b = 3. The equation is + =1.
9 36
29. The ellipse is centered between the endpoints of the major axis at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 6.
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 62 - 42 = 36 -16 = 20 b = 20. The equation is + = 1.
36 20
30. The ellipse is centered between the vertices at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 5. Since b = 2, the
x2 y 2
equation is + = 1.
4 25
31. Since the center is (3, -2), we know that h = 3 and k = -2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found
( x - 3)2 ( y + 2) 2
+ = 1.
16 25
32. Since the center is (2, 0), we know that h = 2 and k = 0. Since minor axis has length 6, b = 3. Since the
9 ( x - 2)2 y 2
major axis has length 9, a = . The major axis is horizontal so the equation is + = 1 or
2 81 9
4
4( x - 2)2 y 2
+ = 1.
81 9
33. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is vertical with a = 3. Since the foci are
(0, 2), we know that c = 2. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
y 2 x2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 32 - 22 = 9 - 4 = 5 b = 5. The equation is + = 1.
9 5
34. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal. Since the foci are (5, 0), we
x2 y 2
a 2 = b2 + c 2 = 22 + 52 = 4 + 25 = 29 a = 29. The equation is + = 1.
29 4
35. Since the center is (5, 2), we know that h = 5 and k = 2. Since the minor axis is horizontal and has length 8,
( x - 5)2 ( y - 2)2
32 + 42 = a 2 a 2 = 25 a = 5 . The equation is + = 1.
25 16
36. Since the center is (-3, 6), we know that h = -3 and k = 6. Since the major axis has length 10, a = 5. Since
( x + 3)2 ( y - 6)2
52 - 22 = 25 - 4 = 21 b = 21. The major axis is vertical so the equation is + = 1.
21 25
9 -1
37. The ellipse is centered between the vertices at (4,5) and a = = 4. The major axis is vertical. Since the
2
( x - 4)2 ( y - 5)2
minor axis has length 6, b = 3. The equation is + = 1.
9 16
38. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (2, - 3) and c = 5. Since the point (2, 1) is on the graph and it is
located vertically above the center, it is an endpoint of the minor axis. Thus b = 4 . Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the
( x - 2)2 ( y + 3)2
is horizontal so the equation is + = 1.
41 16
39. 9 x 2 + 18 x + 4 y 2 - 8 y - 23 = 0 9( x 2 + 2 x) + 4( y 2 - 2 y ) = 23 9( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + 4( y 2 - 2 y + 1) =
( x + 1)2 ( y -1)2
23 + 9 + 4 9( x + 1)2 + 4( y -1)2 = 36 + =1
4 9
The center is (-1, 1). The vertices are (-1, 1- 3), (-1, 1 + 3) or (-1, -2), (-1, 4).
( x - 2)2 ( y - 2)2
44 + 36 + 64 9( x - 2) 2 + 16( y - 2) 2 = 144 + =1
16 9
The center is (2, 2). The vertices are (2 - 4, 2), (2 + 4, 2) or (-2, 2), (6, 2).
41. 4 x 2 + 8 x + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 0 4( x 2 + 2 x) + ( y 2 + 2 y ) = -1 4( x 2 + 2 x + 1) + ( y 2 + 2 y + 1) =
( x + 1)2 ( y + 1) 2
-1 + 4 + 1 4( x + 1)2 + ( y + 1)2 = 4 + =1
1 4
The center is (-1, -1). The vertices are (-1, -1- 2), (-1, -1 + 2) or (-1, -3), (-1,1).
42. x 2 - 6 x + 9 y 2 = 0 ( x 2 - 6 x) + 9 y 2 = 0 ( x 2 - 6 x + 9) + 9 y 2 = 0 + 9
2 2
2 2 ( x - 3) ( y - 0)
( x - 3) + 9 ( y - 0) = 9 + =1
9 1
The center is (3, 0). The vertices are (3 - 3, 0), (3 + 3, 0) or (0, 0), (6, 0).
43. 4 x 2 + 16 x + 5 y 2 -10 y + 1 = 0 4( x 2 + 4 x) + 5( y 2 - 2 y ) = -1 4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) + 5( y 2 - 2 y + 1) =
( x + 2) 2 ( y -1)2
-1 + 16 + 5 4( x + 2) 2 + 5( y -1) 2 = 20 + =1
5 4
The center is (-2,1) . The vertices are (-2 - 5, 1), (-2 + 5, 1).
( x + 1)2 ( y - 3) 2
-23 + 2 + 27 2( x + 1) 2 + 3( y - 3) 2 = 6 + =1
3 2
The center is (-1, 3). The vertices are (-1- 3, 3), (-1 + 3, 3).
æ 1ö æ 9ö
45. 16 x 2 -16 x + 4 y 2 + 12 y = 51 16( x 2 - x) + 4( y 2 + 3 y ) = 51 16 çç x 2 - x + ÷÷ + 4 çç y 2 + 3 y + ÷÷ =
çè 4ø÷ ç
è 4 ÷ø
( ) ( y + 32 )
2 2
æ 1ö
2
æ 3ö
2 x - 12
51 + 4 + 9 16 çç x - ÷÷÷ + 4 çç y + ÷÷÷ = 64 + =1
èç 2ø èç 2ø 4 16
æ1 3ö æ1 ö æ ö æ ö æ 5 ö÷
The center is çç , - ÷÷÷. The vertices are çç , - 3 - 4÷÷ , çç 1 , - 3 + 4÷÷ or çç 1 , - 11÷÷ , çç 1 , ÷.
çè 2 2 ø çè 2 2 ÷
ø è2 ç 2 ø÷ ç
è2 ÷
2 ø çè 2 2 ø÷
( x + 32 ) ( y - 52 )
2 2
æ 3 5 ö÷
= 1 The center is çç- , ÷.
1 1 çè 2 2 ÷ø
4
æ 3 5 ö æ 3 5 ö æ 3 3 ö÷ æç 3 7 ö÷
The vertices are çç- , -1÷÷÷ , çç- , + 1÷÷÷ or çç- , ÷ , ç- , ÷.
çè 2 2 ø èç 2 2 ø çè 2 2 ÷ø çè 2 2 ÷ø
3
47. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 4 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y = x. See Figure 47. The
4
domain is (-¥, -4) [4, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
48. The transverse axis is vertical with a = 3 and b = 3. The asymptotes are y = x. See Figure 48. The
y2 x2
49. 49 y 2 - 36 x 2 = 1764 - = 1 The transverse axis is vertical with a = 6 and b = 7. The asymptotes
36 49
6
are y = x. See Figure 49. The domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is (-¥, -6] [6, ¥).
7
x2 y2
50. 144 x 2 - 49 y 2 = 7056 - = 1 The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 7 and b = 12. The
49 144
12
asymptotes are y = x. See Figure 50. The domain is (-¥, -7 ] [7, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
7
4 x 2 25 y 2 x2 y 2 3 4
51. - =1 - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = and b = . The asymptotes
9 16 9 16 2 5
4 25
18 æ ù é ö
are y = x. See Figure 51. The domain is çç-¥, - 3 ú ê 3 , ¥÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
15 èç 2 úû êë 2 ÷ø
x2 y2
52. x2 - y2 = 1 - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 1 and b = 1. The asymptotes are
1 1
y = x. See Figure 52. The domain is (-¥, -1] [1, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
x2 y2 1 1
53. 9 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 1 - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = and b = . The asymptotes
1 1 3 2
9 4
3 æ 1ù é1 ö
are y = x. See Figure 53. The domain is ççç-¥, - úú êê , ¥÷÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
2 è 3û ë 3 ø
y2 x2 1 1
54. 25 y 2 - 9 x 2 = 1 - = 1. The transverse axis is vertical with a = and b = . The asymptotes
1 1 5 3
25 9
3 æ 1ù é1 ö
are y = x. See Figure 54. The domain is (-¥, ¥) and the range is ççç-¥, - úú êê , ¥÷÷÷.
5 è 5û ë 5 ø
55. The center is (1, -3) and the transverse axis is horizontal with a = 3 and b = 5. See Figure 55. The domain
56. The center is (-3, 2) and the transverse axis is horizontal with a = 4 and b = 6. See Figure 56. The
57. The center is (-1,5) and the transverse axis is vertical with a = 2 and b = 3. See Figure 57. The
58. The center is (3, -1) and the transverse axis is vertical with a = 5 and b = 6. See Figure 58. The
( x + 5) 2 ( y - 3)2
59. 16( x + 5)2 - ( y - 3)2 = 1 - = 1 The center is (−5, 3) and the transverse axis is
1 1
16
1 æ ù é ö
horizontal with a = and b = 1. See Figure 59. The domain is çç-¥, -5 - 1 ú ê-5 + 1 , ¥÷÷ or
4 çè 4 ûú ëê 4 ÷ø
æ ù é ö
ç-¥, - 21ú ê- 19 , ¥÷÷ and the range is (-¥, ¥).
ççè 4 úû êë 4 ÷
ø
( x + 9)2 ( y + 6)2
60. 4( x + 9) 2 - 25( y + 6)2 = 100 - = 1. The center is (−9, −6) and the transverse axis is
25 4
horizontal with a = 5 and b = 2. See Figure 60. The domain is (-¥, -14] [-4, ¥) and the range is
(-¥, ¥).
( x - 2)2 ( y + 1)2
61. 9( x - 2)2 - 4( y + 1)2 = 36 - = 1. The center is (2, −1) and the transverse axis is
4 9
vertical with a = 2 and b = 3. See Figure 61. The domain is (-¥, 0] È [ 4, ¥) and the range is (-¥, ¥).
1
62. The vertices of y = are (-1,-1) and (1,1).
x
63. The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with c = 4. The x-intercepts coincide with the vertices, so
a = 3. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
x2 y 2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 42 - 32 = 16 - 9 = 7 b = 7. The equation is - = 1.
9 7
64. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 3 3. The y-intercepts coincide with the vertices so
a = 5. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
y 2 x2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = (3 3)2 - 52 = 27 - 25 = 2 b = 2. The equation is - = 1.
25 2
65. The asymptotes intersect at the origin so the center is (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis and
a 3
the y-intercepts coincide with the vertices so a = 3. From the asymptotes, = with a = 3 b = 5. The
b 5
y 2 x2
equation is - = 1.
9 25
66. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis. The y-intercept coincides with a vertex so a = 2. The equation is of
y2 x2 32 22
the - = 1. By substitution using the point (2, 3): - =1
a2 b2 22 b2
9 4 5 4 16 y 2 x2 y2 5x2
-1 = = 5b 2 = 16 b2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
4 b2 4 b2 5 4 16 4 16
5
67. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 6.
a 1 y2 x2
From the asymptotes, = with a = 6 b = 12. The equation is - = 1.
b 2 36 144
68. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 10.
b x2 y2
From the asymptotes, = 5 with. a = 10 b = 50. The equation is - = 1.
a 100 2500
69. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 3.
x2 y2
The equation is of the form - = 1. By substitution using the point (6, 1),
a2 b2
62 12 36 1 1 1 x2 y 2 x2
- =1 -1 = 3= b 2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - 3 y 2 = 1.
2 1
32 b2 9 b 2
b 2 3 3 3
9
70. The center is located between the vertices at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 5. The
y2 32
equation is of the form - = 1. By substitution using the point (3, 10),
a2 b2
102 32 100 9 9 y 2 x2
- =1 -1 = 3= b2 = 3. The equation is - = 1.
52 b2 25 b2 b2 25 3
71. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 13. From
a
the asymptotes, = 5. Also, from c 2 = a 2 + b2 a 2 + b 2 = 13. Solving these equations simultaneously
b
25 1 y 2 x2 2 y2
results in a 2 = and b2 = . The equation is - = 1 or - 2 x 2 = 1.
2 2 25 1 25
2 2
72. The center is located between the foci at (0, 0). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with c = 3 5.
b
From the asymptotes, = 2. Also, from c 2 = a 2 + b2 a 2 + b 2 = 45. Solving these equations
a
x2 y 2
simultaneously results in a 2 = 9 and b2 = 36. The equation is - = 1.
9 36
73. The center is located between the vertices at (4, 3). The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 2.
a 2 ( y - 3)2 ( x - 4)2
From the asymptotes, = 7 with a = 2 b = . The equation is - = 1 or
b 7 4 4
49
( y - 3)2 49( x - 4) 2
- = 1.
4 4
74. The center is located between the vertices at (3, −2). The hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 2.
b 3 ( x - 3)2 ( y + 2) 2
From the asymptotes, = with a = 2 b = 3. The equation is - = 1.
a 2 4 9
75. With center (1, −2) and vertex (3, −2), we know the hyperbola has a horizontal transverse axis with a = 2. With
center (1, −2) and focus (4, −2), we know c = 3. Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
( x -1) 2 ( y + 2) 2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 32 - 22 = 9 - 4 = 5 b = 5. The equation is - = 1.
4 5
76. With center (9,−7) and vertex (9, −1), we know the hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with a = 6. With
center (9, −7) and focus (9, 3), we know c = 10. Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by
( y + 7)2 ( x - 9)2
substitution: b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 102 - 62 = 100 - 36 = 64 b = 8. The equation is - = 1.
36 64
( x -1) 2 ( y -1)2
- = 1. The center is (1, 1). The vertices are (1−2, 1), (1+2, 1) or (−1, 1), (3, 1).
4 4
( y + 2) 2 ( x -1) 2
- = 1. The center is (1, -2). The vertices are (1, -2 - 3), (1, -2 + 3), or (1, -5), (1,1).
9 9
79. 3 y 2 + 24 y - 2 x 2 + 12 x + 24 = 0 3( y 2 + 8 y ) - 2( x 2 - 6 x) = -24
( y + 4)2 ( x - 3) 2
3( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 2( x 2 - 6 x + 9) = -24 + 48 -18 3( y + 4)2 - 2( x - 3)2 = 6 - = 1.
2 3
80. 4 x 2 + 16 x - 9 y 2 + 18 y = 29 4( x 2 + 4 x) - 9( y 2 - 2 y ) = 29
( x + 2)2 ( y -1) 2
4( x 2 + 4 x + 4) - 9( y 2 - 2 y + 1) = 29 + 16 - 9 4( x + 2)2 - 9( y -1)2 = 36 - = 1.
9 4
The center is (-2,1). The vertices are (-2 - 3,1), (-2 + 3,1) or (-5,1), (1,1).
( x - 3)2 ( y - 0) 2
- = 1. The center is (3, 0). The vertices are (3 - 2, 0), (3 + 2,0).
2 1
( y + 4) 2 ( x - 0)2
- = 1. The center is (0, -4). The vertices are (0, -4 - 3), (0, -4 + 3).
3 1
( y + 4)2 ( x + 1)2
4( y 2 + 8 y + 16) - 5( x 2 + 2 x + 1) = -39 + 64 - 5 4( y + 4)2 - 5( x + 1) 2 = 20 - = 1.
5 4
The center is (-1, -4). The vertices are (-1, -4 - 5), (-1, -4 + 5).
84. 5 x 2 + 10 x - 7 y 2 + 28 y = 58 5( x 2 + 2 x) - 7( y 2 - 4 y ) = 58
( x + 1)2 ( y - 2) 2
5( x 2 + 2 x + 1) - 7( y 2 - 4 y + 4) = 58 + 5 - 28 5( x + 1)2 - 7( y - 2)2 = 35 - = 1.
7 5
The center is (-1, 2). The vertices are (-1- 7 , 2), (-1 + 7, 2).
(-3 - (-2))2 + (-2.291288 - 0) 2 + (-3 - 2) 2 + (-2.291288 - 0)2 » 8.000000203 » 8. Note that the
88. c 2 = a 2 + b2 c 2 = 4 + 12 c 2 = 16 c = 4. The foci are a = 2 and F2 (4, 0). See Figure 88. The
point(−3, 3.8729833) is shown. Other points include (−2, 0), (2, 0) and (4, 6).
Figure 86 Figure 88
89. (-3 - (-4))2 + (3.8729833 - 0)2 - (-3 - 4)2 + (3.8729833 - 0)2 » 4.000000022 » 4.
(4 - (-4))2 + (6 - 0)2 - (4 - 4)2 + (6 - 0)2 = 4. Note that the first difference calculated here does not
the minor axis measuring 16 units, b = 8. Since c 2 = a 2 - b2 , the value of a can be found by substitution:
x2 y2
a 2 = b2 + c 2 = 62 + 82 = 36 + 64 = 100 a = 10. The equation is + = 1.
100 64
92. (a) The length of the major axis is 2a = 2 5013 » 141.6 million miles.
(b) The length of the minor axis is 2b = 2 4970 » 141.0 million miles.
93. A major axis measuring 620 feet indicates that a = 310. A minor axis measuring 513 feet indicates that
b = 256.5. Then 5c 2 = a 2 - b2 = 3102 - 256.52 c = 3102 - 256.52 » 174.1. The distance between the
foci is 2c » 2(174.1) » 348.2 feet.
3102 + 256.52
94. P » 2 » 1788 feet.
2
95. Using a vertical major axis, a = 15. The minor axis has length 20, so b = 10. The equation is
y2 x2
+ = 1. Assuming the truck drives exactly in the middle of the road, we want to find y when x = 6.
225 100
y2 62 y2 36 æ 36 ö÷ æ 36 ö÷
+ =1 = 1- y 2 = 225çç1- ÷÷ y = 225ççç1- ÷ = 12. The truck must be just
225 100 225 100 ç
è 100 ø è 100 ø÷
under 12 feet high to pass through.
x2 y2 x2 y2
96. (a) The equation of the hyperbola is 400 x 2 - 625 y 2 = 250, 000 - =1 - = 1.
625 400 252 202
Thus a = 25 and the buildings are 2(25) = 50 meters apart at their closest point.
97. (a) Since c = a 2 - b2 = 44652 - 44622 » 163.6, one focus is located at the point (163.6, 0). The graph
representing Earth is a circle with radius 3960 with center (163.6, 0). The equation for Earth is
( x -163.6) 2 + y 2 = 36902. To graph this equation, solve for y and graph two parts.
x2 y2 y2 x2 æ x 2 ö÷÷ æ x 2 ÷÷ö
ç 2 çç
+ =1 = 1- y 2 = 44622 çç1- ÷ y = 4462 ç 1 - ÷
2÷ çè 44652 ÷÷ø
44652 44622 44622 44652 èç 4465 ø÷
The graphs are shown in Figure 97.
(b) The minimum distance is 4465 - (3960 + 163.6) » 341 miles. The maximum distance is
4465 - (3960 + 163.6) » 669 miles.
[-6750,6750] by [-4500,4500]
Xscl = 1000 Yscl = 1000
Figure 97
d
98. Use the formula t = and the distance formula to set up an equation that shows the difference in the times
r
2 2
( x + c) + y 2 ( x - c) + y 2
that it takes the sound to reach each microphone. This equation is - = t.
330 330
2 2
( x + c) + y 2 - ( x - c) + y 2 = 330t Multiply each side by 330.
2 2 2
( x + c) + y 2 = 330t + ( x - c) + y 2 Add ( x - c) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + c) + y 2 = 3302 t 2 + 2330t ( x - c) + y 2 + ( x - c) + y 2 Square each side.
2
4cx - 3302 t 2 = 2330t ( x - c) + y 2 Expand the binomials and simplify.
4 x 2 4c 2 3302 t 2 43302 t 2 y 2 43302 t 2 4c 2 3302 t 2 Factor.
x2 y2 1
- = Divide by
2 2 2 2 2
330 t 4c - 330 t 4
(
43302 t 2 4c 2 - 3302 t 2 )
x2 y2
99. (a) Find a and b in the equation - = 1. Because the equations of the asymptotes of a hyperbola
a2 b2
b
with horizontal transverse axes are y = x, and the given asymptotes are y = x, it follows that
a
a
= 1 or a = b. Since the line y = x intersects the x-axis at a 45° angle, the triangle shown in the
b
third quadrant is a 45°- 45°- 90° right triangle and both legs must have length d. Then, by the
Pythagorean theorem, c 2 = d 2 + d 2 = 2d 2 . That gives c = d 2. Also, for a hyperbola c 2 = a 2 + b2 ,
and since a = b, c 2 = a 2 + a 2 = 2a 2 . That gives c = a 2. From these two equations, a 2 = d 2
and so a = d . That is, a = b = d = 5´10-14. Thus the equation of the trajectory of A, where x > 0, is
x2 y2
( )
2
given by - = 1. Solving for x yields x 2 - y 2 = 5´10-14
( ) ( )
2 2
5´10-14 5´10-14
( ) ( )
2 2
That is, h 2 = 5´10-14 + 5´10-14 h 2 = 5´10-27 h » 7 ´10-14. The minimum distance
between the centers of the alpha particle and the gold nucleus is 5´10-14 + 7 ´10-14 » 1.2´10-13.
100. Start with the given distance equation.
2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 - ( x - c ) + y 2 = 2a Given Equation.
2 2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 = 2a + ( x - c ) + y 2 Add ( x - c) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + c ) + y 2 = 4a 2 + 4a ( x - c ) + y 2 + ( x - c ) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + c ) - ( x - c ) - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c ) + y 2 Subtract ( x - c ) , y 2 , and 4a 2
2
x 2 + 2cx + c 2 - x 2 + 2cx - c 2 - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
4cx - 4a 2 = 4a ( x - c) + y 2 Simplify.
2
cx - a 2 = a ( x - c) + y 2 Divide each side by 4.
(
c 2 x 2 - 2a 2 cx + a 4 = a 2 x 2 - 2cx + c 2 + y 2 ) Square each side.
c 2 x 2 - a 2 x 2 - a 2 y 2 = -a 4 + a 2 c 2 Simplify.
( )
x 2 c 2 - a 2 - a 2 y 2 = a 2 c2 - a 2 ( ) Factor.
x 2 b 2 - a 2 y 2 = a 2b 2 Substitute b2 = c 2 - a 2
x 2b 2 a2 y2 a 2b2
- = Divide each side by a 2 b 2 .
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b a b a b
x2 y2
- =1 Simplify.
a2 b2
101. Let ( x, y ) be any point on the ellipse and start with the distance formula.
2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 + ( x - 3) + y 2 = 10 Given Equation.
2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 = 10 - ( x - 3) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 3)2 + y 2 .
2 2 2
( x + 3) + y 2 = 100 - 20 ( x - 3) + y 2 + ( x - 3) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + 3) - ( x - 3) -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 3) and 100.
2
x 2 + 6 x + 9 - x 2 + 6 x - 9 -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
12 x -100 = -20 ( x - 3) + y 2 Simplify.
2
25 - 3x = 5 ( x - 3) + y 2 Divide each side by -4.
(
625 -150 x + 9 x 2 = 25 x 2 - 6 x + 9 + y 2 ) Square each side.
x = ln(t -1) t = e x + 1.
x2 y 2
+ =1 Simplify.
25 16
102. Let ( x, y ) be any point on the hyperbola and start with the distance formula.
2 2
( x + 2 ) + y 2 - ( x - 2) + y 2 = 2 Given Equation.
2 2 2
( x + 2) + y 2 = 2 + ( x - 2) + y 2 Add ( x - 2) + y 2 to each side.
2 2 2
( x + 2) + y 2 = 4 + 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 + ( x - 2) + y 2 Square each side.
2 2 2 2
( x + 2) - ( x - 2) - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Subtract ( x - 2) , y 2 , and 4.
2
x 2 + 4 x + 4 - x2 + 4 x - 4 - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Expand the binomials.
2
8x - 4 = 4 ( x - 2) + y 2 Simplify.
2
2 x -1 = ( x - 2) + y 2 Divide each side by 4.
3x 2 - y 2 = 3 Simplify.
3x 2 y 2 3
- = Divide each side by 3.
3 3 3
y2
x2 - =1 Simplify.
3
x2 y2
2. 12 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 48 - = 1. The transverse axis is horizontal with a = 2 and b = 12. The
4 12
12
asymptotes are y = x. See Figure 2.
2
2
9 æ 3 9ö 17 æ 3ö
3. Rewrite the equation. y = 2 x 2 + 3x -1 y + 1 + = 2 çç x 2 + x + ÷÷÷ y + = 2 çç x + ÷÷÷ . The
8 çè 2 16 ø 8 çè 4ø
2 2
17 æ 3ö 17 æ 1 öæ 3ö æ 3 17 ö÷
equation y + = 2 çç x + ÷÷÷ can be written y + = 4 çç ÷÷÷çç x + ÷÷÷ . The vertex is çç- , ÷.
8 çè 4ø 8 èç 2 øèç 4ø èç 4 8 ÷ø
See Figure 3.
4. ( ) ( ) 2 2
x 2 + y 2 - 2 x + 2 y - 2 = 0 x 2 - 2 x + 1 + y 2 + 2 y + 1 = 2 + 1 + 1 ( x -1) + ( y + 1) = 4. The graph
æ 1 ö æ 63 ö
is a circle with center (1, -1) and radius çç-4 + ,1÷÷ çç- , -1÷÷ See Figure 4.
èç ÷
16 ø èç 16 ø÷
x2 y2
5. 4 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 + = 1 a = 3 and b = 2. The ellipse is graphed in Figure 5.
9 4
Figure 5
8. The ellipse is centered between the foci at (0, 0). The major axis is horizontal with a = 6. Since the foci
x2 y 2
substitution: b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 62 - 42 = 36 -16 = 20 b = 20. The equation is + = 1.
36 20
9. The hyperbola has a vertical transverse axis with c = 4. The vertices are (0, 2) so a = 2. The center is located
between the foci at (0, 0). Since c 2 = a 2 + b2 , the value of b can be found by substitution:
y 2 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 42 - 22 = 16 - 4 = 12 b = 12. The equation is - = 1.
4 12
æ 1ö 1
10. If the vertex is (0, 0) and the focus is çç0, ÷÷ , then the parabola opens upward and c = . The equation is
çè 2 ÷ø 2
x 2 = 4cy x 2 = 2 y.
1. x 2 + y 2 = 144 ( x - 0)2 + ( y - 0)2 = 122 The graph of this equation is a circle with center (0, 0) and
radius 12. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms have the same positive coefficient.
2
2. ( x - 2)2 + ( y + 3) 2 = 25 ( x - 2)2 + [ y - (-3) ] = 52 The graph of the equation is a circle with center
(2, -3) and radius 5. Also, note that when expanded, in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms have
the same positive coefficient.
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
3. y = 2 x 2 + 3x - 4 y = 2 x 2 + 32 x - 4 y = 2 x 2 + 32 x + 16
9 - 9 -4 y = 2 x+ 3 +2 - 9 -4
16 4 16
2
( ) ( ) ( )
= 2 éê x - - 43 ( )ùúû
2 2
y = 2 x + 34 - 98 - 4 y = 2 x + 34 - 41 y - - 41 The graph of this equation is a
8 8 ë
no y 2 -term.
( ) ( ) ( )
2
4. x = 3 y 2 + 5 y - 6 x = 3 y 2 + 53 y + 36
25 - 25 - 6 x = 3 y + 5
36 6
+ 3 - 36
25 - 6
2
( ) ( ) ( )
97 x - - 97 = 3 é y - - 5
( )ùúû
2 2
x = 3 y + 56 - 12
25 - 6 x = 3 y + 5
6
- 12 12 êë 6
The graph of this equation is a
( )
97 , - 5 . Also, note our original equation has a y 2 -term,
parabola opening to the right with a vertex of - 12 6
but no x 2 -term.
2
5. x -1 = -3( y - 4) The graph of this equation is a parabola opening to the left with a vertex of (1, 4). Also,
note when expanded, our original equation has a y 2 -term, but no x 2 -term.
x2 y 2 x2 y2
6. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at the origin and x-intercepts
25 36 52 62
of 5 and –5, and y-intercepts of 6 and –6. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms both have
different positive coefficients.
x2 y2 x2 y2
7. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at the origin and x-intercepts
49 100 72 102
of 7 and –7, and y-intercepts of 10 and –10. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -terms both
have different positive coefficients.
x2 y2
8. x 2 - y 2 = 1 - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with
12 12
x- intercepts of 1 and –1, and asymptotes of y = x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and y 2 -
terms have coefficients that are opposite in sign.
x2 y 2 x2 y2
9. - =1 - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with x-
4 16 22 42
intercepts of 2 and –2, and asymptotes of y = 42 x = 2 x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and
2
( x + 2)2 ( y - 4) 2 [ x - (-2)] ( y - 4)2
10. + =1 + = 1 The graph of this equation is an ellipse centered at
9 16 32 42
(-2, 4) and vertices of (-2, 0) and (-2,8). The endpoints of the minor axis are (-5, 4) and (1, 4). Also,
note that when expanded, our original equation has x 2 - and y 2 -terms with positive coefficients.
x2 y 2 x2 y2
11. - =1 - = 1 The graph of this equation is a hyperbola centered at the origin with x-
25 25 52 52
intercepts of 5 and –5, and asymptotes of y = 55 x = x. Also, note in our original equation, the x 2 - and
2
y + 7 = 4 ( x + 3) y - (-7) = 4 éëê x - (-3)ùûú
2
12. The graph of this equation is a parabola opening upwards
with a vertex of (-3, -7). Also, note when expanded, our original equation has an x 2 - term, but no y 2 -
term.
2 2
x2 y2 x2 y2 ( x - 0 ) ( y - 0) ( x-h)
2
( y-k )
2
13. = 1- + =1 + = 1 The equation is of the form + =1
4 9 4 9 22 32 b2 a2
2 2
x2 y2 x2 y 2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0) ( x-h)
2
( y-k )
2
14. = 1+ - =1 - = 1 The equation is of the form - =1
4 9 4 9 22 32 a2 b2
2 2
( x + 3) ( y - 2) 2
= 1 ( x + 3) + ( y - 2) = 16 éëê x - (-3)ùûú + ( y - 2) = 42 The equation is of the
2 2 2
15. +
16 16
2 2
form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with r = 4, h = -3, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a circle.
2 2
16. x 2 = 25 - y 2 x 2 + y 2 = 25 x 2 + y 2 = 52 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
( )
17. x 2 - 6 x + y = 0 y = -x 2 + 6 x y = - x 2 - 6 x + 9 - 9 y = -( x - 3) + 9 y - 9 = -( x - 3)
2 2
2
The equation is of the form y - k = a ( x - h) with a = -1, h = 3, and k = 9, so the graph of the given
equation is a parabola.
( )
18. 11- 3x = 2 y 2 - 8 y 11- 3x = 2 y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 11- 3 x = 2 ( y - 2) - 8 -3 x + 19 = 2 ( y - 2)
2 2
(
-3 x - 19
3 )
= 2 ( y - 2) x - 19
3
2
= - 32 ( y - 2)
2 2
The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with
a = - 23 , h = 19
3
, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a parabola.
4 ( x - 3)
2
3( y + 4)
2
( x - 3)
2 é y - (-4)ù 2
ê ûú = 0
+ë
2 2
19. 4 ( x - 3) + 3( y + 4) = 0 + =0
12 12 3 4
(
20. 2 x 2 - 8 x + 2 y 2 + 20 y = 12 x 2 - 4 x + y 2 + 10 y = 6 x 2 - 4 x + 4 - 4 + y 2 + 10 y + 25 - 25 = 6 ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x - 2) - 4 + ( y + 5) - 25 = 6 ( x - 2) + ( y + 5) = 6 + 4 + 25 ( x - 2) + ( y + 5) = 35
( )
21. x - 4 y 2 - 8 y = 0 x = 4 y 2 + 8 y x = 4 y 2 + 2 y + 1-1 x = 4 ( y + 1) - 4 x - (-4) = 4 éëê y - (-1)ùûú
2 2
2
The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with a = 4, h = -4, and k = -1, so the graph of the given
equation is a parabola.
2 2
22. x 2 + 2 x = - 4 y x 2 + 2 x + 1-1 = - 4 y ( x + 1) -1 = -4 y ( x + 1) = -4 y + 1
23. ( ) (
6 x 2 -12 x + 6 y 2 -18 y + 25 = 0 6 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 + 6 y 2 - 3 y + 94 - 94 = -25 )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
6 x 2 - 2 x + 1 - 6 + 6 y 2 - 3 y + 94 - 27
2
= -25 6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = -25 + 6 + 27
2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = - 50
2
+ 12
2
+ 27
2
6 ( x -1) + 6 y - 32 = - 11
2
( x -1) + y - 32 = - 12
11
4 ( x - 3)
2
5( y + 1)
2
( x - 3)
2 é y - (-1)ù 2
ê ûú = 0 . The graph is the
+ë
2 2
4 ( x - 3) + 5( y + 1) = 0 + =0
20 20 5 4
point (3, -1).
25. x 2 = 4 y - 8 x 2 = 4 ( y - 2) y - 2 = 1 x -0 2 2
4
( ) The equation is of the form y - k = a ( x - h) with
a = 14 , h = 0, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a parabola with vertex (0, 2) and vertical axis
x = 0 (the y-axis). Use the vertex and axis and plot a few additional points.
x2 y 2 2 2
26. + = 1 x 2 + y 2 = 4 x 2 + y 2 = 22 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
4 4
r = 2, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with center (0, 0) and radius 2.
2 2
x2 y 2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0)
27. x 2 = 25 + y 2 x 2 - y 2 = 25 - =1 - = 1 The equation is of the form
25 25 52 52
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
- = 1 with a = 5, b = 5, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a hyperbola
a2 b2
with center (0, 0), vertices (−5, 0) and (5, 0), and asymptotes y = x .
2 2
x2 y2 ( x - 0) ( y - 0)
28. 9 x 2 + 36 y 2 = 36 + =1 + = 1 The equation is of the form
4 1 22 12
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
+ = 1 with a = 2, b = 1, h = 0, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is an ellipse with
a2 b2
center (0, 0), x-intercepts (−2, 0) and (2, 0), and y-intercepts (0, −1) and (0, 1).
x2 y 2
29. + = -1 x 2 + y 2 = - 4 A sum of squares can never be negative. This equation has no graph.
4 4
( x - 4)
2
( y + 1)
2
( x - 4)
2 é y - (-1)ù 2
ê ûú = 0 The graph is the point ( 4, -1).
30. + =0 +ë
8 2 8 2
2 2
31. y 2 - 4 y = x + 4 y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = x + 4 ( y - 2) - 4 = x + 4 x + 8 = ( y - 2)
2 2
x - (-8) = ( y - 2) The equation is of the form x - h = a ( y - k ) with a = 1, h = -8, and k = 2, so the
graph of the given equation is a parabola with vertex (−8, 2) and horizontal axis y = 2.
2 2 2 2
32. ( x + 7) + ( y - 5) + 4 = 0 ( x + 7) + ( y - 5) = -4 A sum of squares can never be negative. This
equation has no graph.
(
33. 3x 2 + 6 x + 3 y 2 -12 y = 12 x 2 + 2 x + y 2 - 4 y = 4 x 2 + 2 x + 1-1 + y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = 4 ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
( x + 1) -1 + ( y - 2) - 4 = 4 ( x -1) + ( y - 2) = 4 + 1 + 4 ( x + 1) + ( y - 2) = 9
2
éëê x - (-1)ùûú + ( y - 2) = 32 The equation is of the form ( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with
2 2 2
r = 3, h = -1, and k = 2, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with center (−1, 2) and radius 3.
34. -4 x 2 + 8 x + y 2 + 6 y = -6 4 x 2 - 8 x - y 2 - 6 y = 6 4 x 2 - 2 x ( )- ( y 2 + 6 y ) = 6
( ) ( ) 2
4 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 - y 2 + 6 y + 9 - 9 = 6 4 ( x -1) - 4 - ( y + 3) + 9 = 6
2
2 2
2 2 ( x-h) ( y-k )
4 ( x -1) - ( y + 3) = 6 + 4 - 9 4( x -1)2 - ( y + 3)2 = 1 The equation is of the form - =1
a2 b2
with a = 12 , b = 1, h = 1, and k = -3, so the graph of the given equation is a hyperbola with center (1, −3),
( ) (
35. 4 x 2 - 8 x + 9 y 2 - 36 y = -4 4 x 2 - 2 x + 1-1 + 9 y 2 - 4 y + 4 - 4 = -4 )
2 2 2 2
4 ( x -1) - 4 + 9 ( y - 2) - 36 = -4 4 ( x -1) + 9 ( y - 2) = 36
2 2 2 2 2 2
4 ( x -1) 9 ( y - 2) ( x -1) ( y - 2) ( x -1) ( y - 2)
+ =1 + =1 + =1
36 36 9 4 32 22
2 2
( x-h) ( y-k )
The equation is of the form + = 1 with a = 3, b = 2, h = 1, and k = 2, so the graph of the
a2 b2
given equation is an ellipse with center (1, 2) and vertices (−2, 2), (4, 2), (1, 0) and (1, 4).
( )
36. 3x 2 + 12 x + 3 y 2 = 0 3 x 2 + 4 x + 4 - 4 + 3 y 2 = 0 3( x + 2) -12 + 3 y 2 = 0
2
2 2 2
3( x + 2) + 3 y 2 = 0 + 12 3( x + 2) + 3 y 2 = 12 ( x + 2) + y 2 = 4 The equation is of the form
2 2
( x - h) + ( y - k ) = r 2 with r = 2, h = -2, and k = 0, so the graph of the given equation is a circle with
center (−2, 0) and radius 2.
Figure 36
37. Since the sum of the distances from two points (foci) is a constant, the conic section is an ellipse.
38. Since the difference of the distances from two points (foci) is a constant, the conic section is a hyperbola.
4
39. Since the ratio of the distance from a point to (3, 0) and the distance from a point to the line x = is 1.5,
3
the eccentricity is greater than 1. The conic section is a hyperbola.
1
40. Since the ratio of the distance from a point to (2, 0) and the distance from a point to the line x = 10 is , the
3
eccentricity is between 0 and 1. The conic section is an ellipse.
x2 y 2 c 1
41. 12 x 2 + 9 y 2 = 36 + = 1 a = 2, b = 3, and c = 4 - 3 = 1; d = = .
3 4 a 2
x2 y2 c 18
42. 8 x 2 - y 2 = 16 - = 1 a = 2, b = 4, and c = 2 + 16 = 18; e = = = 3.
2 16 a 2
x2 y 2 c 8
43. x2 - y2 = 4 - = 1 a = 2, b = 2, and c = 4 + 4 = 8; e = = = 2.
4 4 a 2
x2 y2 c 2 2
44. x2 + 2 y2 = 8 + = 1 a = 8, b = 2, and c = 8 - 4 = 2; e = = = .
8 4 a 8 2
x2 y2 c 3 21
45. 4 x 2 + 7 y 2 = 28 + = 1 a = 7 , b = 2, and c = 7 - 4 = 3; e = = = .
7 4 a 7 7
x2 y2 1 1 10 c 10 3
46. 9 x 2 - y 2 = 1 - = 1 a = , b = 1, and c = +1 = ; e= = = 10.
1 1 3 9 3 a 3 1
9
x2 y2 c 20 10
47. x 2 - 9 y 2 = 18 - = 1 a = 18, b = 2, and c = 18 + 2 = 20; e = = = .
18 2 a 18 3
x2 y2 c 3 3 10
48. x 2 + 10 y 2 = 10 + = 1 a = 10, b = 1, and c = 10 -1 = 3; e = = = .
10 1 a 10 10
49. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (0,8), the equation is
x 2 = 4cy x 2 = 32 y.
50. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (-2, 0), the equation is
y 2 = 4cx y 2 = -8 x.
c 3 1
51. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with c = 3. Now = e = a = 6. For an ellipse,
a a 2
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 36 - 9 = 27. The equation is + = 1.
36 27
c 2 2
52. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with c = 2. Now = e = a = 3. For an ellipse,
a a 3
x2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 9 - 4 = 5. The equation is + = 1.
5 9
c c
53. Since e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola with a = 6. Now = e = 2 c = 12. For a hyperbola,
a 6
x2 y2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 144 - 36 = 108. The equation is - = 1.
36 108
c c 5 20
54. Since e > 1 , the conic is a hyperbola with a = 4. Now = e = c = . For a hyperbola,
a 4 3 3
400 256 y2 x2 y2 9 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = -16 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 16 256 16 256
9
55. Since e = 1, the conic is a parabola. With center (0, 0) and focus (0, -1), the equation is
x 2 = 4cy x 2 = -4 y.
c 2 6 5
56. Since e > 1, the conic is a hyperbola with c = 2. Now = e = a = . For a hyperbola,
a a 5 3
25 11 x2 y 2 9 x2 9 y2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = 4 - = . The equation is + = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 25 11 25 11
9 9
c c 4 12
57. Since 0 < e < 1, the conic is an ellipse with a = 3. Now = e = c = . For an ellipse,
a 3 5 5
144 81 x2 y 2 25 x 2 y 2
b2 = a 2 - c 2 = 9 - = . The equation is + = 1 or + = 1.
25 25 81 9 81 9
25
c c 7 28
58. Since e > 1 , the conic is a hyperbola with a = 4. Now = e = c = . For a hyperbola,
a 4 3 3
784 640 y2 x2 y2 9 x2
b2 = c 2 - a 2 = -16 = . The equation is - = 1 or - = 1.
9 9 16 640 16 640
9
59. From the graph, the coordinates of P (a point on the graph) are (–3, 8), the coordinates of F (a focus) are
(3, 0), the equation of L (the directrix) is x = 27. By the distance formula, the distance from P to F is
2
( x2 - x1 ) + ( y2 - y1 ) = éêë3 - (-3)ùûú + (0 - 8) = 62 + (-8) = 36 + 64 = 100 = 10
2 2 2 2
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular distance, so the distance from P to L is
27 - (-3) = 30. Thus, e = Distance of P from F = 10 = 1 .
Distance of P from L 30 3
60. From the graph, the coordinates of P (a point on the graph) are 4, 10
3 ( )
, the coordinates of F (a focus) are
(-4, 0) , the equation of L (the directrix) is x = -9. By the distance formula, the distance from P to F is as
= 64 + 100
9
= 576
9
+ 100
9
= 676
9
= 26
3
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular
26
distance, so the distance from P to L is 4 - (-9) = 13. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
Distance of P from L
= 3
13
= 26 ⋅ 1
3 13
= 23 .
( )
62. From the graph, the coordinates of P are -27, 48 34 , the coordinates of F are (27, 0), the equation of L is
46,656
= 16
+ 38,025
16
= 84,681
16
= 291
4
The distance from a point to a line is defined as the perpendicular
291
distance, so the distance from P to L is 4 - (-27) = 31. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
Distance of P from L
= 4
31
= 124
291 » 2.3.
63. From the graph, we see that P = (9, –7.5), F = (9, 0) and L is the vertical line x = 4. Distance of P from
F = 7.5, and distance of P from L = 5. Thus, e = Distance of P from F = 7.5 = 1.5.
Distance of P from L 5
64. From the graph, P = (5, 20), F = (20,0) and L is the vertical line x = –20. By the distance formula, the
2 2 2
distance from P to F is (20 - 5) + (0 - 20) = 152 + (-20) = 225 + 400 = 625 = 25 and distance
of P from L = 5 - (-20) = 25. Thus, e = Distance of P from F
Distance of P from L
= 25
25
= 1.
x 2 + y 2 = 10
2 x 2 - y 2 = 17
3x 2 = 27 x 2 = 9 x = 3.
(3)2 + y 2 = 10 y 2 = 1 y = 1. The solution set is {(-3,1), (-3, -1), (3,1) ,(3, -1)}.
66. Multiply [equation 1] by 3 and add to eliminate the y 2 :
3x 2 + 3 y 2 = 12
2 x 2 - 3 y 2 = -12
5x2 = 0 5 x 2 = 0 x = 0.
Substituting 0 into [equation 1] for x, yields (0) 2 + y 2 = 4 y 2 = 4 y = 2. The solution set is
3x 2 + 6 y 2 = 27
3x 2 - 4 y 2 = 27
10 y 2 = 0 10 y 2 = 0 y = 0.
2
Substituting 0 into [equation 1] for y, yields x 2 + 2 (0) = 9 x 2 = 9 x = 3 . The solution set is
8 x 2 + 12 y 2 = 20
9 x 2 -12 y 2 = -3
17 x 2 = 17 x 2 = 1 x = 1.
2
Substituting these values into [equation 1] yields 2 (1) + 3 y 2 = 5 3 y 2 = 3 y 2 = 1 y = 1 and
2
2 (-1) + 3 y 2 = 5 3 y 2 = 3 y 2 = 1 y = 1 . The solution set is {(1,1), (1, -1), (-1,1), (-1, -1)}.
69. Multiply [equation 1] by 3 and [equation 2] by 2 and subtract to eliminate both x 2 and y 2 :
6 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 60
6 x 2 + 6 y 2 = 60
0 = 0 infinite number of solutions. The solutions have the following relationship:
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 20
5 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 28
0 =- 8 Æ.
71. First solve [equation 2] for x: x - y = -2 x = y - 2 [equation 3]. Now substitute y - 2 for x in
2
( )
[equation 1]: 3( y - 2) + 2 y 2 = 5 3 y 2 - 4 y + 4 + 2 y 2 = 5 3 y 2 -12 y + 12 + 2 y 2 - 5 = 0
7
5 y 2 -12 y + 7 = 0 (5 y - 7)( y -1) = 0 y = 1 or . Substituting these values into [equation 3]
5
æ7ö 3 ìïæ 3 7 ö üï
yields x = (1) - 2 x = -1 and x = çç ÷÷÷ - 2 x = - . The solution set is íïçç- , ÷÷÷ , (-1,1)ýï.
çè 5 ø 5 ïîïèç 5 5 ø ïþï
solution set is {(-2, -2), (-2, 2), (2, -2), (2, 2)}.
73. Add the equations to eliminate the y 2 :
x2 + y2 = 8
x2 - y2 = 0
2 x2 = 8 x 2 = 4 x = 2.
(2)2 - y 2 = 0 y 2 = 4 y = 2 The solution set is {(-2, -2), (-2, 2), (2, -2), (2, 2)}.
-4 x 2 - 6 y 2 = -10
4 x2 + 6 y2 = 8
0 =- 2 Æ.
x 2 + xy + y 2 = 3
x 2 - xy + y 2 = 1
1
2 xy =2 y=
x
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö2 1
Substituting this result into [equation 2] yields x 2 - x çç ÷÷ + çç ÷÷ = 1 x 2 -1 + =1
çè x ÷ø çè x ø÷ x2
( )( )
x 4 - x 2 + 1 = x 2 x 4 - 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 x 2 -1 x 2 -1 = 0 x = 1 . Substitute these values into
1 1 1
y=
x
yields y =
-1
= -1 and y = = 1 The solution set is
1
{(1,1), (-1, -1)}.
76. Add the equations to eliminate both xy and y 2
x 2 + 2 xy - y 2 = 7
x 2 - 2 xy + y 2 = 1
2 x2 = 8 x 2 = 4 x = 2
2
Substituting these results into [equation 2] yields (-2) - 2 (-2) y + y 2 = 1 4 + 4 y + y 2 = 1
2
y 2 + 4 y + 3 = 0 ( y + 3)( y + 1) = 0 y = -3, -1 and ( 2) - 2 (2) y + y 2 = 1 4 - 4 y + y 2 = 1
y 2 - 4 y + 3 = 0 ( y - 3)( y -1) = 0 y = 1,3 . The solution set is {(2,1), (2,3), (-2, -1), (-2, -3)}.
77. Add the equations to eliminate both xy and y 2
x 2 - xy + y 2 = 5
2 x 2 + xy - y 2 = 10
3x 2 = 15 x 2 = 5 x = 5
( ) -(- 5 ) y + y 2 = 5 5 +
2
Substituting these results into [equation 1] yields - 5 5 y + y2 = 5
( ) ( 5 ) -( 5 ) y + y 2 = 5 5 -
2
y 2 + 5 y = 0 y y + 5 = 0 y = 0, - 5 and 5 y + y2 = 5
y2 - 5 y = 0 y ( y - 5 ) = 0 y = 0, 5.
Sairas makasi vaiti. Saapui ilta ja tupa pimeni. Silloin sairas raotti
hiljaa silmiään ja katsoi tuonne seinälle, jossa hänen viikatteensa oli
kunniapaikalla. Kiireesti hän sulki ne jälleen, sillä ilmeisesti viikate
taas hohti oudolla valolla, täyttäen hänen sielunsa kammottavalla
kauhulla. Mutta silloin kuului ovelta askelia ja tupaan ilmestyi
vanhuudesta kumara vartalo ja hopeahapsinen mies kuului lausuvan
tyynesti: "Jumalan rauhaa!" Samalla hetkellä lakkasi viikate
hehkumasta. Sairas ojensi kätensä tulijaa kohti kuin kuoleman
vaarassa oleva apua anoen ja tunsi yht'äkkiä, että nyt oli saapunut
hänen luoksensa se, jota hän oli koko elämänsä odottanut ja
toivonut, Jumalan apu ja armo. Hänen vaimonsa nousi ja poistui
hiljaa, jättäen sairaan ja tulijan kahden. Ja tulija, sama pappi, joka
kerran omituisin ja aavistavin miettein oli siunannut metsästä
löydetyn luurangon haudan lepoon, istui nyt vuorostaan sairaan
vuoteen ääreen ja laski siunaten kätensä hänen polttavalle otsalleen.
*****
Tuosta yöllisestä ihmeellisestä myrskystä, nuorukaisen
muuttumisesta ja vanhan papin salamyhkäisistä murahduksista
päästiin kylässä sitten lopullisesti selville, mitä oli tapahtunut. Oli
näet silloin yöllä paholainen sopimuksen mukaan tullut noutamaan
saalistaan, talon nuorta isäntää, joka olikin hänelle jo hyvin kypsä,
kun olikin itse pastori sattunut taloon ripittämään vanhaa isäntää.
Sisään oli paholainen vain röyhkeästi tullut ja vaatinut poikaa
mukaansa, kuten sovittu oli, mutta pastoripa oli silloin lukenut oviin ja
kaikkiin ulosmenoreikiin pyhät lukunsa ja sanonut, että lähdetään
vain — kunhan nyt tuosta ensin kannat tuon kirjan kärryihisi. Näin
sanoen oli pastori tarjonnut hänelle Raamattua käteen. Oli
paholainen yrittänyt sitä ottaa, mutta silloinpa olikin hyppysissä
kihahtanut ilmivalkea ja kähisten oli kehnon täytynyt peräytyä. Ja kun
vanha pastori oli ruvennut leimauttelemaan kaikista pätevintä
jumalansanaansa, olikin pahalta riisuutunut koko valheen haahmo ja
se oli seisonut siinä oikeassa kamalansa karvassaan. Mutta ei ollut
pastori vääjännyt, vaan suominut sitä sanan voimalla niin, että
armoa oli vanha kehno häätynyt pyytelemään ja kiirehtinyt tekemään
mitättömiksi kaikki entiset välikirjat. Lopuksi oli ruoja ruvennut
pyrkimään pakoon, mutta mistäs pääsi, kun joka paikasta leimusivat
eteen pyhät merkit. Lopuksi oli pappi ottanut naskalin, kaivanut sillä
reijän ikkunan puuhun ja sanonut, että tuosta saat mennä. Ja ihan
pikilangan ohuisena oli siitä nyt paholainen kauhuissaan suoltunut
pihalle, jossa sitten kiukuissaan koetti vielä myrskynä uhitella. Näin
oli asia. Ja että paholainen oli todellakin kaikonnut pois tältä
paikkakunnalta, nähtiin siitäkin, että häiriintymätön onni ja rauha
saatteli siellä tämän jälkeen kaikki ihmiset syntymästä haudan
rauhaan ja iankaikkiseen lepoon saakka. Amen.
PITKÄN PIENAN SYNTI
Oli kerran rikas ja uljas mies, jolla oli yltäkyllin sekä ruumiin
kauneutta että muuta maallista hyvää, mutta sielun hyvyyttä ei. Hän
asui talossa, joka oli komea kuin linna, täynnä aarteita ja kaikkea
mahdollista upeutta, viettäen aikansa syömingeissä ja juomingeissa,
milloin ei ollut lisää rikkautta hankkimassa. Ei tiedetty, keitä hänen
vanhempansa olivat olleet, eikä mistä hän oli kotoisin, sillä hän oli
tullut kaukaa, ehkä vieraasta maasta; siihen viittasi hänen
ulkomuotonsakin, joka oli kaunis, mutta samalla outo ja peloittava.
Mutta kun mies oli ollut rikas ja mahtava, pidettiin hänelle komeat
hautajaiset, joissa hänen ansioitansa ylistettiin. Hänen hautansa
kaivettiin kirkon juurelle ja hänen ruumiinsa siunattiin hartaudella
maan mustiin multiin.
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III
IV
Pappilan nuori neiti oli ainoa, joka oli saanut tuosta tapauksesta
sydämeensä järkyttävän muiston. Niin pian kuin hän vain kykeni, hän
nousi pöydästä ja poistui, syyttäen väsymystä. Luultiin hänen
menevän levolle ja niin hän itsekin aikoi, mutta heti kun hän oli
päässyt yksinäisyyteen, tunsi hän sydämessään kummallisen,
käskevän voiman. Koneellisesti hän pukeutui, pujahti, ulos
kenenkään huomaamatta ja oli pian kirkkotiellä, kuutamossa,
tähtikirkkaan taivaan alla. Hänen askeleensa veivät itsestään kirkkoa
kohti, joka tuolla tumman kuusikkotarhansa keskellä valvoi jouluyön
pyhässä hiljaisuudessa. Tytöstä tuntui kuin tämä kaikki olisi ollut
unta, kuin hän oikeastaan olisikin ollut kotona vuoteessaan, eikä
täällä talvisella tiellä, mutta sitten hän toisekseen näki kaikki niin
selvästi ja kirkkaasti kuin ilmissä ainakin. "Minne olen menossa?"
kysyi hän itseltään, ja silloin hän kuuli vastauksen: "Pitkän Pienan
luokse". Häntä värisytti.
"Jos olet Pitkä Piena, niin miksi seisot aina kirkon ovenpielessä?
Miksi et pysy haudassasi?"
Silloin valaisi outo valo tytön sydäntä ja hän meni kirkon synkkää
ja vahvasti raudoitettua ovea kohti. Ja hänen ihmeekseen se aukeni
itsestään, hiljaa kuin aave, ja siinä samassa hän huomasi olevansa
kirkossa. Se oli pimeä, ikkunoista loisti kalpea kuutamo, luoden sen
lattialle eriskummallisia kuvioita. Henkeään pidätellen tyttö hiipi
alttaria kohti, josta hohti hänen silmiinsä outo valon kimmellys. Kun
hän tuli lähemmäksi, alkoi sieltä kuulua sama surumielinen, vieno
laulun sävel kuin äskenkin, ja valon hohde kävi kirkkaammaksi. Pian
tyttö näki selvästi alttarin edessä kolme nuorta naista, kaikki
kauneutensa parhaassa kukoistuksessa ja jokaisella pieni lapsi
käsivarrellaan. Vaikka hän eroitti heidät aivan selvästi ja kuuli heidän
laulunsa, huomasi hän silti, että kuutamo ikäänkuin loisti heidän
lävitseen ja että he liikahdellessaan keinuivat kuin sumun häivähdys.
Ja kun laulu oli loppunut, alkoi naisten huulilta purkautua ilmoille
hiljainen valitus, joka sanomattomassa surumielisyydessään
pysähdytti tytön kuin patsaaksi paikoilleen; valitus kohosi yhä
korkeammaksi ja äänekkäämmäksi, kunnes se oli kuin kuoleman
hädässä olevien ihmisten viimeinen avunhuuto, joka väräji kirkon
holveissa kuin ankara tuuli. Tyttö tunsi sydämensä avautuvan
ymmärtämään koko maailman tuskaa, sen syntien ja rikkomusten
raskautta, elämän kuvaamatonta toivottomuutta ilman armoa ja
anteeksiannon lohdutusta, ja hiipien alttarin aituuksen luo hän
lankesi polvilleen ja ristien kätensä rukoili. Kooten kaikki sielunsa
voimat hän pyysi anteeksi Pitkän Pienan syntiä, oli se mikä hyvänsä,
ja ilmestykset alttarin edessä näyttivät kuuntelevan häntä
tarkkaavaisesti, katsoen häneen ihmeellisillä silmillään. Hän kuvaili
Pitkän Pienan ankaraa rangaistusta ja hänen kärsimystensä
suuruutta, mutta siihen kaikki kolme pudistivat päätänsä; sitten hän
vetosi omaan nuoruuteensa ja viattomuuteensa, ja silloin kaikki
kolme surumielisesti hymyilivät ja kääntyivät suutelemaan
pienokaisiansa, jotka näyttivät suloisessa unessa nukkuvan heidän
olkapäätään vasten; anteeksiannon merkkiä ei kuitenkaan kukaan
tehnyt. Tytön valtasi epätoivo. Hän ei osannut enää rukoilla, vaan
sanoi ainoastaan yksinkertaisesti: "Antakaa hänelle anteeksi
Jeesuksen tähden!"
Kun tyttö vihdoin jaksoi lähteä kirkon ovea kohti, kuiskasi hänelle
joku lempeä ääni: "Kun nyt menet kynnyksen yli, niin astu molemmat
jalkasi yht'aikaa". Tyttö teki niin ja kirkon ovi lupsahti lukkoon hänen
takanansa niin hiljaa kuin oli auennutkin. Turhaan katsoi tyttö nyt,
missä Pitkä Piena oli: hän oli kadonnut ainaiseksi.
*****
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