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Chapter 07 Instructor’s Manual Resources
Study Questions
Factual
1. When is Confucius thought to have lived? Why did he become a central figure in Chinese
culture?
2. What subjects are covered in the Five Chinese Classics?
3. Briefly describe the teachings in the Confucian Analects. Do they fall in the category of
religion, politics, or ethics?
4. How did Mencius view the role of the state?
5. How did Legalism modify Confucian ideals?
6. What were some of the main achievements of the Qin dynasty? The Han dynasty?
7. Why is Han culture called “classical”?
8. Name some of the technological achievements of the Chinese between 300 B.C.E. and
300 C.E.
9. What evidence of Chinese aristocratic life is provided by Han burial artifacts?
10. What similarities can be drawn between the Roman rise to empire and the Chinese rise to
empire?
Challenge
1. What are the principal themes to be found in the Confucian Analects? Give examples of these
by specific numbers from the Analects of Confucius. What do these teachings suggest about
Chinese values? How does this work compare with Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics?
2. Offer an argument in favor of Mencius’ view of human nature; then offer one that supports
the Legalist viewpoint. Which do you believe is more persuasive? Why?
3. What features of classical Chinese society may be called “practical” and “materialistic”?
What features might be called “mystical” and “intuitive”? Give specific examples.
4. Discuss the similarities between the cultures of ancient Rome and China in the areas of
technology and engineering. Give specific examples.
5. Most of what we know about the Qin and Han empires comes from their tombs. Most of
what we know about Rome comes from its public monuments. What does this reveal about
the differences between these two civilizations?
6. What insights into Chinese society and values are revealed in the selection of Chinese poetry
(From a Selection of Han Poems)? How do these concerns differ from those found in the
selection of Roman poems in Chapter 6?
7. What limitations do Western students encounter when they attempt to understand Eastern
cultures? Are we able to know as much about ancient China as we do about ancient Rome?
8. Research the bronze bells of Marquis Yi of Zeng. Similar sets of bells appear in numerous
Chinese graves through the Ming era. What role might these bells have played in Chinese
life?
9. In what evidence do we find the principles discussed in Chapter 3, such as the natural order,
yin/yang, and the Mandate of Heaven, still operating in the Qin and Han empires? Give
specific examples.
IM – 7 | 1
10. China’s royal tomb burials can be compared with those of Egypt. What similarities exist?
What differences?
11. Sima Qian (From Sima Qian’s Records of the Grand Historian) holds that wealth and virtue
are interchangeable; would Confucius agree? Why or why not?
IM – 7 | 2
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¹ Or, before.
went up] i.e. from their own low-lying territory by the sea into the
hill-country of Judah.
went out against them] margin went out before them, i.e.
anticipated them, did not wait for them to attack him. In 2 Samuel v.
17 went down to the hold, an expression which might refer to some
part of the difficult hill-country of Judah in which he had long defied
Saul, or may mean the “hold” of Jerusalem, which David had seized
from the Jebusites (see note on xi. 5).
like the breach of waters] i.e. like the breach made by waters,
Probably the scene of the victory was a hill deeply scarred with
watercourses. The force with which God broke through the army of
the Philistines is compared with that of a torrent bursting forth from
the hill-side or forcing its way through all obstacles. Baal-perazim =
the Lord of breakings forth, i.e. upon the foe.
over against the mulberry trees] Render, along, parallel to. The
line of David’s attack is to be parallel to a line of mulberry trees (or to
a ridge on which mulberry trees stood) situate probably at right
angles to the line of the Philistine march. Thus David’s advance
would be concealed from the Philistines until the very moment of the
attack, which would fall on the flank of the Philistine march.
mulberry trees] or, as margin, balsam trees. Some kind of tree or
shrub from which gum exudes seems to be meant.
thou shalt go out to battle] Samuel has a more vivid phrase, thou
shalt bestir thyself.
16. smote the host of the Philistines from Gibeon even to Gezer]
This victory was decisive; the main army of the Philistines was
routed.
a tent] a new tent, not the old tabernacle which the Chronicler
believed to be at Gibeon (see xvi. 39).
5. the sons of Kohath; Uriel] Kohath had four sons (Exodus vi. 18
= 1 Chronicles vi. 18): Amram, Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel. Here the
descendants of Amram (exclusive of the priests, the Aaronites)
represented by Uriel head the list (verse 5), and the descendants of
Izhar, Hebron, and Uzziel appear in verses 8, 9, 10 respectively.
Elizaphan (verse 8) either stands for the Izhar of Exodus vi. 18, or is
the name of some prominent descendant of Izhar after whom the
whole family was named. He is mentioned again in 2 Chronicles
xxix. 13. As regards number the Kohathites were 512 against 350 of
the sons of Merari and the sons of Gershom combined. In vi. 60‒63
(45‒48, Hebrew) 23 cities are reckoned to Kohath against 25 to
Merari and Gershom combined. The Kohathites formed the largest
and most important of the three divisions of the Levites.
to sound aloud] The cymbals mark the time for the other
instruments.
22. was over the song] The Hebrew word (massa) here twice
rendered “song” means “uplifting,” either of the voice in song, or in a
physical sense = “burden”; hence margin was over the carrying of
the ark.
²³And Berechiah and Elkanah were
doorkeepers for the ark.
23. were doorkeepers for the ark] The same statement is made in
verse 24 concerning Obed-edom and Jehiah (= Jeiel)! On Curtis’
view, this verse was added by the same writer as verses 19‒21,
who, having taken Obed-edom and Jeiel as part of the list of singers
in verse 18 no doubt thought that the names of the doorkeepers (the
last word of verse 18) had somehow been omitted. He supplied
therefore here the names Berechiah and Elkanah (taken perhaps
from ix. 16). A still later writer has attempted to put matters straight
by further adding at the conclusion of verse 24 “and Obed-edom and
Jehiah (Jeiel) were doorkeepers for the ark.”
27. of the song] margin, of the carrying of the ark. Compare verse
22, note.
7‒36.
The Psalm of Praise.
¹ Or, Meditate.
18. The lot] The Hebrew word (“ḥebel”) means a portion not
assigned by lot but measured by line; compare margin Canaan is co-
extensive with Israel’s inheritance.