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MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. If a woman has had preeclampsia and hypertension in a previous pregnancy, then during this
pregnancy she should
a. restrict her sodium intake.
b. continue her regular sodium intake.
c. restrict her protein intake.
d. take iron and calcium supplements.
ANS: B
It is dangerous to restrict sodium intake during pregnancy; sodium restriction can reduce
plasma volume and cardiac output. Therefore, a woman with preeclampsia and hypertension
should continue her regular sodium intake. She should follow a well-balanced diet, including
plenty of protein to replace urinary losses, and receive adequate vitamins and minerals. She
should not restrict protein intake, and iron and calcium supplements are not generally
recommended.
3. For a woman with a healthy prepregnancy weight, gaining a total of 31 pounds throughout
pregnancy would be considered
a. too low for a healthy pregnancy.
b. too high for a healthy pregnancy.
c. within the current recommended range for weight gain.
d. within the current recommended range for weight gain for a woman experiencing
gestational diabetes.
ANS: C
The recommended range of weight gain by a woman with a healthy weight before pregnancy
is 25 to 35 pounds. Weight gain recommendations for women with gestational diabetes are the
same as those for women without this condition and are based on prepregnancy weight.
4. If an obese woman is 6 months pregnant and has gained about 8 lbs so far, her health care
provider should recommend that she
a. try to maintain her current weight throughout the rest of her pregnancy.
b. continue to gain weight at about the same rate throughout the pregnancy.
c. increase her weight gain to achieve weight gain in the recommended range.
d. plan food choices carefully and gradually lose weight during pregnancy.
ANS: B
For an obese woman, the recommended amount of weight gain in the second and third
trimesters of pregnancy is 11 to 20 lb. When 6 months pregnant, the woman is at the end of
the second trimester and so should have gained about half of this amount, 5.5 to 10 lbs. Her
8-lb weight gain is within this range, and so she should continue to gain weight at about the
same rate throughout her pregnancy. It is unsafe to attempt to lose weight during pregnancy,
and even maintaining her current weight may indicate that she is ingesting insufficient
nutrients to support a healthy pregnancy.
5. The nutrient that pregnant women are most likely to need to take in the form of a supplement
is
a. iron.
b. calcium.
c. protein.
d. vitamin C.
ANS: A
Pregnant women need almost twice as much iron as nonpregnant women because of the
expansion in maternal red blood cell volume and to supply the needs of the developing fetus.
This amount is hard to achieve without use of a supplement; it cannot easily be achieved
simply with a well-balanced diet. Pregnant women absorb more of their dietary calcium, and
so the amount they need to ingest does not increase. Increased protein needs are easily met by
typical diets. Vitamin C needs increase slightly, but the higher amount can be obtained easily
from a well-balanced diet.
6. The health care provider would be most concerned if a pregnant woman told him or her that
she
a. has to taste wines to pair with foods for catering events.
b. has cravings for salty snacks throughout the day.
c. follows a vegan pattern of eating.
d. lost 40 lb during the year before she became pregnant.
ANS: A
There is no safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy; therefore, a job that requires
tasting alcoholic beverages would be a major concern. The client could be encouraged to taste
wines but spit them out instead of swallowing them. Excessive salt intake is not wise, but
moderate sodium intake is not a problem during pregnancy, and salt restriction can be
dangerous. Well-planned vegan diets can support a healthy pregnancy; vegan mothers need
supplemental vitamin B12, iron, and possibly other nutrients. Weight loss before the pregnancy
is likely to have a positive effect on health outcomes, as long as nutrient intake is adequate.
7. If a woman in her last trimester of pregnancy has marked edema, what else should be
evaluated?
a. Body temperature and hematocrit
b. Blood and urinary glucose levels
c. Blood pressure and urine protein levels
d. Sodium intake and urinary sodium excretion
ANS: C
Edema in late of pregnancy may be a sign of preeclampsia; hypertension and proteinuria
would confirm this diagnosis. Sodium intake and excretion, blood and urinary glucose levels,
body temperature, and hematocrit are not usually related to edema in pregnancy.
9. The best way for a nursing mother to increase her milk supply is to
a. nurse her infant more often and for longer periods of time.
b. provide supplemental formula to allow milk reserves to build.
c. drink lactogenic herbal teas that stimulate milk production.
d. drink extra milk and add extra servings of dairy products.
ANS: A
Nursing the infant more often and for longer periods of time stimulates milk production.
Providing supplemental formula will actually decrease milk production. Lactogenic herbal
teas may increase milk production slightly, but it is important to check their safety with a
physician. Extra milk and dairy products do not increase milk supply.
11. A meal that a family should not share with their 10-month-old infant is
a. meatloaf and mashed potatoes.
b. refried beans and cheese.
c. peanut butter and honey sandwich.
d. baked fish and butternut squash.
ANS: C
Ten-month-old infants can eat most soft foods but should not be given pieces of a peanut
butter and honey sandwich because honey may cause infantile botulism and peanut butter can
be a choking hazard.
12. To prevent baby bottle tooth decay in infants who need a bottle at bedtime, the bottle should
not contain
a. fruit juice.
b. beverages sweetened with sugar.
c. any liquid other than water.
d. iron-fortified infant formula.
ANS: C
Baby bottle tooth decay is caused when infants go to sleep with bottles containing any liquids
that contain sugar or other nutrients, including formula, breast milk, fruit juice, or other
sweetened beverages. If they are put to bed with a bottle, it should contain only water.
13. The best way to encourage children to consume adequate nutrients with less than 30% of
kilocalories from fat is to
a. avoid fast food and fried foods.
b. follow a vegan eating pattern.
c. provide low-fat foods and a vitamin or mineral supplement.
d. include plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
ANS: D
Children should be provided with a diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole
grains to help them consume adequate nutrients with less than 30% of kilocalories from fat. It
is not necessary to avoid fat food and fried foods completely, although they should be eaten in
moderation. A vegan eating pattern may not provide adequate amounts of iron, zinc, vitamin
B12, and other important nutrients found in lean meats and low-fat dairy products. Low-fat
processed food products can help limit fat intake, but a vitamin or mineral supplement does
not compensate for omitting fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.
14. If a 2-year-old is drinking four 8-oz cups of milk daily, he or she is probably drinking
a. too little milk to provide sufficient calcium for the growing skeleton.
b. approximately the right amount of milk to meet nutrient needs.
c. approximately the right amount of milk, if the child is at a healthy weight.
d. too much milk, which may displace other important foods from the diet.
ANS: D
Children aged 1 to 3 years should drink two to three 8-oz cups of milk per day. Therefore,
four cups of milk is probably too much and may displace other important foods from their
diet.
15. A mother of a toddler tells you that her child drinks several cups of fruit juice each day. How
would you respond?
a. It is important to decrease juice intake because high potassium intake can be
dangerous for young children.
b. Even though fruit juice contains some micronutrients, intake should be limited
because it also has high levels of natural sugar.
c. As long as the juice is 100% real fruit juice, this is a good way to increase intake of
fruits and micronutrients.
d. Drinking juice is healthful as long as the child has adequate intake of foods from
all the food groups.
ANS: B
Excessive juice intake may displace more nutrient-dense foods from the diet because it
provides kilocalories with few nutrients. Even 100% real fruit juice has high levels of natural
sugar. If intake of foods from other food groups is adequate, the child’s energy intake may be
too high. The amount of potassium in juice is not harmful.
16. If a child does not like a food when he or she tries it for the first time, the
a. child’s preference should be respected, and the child should not be encouraged to
try it again.
b. child should be offered a reward if he or she eats a reasonable amount of the food.
c. child should be encouraged to eat at least five bites to see whether his or her taste
buds adjust.
d. child should be offered the food at least 8 to 10 times at other meals before he or
she decides whether he or she likes it.
ANS: D
Children often need to be exposed to new food 8 to 10 times before they will accept them.
Rewarding children for eating foods and forcing them to eat specific amounts do not usually
encourage acceptance. They should be offered the food again because one time is not
sufficient to determine food preferences.
17. The child most likely to develop type 2 diabetes is the one who
a. is obese.
b. is malnourished.
c. has multiple food allergies.
d. lives in a low-income household.
ANS: A
Type 2 diabetes is strongly associated with obesity. Malnutrition, food allergies, and poverty
do not generally contribute to type 2 diabetes.
18. An example of a breakfast that would meet the School Breakfast Program requirements would
be
a. scrambled egg, bacon, toast, and orange juice.
b. cold breakfast cereal with milk, toast with honey.
c. toast with peanut butter, banana, and milk.
d. turkey sausage, hash browns, ketchup, and milk.
ANS: C
School Breakfast Program requirements indicate that a breakfast must include a serving of
milk, a serving of fruit, and two servings consisting of meat or bread and cereal. Toast (bread
serving), peanut butter (meat serving), banana (fruit serving), and milk (milk serving) meets
this requirement. A meal of scrambled egg (meat serving), bacon (meat serving), toast (bread
serving), and orange juice (fruit serving) is missing milk. A meal of cold breakfast cereal
(bread serving), milk (milk serving), and toast with honey (bread serving) is missing fruit. A
meal of turkey sausage (meat serving), hash browns with ketchup (vegetable serving), and
milk (milk serving) is missing a serving of meat or bread.
19. The person who is most likely to have an inadequate calcium intake is a(n)
a. school-age child who receives free school breakfast and lunch.
b. toddler who prefers to drink milk rather than eat meals.
c. adolescent boy who plays varsity football.
d. adolescent girl who is a competitive gymnast.
ANS: D
Calcium intake is a concern for teenage girls because their intake of calcium-rich foods is
often inadequate; this is especially true of girls engaged in sports such as gymnastics, who
may try to limit their food intake to maintain a competitive weight. Adolescent girls and boys
have the same calcium needs, but adolescent boys are more likely to have adequate intake
because they eat more food; this is especially true for boys involved in sports such as football,
who tend to eat large amounts of food. A toddler who drinks milk rather than eating food
would have a good calcium intake but may have an inadequate iron intake. A school-aged
child who receives free school breakfast and lunch would receive milk with both meals and so
would be less likely to have an inadequate intake of calcium.
20. The best way to reduce the risk of asphyxiation (choking) in toddlers is to make sure that they
a. drink plenty of fluids with meals.
b. avoid conversation during meals.
c. sit down while eating and chew foods well.
d. eat with utensils rather than with their fingers.
ANS: C
Toddlers may choke if they are too active while they are eating or if they do not chew foods
properly. Therefore, sitting down while eating and chewing foods well can help prevent
choking. Drinking plenty of fluids with meals will not necessarily prevent choking.
Conversation should be encouraged during meals to help create a relaxed family atmosphere
and to slow the pace of eating. Eating with utensils rather than fingers is not related to a risk
of choking.
22. The lifestyle factor that would contribute most to a child’s becoming overweight is
a. attending after-school daycare.
b. trading foods at lunchtime with friends.
c. being raised by one or more grandparents.
d. being home alone after school every day.
ANS: D
Many factors contribute to overweight in children. Being home alone after school every day is
associated with using food as comfort and sedentary activities. After-school daycare programs
are likely to provide appropriate snacks and opportunities to be active. Being raised by
grandparents is not necessarily related to obesity, and trading foods at lunchtime with friends
would not necessarily increase energy intake.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Understanding REF: Page 215 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Physiological integrity | Client Needs: Health promotion and maintenance
24. An example of a child who is at high risk for iron deficiency anemia is the child
a. who has allergies to milk and nuts.
b. who lives in an African American low-income family.
c. whose parents work full time.
d. who eats most food away from home.
ANS: B
Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poverty and malnutrition and is most common in
African American, Hispanic American, and Native American families. A child with allergies
to milk and nuts may have low intake of calcium but would probably not have low intake of
iron. Working parents and eating food away from home are not known to be related to
iron-deficiency anemia.
25. As adults age, they are likely to want to add _____ to their food.
a. less salt
b. more salt
c. fewer salt substitutes
d. more salt substitutes
ANS: B
As adults age, they are likely to want to add more salt to their food. This is to compensate for
their diminished sense of taste as a result of loss of taste buds. Some older adults may choose
to use salt substitutes to avoid using excess sodium; however, the use of such substitutes is not
widespread.
26. Protein needs continue to increase until about age 24 years because
a. height continues to increase.
b. lean body mass continues to increase.
c. protein metabolism becomes less efficient.
d. higher protein intake prevents conversion of muscle to body fat.
ANS: B
Protein needs continue to increase until about age 24 years because lean body mass continues
to increase in both men and women. This increase in lean body mass is not necessarily
accompanied by an increase in height. Efficiency of protein metabolism is not diminished at
this age. Exercise, rather than higher protein intake, prevents conversion of muscle to body
fat.
27. One way a 50-year-old individual can help maintain lean body mass and minimize increases
in body fat is to
a. engage in regular exercise, including strength training.
b. use stress-reduction strategies, such as massage therapy.
c. ensure that the diet includes adequate amounts of high-quality protein.
d. decrease energy intake to prevent weight gain.
ANS: A
Middle-aged adults can help maintain their lean body mass and minimize increases in body fat
by exercising regularly and including strength training. Stress reduction may help with other
aspects of health, but not with maintaining lean body mass and controlling body fat. Adequate
amounts of high-quality protein will not maintain lean body mass without regular exercise.
Decreasing energy intake will help prevent increases in body fat but will not help maintain
lean body mass.
28. In comparison with the iron needs of younger women, those of older women
a. decrease because of slower turnover of red blood cells.
b. decrease because of menopause.
c. increase because iron absorption becomes less efficient.
d. increase because oxygen use is less efficient.
ANS: B
Older women require less dietary iron than do younger women because they do not lose iron
with menstrual blood losses after menopause. Red blood cell turnover does not change with
age. The oxygen-carrying ability of hemoglobin and myoglobin does not change with age.
Iron absorption may decrease slightly with age, but iron needs are still lower for older women.
30. An older adult’s nutritional status may decline if he or she has arthritis because
a. arthritis is associated with loss of appetite.
b. the ability to prepare food may be impaired.
c. taste changes may cause food to be unappetizing.
d. arthritis causes an increase in protein and nutrient requirements.
ANS: B
Arthritis causes joint stiffness and pain that may make it difficult for older adults to prepare
food. Arthritis does not affect appetite, sense of taste, or protein and nutrient requirements.
31. The best way for older adults who live in cold climates to meet their increased need for
vitamin D is to
a. increase their skin exposure to sunlight.
b. increase their intake of vitamin D–fortified dairy products.
c. take vitamin D supplements.
d. increase their intake of fatty fish.
ANS: C
Older adults living in cold climates usually need supplements of vitamin D. In cold climates,
increasing skin exposure to sunlight is not realistic. Increasing intake of vitamin D–fortified
dairy products and fatty fish would increase vitamin D intake somewhat but would be unlikely
to result in intake that meet the DRI.
32. If an older adult has lost several teeth and complains that foods are bitter or tasteless, he or she
may have a deficiency of
a. zinc.
b. iron.
c. vitamin C.
d. vitamin B12.
ANS: A
Inadequate zinc intake decreases sensitivity of taste receptors. This is especially likely to
occur in someone who has lost teeth because he or she may find it difficult to chew meat and
other foods that are good sources of zinc. Inadequate intake of iron and vitamin B12 is
associated with anemia. Inadequate intake of vitamin C causes poor wound healing.
33. An example of someone who is at high risk for malnutrition and weight loss is a(n)
a. 21-year-old student who works part time.
b. 36-year-old single mother with three children.
c. 57-year-old man who is unemployed.
d. 88-year-old widow who lives alone.
ANS: D
Elderly adults, especially those who live alone, are at high risk for malnutrition and weight
loss because of low income, physical difficulties with shopping and preparing food, and lack
of social interaction at meal times. Students, single mothers, and unemployed men could have
some risk factors for malnutrition if they are busy, depressed, or lacking income, but
malnutrition is less common in these groups than among older adults.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Pages 217-221
TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs: Physiological integrity
DIF: Cognitive Level: Applying REF: Page 221 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning
MSC: Client Needs: Psychosocial integrity | Client Needs: Health promotion and maintenance
36. The person most likely to be eligible for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
(SNAP) is a
a. 55-year-old single man who earns minimum wage.
b. college student who works part time.
c. single mother with three children who works part time.
d. pregnant woman with gestational diabetes.
ANS: C
SNAP provides coupons that people with low incomes can use to buy food. Eligibility is
based on income, economic resources, and family size. A single mother with three children
who works part time is most likely to be eligible. Complications of pregnancy do not affect
eligibility. A single man who earns minimum wage and a college student who works part time
are less likely to have incomes below the required percentage of the poverty level.
37. The program that would be most helpful for a lonely 75-year-old widow who has been
gradually losing weight since her husband’s death is the _____ Program.
a. Senior Nutrition
b. Emergency Food Assistance
c. Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
d. Child and Adult Care Food
ANS: A
The Senior Nutrition Program provides inexpensive meals, education, and socialization for all
adults aged 60 and older. It does not specifically target disabled, low-income, or socially
isolated adults. The Emergency Food Assistance Program supplements the dietary intake of
low-income households through the distribution of basic commodities. The Supplemental
Nutrition Assistance Program provides coupons to boost the food-purchasing power of
low-income families. The Child and Adult Care Food Program provides meals and snacks to
senior citizens who participate in qualified daycare programs.
38. After going through menopause, a woman may need to pay extra attention to her food and
activity habits because she is now at increased risk for
a. osteoporosis.
b. type 2 diabetes.
c. bronchial asthma.
d. iron deficiency anemia.
ANS: A
After menopause, decreased estrogen levels cause loss of bone density, which leads to
osteoporosis. Risk of type 2 diabetes increases with age, especially if weight increases, but is
not specifically related to menopause. Asthma is not related to menopause. Iron deficiency
anemia decreases after menopause because blood is no longer lost in menstruation.
Total 753,154
Grover Cleveland.