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©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 1

 Chapter 7
Organizational Structure and Change
Section 1: Organizational Structure

True/False Questions

1. In centralized companies, many important decisions are made at lower levels of the hierarchy.
False: In centralized companies, many important decisions are made at higher levels of
the hierarchy; Easy
(Comprehension)

2. In decentralized companies, decisions are made and problems are solved at lower levels by
employees who are closer to the problem in question.
True; Easy
(Comprehension)

3. Decentralized companies give more authority to a higher-level employee, resulting in a sense

of empowerment.
False: Decentralized companies give more authority to lower-level employees, resulting
in a sense of empowerment; Medium
(Comprehension)

4. Decisions can be made more quickly in centralized companies.

False: Decisions can be made more quickly in decentralized companies; Medium
(Comprehension)

5. Some employees are more comfortable in a centralized organization where their manager
confidently gives instructions and makes decisions.
True; Easy
(Comprehension)

6. Formalized structures are those in which there are few written rules and regulations.
False: Formalized structures are those in which there are many written rules and
regulations; Medium
(Comprehension)

7. Research indicates that flat organizations provide greater satisfaction for employees.
True; Medium
(Comprehension)

8. Functional structures tend to be effective when an organization has a large number of

products and services requiring special attention.
False: Functional structures tend to be effective when an organization does not have a
large number of products and services requiring special attention; Medium
(Knowledge)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 2

9. When a company has a diverse product line, each product will have unique demands,
deeming divisional structures more useful.
True; Medium
(Knowledge)

10. Functional structures are more effective in stable environments that are fast to change.
False: Functional structures are more effective in stable environments that are slower to
change; Medium
(Knowledge)

11. Mechanistic structures limit individual autonomy and self-determination which will likely
lead to lower levels of intrinsic motivation on the job.
True; Medium
(Comprehension)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. A disadvantage of formalization in organization structure is:

a. Decision making is at a faster pace
b. Formalized structure is associated with increased motivation and job satisfaction
c. Strategic decision making occurs often
d. Reduced innovativeness occurs because employees are used to behaving in a certain
manner
d; Medium
(Comprehension)

2. The following statements regarding tall structures in an organization are true EXCEPT:
a. Tall structures are better at satisfying security needs of employees then in flat structures
b. Number of employees reporting to each manager tends to be smaller in tall structures
c. Employees feel a greater sense of job security in tall structures
d. In tall structures, there is a greater level of freedom of action for each employee
d; Medium
(Comprehension)

3. Which of the following is true regarding functional structures?

a. Jobs are based on differences in functions
b. Departments include manufacturing, finance, accounting, human resources and
information technology
c. Each person is trained to do several job functions.
d. Each person handles specific transactions
b; Hard
(Comprehension)

4. Mechanistic structures include which of the following?

a. Structures that are informal and decentralized.
b. Structures where communication follows informal channels
c. Structures that are flexible and easy to change
d. Structures where employees are given specific job descriptions delineating their roles and
responsibilities
d; Medium

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 3

 (Knowledge)

Fill in the Blanks

1. __________________ refers to how work is coordinated between individuals and teams

within the organization.
Organizational structure; Easy
(Knowledge)

2. _______________ is the degree to which decision making authority is concentrated at higher

levels in an organization.
Centralization; Medium
(Knowledge)

3. _______________ companies give more authority to lower-level employees, resulting in a

sense of empowerment.
Decentralized; Easy
(Knowledge)

4. In a ______________ company, decisions can be made more quickly.

decentralized; Medium
(Comprehension)

5. Centralization may lead to a more efficient operation if the company is operating in a(n)
______________ environment.
stable; Hard
(Comprehension)

6. ________________ is the extent to which an organization’s policies, procedures, job

descriptions, and rules are written and explicitly articulated.
Formalization; Easy
(Knowledge)

7. Structures control employee behavior using written rules, so that employees have little
_____________ to decide on a case-by-case basis.
autonomy; Medium
(Comprehension)

8. Formalization tends to make employee behavior more ____________.

predictable; Medium
(Comprehension)

9. When a company has several layers of management between frontline employees and the top
level, it is said to have ____________ structures.
tall; Medium
(Knowledge)

10. _____________structures consist of only a few layers between frontline employees and the
top level.
Flat; Medium

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 4

 (Knowledge)

11. ____________structures involve a larger number of employees reporting to each manager.

Flat; Medium
(Knowledge)

12. In a _____________ structure, advancement opportunities will be more limited because there
are fewer management layers.
flat; Medium
(Comprehension)

13. Organizational structures differ in terms of _______________, which is broadly categorized

as either functional or divisional.
departmentalization; Medium
(Knowledge)

14. Organizations using a____________ structure group jobs based on similarity in functions.
functional; Easy
(Knowledge)

15. In organizations using _____________ structures, departments represent the unique products,
services, customers, or geographic locations the company is serving.
divisional; Easy
(Knowledge)

16. There are _________ configurations of organizational structures depending on how the
different elements are arranged.
two; Hard
(Knowledge)

17. ____________ structures are flexible and decentralized, with low levels of formalization.
Organic; Easy
(Knowledge)

Short Answer Questions

1. What are the four aspects of organizational structure that have been frequently studied in the
literature and are mentioned in your text?
Centralization, formalization, hierarchical levels and departmentalization.
Easy
(Knowledge)

2. Explain how the manufacturer Caterpillar suffered the consequences of decentralized

decision making.
At the time, all pricing decisions were made in the corporate headquarters. This meant
that if a sales representative working in Africa wanted to give a discount on a product,
they needed to check with headquarters. Headquarters did not always have accurate or
timely information about the subsidiary markets to make an effective decision.
Caterpillar was at a disadvantage against competitors.
Medium

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 5

 (Knowledge)

3. Describe McDonald’s bureaucratic structure.

In McDonald’s bureaucratic structure, employee jobs are highly formalized, with clear
lines of communication and very specific job descriptions.
Easy
(Knowledge)

Section 2: Contemporary Forms of Organizational Structures

True/False Questions

1. In a matrix structure, product managers have control and say over product-related matters,
while department managers have authority over matters related to company policy.
True; Medium
(Comprehension)

2. In an example of a matrix structure at a software development company, business analysts,

developers, and testers each report to a functional department manager and to a project
manager simultaneously.
True; Medium
(Comprehension)

3. In a matrix, each employee reports to only one manager at a time.

False: In a matrix, each employee reports to two or more managers. (Easy; Knowledge)

4. Boundaryless organizations eliminate barriers that separate employees between different

departments.
True; Easy
(Knowledge)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Despite potential benefits, the disadvantages of a matrix structure include which of the
following?
a. Power struggles or turf wars among managers are lessened, taking away an important
source of new ideas and innovation.
b. Managers will spend less effort coordinating their work, believing that someone else can
pick-up the slack.
c. Role ambiguity or role conflict is very low
d. There is potential for interpersonal conflict with team members as well as with leaders
d; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. An example of a company that utilizes the matrix organization successfully is:

a. Starbucks
b. Nike
c. 3M
d. Ben and Jerry’s
b; Medium

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 6

 (Comprehension)

3. An example of a company that is a modular organization is:

a. Toyota
b. Nike
c. 3M
d. Starbucks
a; Easy
(Knowledge)

4. All of the following are characteristics which describe learning organizations EXCEPT:
a. Learning organizations are good at learning from experience
b. Some companies choose to conduct formal retrospective meetings to analyze the
challenges encountered and areas for improvement
c. Learning organizations hire only employees who are willing to learn from past mistakes
d. Learning organizations are good at studying customer habits to generate ideas
c; Medium
(Comprehension)

Fill in the Blanks

1. Organizations with a design that combines a traditional structure and a product structure are
called ________________ organizations.
matrix; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. A term coined by Jack Welch during his tenure at GE and refers to an organization that
eliminates traditional barriers between departments as well as barriers between the
organization and the external environment is _________________.
boundaryless organization; Medium
(Knowledge)

3. A form of boundaryless organization in which all nonessential functions are outsourced is

________________.
modular organization; Medium
(Knowledge)

4. An example of a boundaryless organization that outsources many of its operations is

__________________.
Toyota; Medium
(Knowledge)

5. __________________ constitutes a form of boundaryless design similar to a joint venture.

Strategic alliance; Medium
(Knowledge)

6. A __________________ is one whose design actively seeks to acquire knowledge and

change behavior as a result of the newly acquired knowledge.
learning organization; Medium
(Knowledge)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 7

Short Answer Questions

1. Who did Starbucks form a successful partnership with and why?

Starbucks formed a successful partnership with PepsiCo to market its Frappuccino cold
drinks.
Easy
(Knowledge)

2. What is IBM’s emerging business opportunities (EBO)?

At IBM, leaning is encouraged by taking highly successful business managers and putting
them in charge of emerging business opportunities (EBO). By setting up a structure where
failure is tolerated and risk taking is encouraged, the company took a big step toward
becoming a learning organization.
Medium
(Knowledge)

Section 3: Organizational Change

True/False Questions

1. The act of including employees in the change process can drastically reduce opposition to
new methods.
True (Easy; Knowledge)

2. In some organizations, the act of including employees in the change process is not possible,
and instead organizations can recruit a small number of opinion leaders to promote the
benefits of coming changes.
True (Medium; Knowledge)

3. Change management is an important leadership skill that spans the entire range of P-O-L-C
functions.
True (Easy; Comprehension)

4. The U.S. Department of Labor and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development have reported that the average age of the U.S. workforce will decrease as the
baby boom generation nears retirement age.
False: The U.S. Department of Labor and the Organization for Economic Co-operation
and Development have reported that the average age of the U.S. workforce will increase
as the baby boom generation nears retirement age; Easy
(Knowledge)

5. Globalization can be either a threat or opportunity for organizations, depending on their

ability to adapt to relevant changes.
True; Easy
(Knowledge)

6. Knowledge work is thought to be safe from outsourcing.

False: Knowledge work is not safe from outsourcing; Medium
(Comprehension)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 8

7. According to a 2007 SHRM survey, employee resistance to change is one of the top reasons
why change efforts fail.
True; Medium
(Knowledge)

8. Some of a company’s most committed employees may be the least vocal opponents to a
change effort.
False: Some of a company’s most committed employees may be the most vocal
opponents to a change effort; Medium
(Comprehension)

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Organizational change can take the form of which of the following?

a. Structure, strategy, policies, or culture
b. Change should be planned on quarterly basis and measured for progress
c. Fundamentally, organizational change is a process that involved effective products or
services
d. Change should moderate so as to not disrupt corporate cultural norms.
a; Medium
(Comprehension)

Fill in the Blanks

1. Organizational change is often a response to changes in the ________________.

environment; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. Sometimes change is motivated by rapid developments in _______________.

technology; Medium
(Knowledge)

3. Because of differences in national economies and standards of living from one country to
another, organizations ______________ their manufacturing operations to countries like
China and Mexico.
outsource or offshore; Medium
(Knowledge)

4. ______________ is the most negative reaction to a proposed change attempt.

Active resistance; Medium
(Knowledge)

5. ______________ involves being disturbed by changes without necessarily voicing these

opinions.
Passive resistance; Medium
(Knowledge)

6. _______________ involves going along with proposed changes with little enthusiasm.
Compliance; Medium

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 9

 (Knowledge)

7. ________________ are defenders of the new way and actually encourage others around them
to give support to the change effort.
Enthusiastic support; Medium
(Knowledge)

8. To be successful, any change attempt will need to overcome _____________ on the part of
employees.
resistance; Medium
(Knowledge)

9. Resistance to change is a valuable ____________ tool that should not be ignored.

feedback; Hard
(Comprehension)

Short Answer Questions

1. What does it mean for companies that the workforce is getting older? Organizations may
realize that as the workforce gets older, the types of benefits workers prefer may change.
Work arrangements such as flexible work hours and job sharing may become more popular as
employees remain in the workforce even after retirement.
Medium
(Comprehension)

2. How did companies in the music industry respond when peer-to-peer file sharing threatened
their business?
Their first response was to sue the users of file sharing software. They also investigated ways
to make it impossible to copy a CD or DVD.
Easy
(Knowledge)

3. How does a change in the environment create change within an organization?

Whether the organization changes or not in response to the environmental challenges and
threats depends on the decision makers’ reactions to what is happening in the environment.;
Hard
(Comprehension)

4. Why do poorly performing companies often find it easier to change compared to successful
companies?
High performance leads to overconfidence and failure to change. As a result, successful
companies often keep doing what made them successful in the first place.
Medium
(Comprehension)

5. How does Nokia keep their organization open to change?

Nokia finds that it is important to periodically change the perspective of key decision makers.
For this purpose, they rotate heads of businesses to different posts to give them a fresh
perspective. Change in a company’s upper-level management is a motivator for change at the
organization level.

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 10

 Medium
(Comprehension)

6. Why did the Dvorak keyboard fail in change?

When the typewriter was first invented, the first prototypes of the keyboard would jam if the
keys right next to each other were hit at the same time. The manufacturers slowed typists
down by putting the most commonly used letters to the left hand side and scattering the most
frequently used letters all over the keyboard. Dvorak provided a much more efficient design
and allowed individuals to double traditional typing speeds. The Dvorak keyboard never
gained wide acceptance because large numbers of people resisted the change.
Medium
(Knowledge)

7. Why do people resist change?

People often resist change for the simple reason that change disrupts our habits.
Easy
(Comprehension)

Section 4: Planning and Executing Change Effectively

True/False Questions

1. According to Lewin, executing change without prior preparation is likely to lead to failure.
True; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. In order to convince people that change is needed, the change leader must convince every
person individually.
False: In order to convince people that change is needed, the change leader does not
have to convince every person individually; Medium
(Comprehension)

3. After the change is implemented, the long-term success of a change effort depends on the
extent to which the change becomes part of the company’s strategy.
False: After the change is implemented, the long-term success of a change effort
depends on the extent to which the change becomes part of the company’s culture; Hard
(Comprehension)

4. Breaking up the proposed change into phases may be a bad idea because it creates the wrong
targets.
False: Breaking up the proposed change into phases may be a good idea because it
creates smaller targets; Medium
(Comprehension)

5. When the new behaviors employees are expected to demonstrate are made part of an
organization’s reward, those behaviors are more likely to be taken seriously and repeated.
True; Medium
(Knowledge)

Multiple Choice Questions

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 11

1. A number of things organizations can do prior to change to prepare employees include which
of the following?
a. Provide employees with HR support in the event they choose to leave the organization.
b. Allow employees to participate
c. Effectively communicate the pros and cons of the expected change.
d. Unfreeze
b; Medium
(Comprehension)

2. Why do employees who participate in planning change efforts tend to have more positive
opinions about the change?
a. They have the opportunity to reject the proposed change
b. They will have the opportunity to know more than others about the change
c. They will be able to convince customers the change was the right thing to do
d. They will feel a sense of ownership of planned change and are more likely to be on
board.
d; Medium
(Comprehension)

3. Lewin’s change model includes which of the following steps?

a. Develop
b. Make sure employees are receptive to change
c. Build a coalition
d. Inform employees that you are open to new ideas and that the the change may not be
permanent
b; Medium
(Knowledge)

4. In order to make change permanent, the organization may benefit from sharing the results of
the change effort with:
a. Employees
b. Managers
c. Customers
d. Board members
a; Medium
(Comprehension)

Fill in the Blanks

1. One of the most useful frameworks in the area of change is the three-stage mode of planned
changed developed by psychologist _______________.
Kurt Lewin; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. Organizations should start with _______________, or making sure that organizational

members are ready for and receptive to change.
unfreezing; Medium
(Knowledge)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 12

3. ________________ involves ensuring that change becomes permanent and the new habits,
rules, or procedures become the norm.
Refreezing; Medium
(Knowledge)

4. Ensuring that top management communicates with employees about the upcoming changes
also has symbolic _____________.
value; Hard
(Comprehension)

5. Management may prepare employees for change by providing ____________ and

instrumental support.
emotional; Medium
(Comprehension)

6. The second stage of Lewin’s change model is ______________ change.

executing; Medium
(Knowledge)

7. The learning organization is an example of a company embracing _____________ change.

continuous; Hard
(Comprehension)

Short Answer Questions

1. Describe Kurt Lewin’s model of change.

This model assumes that change will encounter resistance. Lewin’s process of change
emphasizes the importance of preparation or unfreezing before change, and reinforcement of
change afterwards, or refreezing.
Easy
(Knowledge)

2. What can organizations do prior to change to prepare employees?

Ensure that top management communicates with employees about the upcoming changes.
The leader not only communicates a plan but also an overall vision for the change. People
are more likely to accept change if they feel that there is a need for it. Instead of trying to get
everyone on board at the same time, it may be more useful to convince and prepare the
opinion leaders. Management may prepare employees for change by providing emotional and
instrumental support. Finally, employees who participate in planning change efforts tend to
have more positive opinions about the change.
Medium
(Comprehension)

3. How did Lou Gerstner, the former CEO of IBM, execute a successful transformation of the
company in the early 1990s?
Gerstner achieved cooperation by keeping the crisis front and center. He did not want to lose
the sense of urgency.
Medium
(Comprehension)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 13

Section 5: Building Your Change Management Skills

True/False Questions

1. You may think that your idea is great, but listening to those who resist may not give you
valuable ideas about your idea.
False: You may think that your idea is great, but listening to those who resist may give
you valuable ideas about your idea; Medium
(Knowledge)

2. If you are trying to dramatically change the way things are done, you will find resistance is
lowest.
False: If you are trying to dramatically change the way things are done, you will find
that resistance is greater; Medium
(Knowledge)

Fill in the Blanks

1. When trying to persuade people to change their ways, it helps if you have a ____________ of
suggesting implementable changes.
history; Medium
(Comprehension)

©2016 Flat World Knowledge, Inc. 14

Another random document with
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 TO BOIL HADDOCKS.

In the best season in October, November, and December.

Scrape the outsides very clean,
open the fish, empty them, wash the
insides thoroughly, take out the gillet,
curl the haddocks round, fasten the
tails to the mouths, arrange them on a
Haddock. fish-plate, and lay them into hot water
salted as for mackerel. Take off all the
scum, and simmer them from seven to
ten minutes or longer, according to their size, which, as we have said
in the directions for “the best mode of cooking various kind of fish,” at
the commencement of this chapter, varies greatly, as they are
sometimes very large; they must then be brought more slowly to boil,
and more time must be allowed for them. Send them very hot to
table, with a tureen of melted butter, and one of anchovy sauce.
7 to 10 minutes.
Obs.—In Scotland haddocks are skinned before they are boiled,
and the heads are taken off; but we see no advantage in this mode
of dressing them. Whitings, fresh herrings, and codlings, may all be
dressed by this receipt, the time only being varied according to the
size of the fish.
 BAKED HADDOCKS

After they have been cleaned, dry them thoroughly, then bake
them, as directed in the common receipt for pike, or fill them with
oyster forcemeat, or with No. 1 of Chapter VIII., if more convenient,
and proceed as for baked mackerel.
20 to 30 minutes; longer if very large.
 TO FRY HADDOCKS

Follow the directions given for fillets of whitings; or, should a more
simple method be preferred, clean and dry the fish well, cut off the
heads and tails, take out the backbones, cut each fish in three, egg
and crumb them, fry them in boiling lard a fine golden brown, and
serve them, well drained and dried, with the same sauces as boiled
haddocks.
 TO DRESS FINNAN HADDOCKS.

These are slightly salted and dried. They are excellent eating, if
gently heated through upon the gridiron without being hardened; and
are served usually at the breakfast or supper table; a feather dipped
in oil may be passed over them before they are laid to the fire.
 TO BOIL GURNARDS.

(With directions for dressing them in other ways.)

It is more usual to fill gurnards with
forcemeat, and to bake them, or to
have the flesh raised from the bones
and dressed in fillets, than to serve
them simply boiled; they may,
however, be cooked in any of the
Gurnard. modes directed for mackerel,[48]
rather more time being allowed for
them, as they are much firmer-
fleshed, thicker in the bodies, and generally of larger size altogether.
Cut off all the fins, take out the gills, and empty and cleanse them
like other fish, washing the insides well; put them into hot water
ready salted and skimmed, and boil them gently from twenty minutes
to half an hour; serve them with anchovy sauce, or with parsley and
butter rendered acid with chili vinegar, lemon-juice, or caper-pickle.
48. Whitings or haddocks.
 FRESH HERRINGS.

(Farleigh Receipt.)

In season from May to October.

Scale and clean the fish with the utmost nicety, split them quite
open, and wash the insides with particular care; dry them well in a
cloth, take off the heads and tails, and remove the backbones; rub
the insides with pepper, salt, and a little pounded mace; stick small
bits of butter on them, and skewer two of the fish together as flat as
possible, with the skin of both outside; flour, and broil or fry them of a
fine brown, and serve them with melted butter mixed with a
teaspoonful or more of mustard, some salt, and a little vinegar or
lemon-juice.
To broil from 20 to 25 minutes; to fry about 10 minutes.
 TO DRESS THE SEA BREAM.

The sea-bream, which is common in

many of our markets, is not considered a
fish of first-rate quality; but if well broiled or
baked, it will afford a good, and generally a
cheap, dish of excellent appearance, the
bream being of handsome size and form.
Sea Bream. Open and cleanse it perfectly, but do not
remove the scales; fold it in a dry cloth to
absorb the moisture which hangs about it;
lay it over a gentle fire, and broil it slowly, that the heat may gradually
penetrate the flesh, which is thick. Should any cracks appear on the
surface, dredge a little flour upon them. If of ordinary weight, the
bream will require quite half an hour’s broiling; it should be turned, of
course, when partially done. Send plain melted butter and anchovy
sauce to table with it. In carving it, remove the skin and scales, and
serve only the flesh which lies beneath them, and which will be very
white and succulent. A more usual and less troublesome mode of
dressing the bream is to season the inside slightly with salt and
pepper or cayenne, to dust a little more salt on the outside, spread a
few bits of butter upon it, and send it to a gentle oven. It is
sometimes filled with common veal-stuffing, and then requires to be
rather longer baked; and it is often merely wrapped in a buttered
paper, and placed in a moderate oven for twenty-five or thirty
minutes.
 TO BOIL PLAICE OR FLOUNDERS.

Plaice in season from May to January;

flounders in September, October, and November.

After having emptied and well

cleaned the fish, make an incision in
the back as directed for turbot; lay
them into cold spring water; add salt
and saltpetre in the same proportion
as for cod fish, and let them just
simmer for four or five minutes after
Plaice. the water first begins to boil, or longer
should their size require it, but guard
against their being broken. Serve
them with plain melted butter. 4 to 5 minutes; longer if needful.
 TO FRY PLAICE OR FLOUNDERS.

Sprinkle them with salt, and let them lie for two or three hours
before they are dressed. Wash and clean them thoroughly, wipe
them very dry, flour them well, and wipe them again with a clean
cloth; dip them into egg, and fine bread-crumbs, and fry them in
plenty of lard. If the fish be large, raise the flesh in handsome fillets
from the bones, and finish them as directed for fillets of soles. Obs.
—Plaice is said to be rendered less watery by beating it gently with a
paste-roller before it is cooked. It is very sweet and pleasant in
flavour while it is in the best season, which is from the end of May to
about September.
 TO ROAST, BAKE, OR BROIL RED MULLET.

[In best season through the summer: may be had all the year.]

First wash and then dry the fish

thoroughly in a cloth, but neither scale nor
open it, but take out the gills gently and
carefully with the small intestine which will
Red Mullet. adhere to them; wrap it closely in a sheet of
thickly buttered paper, tie this securely at
the ends, and over the mullet with
packthread, and roast it in a Dutch oven, or broil it over a clear and
gentle fire, or bake it in a moderate oven: from twenty to twenty-five
minutes will be sufficient generally to dress it in either way. For
sauce, put into a little good melted butter the liquor which has flowed
from the fish, a small dessertspoonful of essence of anchovies,
some cayenne, a glass of port wine, or claret, and a little lemon-
juice. Remove the packthread, and send the mullet to table in the
paper case. This is the usual mode of serving it, but it is dished
without the paper for dinners of taste. The plain red mullet, shown at
the commencement of this receipt, is scarcely ever found upon our
coast. That which abounds here during the summer months is the
striped red mullet, or surmullet, which, from its excellence, is always
in request, and is therefore seldom cheap. It rarely exceeds twelve,
or at the utmost fourteen, inches in length.
20 to 30 minutes.
 TO BOIL GREY MULLET.

This fish varies so much in size and

quality, that it is difficult to give exact
directions for the time of cooking it. When
quite young and small, it may be boiled by
Grey Mullet. the receipt for whitings, haddocks, and
other fish of about their size; but at its finest
growth it must be laid into cold water, and
managed like larger fish. We have ourselves partaken of one which
was caught upon our eastern coast, that weighed ten pounds, of
which the flesh was quite equal to that of salmon, but its weight was,
we believe, an unusual one. Anchovy, or caper fish sauce, with
melted butter, may be sent to table with grey mullet.
 THE GAR-FISH.

This is a fish of very singular

appearance, elongated in form,
and with a mouth which
resembles the bill of the snipe,
from which circumstance it is
often called the snipe-fish. Its Gar-Fish.
bones are all of a bright green
colour. It is not to be
recommended for the table, as the skin contains an oil of
exceedingly strong rank flavour; when entirely divested of this, the
flesh is tolerably sweet and palatable. Persons who may be disposed
from curiosity to taste it will find either broiling or baking in a gentle
oven the best mode of cooking it. It should be curled round, and the
tail fastened into the bill. As it is not of large size, from fifteen to
twenty minutes will dress it sufficiently. Anchovy sauce, parsley and
butter, or plain melted butter, may be eaten with it.
 SAND-LAUNCE, OR, SAND-EEL.

The sand-launce, which is

abundant on many parts of our
coast, and the name of which is
derived from its habit of
burrowing in the sands when the
tide retires, may be
Sand-Eel.
distinguished from the larger
species, the true sand-eel, by its
lighter colour and more transparent appearance, as well as by its
inferior size. The common mode of dressing the fish, which is
considered by many a great delicacy, is to divest them of their
heads, and to remove the insides with the gills, to dry them well in a
cloth with flour, and to fry them until crisp. They are sometimes also
dipped in batter like smelts. We have not ourselves had an
opportunity of testing them, but we have received the particulars
which we have given here from various friends who have resided
where they were plentiful. The sand-eels are not so good as the
smaller kind of these fish called launces.
 TO FRY SMELTS.

[In season from beginning of November to May.]

Smelts when quite fresh have a perfume resembling that of a
cucumber, and a peculiarly delicate and agreeable flavour when
dressed. Draw them at the gills, as they must not be opened; wash
and dry them thoroughly in a cloth; dip them into beaten egg-yolk,
and then into the finest bread-crumbs, mixed with a very small
quantity of flour; fry them of a clear golden brown, and serve them
crisp and dry, with good melted butter in a tureen. They are
sometimes dipped into batter and then fried; when this is done, we
would recommend for them the French batter of Chapter V.
3 to 4 minutes.
 BAKED SMELTS.

Prepare them as for frying; pour some clarified butter into the dish
in which they are to be sent to table, arrange them neatly in it, with
the tails meeting in the centre, strew over them as much salt, mace,
and cayenne, mixed, as will season them agreeably, cover them
smoothly with a rather thick layer of very fine bread-crumbs, moisten
them equally with clarified butter poured through a small strainer,
and bake the fish in a moderately quick oven, until the crumbs are of
a fine light brown. A glass of sherry, half a teaspoonful of essence of
anchovies, and a dessertspoonful of lemon-juice, are sometimes
poured into the dish before the smelts are laid in.
About 10 minutes.
 TO DRESS WHITE BAIT.

(Greenwich Receipt.)

[In season in July, August, and September.]

This delicate little fish requires great care to dress it well. Do not
touch it with the hands, but throw it from your dish or basket into a
cloth, with three or four handsful of flour, and shake it well; then put it
into a bait sieve, to separate it from the superfluous flour. Have ready
a very deep frying-pan, nearly full of boiling fat, throw in the fish,
which will be done in an instant: they must not be allowed to take
any colour, for if browned, they are spoiled. Lift them out, and dish
them upon a silver or earthenware drainer, without a napkin, piling
them very high in the centre. Send them to table with a cut lemon,
and slices of brown bread and butter.
 WATER SOUCHY.

(Greenwich Receipt.)
This is a very simple and inexpensive dish, much served at the
regular fish-dinners for which Greenwich is celebrated, as well as at
private tables. It is excellent if well prepared; and as it may be made
with fish of various kinds when they are too small to present a good
appearance or to be palatable dressed in any other way, it is also
very economical. Flounders, perch, tench, and eels, are said to
answer best for water souchy; but very delicate soles, and several
other varieties of small white fish are often used for it with good
effect: it is often made also with slices of salmon, or of salmon-peel,
freed from the skin.
Throw into rather more than sufficient water to just cover the
quantity of fish required for table, from half to three quarters of an
ounce of salt to the quart, a dozen corns of white pepper, a small
bunch of green parsley, and two or three tender parsley roots, first
cut into inch lengths, and then split to the size of straws. Simmer the
mixture until these last are tender, which will be in from half to a
whole hour; then lay in the fish delicately cleaned, cleared from
every morsel of brown skin, and divided into equal portions of about
two inches in width. Take off all the scum as it rises, and stew the
fish softly from eight to twelve minutes, watching it that it may not
break from being overdone.
Two minutes before it is dished, strew in a large tablespoonful or
more of minced parsley, or some small branches of the herb boiled
very green in a separate saucepan (we prefer the latter mode); lift
out the fish carefully with a slice, and the parsley roots with it; pour
over it the liquor in which it has been boiled, but leave out the
peppercorns. For a superior water souchy, take all the bones out of
the fish, and stew down the inferior portions of it to a strong broth:
about an hour will be sufficient for this. Salt, parsley, and a little
cayenne may be added to it. Strain it off clear through a sieve, and
use it instead of water for the souchy. The juice of half a good lemon
may be thrown into the stew before it is served. A deep dish will of
course be required for it. The parsley-roots can be boiled apart when
more convenient, but they give an agreeable flavour when added to
the liquor at first. Slices of brown or white bread and butter must be
sent to table always with water souchy: the first is usually preferred,
but to suit all tastes some of each may be served with it.
 SHAD, TOURAINE FASHION.

(Alose à la mode de Touraine.)

[In season in April, May, and early part of June.]

Empty and wash the fish with care, but do not open it more than is
needful; fill it either with the forcemeat No. 1, or No. 2 of Chapter
VIII., and its own roe; then sew it up, or fasten it securely with very
fine skewers, wrap it in a thickly buttered paper, and broil it gently for
an hour over a charcoal fire. Serve it with caper sauce, or with chili
vinegar and melted butter.
We are indebted for this receipt to a friend who has been long
resident in Touraine, at whose table the fish is constantly served thus
dressed, and is considered excellent. It is likewise often gently
stewed in the light white wine of the country, and served covered
with a rich béchamel. Many fish more common with us than the shad
might be advantageously prepared in the same manner. The
charcoal fire is not indispensable: any one that is entirely free from
smoke will answer. We would suggest as an improvement, that
oyster-forcemeat should be substituted for that which we have
indicated, until the oyster season ends.
Broiled gently, 1 hour, more or less, according to the size.
 STEWED TROUT.

(Good common Receipt.)

[In season from May to August.]

Melt three ounces of butter in a broad
stewpan, or well tinned iron saucepan, stir
to it a tablespoonful of flour, some mace,
cayenne, and nutmeg; lay in the fish after it
has been emptied, washed very clean, and
Trout. wiped perfectly dry; shake it in the pan, that
it may not stick, and when lightly browned
on both sides, pour in three quarters of a pint of good veal stock, add
a small faggot of parsley, one bay leaf, a roll of lemon-peel, and a
little salt: stew the fish very gently from half to three quarters of an
hour, or more, should it be unusually fine. Dish the trout, skim the fat
from the gravy, and pass it through a hot strainer over the fish, which
should be served immediately. A little acid can be added to the
sauce at pleasure, and a glass of wine when it is considered an
improvement. This receipt is for one large or for two middling-sized
fish. We can recommend it as a good one from our own experience.
Butter, 3 oz.; flour, 1 tablespoonful; seasoning of mace, cayenne,
and nutmeg; trout, 1 large, or 2 moderate-sized; veal stock, 3/4 pint;
parsley, small faggot; 1 bay-leaf; roll of lemon-rind; little salt: 1/2 to
3/4 hour.
Obs.—Trout may be stewed in equal parts of strong veal gravy,
and of red or white wine, without having been previously browned;
the sauce should then be thickened, and agreeably flavoured with
lemon-juice, and the usual store-sauces, before it is poured over the
fish. They are also good when wrapped in buttered paper, and baked
or broiled: if very small, the better mode of cooking them is to fry
them whole. They should never be plain boiled, as, though naturally
a delicious fish, they are then very insipid.